Force-electric biomaterials and devices for regenerative medicine

There is a growing recognition that force-electric conversion biomaterials and devices can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy without an external power source, thus potentially revolutionizing the use of electrical stimulation in the biomedical field. Based on this, this review explores the application of force-electric biomaterials and devices in the field of regenerative medicine. The article focuses on piezoelectric biomaterials, piezoelectric devices and triboelectric devices, detailing their categorization, mechanisms of electrical generation and methods of improving electrical output performance. Subsequently, different sources of driving force for electroactive biomaterials and devices are explored. Finally, the biological applications of force-electric biomaterials and devices in regenerative medicine are presented, including tissue regeneration, functional modulation of organisms, and electrical stimulation therapy. The aim of this review is to emphasize the role of electrical stimulation generated by force-electric conversion biomaterials and devices on the regulation of bioactive molecules, ion channels and information transfer in living systems, and thus affects the metabolic processes of organisms. In the future, physiological modulation of electrical stimulation based on force-electric conversion is expected to bring important scientific advances in the field of regenerative medicine.

Design of thermo-responsive self-assembly of PEGylated fatty acids: Switching reversibly from tubes or vesicles to micelles at physiological temperature

HYPOTHESIS

The mixing of end-capped poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains with 12-hydroxy stearic acid (12-HSA) molecules is a simple one-pot strategy to design thermo-responsive PEGylated self-assemblies of fatty acids with various morphology types at room temperature (multi-lamellar tubes or vesicles) that transit reversibly upon heating into small micelles around physiological temperature.

EXPERIMENTAL

4 types of 4k end-capped poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains, capped respectively at one end or at both ends with either 12-HSA or stearic acid (SA), were mixed with 12-hydroxy stearic acid molecules, at a low constant ratio of end capped fatty acid moieties brought by the chains to that of free 12-HSA molecules. The detailed structure of the self-assemblies of mixtures was obtained using Small Angle Neutron Scattering with contrast variation at both 20 °C and 45 °C, and their temperature-dependent rheological behavior was characterized.

FINDINGS

For both types of mono-functionalized PEG, the chains insert homogenously in the multi-lamellar tubes formed by 12-HSA molecules. The mixtures of di-functionalized chains by 12-HSA with 12-HSA molecules produce PEGylated vesicles, since the change of packing parameter induced by insertion of the telechelic chains no longer allows the formation of tubes. Conversely, mixtures of di-functionalized chains by SA with 12-HSA molecules enable to keep multi-lamellar tubes, a specific behavior that likely comes from the fact that they only insert by one end within the 12-HSA bilayers. All systems transit reversibly into small PEGylated ellipsoidal micelles. The morphological transitions enable to tune the rheological properties of suspensions, that are gelled at low temperature and turn Newtonian liquid at around 37 °C.

Engineering the regulation strategy of active sites to explore the intrinsic mechanism over single‑atom catalysts in electrocatalysis

The development of efficient and sustainable energy sources is a crucial strategy for addressing energy and environmental crises, with a particular focus on high-performance catalysts. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted significant attention because of their exceptionally high atom utilization efficiency and outstanding selectivity, offering broad application prospects in energy development and chemical production. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress on SACs in five key electrochemical reactions: hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, and oxygen evolution reaction. Initially, a brief overview of the current understanding of electrocatalytic active sites in SACs is provided. Subsequently, the electrocatalytic mechanisms of these reactions are discussed. Emphasis is placed on various modification strategies for SAC surface-active sites, including coordination environment regulation, electronic structure modulation, support structure regulation, the introduction of structural defects, and multifunctional site design, all aimed at enhancing electrocatalytic performance. This review comprehensively examines SAC deactivation and poisoning mechanisms, highlighting the importance of stability enhancement for practical applications. It also explores the integration of density functional theory calculations and machine learning to elucidate the fundamental principles of catalyst design and performance optimization. Furthermore, various synthesis strategies for industrial-scale production are summarized, providing insights into commercialization. Finally, perspectives on future research directions for SACs are highlighted, including synthesis strategies, deeper insights into active sites, the application of artificial intelligence tools, and standardized testing and performance requirements.

Multifunctional nanozymatic biosensors: Awareness, regulation and pathogenic bacteria detection

It is estimated that approximately 700,000 fatalities occur annually due to infections attributed to various pathogens, which are capable of dissemination via multiple environmental vectors, including air, water, and soil. Consequently, there is an urgent need to enhance and refine rapid detection technologies for pathogens to prevent and control the spread of associated diseases. This review focuses on applying nanozymes in constructing biosensors, particularly their advancement in detecting pathogenic bacteria. Nanozymes, which are nanomaterials exhibiting enzyme-like activity, combine unique magnetic, optical, and electronic properties with structural diversity. This blend of characteristics makes them highly appealing for use in biocatalytic applications. Moreover, their nanoscale dimensions facilitate effective contact with pathogenic bacteria, leading to efficient detection and antibacterial effects. This article briefly summarizes the development, classification, and strategies for regulating the catalytic activity of nanozymes. It primarily focuses on recent advancements in constructing biosensors that utilize nanozymes as probes for sensitively detecting pathogenic bacteria. The discussion covers the development of various optical and electrochemical biosensors, including colorimetric, fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and electrochemical methods. These approaches provide a reliable solution for the sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of nanozymes in pathogen detection are discussed.

Advancements in membrane technology for efficient POME treatment: A comprehensive review and future perspectives

The treatment of POME related contamination is complicated due to its high organic contents and complex composition. Membrane technology is a prominent method for removing POME contaminants on account of its efficiency in removing suspended particles, organic substances, and contaminants from wastewater, leading to the production of high-quality treated effluent. It is crucial to achieve efficient POME treatment with minimum fouling through membrane advancement to ensure the sustainability for large-scale applications. This article comprehensively analyses the latest advancements in membrane technology for the treatment of POME. A wide range of membrane types including forward osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, membrane bioreactor, photocatalytic membrane reactor, and their combinations is discussed in terms of the innovative design, treatment efficiencies and antifouling properties. The strategies for antifouling membranes such as self-healing and self-cleaning membranes are discussed. In addition to discussing the obstacles that impede the broad implementation of novel membrane technologies in POME treatment, the article concludes by delineating potential avenues for future research and policy considerations. The understanding and insights are expected to enhance the application of membrane-based methods in order to treat POME more efficiently; this will be instrumental in the reduction of environmental pollution.

Mucus-penetrating nanomotor system strengthens mucosal immune response to in situ bacterial vaccine against severe bacterial pneumonia

Pathogens causing major infectious diseases primarily invade through mucosal tissues. Promptly killing these pathogens at the mucosal site and constructing mucosal vaccines in situ can prevent further infections and induce robust mucosal immune responses and memory to prevent reinfection. In this study, we utilized chemotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, and gas therapy to eliminate Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) colonizing the nasal mucosa. Simultaneously, an in situ pneumococcal vaccine was constructed to elicit specific immune responses and memory. Poly-l-arginine (PArg)-modified ZIF-8 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) loaded with the ultrasonic sensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) killed S. pneumoniae in the nasal cavity by multiple mechanisms in the presence of ultrasound. When stimulated by ultrasound, PpIX not only generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) for antimicrobial effect, but these ROS also catalyze the release of nitric oxide (NO) from PArg. NO exerts a motor-like effect that facilitates more efficient passage of nanoparticles through the mucus layer of the alveoli. The immunogenic bacterial debris formed a vaccine formulation by complexing with PArg, which adhered electrostatically to the mucosal surface, facilitating in situ vaccination and inducing mucosal immune responses and memory. This cascade-based combination therapy enabled rapid bacterial eradication and long-term immune prevention. It shortens the traditional vaccine development process, eliminates the spatial distance from pathogen invasion to vaccine development, significantly cuts costs, and addresses vaccine failure due to pathogen mutations. This approach offers a groundbreaking strategy for mucosal vaccine development and the prevention of major infectious diseases.

