101
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Weng X, Monteiro APA, Guo J, Li C, Orellana RM, Marins TN, Bernard JK, Tomlinson DJ, DeFrain JM, Wohlgemuth SE, Tao S. Effects of heat stress and dietary zinc source on performance and mammary epithelial integrity of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:2617-2630. [PMID: 29290442 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary Zn and heat stress alter gut integrity in monogastric animals. However, effects of Zn on mammary epithelial integrity in heat-stressed lactating dairy cows have not been studied. Multiparous lactating Holstein cows (n = 72) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to study the effects of environment and Zn source on performance and mammary epithelial integrity. Treatments included 2 environments [cooled (CL) or not cooled (NC)] and 2 Zn sources [75 mg/kg of supplemental Zn as Zn hydroxychloride (IOZ) or 35 mg/kg of Zn hydroxychloride + 40 mg/kg of Zn-Met complex (ZMC)]. The experiment was divided into baseline and environmental challenge phases of 84 d each. All cows were cooled during the baseline phase (temperature-humidity index = 72.5), whereas NC cows were not cooled during environmental challenge (temperature-humidity index = 77.7). Mammary biopsies were collected on d 7 and 56 relative to the onset of environmental challenge to analyze gene expression of claudin 1, 4, and 8, zonula occludens 1, 2, and 3, occludin, and E-cadherin and protein expression of occludin and E-cadherin. Deprivation of cooling increased respiration rate (64.8 vs. 73.9 breaths/min) and vaginal temperature (39.03 vs. 39.94°C) and decreased dry matter intake (26.7 vs. 21.6 kg/d). Energy-corrected milk yield decreased for NC cows relative to CL cows (24.5 vs. 34.1 kg/d). An interaction between environment and Zn source occurred for milk fat content as CL cows fed ZMC had lower milk fat percentage than other groups. Relative to CL cows, NC cows had lower concentrations of lactose (4.69 vs. 4.56%) and solids-not-fat (8.46 vs. 8.32%) but a higher concentration of milk urea nitrogen (9.07 vs. 11.02 mg/mL). Compared with IOZ, cows fed ZMC had lower plasma lactose concentration during baseline and tended to have lower plasma lactose concentration during environmental challenge. Plasma lactose concentration tended to increase at 3, 5, and 41 d after the onset of environmental challenge in NC cows relative to CL cows. Treatment had no effect on milk BSA concentration. Cows fed ZMC tended to have higher gene expression of E-cadherin relative to IOZ. Compared with CL, NC cows had increased gene expression of occludin and E-cadherin and tended to have increased claudin 1 and zonula occludens 1 and 2 gene expression in the mammary gland. Protein expression of occludin and E-cadherin was unchanged. In conclusion, removing active cooling impairs lactation performance and affects gene expression of proteins involved in the mammary epithelial barrier, and feeding a portion of dietary zinc as ZMC improves the integrity of the mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Weng
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - A P A Monteiro
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - J Guo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - C Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R M Orellana
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - T N Marins
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - J K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | | | | | - S E Wohlgemuth
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - S Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793.
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102
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Wei Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Shi M, Yang Z, Fu Y. Platycodin D suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory response by activating LXRα in LPS-stimulated primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:138-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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103
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Herve L, Quesnel H, Lollivier V, Portanguen J, Bruckmaier RM, Boutinaud M. Mammary epithelium disruption and mammary epithelial cell exfoliation during milking in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9824-9834. [PMID: 28987579 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The presence of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) in the milk of ruminants indicates that some MEC are shed from the mammary epithelium; however, the mechanisms that regulate the MEC exfoliation process are not known. Through the release of oxytocin, prolactin, and cortisol and through oxytocin-induced mechanical forces on the mammary epithelium, milking could participate in regulating the MEC exfoliation process. The aims of the present study were to determine the rate of MEC exfoliation throughout milking and to investigate its relationship to mammary epithelium integrity and milking-induced hormone release. Milk samples from 9 Holstein dairy cows producing 40.6 ± 1.36 kg of milk/d were collected at the beginning (after 1 and 2 min), in the middle, and at the end of milking. Milk MEC were purified using an immunomagnetic method. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after milking, and the oxytocin, prolactin, and cortisol concentrations in the samples were measured. Tight junction opening was assessed by plasma lactose concentration and the Na+:K+ ratio in milk. The somatic cell count in milk varied during the course of milking; it decreased at the beginning of milking and then increased, reaching the highest values at the end of milking. Exfoliated MEC were present in all milk samples collected. The presence of MEC in the milk sample collected during min 1 of milking, likely corresponding to the cisternal milk fraction, suggests that MEC were exfoliated between milkings. The observed increase in the Na+:K+ ratio in milk and in the plasma concentration of lactose indicated that disruption of mammary epithelium integrity occurred during milking. The MEC exfoliation rate at milking was not correlated with the variables describing milking-induced prolactin release but was negatively correlated with cortisol release, suggesting that cortisol may play a role in limiting exfoliation. In conclusion, milking induced a disruption of the mammary epithelial barrier. Mammary epithelial cells may be continuously exfoliated between milkings or exfoliated during milking as a consequence of the oxytocin-induced mechanical forces and the disruption of mammary epithelium integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Herve
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - H Quesnel
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - V Lollivier
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France; Université Bretagne Loire, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - J Portanguen
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Boutinaud
- PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
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104
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Wang J, Wei Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yang Z, Fu Y. Propionate Protects against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mastitis in Mice by Restoring Blood-Milk Barrier Disruption and Suppressing Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1108. [PMID: 28966615 PMCID: PMC5605562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary glands, is a major disease affecting dairy animal worldwide. Propionate is one of the main short-chain fatty acid that can exert multiple effects on the inflammatory process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of sodium propionate against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis model in mice. The data mainly confirm that inflammation and blood–milk barrier breakdown contribute to progression of the disease in this model. In mice with LPS, sodium propionate attenuates the LPS-induced histopathological changes, inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production, myeloperoxidase activity in mammary tissues. Given their importance in the blood–milk barrier, tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-3 are further investigated. Our results show that sodium propionate strikingly increases the expressions of occludin and claudin-3 and reduces the blood–milk barrier permeability in this model. Furthermore, in LPS-stimulated mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs), LPS increased the expressions of phosphorylated (p)-p65, p-IκB proteins, which is attenuated by sodium propionate. Finally, we examine the possibility that propionate acts as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, the results show that both sodium propionate and trichostatin A increase the level of histone H3 acetylation and inhibit the increased production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated mMECs. These data suggest that sodium propionate protects against LPS-induced mastitis mainly by restoring blood–milk barrier disruption and suppressing inflammation via NF-κB signaling pathway and HDAC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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105
