101
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Baroncini M, Casimiro L, de Vet C, Groppi J, Silvi S, Credi A. Making and Operating Molecular Machines: A Multidisciplinary Challenge. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:169-179. [PMID: 29435402 PMCID: PMC5795756 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement is one of the central attributes of life, and a key feature in many technological processes. While artificial motion is typically provided by macroscopic engines powered by internal combustion or electrical energy, movement in living organisms is produced by machines and motors of molecular size that typically exploit the energy of chemical fuels at ambient temperature to generate forces and ultimately execute functions. The progress in several areas of chemistry, together with an improved understanding of biomolecular machines, has led to the development of a large variety of wholly synthetic molecular machines. These systems have the potential to bring about radical innovations in several areas of technology and medicine. In this Minireview, we discuss, with the help of a few examples, the multidisciplinary aspects of research on artificial molecular machines and highlight its translational character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di BolognaViale Fanin 5040127BolognaItaly
- Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Christiaan de Vet
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di BolognaViale Fanin 5040127BolognaItaly
| | - Jessica Groppi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di BolognaViale Fanin 5040127BolognaItaly
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated NanostructuresUniversità di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di BolognaViale Fanin 5040127BolognaItaly
- Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
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102
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Triangular cyclic rotaxanes: Size, fluctuations, and switching properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9367-9372. [PMID: 29378971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715790115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine one of the simplest cyclic rotaxanes-a molecule made from three rods with variable length between 0 and L. This [3]rotaxane, unlike a traditional molecule, shows significant size and shape fluctuations. We quantify these using a number of different measures. In particular, we show that the average angles are [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] and the most populated lengths lie at [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] The triangles are usually obtuse. We discuss the area allowed within the triangle for inclusion compounds. Inspired by the linear rotaxane switches, we also consider the statistical mechanics of switching when stations with attractive interactions promote small-cycle areas.
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103
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Wang Y, Tian Y, Chen YZ, Niu LY, Wu LZ, Tung CH, Yang QZ, Boulatov R. A light-driven molecular machine based on stiff stilbene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7991-7994. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a new molecular design for optically triggered nm-scale translation of a submolecular component relative to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
| | - Yu-Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Ya Niu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Zheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
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104
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Chen J, Leung FKC, Stuart MCA, Kajitani T, Fukushima T, van der Giessen E, Feringa BL. Artificial muscle-like function from hierarchical supramolecular assembly of photoresponsive molecular motors. Nat Chem 2017; 10:132-138. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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105
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Mariani G, Goujon A, Moulin E, Rawiso M, Giuseppone N, Buhler E. Integration of molecular machines into supramolecular materials: actuation between equilibrium polymers and crystal-like gels. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18456-18466. [PMID: 29159360 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04251e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the dynamic structure of complex supramolecular polymers composed of bistable [c2]daisy chain rotaxanes as molecular machines that are linked by ureidopyrimidinones (Upy) as recognition moieties was studied. pH actuation of the integrated mechanically active rotaxanes controls the contraction/extension of the polymer chains as well as their physical reticulation. Small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering were used to study in-depth the nanostructure of the contracted and extended polymer aggregates in toluene solution. The supramolecular polymers comprising contracted nanomachines were found to be equilibrium polymers with a mass that is concentration dependent in dilute and semidilute regimes. Surprisingly, the extended polymers form a gel network with a crystal-like internal structure that is independent of concentration and reminiscent of a pearl-necklace network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mariani
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057, University Paris Diderot-Paris 7 (Université Sorbonne Paris Cité), Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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106
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van Leeuwen T, Danowski W, Pizzolato SF, Štacko P, Wezenberg SJ, Feringa BL. Braking of a Light-Driven Molecular Rotary Motor by Chemical Stimuli. Chemistry 2017; 24:81-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas van Leeuwen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano F. Pizzolato
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Peter Štacko
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sander J. Wezenberg
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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107
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Lukov VV, Shcherbakov IN, Levchenkov SI, Tupolova YP, Popov LD, Pankov IV, Posokhova SV. Molecular machines as a driving force of progress in modern post-industrial society. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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108