Engineered tantalum sulfide nanosheets for effective acute liver injury treatment by regulating oxidative stress and inflammation

INTRODUCTION

Tantalum sulfide (TaS2), a two-dimensional layered material, shows significant promise for treating acute liver injury (ALI) due to its exceptional biocompatibility and potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity. However, the clinical translation of TaS2-based therapy remains limited by challenges in optimizing its stability, bioavailability, and particle size to match the liver's complex architecture.

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated the mechanisms by which serum albumin (SA)-modified TaS2 nanosheets (S-TaS2) modulate oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation to achieve therapeutic efficacy in ALI.

METHODS

S-TaS2 was synthesized via a top-down exfoliation strategy and comprehensively characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and Zeta potential analysis. In vivo therapeutic performance was evaluated through liver function tests, Hematoxylin-Eosin staining (HE), Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) staining, and ROS level assessments. Biodistribution, mitochondrial protection, and anti-inflammatory effects of S-TaS2 were assessed via in vivo fluorescence imaging, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, JC-1 and Mitochondrial Superoxide (MitoSOX) staining, Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/Propidium Iodide (PI) apoptosis assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and other complementary techniques.

RESULTS

The exfoliation process successfully reduced TaS2 to monolayer nanosheets, yielding a nanoscale formulation with improved bioactivity. SA modification significantly enhanced aqueous stability and enabled targeted liver delivery. This targeting effect is attributed to two factors: the inherent liver affinity of SA and the optimal particle size of S-TaS2 (∼185 nm), which facilitates passage through hepatic sinusoids (50-200 nm) and, in pathological conditions such as ALI, through damaged vascular endothelium. In an acetaminophen (APAP)-induced ALI model, S-TaS2 preferentially accumulated in the injured liver, where it scavenged excessive ROS, mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction, and significantly preserved hepatocyte integrity. Notably, S-TaS2 also attenuated liver inflammation, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and promoted tissue repair. Furthermore, it demonstrated adequate biosafety both in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

This study presents the first successful synthesis of S-TaS2, a liver-targeting nanotherapeutic engineered through SA modification and size optimization. S-TaS2 preferentially accumulates in damaged hepatic tissue and effectively combats ALI by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, while preventing their pathological amplification. These findings offer new therapeutic insights and a promising platform for future liver-targeted interventions.

High through-plane thermal conductivity of graphite films with opened micro-window arrays

Graphene's ultrahigh in-plane thermal conductivity makes it an ideal material for thermally conductive films in various electronic applications. However, the inherently weak interlayer interaction in conventional graphite films (GrF) results in low through-plane thermal conductivity. Here, we firstly developed a novel structure of opened micro-window arrays in the graphite film (MW-GrF) to significantly enhance the through-plane thermal conductivity by the laser-etching-assisted and micro-origami methods. The opened micro-window arrays are acted as bridges to promote interfacial thermal transport via utilizing the ultrahigh in-plane thermal conductivity of micro-windows, which can achieve a reduction of ∼ 60 % in through-plane thermal resistance, with the lowest value of 0.286 K cm2 W-1. Meanwhile, the through-plane thermal conductivity of MW-GrF was greatly improved to 82.4-89.6 W m-1 K-1 compared to the original GrF with 4.4-6.9 W m-1 K-1. This work provides a simple, scalable and programmable method for finely tailoring the through-plane thermal properties of graphene films, making them promising candidates for highly efficient heat dissipation in future high-power chips.

Development of a stable luciferase@nanoflower-based method for the sensitive detection of pesticide residues in milk

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition-luciferase bioluminescence system enables rapid detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues. However, firefly luciferase (FLuc) suffers from poor stability and short luminescence duration, thereby introducing uncertainties in detection. To address this problem, nanoflower-immobilized FLuc (FLuc@NFs) was prepared using a coprecipitation method, which markedly enhanced stability and activity. FLuc@NFs exhibited intact nanoflower structures and allowed storage at 25 °C and at 4 °C for 2 weeks, overcoming the limitation of free enzyme storage at -20 °C. In the bioluminescence reaction, FLuc@NFs at 1 mg/mL achieved 62.14 % higher luminescence than free FLuc, with stable signals extending from 10 s to 30 min, enabling high-throughput detection. The system achieved detection limits of 5 and 10 ng/mL for chlorpyrifos and carbaryl, respectively, demonstrating improved reliability and sensitivity in pesticide detection.

Direct upcycling of highly efficient sorbents for emerging organic contaminants into high energy content supercapacitors

The escalation of anthropogenic activities contributes to the accumulation of chemicals in life-supporting ecosystems and water reserves, while nearly 80% of the global population faces a high risk of water insecurity. Therefore, advanced nanomaterials for environmental remediation and ecosystem preservation are essential. However, their adoption has been slow, mainly due to the need for water treatment strategies that comply with sustainability criteria. This work showcases the efficient removal of emerging pharmaceutical pollutants from water using functionalized graphenes and the direct upcycling of the used sorbents into electrodes for energy storage, without the need for any intermediate treatment. Remarkably, the performance of the repurposed sorbents as supercapacitor electrodes exceeds that of the parent functionalized graphenes by up to 100% in a full cell device. This enhanced performance and cycling stability are attributed to improved charge transport and redox activity induced by the strong adsorption of the pollutants, as supported by theoretical calculations. The findings open avenues for reclaiming the value of spent sorbents, mitigating the environmental and economic burden of their disposal or regeneration, while fostering sustainable resource management, and energy storage.

Au-ag quantum dot nanozyme identified for multi-mode fluorescent, UV-vis and intelligent RGB monitoring and removal of toxic Hg2+ and S2- in food samples

To conveniently monitor and remove toxic Hg2+ and S2- in food samples, AuAg quantum-dot nanozyme (Au-Ag@FA QDs) was identified. The strong synergistic effect among folic acid (FA), Ag and Au endowed Au-Ag@FA QDs with superior peroxidase-mimic activity to accelerate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) redox with Km/Vmax of 0.28 mmol·L-1/6.40 × 10-8 mol·L-1·s-1. Trace Hg2+ or S2- could selectively alter its peroxidase-like activity and inherent fluorescence performance, with obvious hyperchromic/"turn-on" fluorescent effect for Hg2+ or hypochromic/"turn-off" one for S2-. And red-green-blue (RGB) values analyzed from smartphones changed regularly with cHg2+ or cS2-. Under the optimized conditions, Au-Ag@FA QDs were successfully applied for multi-mode UV-vis, fluorescent, and RGB monitoring of Hg2+ or S2- in food samples. The detection limits were 7.38 × 10-7/5.74 × 10-8/4.93 × 10-6 g·L-1 and 1.99 × 10-6/4.48 × 10-8/5.79 × 10-6 g·L-1 respectively. Importantly, over 93.8 % Hg2+ or 90.5 % S2- could be removed by simple centrifugal-separation after detection. The selective recognition mechanisms to Hg2+ and S2- were also proposed.

Tumor-microenvironment-activated bimetallic oxide nanoplatform for second near-infrared region fluorescence-guided colon tumor surgery and multimodal synergistic therapy

Colon cancer, characterized by its high incidence and mortality rates, continues to present a significant challenge in cancer treatment. To address this, we present a novel ZnCe based nanocarrier featuring stacked mesopores and rough surface, indocyanine Green (ICG) is encapsulated within these mesopores (ZnCe&ICG). This innovative nanoplatform demonstrates effective accumulation in tumor regions and can be triggered to generate efficacious reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the weakly acidic and high H2O2 conditions typical of tumor microenvironments. Enhanced fluorescent imaging using improved tumor-to-background ratio has proven effective in precisely delineating tumor margins from surrounding healthy tissue. With the guidance of this second near-infrared region (NIR II, 1000-1700 nm) fluorescence imaging technique, tumors are completely excised, resulting in negligible instances of in situ recurrence or metastasis observed 30 days following surgery. Notably, under 808 nm laser irradiation, the nanoplatform exhibits a high photothermal conversion efficiency, leading to localized heating that further amplifies ROS production via multi ion synergetic catalysis for tumor cell killing. These results underscore the potential of tumor microenvironment-responsive ZnCe-based nanocomposite as a fluorescence imaging contrast agent and chemodynamic agent for cancer treatment, particularly when combined with NIR light activation.