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Wang JJ, Wei ZK, Zhang X, Wang YN, Fu YH, Yang ZT. Butyrate protects against disruption of the blood-milk barrier and moderates inflammatory responses in a model of mastitis induced by lipopolysaccharide. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3811-3822. [PMID: 28800679 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Short-chain fatty acids are fermentation end products produced by gut bacteria, which have been shown to ameliorate inflammatory bowel diseases and allergic asthma. However, the mechanism involved remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of sodium butyrate (SB) on LPS-induced mastitis model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of increasing doses of SB on blood-milk barrier function and inflammation are studied in BALB/c mice with LPS-induced mastitis. The underlying mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects of SB were further investigated in LPS-stimulated mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs). KEY RESULTS The results show that SB decreased LPS-induced disruption in mammary tissues, infiltration of inflammatory cells and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. SB up-regulated the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-3 and reduced blood-milk barrier permeability in LPS-induced mastitis. Studies in vitro revealed that SB inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibition of the NF-κB signalling pathway and histone deacetylases in LPS-stimulated mMECs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In our model, SB protected against LPS-induced mastitis by preserving blood-milk barrier function and depressing pro-inflammatory responses, suggesting the potential use of SB as a prophylactic agent to protect blood-milk barrier function in mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheng-Kai Wei
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yun-He Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.,Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheng-Tao Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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106
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Watanabe A, Hata E, Sláma P, Kimura K, Hirai T. Characteristics of mammary secretions from Holstein cows at approximately 10 days before parturition: with or without intramammary infection. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1368524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Watanabe
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiji Hata
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Petr Sláma
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsunao Hirai
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Hokkaido, Japan
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107
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Dadousis C, Pegolo S, Rosa GJM, Bittante G, Cecchinato A. Genome-wide association and pathway-based analysis using latent variables related to milk protein composition and cheesemaking traits in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9085-9102. [PMID: 28843680 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform genome-wide associations (GWAS) and gene-set enrichment analyses with protein composition and cheesemaking-related latent variables (factors; F) in a cohort of 1,011 Italian Brown Swiss cows. Factor analysis was applied to identify latent structures of 26 phenotypes related to bovine milk quantity and quality, protein fractions [αS1-, αS2-, β-, and κ-casein (CN), β-lactoglobulin, and α-lactalbumin (α-LA)], coagulation and curd firming at time t (CFt) measures, and cheese properties [cheese yield (%CY) and nutrients recovery in the curd] of individual cows. Ten orthogonal F were extracted, explaining 74% of the original variability. Factor 1%CY underlined the %CY characteristics, F2CFt was related to the CFt process parameters, F3Yield was considered as descriptor of milk and solids yield, whereas F4Cheese N underscored the presence of nitrogenous compounds (N) into the cheese. Four more F were related to the milk caseins (F5αS1-β-CN, F7β-κ-CN, F8αS2-CN, and F9αS1-CN-Ph) and 1 F was linked to the whey protein (F10α-LA); 1 F underlined the udder health status (F6Udder health). All cows were genotyped with the Illumina BovineSNP50 Bead Chip v.2 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). Single marker regression GWAS were fitted. Gene-set enrichment analysis was run on GWAS results, using the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway databases, to reveal ontologies or pathways associated with the F. All F but F3Yield showed significance in GWAS. Signals in 10 Bos taurus autosomes (BTA) were detected. High peaks on BTA6 (∼87 Mbp) were found for F6β-κ-CN, F5αS1-β-CN, and at the tail of BTA11 (∼104 Mbp) for F4Cheese N. Gene-set enrichment analyses showed significant results (false discovery rate at 5%) for F8αS2-CN, F1%CY, F4Cheese N, and F10α-LA. For F8αS2-CN, 33 Gene Ontology terms and 3 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes categories were enriched, including terms related to ion transport and homeostasis, neuron function or part, and GnRH signaling pathway. Our results support the feasibility of factor analysis as a dimension reduction technique in genomic studies and evidenced a potential key role of αS2-CN in milk quality and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Dadousis
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sara Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Guilherme J M Rosa
- Department of Animal Sciences and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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108
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Bardanzellu F, Fanos V, Reali A. "Omics" in Human Colostrum and Mature Milk: Looking to Old Data with New Eyes. Nutrients 2017; 9:E843. [PMID: 28783113 PMCID: PMC5579636 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Milk (HM) is the best source for newborn nutrition until at least six months; it exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-infective functions, promotes immune system formation and supports organ development. Breastfeeding could also protect from obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, human colostrum (HC) presents a peculiar role in newborn support as a protective effect against allergic and chronic diseases, in addition to long-term metabolic benefits. In this review, we discuss the recent literature regarding "omics" technologies and growth factors (GF) in HC and the effects of pasteurization on its composition. Our aim was to provide new evidence in terms of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, also in relation to maternal metabolic diseases and/or fetal anomalies and to underline the functions of GF. Since HC results are so precious, particularly for the vulnerable pre-terms category, we also discuss the importance of HM pasteurization to ensure donated HC even to neonates whose mothers are unable to provide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review analyzing in detail the molecular pattern, microbiota, bioactive factors, and dynamic profile of HC, finding clinical correlations of such mediators with their possible in vivo effects and with the consequent impact on neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, AOU and University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, AOU and University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Reali
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, AOU and University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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109
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Ponchon B, Lacasse P, Ollier S, Zhao X. Effects of photoperiod modulation and melatonin feeding around drying-off on bovine mammary gland involution. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8496-8506. [PMID: 28755938 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The risk for a dairy cow to acquire new intramammary infections is high during the transition from lactation to the dry period, because of udder engorgement and altered immune functions. Once the gland is fully involuted, it becomes much more resistant to intramammary infections. Therefore, strategies to depress milk yield before drying-off and accelerate the involution process after drying-off could be beneficial for udder health. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of photoperiod manipulation and melatonin feeding from 14 d before to 14 d after drying-off on the speed of the involution process. Thirty Holstein cows in late lactation were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: (1) a long-day photoperiod (16 h of light: 8 h of darkness), (2) a short-day photoperiod (8 h of light: 16 h of darkness), and (3) a long-day photoperiod supplemented by melatonin feeding (4 mg/kg of body weight). Milk and blood samples were collected on d -26, -19, -12, -5, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 relative to the last milking to determine concentrations of mammary gland involution markers and serum prolactin. Additional blood samples were taken around milking on d -15, before the start of the treatments, and on d -1, before drying-off, to evaluate the treatment effects on milking-induced prolactin release. The short-day photoperiod slightly decreased milk production and basal prolactin secretion during the dry period. The milking-induced prolactin surge was smaller on d -1 than on d -15 regardless of the treatments. Lactoferrin concentration, somatic cell count, and BSA concentration as well as matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities increased in mammary secretions during the first 2 wk of the dry period, whereas milk citrate concentration and the citrate:lactoferrin molar ratio decreased. The rates of change of these parameters were not significantly affected by the treatments. The long-day photoperiod supplemented by melatonin feeding did not affect milk production, prolactin secretion, or mammary gland involution. Under the conditions in this study, photoperiod modulation and melatonin feeding did not appear to affect the rate of mammary gland involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ponchon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - P Lacasse
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - S Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - X Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9.