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Goujon A, Lang T, Mariani G, Moulin E, Fuks G, Raya J, Buhler E, Giuseppone N. Bistable [c2] Daisy Chain Rotaxanes as Reversible Muscle-like Actuators in Mechanically Active Gels. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14825-14828. [PMID: 29022707 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of molecular machines in polymer science is of high interest to transfer mechanical motions from nanoscale to macroscale in order to access new kinds of active devices and materials. Toward this objective, thermodynamic and topological aspects need to be explored for reaching efficient systems capable of producing a useful work. In this paper we describe the branched polymerization of pH-sensitive bistable [c2] daisy chain rotaxanes by using copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ("click chemistry"). With this cross-linked topology, the corresponding materials in the form of chemical gels can be contracted and expanded over a large variation of volume (∼50%) by changing the protonation state of the system. HR-MAS 1H NMR and neutron scattering experiments reveal that this macroscopic response of the gels results from the synchronized actuation of the mechanical bonds at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Goujon
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Thomas Lang
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Giacomo Mariani
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot-Paris VII , Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Jesus Raya
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 1 rue Blaise Pascal, BP 296R8, 67008 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Eric Buhler
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot-Paris VII , Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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109
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Molecular photoswitches mediating the strain-driven disassembly of supramolecular tubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11850-11855. [PMID: 29078355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711184114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemists have created molecular machines and switches with specific mechanical responses that were typically demonstrated in solution, where mechanically relevant motion is dissipated in the Brownian storm. The next challenge consists of designing specific mechanisms through which the action of individual molecules is transmitted to a supramolecular architecture, with a sense of directionality. Cellular microtubules are capable of meeting such a challenge. While their capacity to generate pushing forces by ratcheting growth is well known, conversely these versatile machines can also pull microscopic objects apart through a burst of their rigid tubular structure. One essential feature of this disassembling mechanism is the accumulation of strain in the tubules, which develops when tubulin dimers change shape, triggered by a hydrolysis event. We envision a strategy toward supramolecular machines generating directional pulling forces by harnessing the mechanically purposeful motion of molecular switches in supramolecular tubules. Here, we report on wholly synthetic, water-soluble, and chiral tubules that incorporate photoswitchable building blocks in their supramolecular architecture. Under illumination, these tubules display a nonlinear operation mode, by which light is transformed into units of strain by the shape changes of individual switches, until a threshold is reached and the tubules unleash the strain energy. The operation of this wholly synthetic and stripped-down system compares to the conformational wave by which cellular microtubules disassemble. Additionally, atomistic simulations provide molecular insight into how strain accumulates to induce destabilization. Our findings pave the way toward supramolecular machines that would photogenerate pulling forces, at the nanoscale and beyond.
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110
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Rossner C, Glatter O, Vana P. Stimulus-Responsive Planet–Satellite Nanostructures as Colloidal Actuators: Reversible Contraction and Expansion of the Planet–Satellite Distance. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rossner
- Institut
für Elektronenmikroskopie und Nanoanalytik, Technische Universität Graz, Steyrergasse 17, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto Glatter
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/V, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Vana
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße
6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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111
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Beekmeyer R, Parkes MA, Ridgwell L, Riley JW, Chen J, Feringa BL, Kerridge A, Fielding HH. Unravelling the electronic structure and dynamics of an isolated molecular rotary motor in the gas-phase. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6141-6148. [PMID: 28989644 PMCID: PMC5627543 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01997a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-driven molecular motors derived from chiral overcrowded alkenes are an important class of compounds in which sequential photochemical and thermal rearrangements result in unidirectional rotation of one part of the molecule with respect to another. Here, we employ anion photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the electronic structure and dynamics of a unidirectional molecular rotary motor anion in the gas-phase and quantum chemistry calculations to guide the interpretation of our results. We find that following photoexcitation of the first electronically excited state, the molecule rotates around its axle and some population remains on the excited potential energy surface and some population undergoes internal conversion back to the electronic ground state. These observations are similar to those observed in time-resolved measurements of rotary molecular motors in solution. This work demonstrates the potential of anion photoelectron spectroscopy for studying the electronic structure and dynamics of molecular motors in the gas-phase, provides important benchmarks for theory and improves our fundamental understanding of light-activated molecular rotary motors, which can be used to inform the design of new photoactivated nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Beekmeyer
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Michael A Parkes
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Luke Ridgwell
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Jamie W Riley
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Kerridge
- Department of Chemistry , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA1 4YB , UK
| | - Helen H Fielding
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK .
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112
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van den Boomen OI, Coumans RG, Akeroyd N, Peters TP, Schlebos PP, Smits J, de Gelder R, Elemans JA, Nolte RJ, Rowan AE. Carbenoid transfer reactions catalyzed by a ruthenium porphyrin macrocycle. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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113
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Aeschi Y, Drayss-Orth S, Valášek M, Raps F, Häussinger D, Mayor M. Assembly of [2]Rotaxanes in Water. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Aeschi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute; University of Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Drayss-Orth
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Felix Raps
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute; University of Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM); Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
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114
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Yazaki K, Akita M, Prusty S, Chand DK, Kikuchi T, Sato H, Yoshizawa M. Polyaromatic molecular peanuts. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15914. [PMID: 28656977 PMCID: PMC5493752 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimicking biological structures such as fruits and seeds using molecules and molecular assemblies is a great synthetic challenge. Here we report peanut-shaped nanostructures comprising two fullerene molecules fully surrounded by a dumbbell-like polyaromatic shell. The shell derives from a molecular double capsule composed of four W-shaped polyaromatic ligands and three metal ions. Mixing the double capsule with various fullerenes (that is, C60, C70 and Sc3N@C80) gives rise to the artificial peanuts with lengths of ∼3 nm in quantitative yields through the release of the single metal ion. The rational use of both metal-ligand coordination bonds and aromatic-aromatic π-stacking interactions as orthogonal chemical glue is essential for the facile preparation of the multicomponent, biomimetic nanoarchitectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yazaki
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Munetaka Akita
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Soumyakanta Prusty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubaracho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubaracho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Michito Yoshizawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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115
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Wang X, Wicher B, Ferrand Y, Huc I. Orchestrating Directional Molecular Motions: Kinetically Controlled Supramolecular Pathways of a Helical Host on Rodlike Guests. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9350-9358. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- CBMN Laboratory, University of Bordeaux,
CNRS, IPB, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie, 2 rue Escarpit 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Barbara Wicher
- CBMN Laboratory, University of Bordeaux,
CNRS, IPB, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie, 2 rue Escarpit 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Yann Ferrand
- CBMN Laboratory, University of Bordeaux,
CNRS, IPB, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie, 2 rue Escarpit 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- CBMN Laboratory, University of Bordeaux,
CNRS, IPB, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie, 2 rue Escarpit 33607 Pessac, France
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116
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Abstract
To a large extent, the field of "molecular machines" started after several groups were able to prepare, reasonably easily, interlocking ring compounds (named catenanes for compounds consisting of interlocking rings and rotaxanes for rings threaded by molecular filaments or axes). Important families of molecular machines not belonging to the interlocking world were also designed, prepared, and studied but, for most of them, their elaboration was more recent than that of catenanes or rotaxanes. Since the creation of interlocking ring molecules is so important in relation to the molecular machinery area, we will start with this aspect of our work. The second part will naturally be devoted to the dynamic properties of such systems and to the compounds for which motions can be directed in a controlled manner from the outside, that is, molecular machines. We will restrict our discussion to a very limited number of examples which we consider as particularly representative of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculiares, Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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117
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Sauvage JP. Von der chemischen Topologie zu molekularen Maschinen (Nobel-Aufsatz). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculiares; Université de Strasbourg; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg Frankreich
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118
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Hou ZY, Yeniad B, Van Guyse J, Woisel P, Mullen KM, Rutjes FPJT, van Hest JCM, Hoogenboom R. A Dibenzoazacyclooctyne as a Reactive Chain Stopper for [2]Rotaxanes. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Yao Hou
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 B9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Bahar Yeniad
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 B9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Joachim Van Guyse
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 B9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Patrice Woisel
- UMET (UMR-CNRS 8207); Université de Lille Nord de France; ENSCL; 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry; Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology; 4001 Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 B9000 Ghent Belgium
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119
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Krajnik B, Chen J, Watson MA, Cockroft SL, Feringa BL, Hofkens J. Defocused Imaging of UV-Driven Surface-Bound Molecular Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7156-7159. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Krajnik
- Molecular
Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute
of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew A. Watson
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Scott L. Cockroft
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Molecular
Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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120
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Zhang D, Cochrane JR, Di Pietro S, Guy L, Gornitzka H, Dutasta JP, Martinez A. "Breathing" Motion of a Modulable Molecular Cavity. Chemistry 2017; 23:6495-6498. [PMID: 28158931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A class of hemicryptophane cages that adopt imploded conformations in solution and in the solid state has been described and studied by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. It is reported that the degree of collapse of the molecular cavity can be controlled by changing the stereochemistry of the chiral elements of the hemicryptophanes, leading to a modulation of their physical and chemical properties. Upon the binding of an oxidovanadium unit, the collapsed molecular cavity can inflate to give an expanded conformation. Removal of the vanadium core by an ancillary complexing ligand restores the initial folded structure. Thus, coordination/de-coordination of the metal ion controls the dynamic motions of the cage, leading to a reversible nanomechanical process. This controlled motion between a collapsed and expanded cavity can be seen as that of a breathable molecular cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, 200062, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - James Robert Cochrane