All climate and fast-charging sodium-ion pouch cell

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are widely considered as an ideal choice for large-scale energy storage. Currently, the most promising SIBs system uses a hard carbon as anode, providing a suitable working potential and high specific energy density. However, the lower working potential plateau (less than 0.1 V vs. Na/Na+) and unstable solid-state electrolyte interface (SEI) of hard carbon bring serious sodium dendrite problem accompanying with poor high/low temperature performance in SIBs. In this work, we propose a dendrites-free, wide temperature range and fast-charging SIBs system via using the Na-ion superionic conductor (NASICON)-type Na3V2(PO4)3 and NaTi2(PO4)3 (donated as NTP||NVP) as cathode and anode in ether electrolyte. Benefiting from the high structural stability and large Na-ion diffusion coefficient of NVP and NTP electrode materials, as well as SEI free and higher boiling point of ether electrolyte. The 1.2 Ah NTP||NVP pouch cell exhibits an outstanding fast-charging performance (cycle 1000th with 89.7 % capacity retention at 10 C (6 min)) with a wide operating temperature range (-40 to 60 °C). These results can greatly accelerate the development of high safety, wide temperature range, and fast-charging SIBs system.

Bridging laboratory innovation to translational research and commercialization of extracellular vesicle isolation and detection

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarkers for various diseases. Encapsulating biomolecules reflective of their parental cells, EVs are readily accessible in bodily fluids. The prospect for minimally invasive, repeatable molecular testing has stimulated significant research; however, challenges persist in isolating EVs from complex biological matrices and characterizing their limited molecular cargo. Technical advances have been pursued to address these challenges, producing innovative EV-specific platforms. This review highlights recent technological developments, focusing on EV isolation and molecular detection methodologies. Furthermore, it explores the translation of these laboratory innovations to clinical applications through the analysis of patient samples, providing insights into the potential diagnostic and prognostic utility of EV-based technologies.

Cascade-enhanced based-polyoxometalates nanozyme for glutathione detection and tumor cell disruption

Nanozymes with biological enzyme activity show great promise in biochemical analysis and medicine, yet single-activity nanozymes were limited by low catalytic efficiency and strict catalytic environment requirements. Consequently, the development of nanozymes with multiple enzyme activities presents a significant challenge. In the work, a vanadium-capped polyoxometalates (POMs)-encapsulating metal-organic framework (MOF), [Cu12(Trz)8Cl][PMo12O40(VO)2], was synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis, which shows multiple enzyme activities concluding oxidase (OXD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities. In the catalytic procedure, a fraction of H2O2 generated by the OXD is further subjected to the POD catalytic reaction and the remaining portion is transformed into O2 through the CAT activity, in turn, supplies the driving force for the OXD-like catalytic process. This cascade reaction, in conjunction with the transformation between Cu2+ and Cu+ within the material, engenders a structure analogous to an interlocking "gear", which augments the catalytic efficacy as well as the adaptability to intricate environmental conditions of the [Cu12(Trz)8Cl][PMo12O40(VO)2] enzyme. By capitalizing on this high catalytic efficiency, the rapid quantitative detection of glutathione (GSH) was established with the calculated limit of detection (LOD) 0.062 μM in the range of 5-60 μM. Surprisingly, the multi-enzymatic [Cu12(Trz)8Cl][PMo12O40(VO)2] can concurrently enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the depletion of GSH in the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby inducing tumor cell apoptosis. This research holds promising application prospects in the fields of biotechnology, clinical diagnosis, and tumor therapy.

Enhancing CO tolerance via molecular trapping effect: Single-atom Pt anchored on Mo2C for efficient alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction

Developing highly efficient, stable, and CO-tolerant electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) remains a critical challenge for practical proton/anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Here in, an atomically dispersed platinum (Pt) on Mo2C nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped carbon (PtSAMo2C-NC) with a unique yolk-shell structure is presented as a highly efficient and stable catalyst for HOR. The PtSAMo2C-NC catalyst demonstrates remarkable HOR performance, with a high exchange current density of 2.7 mA cm-2 and a mass activity of 2.15 A/mgPt at 50 mV (vs. RHE), which are 1.5 and 18 times greater than those of the 40 % commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. Furthermore, the unique PtSAMo2C-NC structure exhibits superior CO tolerance at H2/1,000 ppm CO, significantly outperforming commercial Pt/C catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the introduction of Mo2C forms a strong electronic interaction with Pt, which decreases the electron density around the Pt atoms and shifts the d-band center away from the Fermi level. This results in a reduction of the *H adsorption energy and an optimization of the *OH adsorption energy in PtSAMo2C-NC. In addition, by calculating the CO adsorption energy, it was found that Mo2C exhibits strong CO adsorption ability, which generating a molecular trapping effect, thereby protecting the Pt active sites from poisoning. The strong metal-support electronic interaction significantly enhances the catalytic activity, stability, and CO tolerance of the material, providing a new strategy for developing catalysts with these desirable properties.

Versatile and programmable dual-mode logic gold nanoflares for intracellular correlated DNA repair enzymes imaging

In situ monitoring of correlated DNA repair enzyme activities in living cells is crucial for clinical and biomedical research. Here, we introduce a versatile, programmable dual-mode logic gold nanoflares strategy for OR/AND gate logic imaging the activity of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) within cells. The logic gold nanoflares were designed via conjugating enzyme-activatable sites modified branched double-stranded DNA structures to gold nanoparticles. These meticulously engineered nanoflares specifically respond to APE1 and FEN1 in living cells through logic biocomputing, emitting a fluorescent signal that allows for the sensitive monitor of APE1 and FEN1 activities. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the nanoflares are highly biocompatible and can make effectively and sensitively judgments on the two enzyme targets across various cancer cell lines. This OR/AND dual-mode logic gold nanoflare strategy offers a straightforward tool for the comprehensive analysis of multiple DNA repair enzymes, presenting promising applications in disease diagnosis, drug efficacy evaluation, and programmable therapeutics.

Reconfigurable acoustic tweezer for precise tracking and in-situ sensing of trace miRNAs in tumor cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis and monitoring. However, their isolation from clinical samples typically yields only trace amounts, significantly limiting the sensitivity and efficiency of cancer detection. To address this challenge, we present a octangular reconfigurable acoustic tweezer (ORAT) as an integrated platform for precise tumor cell tracking and in-situ detection of trace miRNAs. By simultaneously modulating multidirectional acoustic signals and parameters, the ORAT dynamically reshapes the acoustic field, enabling precise control over manipulation areas, particle spacing, array angles, distribution patterns, and node rotation. This device allows selective particle manipulation across entire regions or specific areas through adaptive adjustments of the microchamber boundary. Notably, the ORAT achieves rapid and accurate localization and labeling of rare tumor cells within a large population of normal cells. Furthermore, it enhances the sensitivity of CRISPR/Cas-based miRNA detection in digital microdroplets by three orders of magnitude, if compared to that of the conventional tube-based method. With its versatile capabilities, the ORAT holds remarkable promise for advancing nucleic acid analysis in a wide range of cancers and related diseases.