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110
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Baumgartner HK, Rudolph MC, Ramanathan P, Burns V, Webb P, Bitler BG, Stein T, Kobayashi K, Neville MC. Developmental Expression of Claudins in the Mammary Gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:141-157. [PMID: 28455726 PMCID: PMC5488167 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a large family of membrane proteins whose classic function is to regulate the permeability of tight junctions in epithelia. They are tetraspanins, with four alpha-helices crossing the membrane, two extracellular loops, a short cytoplasmic N-terminus and a longer and more variable C-terminus. The extracellular ends of the helices are known to undergo side-to-side (cis) interactions that allow the formation of claudin polymers in the plane of the membrane. The extracellular loops also engage in head-to-head (trans) interactions thought to mediate the formation of tight junctions. However, claudins are also present in intracellular structures, thought to be vesicles, with less well-characterized functions. Here, we briefly review our current understanding of claudin structure and function followed by an examination of changes in claudin mRNA and protein expression and localization through mammary gland development. Claudins-1, 3, 4, 7, and 8 are the five most prominent members of the claudin family in the mouse mammary gland, with varied abundance and intracellular localization during the different stages of post-pubertal development. Claudin-1 is clearly localized to tight junctions in mammary ducts in non-pregnant non-lactating animals. Cytoplasmic puncta that stain for claudin-7 are present throughout development. During pregnancy claudin-3 is localized both to the tight junction and basolaterally while claudin-4 is found only in sparse puncta. In the lactating mouse both claudin-3 and claudin-8 are localized at the tight junction where they may be important in forming the paracellular barrier. At involution and under challenge by lipopolysaccharide claudins -1, -3, and -4 are significantly upregulated. Claudin-3 is still colocalized with tight junction molecules but is also distributed through the cytoplasm as is claudin-4. These largely descriptive data provide the essential framework for future mechanistic studies of the function and regulation of mammary epithelial cell claudins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K. Baumgartner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Michael C. Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Palaniappian Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Valerie Burns
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Patricia Webb
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Torsten Stein
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Margaret C. Neville
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- 6561 Glencoe St., Centennial, CO 80121 USA
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111
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Dianati E, Plante I. Analysis of Protein-protein Interactions and Co-localization Between Components of Gap, Tight, and Adherens Junctions in Murine Mammary Glands. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28605375 DOI: 10.3791/55772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions play a pivotal role in preserving tissue integrity and the barrier between the different compartments of the mammary gland. These interactions are provided by junctional proteins that form nexuses between adjacent cells. Junctional protein mislocalization and reduced physical associations with their binding partners can result in the loss of function and, consequently, to organ dysfunction. Thus, identifying protein localization and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in normal and disease-related tissues is essential to finding new evidences and mechanisms leading to the progression of diseases or alterations in developmental status. This manuscript presents a two-step method to evaluate PPIs in murine mammary glands. In protocol section 1, a method to perform co-immunofluorescence (co-IF) using antibodies raised against the proteins of interest, followed by secondary antibodies labeled with fluorochromes, is described. Although co-IF allows for the demonstration of the proximity of the proteins, it does make it possible to study their physical interactions. Therefore, a detailed protocol for co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) is provided in protocol section 2. This method is used to determine the physical interactions between proteins, without confirming whether these interactions are direct or indirect. In the last few years, co-IF and co-IP techniques have demonstrated that certain components of intercellular junctions co-localize and interact together, creating stage-dependent junctional nexuses that vary during mammary gland development.
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112
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Markov AG, Aschenbach JR, Amasheh S. The epithelial barrier and beyond: Claudins as amplifiers of physiological organ functions. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:290-296. [PMID: 28371008 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell layers are interconnected by a meshwork of tight junction (TJ) protein strands, which are localized within apicolateral membranes. The proteins that form TJs are regarded to provide a static barrier, determining epithelial properties. However, recent findings in the field of barriology suggest that TJs contribute to more physiological aspects than indicated by the sum of the qualities of the single TJ proteins. Generally, TJs exhibit four major functions: (i) a "gate function," defining transepithelial permeability (i.e., barrier) properties, (ii) a "fence function" determining epithelial cell polarity, (iii) a "signaling function," affecting regulatory pathways, and (iv) a "stabilizing function," maintaining the integrity of the epithelium. This review presents a critical view on how the efficacy of physiological processes in epithelia and thus organ function might be improved by changes in the expression of claudins, the latter representing the largest and most variable family of TJ proteins. Major focus is set on (i) the coordinated regulation of transport and barrier in the intestine, (ii) the role of TJs in defining the route for antigen uptake and presentation in intestinal Peyer's patches, and (iii) the TJ function in mammary glands in response to milk accumulation, which represent impressive examples to highlight the amplification of epithelial functions by TJ proteins. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):290-296, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Markov
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Berlin, Germany
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113
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Lanctôt S, Fustier P, Taherian A, Bisakowski B, Zhao X, Lacasse P. Effect of intramammary infusion of chitosan hydrogels at drying-off on bovine mammary gland involution. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2269-2281. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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114
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Wang X, Wang N, Li L, Xiao R, Yuan L, Yang X, Li N. Evaluation of red and near infrared fluorescent silver nanoclusters as potential in vivo indicators of tight junction opening. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05561g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A double fluorescence probe strategy based on silver nanoclusters for study of the TJ structure change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- College of Sciences
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- China
| | - Limei Li
- College of Sciences
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang 110161
- China
| | - Ruyue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100083
| | - Lan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100083
| | - Xiaoda Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100083
| | - Na Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
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115
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Dadousis C, Pegolo S, Rosa GJM, Gianola D, Bittante G, Cecchinato A. Pathway-based genome-wide association analysis of milk coagulation properties, curd firmness, cheese yield, and curd nutrient recovery in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:1223-1231. [PMID: 27988128 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming common to complement genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with gene-set enrichment analysis to deepen the understanding of the biological pathways affecting quantitative traits. Our objective was to conduct a gene ontology and pathway-based analysis to identify possible biological mechanisms involved in the regulation of bovine milk technological traits: coagulation properties, curd firmness modeling, individual cheese yield (CY), and milk nutrient recovery into the curd (REC) or whey loss traits. Results from 2 previous GWAS studies using 1,011 cows genotyped for 50k single nucleotide polymorphisms were used. Overall, the phenotypes analyzed consisted of 3 traditional milk coagulation property measures [RCT: rennet coagulation time defined as the time (min) from addition of enzyme to the beginning of coagulation; k20: the interval (min) from RCT to the time at which a curd firmness of 20 mm is attained; a30: a measure of the extent of curd firmness (mm) 30 min after coagulant addition], 6 curd firmness modeling traits [RCTeq: RCT estimated through the CF equation (min); CFP: potential asymptotic curd firmness (mm); kCF: curd-firming rate constant (% × min-1); kSR: syneresis rate constant (% × min-1); CFmax: maximum curd firmness (mm); and tmax: time to CFmax (min)], 3 individual CY-related traits expressing the weight of fresh curd (%CYCURD), curd solids (%CYSOLIDS), and curd moisture (%CYWATER) as a percentage of weight of milk processed and 4 milk nutrient and energy recoveries in the curd (RECFAT, RECPROTEIN, RECSOLIDS, and RECENERGY calculated as the % ratio between the nutrient in curd and the corresponding nutrient in processed milk), milk pH, and protein percentage. Each trait was analyzed separately. In total, 13,269 annotated genes were used in the analysis. The Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway databases were queried for enrichment analyses. Overall, 21 Gene Ontology and 17 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes categories were significantly associated (false discovery rate at 5%) with 7 traits (RCT, RCTeq, kCF, %CYSOLIDS, RECFAT, RECSOLIDS, and RECENERGY), with some being in common between traits. The significantly enriched categories included calcium signaling pathway, salivary secretion, metabolic pathways, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, the tight junction and the phosphatidylinositol pathways, as well as pathways related to the bovine mammary gland health status, and contained a total of 150 genes spanning all chromosomes but 9, 20, and 27. This study provided new insights into the regulation of bovine milk coagulation and cheese ability that were not captured by the GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dadousis