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Sebastiano Di Pietro
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Guy
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Heinz Gornitzka
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dutasta
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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121
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Liu Y, Kean ZS, d’Aquino AI, Manraj YD, Mendez-Arroyo J, Mirkin CA. Palladium(II) Weak-Link Approach Complexes Bearing Hemilabile N-Heterocyclic Carbene–Thioether Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5902-5910. [PMID: 28471640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zachary S. Kean
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Andrea I. d’Aquino
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yashin D. Manraj
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jose Mendez-Arroyo
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad. A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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122
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Štacko P, Kistemaker JCM, Feringa BL. Fluorine-Substituted Molecular Motors with a Quaternary Stereogenic Center. Chemistry 2017; 23:6643-6653. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Štacko
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jos C. M. Kistemaker
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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123
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Goujon A, Mariani G, Lang T, Moulin E, Rawiso M, Buhler E, Giuseppone N. Controlled Sol-Gel Transitions by Actuating Molecular Machine Based Supramolecular Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4923-4928. [PMID: 28286945 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of artificial molecular machines in polymer science is an important objective that challenges chemists and physicists in order to access an entirely new class of smart materials. To design such systems, the amplification of a mechanical actuation from the nanoscale up to a macroscopic response in the bulk material is a central issue. In this article we show that bistable [c2]daisy chain rotaxanes (i.e., molecular muscles) can be linked into main-chain Upy-based supramolecular polymers. We then reveal by an in depth quantitative study that the pH actuation of the mechanically active rotaxane at the nanoscale influences the physical reticulation of the polymer chains by changing the supramolecular behavior of the Upy units. This nanoactuation within the local structure of the main chain polymer results in a mechanically controlled sol-gel transition at the macroscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Goujon
- SAMS research group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Giacomo Mariani
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot-Paris VII , Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Cedex 13 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Lang
- SAMS research group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS research group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Rawiso
- SAMS research group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Buhler
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot-Paris VII , Bâtiment Condorcet, 75205 Cedex 13 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS research group, University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
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124
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Samanta SK, Brady KG, Isaacs L. Self-assembly of cucurbit[7]uril based triangular [4]molecular necklaces and their fluorescence properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2756-2759. [PMID: 28210729 PMCID: PMC5382929 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc10328f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of rigid-rod dipyridine ligand 1 with M(en)(NO3)2 (M = Pd, Pt) affords triangular (3, 5) and square (4, 6) supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs). The binding affinity of 1 toward CB[n]-type containers results in the formation of triangular [4]molecular necklaces ([4]MNs, 7-10) by either one-pot or post complexation approaches as evidenced by 1H NMR, diffusion ordered spectroscopy, and ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen K Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Kimberly G Brady
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Lyle Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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125
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Profile of Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart, and Bernard L. Feringa, 2016 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:620-625. [PMID: 28096414 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619330114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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126
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Kassem S, van Leeuwen T, Lubbe AS, Wilson MR, Feringa BL, Leigh DA. Artificial molecular motors. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2592-2621. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Artificial molecular motors take inspiration from motor proteins, nature's solution for achieving directional molecular level motion. An overview is given of the principal designs of artificial molecular motors and their modes of operation. We identify some key challenges remaining in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Kassem
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Thomas van Leeuwen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Anouk S. Lubbe
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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127
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128
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Burkhart C, Haberhauer G. A Light- and Electricity-Driven Molecular Pushing Motor. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Burkhart
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
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129
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Welter K. Nobelpreis für Chemie. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201690058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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130
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Dai Z. Steric and Stereochemical Modulation in Pyridyl- and Quinolyl-Containing Ligands. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121647. [PMID: 27916967 PMCID: PMC6274402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing pyridine and quinoline are outstanding platforms on which excellent ionophores and sensors for metal ions can be built. Steric and stereochemical effects can be used to modulate the affinity and selectivity of such ligands toward different metal ions on the coordination chemistry front. On the signal transduction front, such effects can also be used to modulate optical responses of these ligands in metal sensing systems. In this review, steric modulation of achiral ligands and stereochemical modulation in chiral ligands, especially ionophores and sensors for zinc, copper, silver, and mercury, are examined using published structural and spectral data. Although it might be more challenging to construct chiral ligands than achiral ones, isotropic and anisotropic absorption signals from a single chiroptical fluorescent sensor provide not only detection but also differentiation of multiple analytes with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Forensic Science Program, Pace University, 1 Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038, USA.