Modulating nanopore size and ion transport using (Anti)-Polyelectrolyte effects inspired by the nuclear pore complex

This study explores the modulation of nanopore size and ion transport through (anti)-polyelectrolyte effects, which is inspired by the nuclear pore complex. We aimed to control ionic selectivity and rectification by applying these effects to synthetic nanopores. Single bicylindrical nanopores were fabricated on the PET membranes and functionalized with PEI/HA or PLL/PAA polyelectrolyte layers. Varying the structural and charge characteristics under different pH levels and ionic strengths revealed that at low salt concentrations, charge density and surface charge polarity significantly impacted ion selectivity and transport. At higher concentrations, conformational changes in the polyelectrolytes influenced the conductance via volume expansion or compaction. Our findings highlight the distinct roles of charge inversion and molecular expansion in nanopore transport, which can be modulated by pH and ionic environment. This work provides insights for developing highly selective ion channels with potential applications in filtration, biosensing, and nanofluidics, where precise ion transport and selective rectification are essential.

Encapsulating bimetallic nanoparticles on Mn0.3Cd0.7S solid solution for boosted photocatalytic selective imines synthesis

The synergetic combination of hydrogen (H2) generation with benzylamine (BA) dehydrogenation shows promise in terms of avoiding sacrificial agents and emitting pollutants without using up unlimited solar energy. However, the rational design of the electron transfer bridge and active sites of photocatalysts remains constrained, reducing the effectiveness of the target selective photocatalytic BA dehydrogenation coupling (PBDC) system. Herein, a bimetallic CuCo nanoparticles used as an efficient cocatalyst is coated on the Mn0.3Cd0.7S (MCS) nanorods (CuCo/MCS) that endows an optimal electronic structure, a directional electron transport tunnel, and suitable reactive sites for the PBDC reaction. Theoretical and experimental studies reveal that the synergistic effect of Cu and Co nanoparticles lowers the overall energy barrier of BA, facilitating the N-benzylidenebenzylamine (NBBA) and H2 generation. The incorporation of CuCo nanoparticles as cocatalysts into MCS not only reduces the overpotential of proton reduction but also weakens the adsorption of imine, thus producing H2 at a rate of 14.10 mmol g-1 h-1, with a BA conversion of 94.43 % and selectivity of 99 %. This work will offer a profound understanding of bimetal-anchored photocatalysts in electron transfer for synergetic renewable fuels and valuable chemical production.

High loading of atomically exposed edge nickel sites embedded in hollow porous carbon nanofibers for enhanced methanol electrooxidation in direct methanol fuel cells

The enhancement of catalytic activity and durability for atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) catalysts in methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) anodes within direct methanol fuel cells presents a significant challenge. Here, we developed hollow porous nanofiber catalysts featuring edge Ni-N4 atomic sites through coaxial electrostatic spinning with domain-restricted Ni atoms embedded within a zeolitic imidazolium ester backbone, thereby increasing the exposure of accessible active sites (Ni: 4.96 %). The distinctive hollow porous fiber morphology and hierarchical structure facilitate convenient electronic conductivity and mass transport of reactants. Theoretical findings indicate that the surface adsorption of methanol at the edge Ni-N4 atomic sites exhibits negative free energy, promoting the adsorption and activation of reactants. Furthermore, the initial dehydrogenation step demonstrates a low free energy change, favoring reaction kinetics. The membrane electrode assembly achieved a power density of 42.2 mW cm-2 in single-cell application tests while displaying improved durability. This research provides valuable insights for future advancements in single-atom catalyst development for fuel cells or other energy applications.

Aptamer selection of radiation-sensitive protein p21 and electrical impedance detection-based applications in radiation dose assessment

Radiation dose assessment is the main basis for the diagnosis of acute radiation sickness. At present, there is a lack of rapid and portable dose assessment methods, which has an important impact on the rapid diagnosis and precise treatment of radiation accident patients and nuclear practitioners. We selected and obtained specific aptamers for radiation-sensitive protein p21 protein by the magnetic cross-linking precipitation (MCP)-SELEX procedure. The aptamer has a high affinity for binding to the p21 protein and its Kd value is 2.21 × 10-7 mol/L. We subsequently established a new method for radiation dose assessment of an electrochemical impedance (EIS) aptasensor with screen-printed electrode chips. There was a good dose-effect relationship between the p21 protein expression level in PBMCs in human peripheral blood detected by this method within the dose range of 0-10 Gy, and detection limit of radiation dose is 0.38 Gy (LOD, S/N = 3). This dose range covers the diagnostic range of acute radiation sickness in the bone marrow. This method is not only portable but also fast, saving hours to days compared with the previous dose assessment method based on radiation sensitive protein. It can be applied to the rapid and portable diagnosis of acute radiation sickness.

A CRISPR/Cas13a system based on a dumbbell-shaped hairpin combined with DNA-PAINT to establish the DCP-platform for highly sensitive detection of Hantaan virus RNA

Rapid and sensitive detection of specific RNA sequences is crucial for clinical diagnosis, surveillance, and biotechnology applications. Currently, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the gold standard for RNA detection; however, it is associated with long processing time, complex procedures, and a high false-positive rate. To address these challenges, we developed a novel sensing platform based on CRISPR/Cas13a that incorporates a dumbbell-shaped hairpin and DNA-PAINT for rapid, highly specific, and sensitive RNA analysis. By leveraging the CRISPR/Cas13a system, this platform enables the cleavage of dumbbell-shaped hairpins, which subsequently allows the cleaved primers to initiate cyclic amplification of fluorescent signals. These signals are further enhanced by the binding and dissociation phenomena inherent to DNA-PAINT technology, ultimately achieving remarkable triple signal amplification. Additionally, the system effectively discriminates Hantaan virus RNA from Seoul virus in real samples. Importantly, the platform can be easily adapted for the detection of other RNAs by simply reconfiguring the hybridization region of crRNA. In conclusion, this platform represents a "five-in-one" RNA detection approach that integrates reliability, versatility, robustness, high specificity, and superior quantitative capabilities. It provides novel insights for direct RNA detection based on CRISPR/Cas13a and demonstrates significant potential for advancement in viral diagnostics.

A novel one-step immunoassay using mesoporous core-shell Pd@Pt nanoparticles as an alternative to horseradish peroxidase for amantadine detection

The inherent limitations of natural enzymes hinder their stable application under harsh conditions, highlighting the urgent need for a stable alternative signal tracer. Herein, core-shell palladium@platinum (Pd@Pt) nanoparticles (NPs) with mesoporous and dendritic nanostructures were synthesized using a modified ultrasound-assisted chemical reduction method, resulting in a 25 % improvement in relative activity compared to previously reported methods. The yielding nanoparticles exhibited enhanced peroxidase-like activity with specific activity of 54.4 U/mg, and their Michaelis constant and maximum reaction velocity were 6.2 and 48 timers higher, respectively, than those of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The Pd@Pt NPs were conjugated with antibodies via electrostatic adsorption, demonstrating their potential as a viable alternative to HRP. The rough surface structure of the Pd@Pt NPs not only enhanced the efficiency of antibody immobilization to approximately 90 %, but also, through a pH-regulated antibody immobilization strategy, facilitated the orientation of antibody recognition regions, thereby improving inhibition efficiency. A one-step immunoassay based on the Pd@Pt NPs immunoprobe was then developed, with amantadine (AMD) serving as a proof of concept. The proposed method showed a 2.8-fold increase in sensitivity, a 400-fold expansion in the linear range, and a 1-h reduction in detection time compared to the traditional "gold standard" ELISA. The practical applicability of the proposed method was validated in real chicken and pork samples, with coefficients of variation all less than 17.49 %, and a strong correlation with commercial kits was observed. These results suggest that Pd@Pt NPs are a promising signal-generating probe with significant potential as an alternative to HRP, offering improvements in sensitivity, linear range, stability, and other key performance characteristics.