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - S Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - G J M Rosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - D Gianola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - G Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - A Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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116
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Wall SK, Wellnitz O, Hernández-Castellano LE, Ahmadpour A, Bruckmaier RM. Supraphysiological oxytocin increases the transfer of immunoglobulins and other blood components to milk during lipopolysaccharide- and lipoteichoic acid–induced mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9165-9173. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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117
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Wang X, Wang N, Yuan L, Li N, Wang J, Yang X. Exploring tight junction alteration using double fluorescent probe combination of lanthanide complex with gold nanoclusters. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32218. [PMID: 27574102 PMCID: PMC5004201 DOI: 10.1038/srep32218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions play a key role in restricting or regulating passage of liquids, ions and large solutes through various biological barriers by the paracellular route. Changes in paracellular permeation indicate alteration of the tight junction. However, it is very difficult to obtain the structural change information by measuring paracellular flux based on transepithelial electrical resistance or using fluorescein-labeled dextrans. Here we show that the BSA and GSH stabilized gold nanoclusters exhibit marginal cytotoxicity and pass through the MDCK monolayer exclusively through the paracellular pathway. We propose a double fluorescence probe strategy, the combination of a proven paracellular indicator (europium complex) with fluorescent gold nanoclusters. We calculate changes of structural parameters in tight junctions based on determination of the diffusion coefficients of the probes. Two different types of tight junction openers are used to validate our strategy. Results show that EDTA disrupts tight junction structures and induces large and smooth paracellular pore paths with an average radius of 17 nm, but vanadyl complexes induce paths with the radius of 6 nm. The work suggests that the double fluorescence probe strategy is a useful and convenient approach for in vitro investigation of tight junction structural alternations caused by pharmacological or pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,College of Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Lan Yuan
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Na Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xiaoda Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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118
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Kobayashi K, Tsugami Y, Matsunaga K, Oyama S, Kuki C, Kumura H. Prolactin and glucocorticoid signaling induces lactation-specific tight junctions concurrent with β-casein expression in mammary epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2006-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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119
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Suárez-Trujillo A, Casey TM. Serotoninergic and Circadian Systems: Driving Mammary Gland Development and Function. Front Physiol 2016; 7:301. [PMID: 27471474 PMCID: PMC4945644 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since lactation is one of the most metabolically demanding states in adult female mammals, beautifully complex regulatory mechanisms are in place to time lactation to begin after birth and cease when the neonate is weaned. Lactation is regulated by numerous different homeorhetic factors, all of them tightly coordinated with the demands of milk production. Emerging evidence support that among these factors are the serotonergic and circadian clock systems. Here we review the serotoninergic and circadian clock systems and their roles in the regulation of mammary gland development and lactation physiology. We conclude by presenting our hypothesis that these two systems interact to accommodate the metabolic demands of lactation and thus adaptive changes in these systems occur to maintain mammary and systemic homeostasis through the reproductive cycles of female mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aridany Suárez-Trujillo
- Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaArucas, Spain
| | - Theresa M. Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
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120
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Wall SK, Hernández-Castellano LE, Ahmadpour A, Bruckmaier RM, Wellnitz O. Differential glucocorticoid-induced closure of the blood-milk barrier during lipopolysaccharide- and lipoteichoic acid-induced mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7544-7553. [PMID: 27372589 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria invading the mammary gland can cause pathogen-dependent differences in the permeability of the blood-milk barrier leading to the differential paracellular transfer of blood and milk components. Glucocorticoids such as prednisolone (PRED) are known to increase the integrity of the blood-milk barrier and quickly restore the decreased milk quality associated with mastitis. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of intramammary PRED on the differential permeability of the blood-milk barrier during mastitis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty-one dairy cows, divided into 6 groups, were injected via a teat canal with LPS, LTA, LPS and PRED, LTA and PRED, saline (control), or PRED. Milk and blood samples were collected 0 to 8h after challenge and analyzed for somatic cell count, IgG, serum albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase in milk, or α-lactalbumin in plasma. Somatic cell count was similarly elevated in LPS- and LTA-challenged quarters and was reduced to control quarter levels only in LTA-challenged quarters with PRED administration. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was highly elevated in LPS quarters and only slightly elevated in LTA quarters, but decreased to control quarter levels with PRED administration. For serum albumin and IgG, only LPS quarters showed an elevation in concentration and PRED treatment reduced the concentration to control quarter level. We found no differences in α-lactalbumin concentrations in plasma in PRED-treated cows compared with cows that only received LPS or LTA. In conclusion, the pathogen-specific appearance of blood constituents in milk during mastitis demonstrates a differential activation of the blood-milk barrier that, in turn, can be manipulated by intramammary glucocorticoids. The results show that the administration of PRED during mastitis increases the blood-milk barrier integrity but has implications in reducing the transfer of IgG that specifically occurs during E. coli mastitis. In addition, it can also reduce the number of migrating immune cells dependent on the mastitis-inducing pathogen. Potential effects of PRED on the cure of naturally occurring mastitis have to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Wall
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Science, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Amir Ahmadpour
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olga Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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121
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Hillreiner M, Flinspach C, Pfaffl MW, Kliem H. Effect of the Ketone Body Beta-Hydroxybutyrate on the Innate Defense Capability of Primary Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157774. [PMID: 27310007 PMCID: PMC4910980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative energy balance and ketosis are thought to cause impaired immune function and to increase the risk of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the effect of elevated levels of the predominant ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate on the innate defense capability of primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pbMEC) challenged with the mastitis pathogen Escherichia coli (E. coli). Therefore, pbMEC of healthy dairy cows in mid- lactation were isolated from milk and challenged in culture with 3 mM BHBA and E. coli. pbMEC stimulated with E. coli for 6 h or 30 h showed an up-regulation of several innate immune genes, whereas co-stimulation of pbMEC with 3 mM BHBA and E. coli resulted in the down-regulation of CCL2, SAA3, LF and C3 gene expression compared to the challenge with solely the bacterial stimulus. These results indicated that increased BHBA concentrations may be partially responsible for the higher mastitis susceptibility of dairy cows in early lactation. Elevated levels of BHBA in blood and milk during negative energy balance and ketosis are likely to impair innate immune function in the bovine mammary gland by attenuating the expression of a broad range of innate immune genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hillreiner
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudia Flinspach
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Heike Kliem
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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122
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Wellnitz O, Zbinden C, Huang X, Bruckmaier RM. Short communication: Differential loss of bovine mammary epithelial barrier integrity in response to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4851-4856. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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123
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Baker L, BeGora M, Au Yeung F, Feigin ME, Rosenberg AZ, Lowe SW, Kislinger T, Muthuswamy SK. Scribble is required for pregnancy-induced alveologenesis in the adult mammary gland. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2307-15. [PMID: 27179074 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell polarity protein scribble (SCRIB) is a crucial regulator of polarization, cell migration and tumorigenesis. Whereas SCRIB is known to regulate early stages of mouse mammary gland development, its function in the adult gland is not known. Using an inducible RNA interference (RNAi) mouse model for downregulating SCRIB expression, we report an unexpected role for SCRIB as a positive regulator of cell proliferation during pregnancy-associated mammary alveologenesis. SCRIB was required in the epithelial cell compartment of the mammary gland. Lack of SCRIB attenuated prolactin-induced activation of the JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway. In addition, loss of SCRIB resulted in the downregulation of prolactin receptor (PRLR) at cell surface and its accumulation in intracellular structures that express markers of the Golgi complex and the recycling endosome. Unlike its role in virgin gland as a negative regulator cell proliferation, SCRIB is a positive regulator of mammary epithelial cell proliferation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Baker