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131
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132
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133
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Leigh DA. Genesis of the Nanomachines: The 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14506-14508. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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134
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL Großbritannien
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135
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Mechanically interlocked daisy-chain-like structures as multidimensional molecular muscles. Nat Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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136
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Baggi G, Loeb SJ. Rotationally Active Ligands: Dialing-Up the Co-conformations of a [2]Rotaxane for Metal Ion Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12533-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
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137
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Baggi G, Loeb SJ. Rotationally Active Ligands: Dialing-Up the Co-conformations of a [2]Rotaxane for Metal Ion Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Stephen J. Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
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138
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Hidalgo Ramos P, Saisaha P, Elemans JAAW, Rowan AE, Nolte RJM. Conformational Analysis and Binding Properties of a Cavity Containing Porphyrin Catalyst Provided with Urea Functions. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Hidalgo Ramos
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Pattama Saisaha
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A. A. W. Elemans
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Alan E. Rowan
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN); Corner College and Cooper Rds. (Bldg. 75); The University of Queensland; 4072 Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Radboud University; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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139
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Wilson MR, Solà J, Carlone A, Goldup SM, Lebrasseur N, Leigh DA. An autonomous chemically fuelled small-molecule motor. Nature 2016; 534:235-40. [PMID: 27279219 DOI: 10.1038/nature18013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular machines are among the most complex of all functional molecules and lie at the heart of nearly every biological process. A number of synthetic small-molecule machines have been developed, including molecular muscles, synthesizers, pumps, walkers, transporters and light-driven and electrically driven rotary motors. However, although biological molecular motors are powered by chemical gradients or the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), so far there are no synthetic small-molecule motors that can operate autonomously using chemical energy (that is, the components move with net directionality as long as a chemical fuel is present). Here we describe a system in which a small molecular ring (macrocycle) is continuously transported directionally around a cyclic molecular track when powered by irreversible reactions of a chemical fuel, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride. Key to the design is that the rate of reaction of this fuel with reactive sites on the cyclic track is faster when the macrocycle is far from the reactive site than when it is near to it. We find that a bulky pyridine-based catalyst promotes carbonate-forming reactions that ratchet the displacement of the macrocycle away from the reactive sites on the track. Under reaction conditions where both attachment and cleavage of the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl groups occur through different processes, and the cleavage reaction occurs at a rate independent of macrocycle location, net directional rotation of the molecular motor continues for as long as unreacted fuel remains. We anticipate that autonomous chemically fuelled molecular motors will find application as engines in molecular nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam R Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jordi Solà
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Armando Carlone
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nathalie Lebrasseur
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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140
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Jiang F, Chen M, Liang J, Gao Z, Tang M, Xu Z, Peng B, Zhu S, Jiang L. Sailboat-Shaped Self-Complexes that Function as Controllable Rotary Switches. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Mujuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jidong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Mingfei Tang
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhikai Xu
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Bin Peng
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Shizheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Lasheng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou P. R. China
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141
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Fast response dry-type artificial molecular muscles with [c2]daisy chains. Nat Chem 2016; 8:625-32. [PMID: 27219709 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchically organized myosin and actin filaments found in biological systems exhibit contraction and expansion behaviours that produce work and force by consuming chemical energy. Inspired by these naturally occurring examples, we have developed photoresponsive wet- and dry-type molecular actuators built from rotaxane-based compounds known as [c2]daisy chains (specifically, [c2]AzoCD2 hydrogel and [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel). These actuators were prepared via polycondensation between four-armed poly(ethylene glycol) and a [c2]daisy chain based on α-cyclodextrin as the host component and azobenzene as a photoresponsive guest component. The light-induced actuation arises from the sliding motion of the [c2]daisy chain unit. Ultraviolet irradiation caused the gels to bend towards the light source. The response of the [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel, even under dry conditions, is very fast (7° every second), which is 10,800 times faster than the [c2]AzoCD2 hydrogel (7° every 3 h). In addition, the [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel was used as a crane arm to lift an object using ultraviolet irradiation to produce mechanical work.