Split T7 switch-based orthogonal logic operation of fluorogenic RNA aptamer for small molecules detection

Recent advances in fluorescent biosensors have stimulated the development of molecular detection. We herein developed a new orthogonal logic operation of fluorescent biosensor with cell-free to accomplish the detection of atrazine (ATZ) and tetrachlorobiphenyls (PCB77). The transcriptional process to generate fluorescent RNA aptamers (Mango) was controlled by molecules-probe bindings, which regulate split T7 promoter transcription switches ON or OFF. Leveraging the rapid in vitro T7 transcription process and high signal-to-background ratio of the Mango-TO1-Biotin complex, this biosensor demonstrates remarkable sensitivity in detecting ATZ and PCB77, with detection limit of 1.56 pM and 10.2 pM. Moreover, the orthogonality of four logic gates (AND, NOR, INHIBT, NIMPLY) were utilized the ATZ and PCB77 as input to construct, which could be activated by utilizing the target probe-driven association. The output of the fluorescence signal was controlled by split/intact fluorescent RNA aptamer (Mango) to achieve flexible and sensitive orthogonal operations. Significantly, the development of two-input logic gates has enabled the modular detection of various small molecules, offering a promising approach to intelligent multi-input analysis. Predictably, with the advantages of sensitivity, flexibility and easy-to-operate, this orthogonal logic gate platform holds immense potential in small molecules detection.

Ultrathin lithium chalcogenide-based nanohybrid SEI layer for suppressing lithium dendrite growth and polysulfide shuttle in Li-S batteries

To advance high-energy-density Li-S batteries, it is crucial to develop strategies that enhance the energy efficiency, power capability, and cycle stability of both lithium metal anodes (LMAs) and sulfur cathodes (SCs). This study introduces an ultra-thin (∼60 nm) lithium telluride (t-Li2Te) layer on a conventional polypropylene (PP) separator, designed to improve the Coulombic efficiency (CE) and cycling stability of LMAs and SCs. The t-Li2Te layer features a nanoporous structure of aggregated Li2Te nanoparticles, with nanopores filled by solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) materials during initial lithium deposition. This t-Li2Te-SEI nanohybrid layer significantly enhanced CE for LMA, reaching maximum capacity within four cycles with only 25 % total capacity loss, contrasting with a 210 % capacity loss over ten cycles in the bare PP-based anode without t-Li2Te. In high cut-off capacity tests (4 mA h cm-2), the t-Li2Te-based system achieved stable cycling over 350 cycles, extending cycle life tenfold compared to the bare PP-based anode. For SC applications, the t-Li2Te-SEI nanohybrid layer attained an initial CE of 98.3 %, notably higher than that (93.1 %) of the reference system. After 100 cycles, the t-Li2Te-based SC system retained 85 % capacity, showing a 20 % improvement over systems without the nanohybrid layer.

Trap-array slippery surfaces for high-throughput, precise, and flexible evaporation-induced supraparticle synthesis

Supraparticles, the small aggregation entities of functional micro/nanoparticles, are crucial in materials science, chemistry, and nanotechnology owing to their unique properties and wide range of applications. Evaporation-driven self-assembly of colloidal droplets on surfaces has proven effective for supraparticle synthesis. However, challenges such as low production rates, adhesion risks, cross-contamination, and limited flexibility continue to hinder the widespread adoption of this method. To address these challenges, this study proposes an innovative strategy that uses the novel lotus-seed head and Nepenthes-inspired trap-array slippery surfaces (TASS). These surfaces feature a macroscopic trap array and a lubricant layer for high-throughput supraparticle synthesis. The lubricant traps provide a self-locating and stable lubrication effect, enabling the retreatment of addressable droplet array contact lines during evaporation, leading to the successful fabrication and collection of the supraparticle array. Additionally, the method demonstrates high synthesis flexibility, allowing for the creation of various supraparticle structures, morphologies, and porosities. As a proof of concept, core-shell magnet-actuated photocatalytic supraparticles were synthesized using TASS and showed enhanced contaminant degradation efficiency. This novel surface-template strategy provides a promising approach for large-scale, evaporation-driven supraparticle synthesis, with potential applications in catalysis, energy storage, and carbon capture.

An insight into in silico strategies used for exploration of medicinal utility and toxicology of nanomaterials

Nanomaterials (NMs) and the exploration of their comprehensive uses is an emerging research area of interest. They have improved physicochemical and biological properties and diverse functionality owing to their unique shape and size and therefore they are being explored for their enormous uses, particularly as medicinal and therapeutic agents. Nanoparticles (NPs) including metal and metal oxide-based NPs have received substantial consideration because of their biological applications. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) involving different strategies like homology modelling, molecular docking, virtual screening (VS), quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) etc. and virtual screening hold significant importance in CADD used for lead identification and target identification. Despite holding importance, there are very few computational studies undertaken so far to explore their binding to the target proteins and macromolecules. Although the structural properties of nanomaterials are well documented, it is worthwhile to know how they interact with the target proteins making it a pragmatic issue for comprehension. This review discusses some important computational strategies like molecular docking and simulation, Nano-QSAR, quantum chemical calculations based on Density functional Theory (DFT) and computational nanotoxicology. Nano-QSAR modelling, based on semiempirical calculations and computational simulation can be useful for biomedical applications, whereas the DFT calculations make it possible to know about the behaviour of the material by calculations based on quantum mechanics, without the requirement of higher-order material properties. Other than the beneficial interactions, it is also important to know the hazardous consequences of engineered nanostructures and NPs can penetrate more deeply into the human body, and computational nanotoxicology has emerged as a potential strategy to predict the delirious effects of NMs. Although computational tools are helpful, yet more studies like in vitro assays are still required to get the complete picture, which is essential in the development of potent and safe drug entities.

Surface-engineered nanobeads for regioselective antibody binding: A robust immunoassay platform leveraging catalytic signal amplification

Regulating protein interactions and protein corona formation of nanomaterials is crucial for advancing nanomedicine, where surface engineering of nanomaterials plays a pivotal role in precise control over biological interactions. Here, we present a surface-engineered nanoparticle-based immunoassay platform using carboxyl-enriched polystyrene nanobeads (CEPS) with regioselectively controlled antibody-binding properties. Proteomic analysis and theoretical simulation revealed that CEPS has an enhanced Fc-specific binding affinity for immunoglobulins compared to conventional carboxylated polystyrene beads, with a higher surface carboxyl density critically mediating protein interactions. This regioselective antibody binding with unique Fc-specific affinity eliminates the need for complex surface modifications, streamlining the assay process and broadening the applicability across various immunoassay formats. Additionally, incorporating a palladium catalyst within CEPS enables solvent-triggered on-demand catalytic signal amplification using a leucodye substrate, providing a more stable alternative to enzyme-based methods while significantly enhancing detection sensitivity and stability. The platform demonstrated enhanced performance in detecting clinically relevant biomarkers, including C-reactive protein, interferon-gamma, and the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV2, achieving lower detection limits and faster response times compared to conventional enzyme-based ELISA systems. Notably, the CEPS-based assay retained catalytic activity for over 140 days at room temperature, underscoring its potential for reliable, long-term use in diverse diagnostic applications.

Coordination-driven room-temperature phosphorescent carbon dot nanozymes for dual-mode glutathione detection

Integrating long-lived room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) into nanozymes to build multifunctional nanozymes can benefit biomedical analysis by expanding sensing modes and developing advanced sensing strategies but it is challenging. Herein, a general strategy for fabricating phosphorescent nanozymes by anchoring Co-Nx active centers on SiO2 nanospheres with carbon dots (CDs) encapsulated inside (CDs@SiO2@Co) is developed for dual-mode colorimetric-phosphorescent detection of glutathione (GSH). Specifically, surface Co-Nx active centers enhanced O2 adsorption and activation (O2 to 1O2), providing oxidase-like activity to induce the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), generating a distinct colorimetric signal. The SiO2 layer inhibited non-radiative transitions of the CDs to promote RTP, and spatially separated Co ions from CDs to prevent RTP quenching caused by Co-CD interactions, resulting in CDs@SiO2@Co with long-lived RTP (lifetime: 1.14 s), providing a phosphorescent channel free from autofluorescence interference. Upon introduction of GSH, the color product-oxidized TMB (oxTMB) was reduced, and the quenched RTP caused by the oxTMB internal filter effect was restored. Based on this principle, a sensitive and reliable dual-mode colorimetric-phosphorescent method was developed for detecting GSH in plasma and cells. Furthermore, owing to the tunable optical properties of CDs and the flexibility of substituting metal active centers, this strategy can be extended to construct various phosphorescent nanozymes with adjustable RTP emission wavelengths and diverse enzyme-like activities, advancing the development of nanozymes and bioanalytical platforms.