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael BeGora
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Faith Au Yeung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Michael E Feigin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Watson School of Biological Sciences, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Watson School of Biological Sciences, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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124
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Quarter variation and correlations of colostrum albumin, immunoglobulin G1 and G2 in dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:209-18. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029916000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A high variation in immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration in first milked quarter colostrum has been reported, but BSA quarter colostrum variation is not known. The occurrence of serum albumin in milk has been attributed to increased blood-milk barrier penetration. Reports of serum albumin binding to the Fc Receptor of the neonate, the receptor thought to be responsible for IgG1 transcytosis, suggested that a correlation with the appearance of IgG1 in colostrum of dairy cows was likely. The objective of the study was to establish the quarter colostrum concentration and mass of immunoglobulins and serum albumin. First colostrum was quarter collected within 4 h of parturition from healthy udders of 31 multiparous dairy cows. Individual quarter colostrum weight was determined and a sample of each was frozen for subsequent analysis. Concentrations of immunoglobulin G1, G2, and BSA were measured by ELISA and total mass of components was calculated. In addition, colostrum was also analysed for L-lactate dehydrogenase activity. Analysis of concentration and mass of BSA, immunoglobulin G1, G2 established that the quarter variations were different by cow, quarter and quarter within cow. Partial correlations corrected for colostrum weight indicated that BSA and IgG2 concentration and mass are closely correlated while that of BSA and IgG1 concentration and mass exhibited no correlation suggesting that BSA and IgG1 may have different transport mechanisms. Interestingly, immunoglobulin G1 and G2 concentration and mass exhibited strong correlations suggesting that also some unknown mechanism of immunoglobulin G2 appearance in colostrum is occurring. Finally, no measured protein exhibited any correlation with the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in colostrum.
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125
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Interrelationships among the length of milk stasis, tight junction permeability to lactose and monovalent cations, rate of milk secretion and composition in dairy goats traditionally milked once a day. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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126
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Transcellular route as the most probable explanation for the presence of plasminogen in mammal׳s milk. J Theor Biol 2016; 395:221-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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127
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Jonas W, Woodside B. Physiological mechanisms, behavioral and psychological factors influencing the transfer of milk from mothers to their young. Horm Behav 2016; 77:167-81. [PMID: 26232032 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care".Producing milk to support the growth of their young is a central element of maternal care in mammals. In spite of the facts that ecological constraints influence nursing frequency, length of time until weaning and the composition of milk, there is considerable similarity in the anatomy and physiology of milk production and delivery across mammalian species. Here we provide an overview of cross species variation in nursing patterns and milk composition as well as the mechanisms underlying mammary gland development, milk production and letdown. Not all women breastfeed their infants, thus in later sections we review studies of factors that facilitate or impede the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. The results of these investigations suggest that the decisions to initiate and maintain breastfeeding are influenced by an array of personal, social and biological factors. Finally, studies comparing the development of breastfed and formula fed infants as well as those investigating associations between breastfeeding, maternal health and mother/infant interaction are reviewed. Leading health agencies including the World Health Organization and CDC advocate breastfeeding for at least the first 6months postpartum. To achieve these rates will require not only institutional support but also a focus on individual mother/infant dyads and their experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Jonas
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Fraser Mustard Institute of Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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128
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Herve L, Quesnel H, Lollivier V, Boutinaud M. Regulation of cell number in the mammary gland by controlling the exfoliation process in milk in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:854-63. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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129
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Dallas DC, Murray NM, Gan J. Proteolytic Systems in Milk: Perspectives on the Evolutionary Function within the Mammary Gland and the Infant. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:133-47. [PMID: 26179272 PMCID: PMC4637187 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk contains elements of numerous proteolytic systems (zymogens, active proteases, protease inhibitors and protease activators) produced in part from blood, in part by mammary epithelial cells and in part by immune cell secretion. Researchers have examined milk proteases for decades, as they can cause major defects in milk quality and cheese production. Most previous research has examined these proteases with the aim to eliminate or control their actions. However, our recent peptidomics research demonstrates that these milk proteases produce specific peptides in healthy milk and continue to function within the infant's gastrointestinal tract. These findings suggest that milk proteases have an evolutionary function in aiding the infant's digestion or releasing functional peptides. In other words, the mother provides the infant with not only dietary proteins but also the means to digest them. However, proteolysis in the milk is controlled by a balance of protease inhibitors and protease activators so that only a small portion of milk proteins are digested within the mammary gland. This regulation presents a question: If proteolysis is beneficial to the infant, what benefits are gained by preventing complete proteolysis through the presence of protease inhibitors? In addition to summarizing what is known about milk proteolytic systems, we explore possible evolutionary explanations for this proteolytic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Dallas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Niamh M Murray
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Junai Gan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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130
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Russell TD, Jindal S, Agunbiade S, Gao D, Troxell M, Borges VF, Schedin P. Myoepithelial cell differentiation markers in ductal carcinoma in situ progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:3076-89. [PMID: 26343330 PMCID: PMC4630168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a preclinical model that investigates progression of early-stage ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and report that compromised myoepithelial cell differentiation occurs before transition to invasive disease. Human breast cancer MCF10DCIS.com cells were delivered into the mouse mammary teat by intraductal injection in the absence of surgical manipulations and accompanying wound-healing confounders. DCIS-like lesions developed throughout the mammary ducts with full representation of human DCIS histologic patterns. Tumor cells were incorporated into the normal mammary epithelium, developed ductal intraepithelial neoplasia and DCIS, and progressed to invasive carcinoma, suggesting the model provides a rigorous approach to study early stages of breast cancer progression. Mammary glands were evaluated for myoepithelium integrity with immunohistochemical assays. Progressive loss of the myoepithelial cell differentiation markers p63, calponin, and α-smooth muscle actin was observed in the mouse myoepithelium surrounding DCIS-involved ducts. p63 loss was an early indicator, calponin loss intermediate, and α-smooth muscle actin a later indicator of compromised myoepithelium. Loss of myoepithelial calponin was specifically associated with gain of the basal marker p63 in adjacent tumor cells. In single time point biopsies obtained from 16 women diagnosed with pure DCIS, a similar loss in myoepithelial cell markers was observed. These results suggest that further research is warranted into the role of myoepithelial cell p63 and calponin expression on DCIS progression to invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya D Russell
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Samiat Agunbiade
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Megan Troxell
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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131
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Dutta S, Saini S, Prasad R. Changes in preterm human milk composition with particular reference to introduction of mixed feeding. Indian Pediatr 2015; 51:997-9. [PMID: 25560158 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-014-0545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the changes in composition of preterm milk till 6 months of age. METHODS Milk samples from 33, 19, 7 and 12 lactating mothers (delivered <34 weeks) were analyzed on days 7, 28, 90 and 180, respectively. RESULTS Triglyceride and sodium concentrations increased significantly with time and protein concentration decreased significantly over 180 days. Sodium (P=0.02) and triglyceride concentrations (P=0.06) were higher in milk samples of mothers who had introduced mixed feeding by 6 months post natal age (n=6) compared to exclusively breast-feeding mothers (n=6); but lactose and protein content was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Milk of preterm mothers has higher amount of triglycerides and sodium during introduction of mixed feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dutta
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics; and *Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. Correspondence to: Dr Sourabh Dutta, Additional Professor, Division of Neonatology, Advanced Pediatric Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160 012, India.