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142
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Benson CR, Share AI, Marzo MG, Flood AH. Double Switching of Two Rings in Palindromic [3]Pseudorotaxanes: Cooperativity and Mechanism of Motion. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:3767-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Benson
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew I. Share
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Matthew G. Marzo
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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143
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Waelès P, Riss-Yaw B, Coutrot F. Synthesis of a pH-Sensitive Hetero[4]Rotaxane Molecular Machine that Combines [c2]Daisy and [2]Rotaxane Arrangements. Chemistry 2016; 22:6837-45. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Waelès
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team; Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS; Université Montpellier, ENSCM; case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Benjamin Riss-Yaw
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team; Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS; Université Montpellier, ENSCM; case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team; Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS; Université Montpellier, ENSCM; case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
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144
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Abstract
The past quarter of a century has witnessed an increasing engagement on the part of physicists and chemists in the design and synthesis of molecular machines de novo. This minireview traces the development of artificial molecular machines from their prototypes in the form of shuttles and switches to their emergence as motors and pumps where supplies of energy in the form of chemical fuel, electrochemical potential and light activation become a minimum requirement for them to function away from equilibrium. The challenge facing this rapidly growing community of scientists and engineers today is one of putting wholly synthetic molecules to work, both individually and as collections. Here, we highlight some of the recent conceptual and practical advances relating to the operation of wholly synthetic rotary and linear motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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145
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146
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Barboiu M, Stadler AM, Lehn JM. Kontrollierte Faltungs-, Bewegungs- und konstitutionelle Dynamik in polyheterocyclischen molekularen Strängen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Barboiu
- Institut Européen des Membranes; CNRS UMR 5635; Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 047 34095 Montpellier Frankreich
| | - Adrian-Mihail Stadler
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (UMR 7006); Université de Strasbourg; 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg Frankreich
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT); Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (UMR 7006); Université de Strasbourg; 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg Frankreich
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147
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Barboiu M, Stadler AM, Lehn JM. Controlled Folding, Motional, and Constitutional Dynamic Processes of Polyheterocyclic Molecular Strands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4130-54. [PMID: 26894262 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
General design principles have been developed for the control of the structural features of polyheterocyclic strands and their effector-modulated shape changes. Induced defined molecular motions permit designed enforcement of helical as well as linear molecular shapes. The ability of such molecular strands to bind metal cations allows the generation of coiling/uncoiling processes between helically folded and extended linear states. Large molecular motions are produced on coordination of metal ions, which may be made reversible by competition with an ancillary complexing agent and fueled by sequential acid/base neutralization energy. The introduction of hydrazone units into the strands confers upon them constitutional dynamics, whereby interconversion between different strand compositions is achieved through component exchange. These features have relevance for nanomechanical devices. We present a morphological and functional analysis of such systems developed in our laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Barboiu
- Institut Européen des Membranes, CNRS UMR 5635, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 047, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Adrian-Mihail Stadler
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT), Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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148
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Liu Y, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Sun X, Gandara F, Furukawa H, Liu Z, Zhu H, Zhu C, Suenaga K, Oleynikov P, Alshammari AS, Zhang X, Terasaki O, Yaghi OM. Weaving of organic threads into a crystalline covalent organic framework. Science 2016; 351:365-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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149
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Zhao YL, Zhang RQ, Minot C, Hermann K, Van Hove MA. Computational prediction of optimal metal ions to induce coordinated polymerization of muscle-like [c2]daisy chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7419-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07772a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic representations of the polymerized [c2]daisy chain linked with Fe2+ in contracted vs. elongated forms by computational simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Zhao
- Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies & Department of Physics
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Hong Kong
- China
| | - Rui-Qin Zhang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science
- City University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- China
| | - Christian Minot
- Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies & Department of Physics
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Hong Kong
- China
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
| | - Klaus Hermann
- Inorganic Chemistry Department
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Michel A. Van Hove
- Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies & Department of Physics
- Hong Kong Baptist University
- Hong Kong
- China
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150
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Morimoto M, Irie M. Light-Driven Molecular Crystal Actuators: An Approach to Molecular Machinery. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University
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