Achievements and challenges in glucose oxidase-instructed multimodal synergistic antibacterial applications

Glucose oxidase (GOx) with unique catalytic properties and inherent biocompatibility can effectively oxidize both endogenous and exogenous glucose with oxygen (O2) into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Accordingly, the GOx-based catalytic chemistry offers new possibilities for designing and constructing multimodal synergistic antibacterial systems. The consumption of glucose permanently downregulates bacterial cell metabolism by blocking essential energy supplies, inhibiting their growth and survival. Additionally, the production of gluconic acid could downregulates the pH within the bacterial infection microenvironment, enhancing the production of hydroxyl radicals (∙OH) from H2O2 via enhanced Fenton or Fendon-like reactions and triggering the pH-responsive release of drugs. Furthermore, the generated H2O2 in situ avoids the addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, it is possible to design GOx-based multimodal antibacterial synergistic therapies by combining GOx-instructed cascade reactions with other therapeutic approaches such as chemodynamic therapies (CDT), hypoxia-activated prodrugs, photosensitizers, and stimuli-responsive drug release. Such multimodal strategies are expected to exhibit better therapeutic effects than single therapeutic modes. This tutorial review highlights recent advancements in GOx-instructed multimodal synergistic antibacterial systems, focusing on design philosophy and construction strategies. Current challenges and future prospects for advancing GOx-based multimodal antibacterial synergistic therapies are discussed.

Enhancing sensitivity, selectivity, and intelligence of gas detection based on field-effect transistors: Principle, process, and materials

A sensor, serving as a transducer, produces a quantifiable output in response to a predetermined input stimulus, which may be of a chemical or physical nature. The field of gas detection has experienced a substantial surge in research activity, attributable to the diverse functionalities and enhanced accessibility of advanced active materials. In this work, recent advances in gas sensors, specifically those utilizing Field Effect Transistors (FETs), are summarized, including device configurations, response characteristics, sensor materials, and application domains. In pursuing high-performance artificial olfactory systems, the evolution of FET gas sensors necessitates their synchronization with material advancements. These materials should have large surface areas to enhance gas adsorption, efficient conversion of gas input to detectable signals, and strong mechanical qualities. The exploration of gas-sensitive materials has covered diverse categories, such as organic semiconductor polymers, conductive organic compounds and polymers, metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks, and low-dimensional materials. The application of gas sensing technology holds significant promise in domains such as industrial safety, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. This comprehensive review thoroughly examines recent progress, identifies prevailing technical challenges, and outlines prospects for gas detection technology utilizing field effect transistors. The primary aim is to provide a valuable reference for driving the development of the next generation of gas-sensitive monitoring and detection systems characterized by improved sensitivity, selectivity, and intelligence.

Engineering multifunctional surface topography to regulate multiple biological responses

Surface topography or curvature plays a crucial role in regulating cell behavior, influencing processes such as adhesion, proliferation, and gene expression. Recent advancements in nano- and micro-fabrication techniques have enabled the development of biomimetic systems that mimic native extracellular matrix (ECM) structures, providing new insights into cell-adhesion mechanisms, mechanotransduction, and cell-environment interactions. This review examines the diverse applications of engineered topographies across multiple domains, including antibacterial surfaces, immunomodulatory devices, tissue engineering scaffolds, and cancer therapies. It highlights how nanoscale features like nanopillars and nanospikes exhibit bactericidal properties, while many microscale patterns can direct stem cell differentiation and modulate immune cell responses. Furthermore, we discuss the interdisciplinary use of topography for combined applications, such as the simultaneous regulation of immune and tissue cells in 2D and 3D environments. Despite significant advances, key knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding the effects of topographical cues on multicellular interactions and dynamic 3D contexts. This review summarizes current fabrication methods, explores specific and interdisciplinary applications, and proposes future research directions to enhance the design and utility of topographically patterned biomaterials in clinical and experimental settings.

An engineered M2 macrophage-derived exosomes-loaded electrospun biomimetic periosteum promotes cell recruitment, immunoregulation, and angiogenesis in bone regeneration

The periosteum, a fibrous tissue membrane covering bone surfaces, is critical to osteogenesis and angiogenesis in bone reconstruction. Artificial periostea have been widely developed for bone defect repair, but most of these are lacking of periosteal bioactivity. Herein, a biomimetic periosteum (termed PEC-Apt-NP-Exo) is prepared based on an electrospun membrane combined with engineered exosomes (Exos). The electrospun membrane is fabricated using poly(ε-caprolactone) (core)-periosteal decellularized extracellular matrix (shell) fibers via coaxial electrospinning, to mimic the fibrous structure, mechanical property, and tissue microenvironment of natural periosteum. The engineered Exos derived from M2 macrophages are functionalized by surface modification of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-specific aptamers to further enhance cell recruitment, immunoregulation, and angiogenesis in bone healing. The engineered Exos are covalently bonded to the electrospun membrane, to achieve rich loading and long-term effects of Exos. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the biomimetic periosteum promotes BMSC migration and osteogenic differentiation via Rap1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and enhances vascular endothelial growth factor secretion from BMSCs to facilitate angiogenesis. In vivo studies reveal that the biomimetic periosteum promotes new bone formation in large bone defect repair by inducing M2 macrophage polarization, endogenous BMSC recruitment, osteogenic differentiation, and vascularization. This research provides valuable insights into the development of a multifunctional biomimetic periosteum for bone regeneration.

Multi-model immunochromatographic assay based on "three in one" Fe3O4@PDA@Pt nanocomposite for ultrasensitive detection of zearalenone in cereals

A multifunctional nanocomposite (Fe3O4@PDA@Pt) with good ultraviolet absorption and photothermal conversion ability, as well as peroxidase-like activity is prepared by using coprecipitation method and in situ reduction method. And an immunochromatographic assay with three modes of colorimetric, photothermal and catalytic determination is developed for the sensitive detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in cereals. In the colorimetric test mode, the visual limit of detection (LOD) for assay is 0.1 μg L-1. In the photothermal test mode, the LOD for assay is 0.004 μg L-1, and the detection linear range is 0.009-1.538 μg L-1. In the catalytic test mode, the LOD for assay is 0.013 μg L-1, and the detection linear range is 0.023-3.435 μg L-1. This assay has good specificity and there is no cross-reaction with other mycotoxins. The determination results of ZEN in cereal samples are in good agreement with that results by UPLC-MS/MS, indicating good accuracy of this proposed assay.

Synergistic microglial modulation by laminarin-based platinum nanozymes for potential intracerebral hemorrhage therapy

Abnormal microglial activation increases inflammation, causing significant brain damage after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). To aid recovery, treatments should regulate oxidative stress and inhibit the M1-like phenotype (pro-inflammation) of microglia. Recently, antioxidant nanozymes have emerged as tools for modulating microglial states, but detailed studies on their role in ICH treatment are limited. To address this, we developed an ultra-small (3-4 nm) laminarin-modified platinum nanozyme (Pt@LA) for the synergistic regulation of microglial polarization, offering a novel therapeutic strategy for ICH. Pt@LA effectively scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) through superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)-like activities. Laminarin may inhibit the Dectin-1 receptor on microglia and its inflammatory pathway, Syk/NF-κB, reducing neuroinflammation. In vitro, Pt@LA decreased pro-inflammatory microglia and cytokine expression by inhibiting the Dectin-1/Syk/NF-κB and ROS-mediated NF-κB pathways. Furthermore, Pt@LA protected neurons, inhibited glial scar formation, and improved neurological function in ICH rats. Overall, this study presents Pt nanozymes based on naturally extracted laminarin and explores their application in alleviating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation after ICH, bridging nanozyme research and neuroscience.