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132
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Du J, Yuan Z, Ma Z, Song J, Xie X, Chen Y. KEGG-PATH: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes-based pathway analysis using a path analysis model. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2441-7. [PMID: 24994036 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00287c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic impact approach (DIA) represents an alternative to overrepresentation analysis (ORA) for functional analysis of time-course experiments or those involving multiple treatments. The DIA can be used to estimate the biological impact of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with particular biological functions, for example, as represented by the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) annotations. However, the DIA does not take into account the correlated dependence structure of the KEGG pathway hierarchy. We have developed herein a path analysis model (KEGG-PATH) to subdivide the total effect of each KEGG pathway into the direct effect and indirect effect by taking into account not only each KEGG pathway itself, but also the correlation with its related pathways. In addition, this work also attempts to preliminarily estimate the impact direction of each KEGG pathway by a gradient analysis method from principal component analysis (PCA). As a result, the advantage of the KEGG-PATH model is demonstrated through the functional analysis of the bovine mammary transcriptome during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Du
- College of Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P. R. China.
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133
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Boerhout E, Vrieling M, Benedictus L, Daemen I, Ravesloot L, Rutten V, Nuijten P, van Strijp J, Koets A, Eisenberg S. Immunization routes in cattle impact the levels and neutralizing capacity of antibodies induced against S. aureus immune evasion proteins. Vet Res 2015; 46:115. [PMID: 26411347 PMCID: PMC4584483 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against S. aureus bovine mastitis are scarce and show limited protection only. All currently available vaccines are applied via the parenteral (usually intramuscular) route. It is unknown, however, whether this route is the most suitable to specifically increase intramammary immunity to combat S. aureus at the site of infection. Hence, in the present study, immunization via mucosal (intranasal; IN), intramuscular (triangle of the neck; IM), intramammary (IMM) and subcutaneous (suspensory ligament; SC) routes were analyzed for their effects on the quantity of the antibody responses in serum and milk as well as the neutralizing capacity of the antibodies within serum. The experimental vaccine comprised the recombinant S. aureus immune evasion proteins extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) and the leukotoxin subunit LukM in an oil-in-water adjuvant combined with a hydrogel and alginate. The highest titer increases for both Efb and LukM specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody levels in serum and milk were observed following SC/SC immunizations. Furthermore, the harmful effects of Efb and leukotoxin LukMF’ on host-defense were neutralized by serum antibodies in a route-dependent manner. SC/SC immunization resulted in a significant increase in the neutralizing capacity of serum antibodies towards Efb and LukMF’, shown by increased phagocytosis of S. aureus and increased viability of bovine leukocytes. Therefore, a SC immunization route should be considered when aiming to optimize humoral immunity against S. aureus mastitis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Boerhout
- Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5830, AA, Boxmeer, The Netherlands. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Manouk Vrieling
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO G04.614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ineke Daemen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lars Ravesloot
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Victor Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Piet Nuijten
- Ruminant Research and Development, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5830, AA, Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO G04.614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ad Koets
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Edelhertweg 15, PO box 65, 8200, AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Susanne Eisenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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134
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McGrath BA, Fox PF, McSweeney PLH, Kelly AL. Composition and properties of bovine colostrum: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-015-0258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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135
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Wall SK, Gross JJ, Kessler EC, Villez K, Bruckmaier RM. Blood-derived proteins in milk at start of lactation: Indicators of active or passive transfer. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7748-56. [PMID: 26298756 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum has a different composition compared with milk in established lactation. This difference is in part due to the partially open blood-milk barrier, which, when closed, is designed to prevent the interdiffusion of blood and milk components. In the first days of lactation, α-lactalbumin (α-LA), a milk protein, is typically present in blood and several blood-derived proteins are also present in milk, such as IgG1, IgG2, serum albumin (SA), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). With the exception of IgG1, which is known to be transferred by active transcellular transport, the other proteins are thought to pass paracellularly through the temporarily open barrier. Along with an exchange of blood and milk components, somatic cell count (SCC) is typically high in colostrum. The decline of these proteins and SCC can be used as indicators to determine transcellular or paracellular transport. Two hypotheses were tested. The first hypothesis was that the decline curve for a protein or SCC would be the same as IgG1, indicating transcellular transport, or the decline curve would be different than IgG1, indicating paracellular transport. The second hypothesis was that the decline curves of SCC and all proteins that are thought to have paracellular transport would be the same. Ten Holstein cows were milked at 4 h after parturition, the next 5 consecutive milkings, and the afternoon milking on d 5, 8, 10, and 14 of lactation for a total of 10 milking time points, and sequential jugular blood samples were also taken. Blood and milk samples were analyzed for the concentrations of LDH, SA, IgG1, IgG2, and α-LA and milk samples were measured for SCC. Protein concentration and SCC curves were generated from all 10 time points and were evaluated using the tau time constant model to determine the rate of decline of the slope of each protein. When examining the first hypothesis, the concentration of IgG1 declined significantly faster in the milk than the proteins IgG2 and LDH, but declined at the same rate as SA. Immunoglobulin G1 also declined significantly faster than SCC and α-LA in plasma. The second hypothesis showed that IgG2, LDH, and SA in milk were declining at the same rate, but were declining significantly faster than SCC and α-LA in plasma. These results indicate that only active transcellular transport of IgG1 occurred, with a sharp decline at parturition, compared with IgG2, SA, LDH, α-LA, and SCC, which are likely following paracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Wall
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josef J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne C Kessler
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kris Villez
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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136
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Different chronological patterns of appearance of blood derived milk components during mastitis indicate different mechanisms of transfer from blood into milk. J DAIRY RES 2015; 82:322-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029915000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe chronological patterns of changes of various candidate blood components in milk during the acute phase of a mammary immune response in detail. Eight dairy cows were challenged withEscherichia colilipopolysaccharide in one udder quarter. Milk from challenged and control quarters and blood samples were taken before, and 1 and 2 h after challenge and then every 15 min until 5 h after challenge. The SCC, serum albumin, immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, IgG2, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and L-lactate in milk and blood, and α-lactalbumin in blood were analysed. All selected parameters in milk increased in challenged quarters but did not increase in control quarters. Milk IgG1, IgG2, serum albumin, and LDH were already significantly increased at 2 h after challenge whereas a significant increase of SCC was detectable at 2·75 h and L-lactate was increased at 2·25 h after challenge. In blood L-lactate was increased at 3·75 h after challenge, however, other factors in blood did not change significantly within the 5 h of experiment. In conclusion, the increase of blood components in milk during inflammation follows two different patterns: There is a rapid increase for IgG1, IgG2, or LDH, before the increase of SCC, and their concentrations reach a plateau within 3 h. On the other hand, SCC and L-lactate show a slower but consistent increase not reaching a plateau within 5 h after LPS challenge. L-lactate increases to higher concentrations in milk than in blood. This clearly shows that the increase of blood components follows different patterns and is therefore a controlled and compound-specific process and not exclusively an unspecific type of leakage.
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137
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Fornetti J, Flanders KC, Henson PM, Tan AC, Borges VF, Schedin P. Mammary epithelial cell phagocytosis downstream of TGF-β3 is characterized by adherens junction reorganization. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:185-96. [PMID: 26113040 PMCID: PMC4716300 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
After weaning, during mammary gland involution, milk-producing mammary epithelial cells undergo apoptosis. Effective clearance of these dying cells is essential, as persistent apoptotic cells have a negative impact on gland homeostasis, future lactation and cancer susceptibility. In mice, apoptotic cells are cleared by the neighboring epithelium, yet little is known about how mammary epithelial cells become phagocytic or whether this function is conserved between species. Here we use a rat model of weaning-induced involution and involuting breast tissue from women, to demonstrate apoptotic cells within luminal epithelial cells and epithelial expression of the scavenger mannose receptor, suggesting conservation of phagocytosis by epithelial cells. In the rat, epithelial transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is increased during involution, a pathway known to promote phagocytic capability. To test whether TGF-β enhances the phagocytic ability of mammary epithelial cells, non-transformed murine mammary epithelial EpH4 cells were cultured to achieve tight junction impermeability, such as occurs during lactation. TGF-β3 treatment promoted loss of tight junction impermeability, reorganization and cleavage of the adherens junction protein E-cadherin (E-cad), and phagocytosis. Phagocytosis correlated with junction disruption, suggesting junction reorganization is necessary for phagocytosis by epithelial cells. Supporting this hypothesis, epithelial cell E-cad reorganization and cleavage were observed in rat and human involuting mammary glands. Further, in the rat, E-cad cleavage correlated with increased γ-secretase activity and β-catenin nuclear localization. In vitro, pharmacologic inhibitors of γ-secretase or β-catenin reduced the effect of TGF-β3 on phagocytosis to near baseline levels. However, β-catenin signaling through LiCl treatment did not enhance phagocytic capacity, suggesting a model in which both reorganization of cell junctions and β-catenin signaling contribute to phagocytosis downstream of TGF-β3. Our data provide insight into how mammary epithelial cells contribute to apoptotic cell clearance, and in light of the negative consequences of impaired apoptotic cell clearance during involution, may shed light on involution-associated breast pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fornetti
- Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Program in Immunobiology and Cancer, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - K C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P M Henson
- Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - A-C Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - V F Borges
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P Schedin
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute and Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA
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138
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Piccart K, Piepers S, Verbeke J, de Sousa NM, Beckers JF, De Vliegher S. Milk prolactin response and quarter milk yield after experimental infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci in dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4593-600. [PMID: 25981074 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most common bacteria involved in subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. Remarkably, CNS-infected dairy heifers produce more milk than uninfected heifers. Because the lactation hormone prolactin (PRL) is also involved in mammary gland immunity, we investigated the milk PRL response and the mammary quarter milk yield following experimental CNS challenge. Eight healthy Holstein-Friesian heifers in mid-lactation were experimentally infected using a split-udder design with 3 different CNS strains: one Staphylococcus fleurettii (from sawdust bedding) and 2 Staphylococcus chromogenes strains (one isolate from a teat apex, the other isolate from a chronic intramammary infection). Three mammary quarters per heifer were simultaneously inoculated with 1.0×10(6) cfu, whereas the remaining mammary quarter was infused with sterile phosphate-buffered saline, serving as a control. An existing radioimmunoassay was modified, validated, and used to measure PRL frozen-thawed milk at various time points until 78h after challenge. The mean milk PRL level tended to be higher in the CNS-challenged mammary quarters compared with the control mammary quarters (7.56 and 6.85ng/mL, respectively). The increase in PRL over time was significantly greater in the CNS-challenged mammary quarters than in the control mammary quarters. However, no difference was found in the PRL response when comparing each individual CNS strain with the control mammary quarters. The mean mammary quarter milk yield tended to be lower in the CNS-infected mammary quarters than in the control mammary quarters (1.73 and 1.98kg per milking, respectively). The greatest milk loss occurred in the mammary quarters challenged with the intramammary strain of S. chromogenes. Future observational studies are needed to elucidate the relation between PRL, the milk yield, and the inflammatory condition, or infection status, of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Piccart
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Verbeke
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - N M de Sousa
- Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - J F Beckers
- Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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139
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Häussler S. Relevance of bovine adiponectin in the mammary gland of dairy cows. Vet J 2015; 204:132-3. [PMID: 25900194 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Häussler
- Physiology and Hygiene Unit, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115 Bonn, Germany..