Manganese-coordinated nanoparticles loaded with CHK1 inhibitor dually activate cGAS-STING pathway and enhance efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy

Notable advancements have been made in utilizing immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) for the treatment of various cancers. However, the overall response rates and therapeutic effectiveness remain unsatisfactory. One cause is the inadequate immune environment characterized by poor T cell infiltration in tumors. To address these limitations, enhancing immune infiltration is crucial for optimizing the therapeutic efficacy of ICB. Activating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway is essential for initiating immune response and has become a potential target for developing combination therapies with ICB. In this study, we designed and fabricated manganese-containing nanoparticles loaded with the CHK1 inhibitor PF477736, which were subsequently encapsulated with macrophage membrane (PF/MMSN@MPM). This innovative design achieved excellent tumor targeting and demonstrated potent antitumor effects. The combination therapy dually amplified the cGAS-STING pathway, causing a cascade of enhanced therapeutic effects against tumors. Furthermore, single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) analysis revealed that PF/MMSN@MPM enhanced the activation and infiltration of immune cells. Moreover, the combination of PF/MMSN@MPM with anti-PD-1 (αPD-1) exhibited a stronger therapeutic effect compared to αPD-1 alone. PF/MMSN@MPM precisely and synergistically activated the cGAS-STING pathway, significantly improving therapeutic efficacy of ICB, and offering promising potential for tumor therapy.

Connecting the dots: Mitochondrial transfer in immunity, inflammation, and cancer

Mitochondria are more than mere energy generators; they are multifaceted organelles that integrate metabolic, signalling, and immune functions, making them indispensable players in maintaining cellular and systemic health. Mitochondrial transfer has recently garnered attention due to its potential role in several physiological and pathological processes. This process involves multiple mechanisms by which mitochondria, along with mitochondrial DNA and other components, are exchanged between cells. In this review, we examine the critical roles of mitochondrial transfer in health and disease, focusing on its impact on immune cell function, the resolution of inflammation, tissue repair, and regeneration. Additionally, we explore its implications in viral infections and cancer progression. We also provide insights into emerging therapeutic applications, emphasizing its potential to address unmet clinical needs.

Immunogenic cuproptosis in cancer immunotherapy via an in situ cuproptosis-inducing system

Cell death-based therapies combined with immunotherapy have great potential in cancer therapy. To further explore and apply the combined therapies, the immunogenicity of different cell death modes in colorectal cancer (CRC) was evaluated by a cause-and-effect framework encompassing 12 cell death modes. Results show robust correlations among cuproptosis, immunogenic cell death (ICD) and immunity in CRC, as observed in our in-house and other independent cohorts, which are substantiated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Subsequent investigations demonstrate that cuproptosis induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns from CRC cells and triggering the maturation of antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, for in vivo therapeutic approaches, an in situ cuproptosis-inducing system was devised, which can further strengthen the effects of immune cells. Through the combined analysis including single-cell RNA sequencing, cuproptosis is shown to mobilize cytotoxic T lymphocytes and M1 macrophages within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, co-treatment with Imiquimod, the TLR7 agonist, augments the anti-tumor immune responses induced by cuproptosis. Overall, we provide compelling evidence that cuproptosis induces ICD thus fostering an inflammatory TME, and the cuproptosis-based delivery system further promotes this inflammatory environment, demonstrating considerable potential for enhancing tumor therapy efficacy.

Precision delivery of pretreated macrophage-membrane-coated Pt nanoclusters for improving Alzheimer's disease-like cognitive dysfunction induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis

Oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a kind of pathogenic bacteria causing periodontitis, can increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cause cognitive decline. Therefore, precise intracerebral antimicrobial therapy to reduce the load of P. gingivalis in brain may serve as a potential therapeutic approach to improve AD-like cognitive impairment. A kind of nano-delivery system precisely targets bacteria in the brain through coating P. gingivalis stimulated macrophage membrane onto the surface of platinum nanoclusters (Pg-M-PtNCs). Approximate 50 nm spherical Pg-M-PtNCs demonstrate good biocompatibility and the pretreated macrophage membranes can inhibit macrophages phagocytosis and increase the adherence to bacteria. Pg-M-PtNCs can significantly inhibit the growth of P.gingivalis in vitro, and are effectively delivered and remain at the infection site in the mice brain to reduce the bacterial load and neuronal damage, and then improve the AD-like cognitive dysfunction in the chronic periodontitis mice. Platinum nanoclusters coated with P. gingivalis pretreated macrophage membrane play an important role in targeting bacteria in the brain, and effectively improve AD-like cognitive function disorder caused by P. gingivalis infection in the brain.

Platelet-derived extracellular vesicle drug delivery system loaded with kaempferol for treating corneal neovascularization

Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have drawn attention due to their multifunctionality, ease of procurement, and abundant supply from clinical-grade platelet concentrates. PEVs can be readily endocytosed due to their lipid bilayer membrane and nanoscale structure, enhancing the bioavailability and efficacy of their therapeutic effects. PEVs also contain various trophic factors that enhance their effectiveness as therapeutic agents. Given that nanomedicine provides benefits over traditional treatments for eye diseases by surpassing physical ocular barriers, PEVs combined with the anti-angiogenic agent, kaempferol (KM), were assessed for their capacity to inhibit abnormal blood vessel formation in the cornea. Characterization of the nanoparticles suggested the successful preparation of KM-loaded PEVs (PEV-KM) with a mean diameter of approximately 160 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of around 61 %. PEV-KM was effectively internalized into human vascular endothelial cells, resulting in inhibited function, as evidenced by lower wound closure rates, decreased tube formation capacity, and downregulation of angiogenesis-related gene expression. Moreover, prolonged ocular retention was observed following the topical application of PEV and PEV-KM in mouse eyes. In an alkali-burned corneal neovascularization (CoNV) mouse model, PEV (1 %) was found to decrease vessel formation in the injured cornea. However, the combination of PEV and KM (1 % PEV with KM 6 μg/mL) showed an even stronger effect in inhibiting CoNV and decreasing the expression of proangiogenic and inflammatory cytokines. Overall, our data suggests that the topical administration of PEVs, either alone or alongside KM (PEV-KM), is a promising therapy for the management of CoNV.

Challenges and material innovations in drug delivery to central nervous system tumors

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors, encompassing a diverse array of neoplasms in the brain and spinal cord, pose significant therapeutic challenges due to their intricate anatomy and the protective presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The primary treatment obstacle is the effective delivery of therapeutics to the tumor site, which is hindered by multiple physiological, biological, and technical barriers, including the BBB. This comprehensive review highlights recent advancements in material science and nanotechnology aimed at surmounting these delivery challenges, with a focus on the development and application of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials emerge as potent tools in designing innovative drug delivery systems that demonstrate the potential to overcome the limitations posed by CNS tumors. The review delves into various strategies, including the use of lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles, all of which are engineered to enhance drug stability, BBB penetration, and targeted tumor delivery. Additionally, this review highlights the burgeoning role of theranostic nanoparticles, integrating therapeutic and diagnostic functionalities to optimize treatment efficacy. The exploration extends to biocompatible materials like biodegradable polymers, liposomes, and advanced material-integrated delivery systems such as implantable drug-eluting devices and microfabricated devices. Despite promising preclinical results, the translation of these material-based strategies into clinical practice necessitates further research and optimization.

Pre-carbonization-mediated construction of urchin-like NiFe2O4 superparticles with enhanced CNT growth for efficient oxygen evolution

In this study, we report the rational design and synthesis of carbonized NiFe2O4 superparticles (CarSPs) hierarchically integrated with densely aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) architectures, hereafter denoted as CarSP-CNTs, which exhibit a biomimetic urchin-like morphology. Through exploitation of the colloidal self-assembly and catalytic functionalities inherent to NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs), we achieve seamless integration of one-dimensional CNT arrays with three-dimensional superstructural frameworks. Systematic investigation reveals that the pre-carbonization of surface-bound organic ligands coupled with subsequent CNT growth induces synergistic interplay between conductive carbon matrices and active spinel oxide phases. This structural optimization confers CarSP-CNTs with enhanced charge transfer kinetics and catalytically robust interfaces, as evidenced by their superior electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolyte (1 M KOH). The optimized CarSP-CNTs exhibit a minimal overpotential of 307 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm-2, alongside remarkable operational stability exceeding 20 h of continuous electrolysis. These findings establish a paradigm for the rational design of hierarchically structured, multi-component electrocatalysts through coordinated nanoscale engineering, offering a versatile platform for advancing energy conversion technologies.

Exomeres and supermeres: Current advances and perspectives

Recent studies have revealed a great diversity and complexity in extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs). The developments in techniques and the growing awareness of the particle heterogeneity have spurred active research on new particle subsets. Latest discoveries highlighted unique features and roles of non-vesicular extracellular nanoparticles (NVEPs) as promising biomarkers and targets for diseases. These nanoparticles are distinct from extracellular vesicles (EVs) in terms of their smaller particle sizes and lack of a bilayer membrane structure and they are enriched with diverse bioactive molecules particularly proteins and RNAs, which are widely reported to be delivered and packaged in exosomes. This review is focused on the two recently identified membraneless NVEPs, exomeres and supermeres, to provide an overview of their biogenesis and contents, particularly those bioactive substances linked to their bio-properties. This review also explains the concepts and characteristics of these nanoparticles, to compare them with other EVPs, especially EVs, as well as to discuss their isolation and identification methods, research interests, potential clinical applications and open questions.

Multifunctional piezoelectric hydrogels under ultrasound stimulation boost chondrogenesis by recruiting autologous stem cells and activating the Ca2+/CaM/CaN signaling pathway

Articular cartilage, owing to the lack of undifferentiated stem cells after injury, faces significant challenges in reconstruction and repair, making it a major clinical challenge. Therefore, there is an urgent need to design a multifunctional hydrogels capable of recruiting autologous stem cells to achieve in situ cartilage regeneration. Here, our study investigated the potential of a piezoelectric hydrogel (Hyd6) for enhancing cartilage regeneration through ultrasound (US) stimulation. Hyd6 has multiple properties including injectability, self-healing capabilities, and piezoelectric characteristics. These properties synergistically promote stem cell chondrogenesis. The fabrication and characterization of Hyd6 revealed its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and electromechanical conversion capabilities. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that Hyd6, when combined with US stimulation, significantly promotes the recruitment of autologous stem cells and enhances chondrogenesis by generating electrical signals that promote the influx of Ca2+, activating downstream CaM/CaN signaling pathways and accelerating cartilage formation. An in vivo study in a rabbit model of chondral defects revealed that Hyd6 combined with US treatment significantly improved cartilage regeneration, as evidenced by better integration of the regenerated tissue with the surrounding cartilage, greater collagen type II expression, and improved mechanical properties. The results highlight the potential of Hyd6 as a novel therapeutic approach for treating cartilage injuries, offering a self-powered, noninvasive, and effective strategy for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Nanotherapeutic strategies exploiting biological traits of cancer stem cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a distinct subpopulation of cancer cells that orchestrate cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Despite advances in conventional therapies, the persistence of CSCs remains a major obstacle to achieving cancer eradication. Nanomedicine-based approaches have emerged for precise CSC targeting and elimination, offering unique advantages in overcoming the limitations of traditional treatments. This review systematically analyzes recent developments in nanomedicine for CSC-targeted therapy, emphasizing innovative nanomaterial designs addressing CSC-specific challenges. We first provide a detailed examination of CSC biology, focusing on their surface markers, signaling networks, microenvironmental interactions, and metabolic signatures. On this basis, we critically evaluate cutting-edge nanomaterial engineering designed to exploit these CSC traits, including stimuli-responsive nanodrugs, nanocarriers for drug delivery, and multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of generating localized hyperthermia or reactive oxygen species. These sophisticated nanotherapeutic approaches enhance selectivity and efficacy in CSC elimination, potentially circumventing drug resistance and cancer recurrence. Finally, we present an in-depth analysis of current challenges in translating nanomedicine-based CSC-targeted therapies from bench to bedside, offering critical insights into future research directions and clinical implementation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the intersection of nanomedicine and CSC biology, contributing to more effective cancer treatment modalities.

Detection of isomers based on silica colloidal crystals doped with noble metals

Structural colors (or stopbands) of different photonic crystals (PCs) could be changed by doping different concentrations of noble metals. The maximum stopband shift of PCs is about 61 nm when Pd colloid nanoparticles are doped into the PCs. Varied of PCs have been used for detecting chemicals, but it is uncommon for detection of isomers based on the simple PCs from SiO2 spheres and noble metals. Although difference of refractive indices of m-xylene and p-xylene is only 0.002, after noble metals as intermedium are doped into PCs, difference of the total average stopband shifts is about 37 nm. The total stopband shifts are related to diameters of SiO2 spheres, species of analytes, doping amounts and kinds of noble metal nanoparticles. The proposed strategy provides a convenient, cheap, trace detection method to distinguish isomers. These PCs have potential applications in display, isomer recognition and anti-counterfeiting.

Reprogramming peritoneal macrophages with outer membrane vesicle-coated PLGA nanoparticles for endometriosis prevention

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects women of reproductive age. The current hormonal treatments are unsuitable for women who wish to conceive, highlighting the need for non-hormonal therapeutic alternatives. In this study, we engineered outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-coated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (OMV-NPs) as a potential therapy for endometriosis. These OMV-NPs were internalized by macrophages more efficiently than bacterial OMVs and preserved the immunostimulatory properties of OMVs. In vivo administration of OMV-NPs in mice achieved prolonged retention in the peritoneal cavity, with effective uptake by nearly 80 % of the peritoneal macrophages. Notably, treatment with OMV-NPs reprogrammed macrophages toward the M1 phenotype, resulting in a significant decrease in the M2 to M1 ratio within the peritoneal cavity and in endometriotic lesions. This shift from M2 to M1 was associated with reduced TGF-β1 production and suppressed myofibroblast activation, which led to substantial inhibition of endometriosis progression. Furthermore, immunohistochemical imaging of paired eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues from endometriosis patients revealed a positive correlation between M2-polarized macrophages and fibrosis. This finding suggests that reprogramming macrophages with OMV-NPs could be a promising therapeutic approach for endometriosis.

A biodegradable, microstructured, electroconductive and nano-integrated drug eluting patch (MENDEP) for myocardial tissue engineering

We produced a microstructured, electroconductive and nano-functionalized drug eluting cardiac patch (MENDEP) designed to attract endogenous precursor cells, favor their differentiation and counteract adverse ventricular remodeling in situ. MENDEP showed mechanical anisotropy and biaxial strength comparable to porcine myocardium, reduced impedance, controlled biodegradability, molecular recognition ability and controlled drug release activity. In vitro, cytocompatibility and cardioinductivity were demonstrated. Migration tests showed the chemoattractive capacity of the patches and conductivity assays showed unaltered cell-cell interactions and cell beating synchronicity. MENDEP was then epicardially implanted in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Histological, immunofluorescence and biomarker analysis indicated that implantation did not cause damage to the healthy myocardium. After I/R, MENDEP recruited precursor cells into the damaged myocardium and triggered their differentiation towards the vascular lineage. Under the patch, the myocardial tissue appeared well preserved and cardiac gap junctions were correctly distributed at the level of the intercalated discs. The fibrotic area measured in the I/R group was partially reduced in the patch group. Overall, these results demonstrate that MENDEP was fully retained on the epicardial surface of the left ventricle over 4-week implantation period, underwent progressive vascularization, did not perturb the healthy myocardium and showed great potential in repairing the infarcted area.