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140
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Haque N, Singh M, Hossain S. PA-PG-PL System in Dairy Animals and its Significance: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2015.95.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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141
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Dallas DC, Smink CJ, Robinson RC, Tian T, Guerrero A, Parker EA, Smilowitz JT, Hettinga KA, Underwood MA, Lebrilla CB, German JB, Barile D. Endogenous human milk peptide release is greater after preterm birth than term birth. J Nutr 2015; 145:425-33. [PMID: 25540406 PMCID: PMC4336528 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.203646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hundreds of naturally occurring milk peptides are present in term human milk. Preterm milk is produced before complete maturation of the mammary gland, which could change milk synthesis and secretion processes within the mammary gland, leading to differences in protein expression and enzymatic activity, thereby resulting in an altered peptide profile. OBJECTIVE This study examined differences in peptides present between milk from women delivering at term and women delivering prematurely. METHODS Nano-LC tandem mass spectrometry was employed to identify naturally occurring peptides and compare their abundances between term and preterm human milk samples at multiple time points over lactation. Term milk samples were collected from 8 mothers and preterm milk was collected from 14 mothers. The 28 preterm and 32 term human milk samples were divided into 4 groups based on day of collection (<14, 14-28, 29-41, and 42-58 d). RESULTS Preterm milk peptide counts, ion abundance, and concentration were significantly higher in preterm milk than term milk. Bioinformatic analysis of the cleavage sites for peptides identified suggested that plasmin was more active in preterm milk than term milk and that cytosol aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase B2 likely contribute to extensive milk protein breakdown. Many identified milk peptides in both term and preterm milk overlapped with known functional peptides, including antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory peptides. CONCLUSION The high protein degradation by endogenous proteases in preterm milk might attenuate problems because of the preterm infant's immature digestive system. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01817127.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Dallas
- Department of Food Science and Technology Foods for Health Institute
| | - Christina J Smink
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tian Tian
- Department of Food Science and Technology
| | | | | | | | - Kasper A Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; and
| | | | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology Foods for Health Institute
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology Foods for Health Institute
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142
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Wellnitz O, Wall SK, Saudenova M, Bruckmaier RM. Effect of intramammary administration of prednisolone on the blood-milk barrier during the immune response of the mammary gland to lipopolysaccharide. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:595-601. [PMID: 24866517 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.6.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of intramammary administration of prednisolone on the immune response of mammary glands in cows. ANIMALS 5 lactating Red Holsteins. PROCEDURES Cows received a different intramammary infusion in each mammary gland (10 mg of prednisolone, 100 μg of lipopolysaccharide [LPS], 100 μg of LPS and 10 mg of prednisolone, or saline [0.9% NaCl] solution). Milk samples were collected before (time 0) and 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 36 hours after treatment. Somatic cell count (SCC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and concentrations of serum albumin (SA) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in milk and mRNA expression of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-1β in milk somatic cells were analyzed. RESULTS Saline solution or prednisolone did not change SCC, LDH activity, and SA and TNF-α concentrations in milk and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 in milk somatic cells. The SCC and TNF-α concentration in milk increased similarly in glands infused with LPS, independent of prednisolone administration. However, the increase of LDH activity and SA concentration in milk after LPS infusion was diminished by prednisolone administration. The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-1β in milk somatic cells increased after LPS infusion and was unaffected by prednisolone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intramammary administration of prednisolone did not induce an immune response and did not change mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-8, and L-1β during the response to intramammary administration of LPS. However, prednisolone reduced disruption of the blood-milk barrier. This could influence the severity and cure rate of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Wellnitz
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Firestone GL, Kapadia BJ. Minireview: Steroid/nuclear receptor-regulated dynamics of occluding and anchoring junctions. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1769-84. [PMID: 25203673 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse set of physiological signals control intercellular interactions by regulating the structure and function of occluding junctions (tight junctions) and anchoring junctions (adherens junctions and desmosomes). These plasma membrane junctions are comprised of multiprotein complexes of transmembrane and cytoplasmic peripheral plasma membrane proteins. Evidence from many hormone-responsive tissues has shown that expression, modification, molecular interactions, stability, and localization of junctional complex-associated proteins can be targeted by nuclear hormone receptors and their ligands through transcriptional and nontranscriptional mechanisms. The focus of this minireview is to discuss molecular, cellular, and physiological studies that directly link nuclear receptor- and ligand-triggered signaling pathways to the regulation of occluding and anchoring junction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Firestone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and The Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
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144
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145
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Ollier S, Zhao X, Lacasse P. Effects of feed restriction and prolactin-release inhibition at drying off on metabolism and mammary gland involution in cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4942-54. [PMID: 24881791 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A cow's risk of acquiring a new intramammary infection during the dry period increases with milk production at drying off and decreases as mammary gland involution progresses. A method commonly used to reduce milk production is a drastic reduction in feed supply in the days that precede drying off. Milk production can also be reduced by inhibiting the lactogenic signal driven by prolactin (PRL). This study aimed to compare the effects of these 2drying-off procedures on metabolism, immunity, and mammary gland involution in cows. A total of 24Holstein cows in late lactation were assigned to 1 of 3treatments based on milk yield, somatic cell count, and parity. The cows were fed a lactation diet until drying off (control; n=8), only dry hay during the last 5d before drying off (DH; n=8), or the same lactation diet as the control cows but with twice-daily i.m. injections of 4mg of quinagolide, a specific inhibitor of PRL release, from 5d before drying off until 13d after (QN; n=8). Quinagolide induced a decrease in PRL concentration in blood and in milk and mammary secretions on all the injection days. Interestingly, PRL was also depressed in the blood and milk of the hay-fed cows before drying off. Both the QN and DH treatments induced a decrease in milk production, which averaged 17.9 and 10.1kg/d for the QN and DH cows, respectively, at drying off in comparison with 24.8kg/d for the control cows. Both BSA concentration and Na(+)-to-K(+) ratio increased faster in the mammary secretions of both the DH and QN cows than in those of the control cows, whereas citrate-to-lactoferrin ratio, another indicator of involution rate, decreased faster. The DH treatment decreased blood concentrations of glucose and most amino acids and increased blood concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acids. Quinagolide increased blood glucose but did not affect the other metabolites. The serum harvested on d-1 from the hay-fed cows reduced peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and IL-4 production, whereas the serum from the quinagolide-treated cows had no effect. In conclusion, this experiment shows that PRL-release inhibition could be a new alternative for reducing milk production before drying off and for hastening mammary gland involution without disturbing the metabolism of the cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ollier
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - X Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - P Lacasse
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8.
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146
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Baumrucker CR, Stark A, Wellnitz O, Dechow C, Bruckmaier RM. Short communication: Immunoglobulin variation in quarter-milked colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3700-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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147
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Stark A, Wellnitz O, Dechow C, Bruckmaier R, Baumrucker C. Colostrogenesis during an induced lactation in dairy cattle. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:356-66. [PMID: 24828984 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) is of major importance for the newborn calf because epitheliochorial placentae do not provide transport in utero. The formation of colostrum occurs in the later stages of pregnancy. Our objectives were to induce lactation in non-pregnant dairy cows and (i) to determine the changes of IgG in serum and mammary secretions during the induction process and (ii) to establish α-lactalbumin (αLA) and prolactin (Prl) alterations to monitor the changing mammary epithelial tight junction status and development pattern. Estradiol-17β (E2) and progesterone (P4) injections in a 1-7 days series were combined with a 3-day injection series (day 21-23) of dexamethasone (DEX). Blood and both front quarter secretion samples were collected daily. Milking started 24 days after the start of the experiment. Results show that the mammary secretory IgG1 was increased at >7 days after the start of steroid injections and depicted a bimodal pattern reaching a high of 16 mg/ml at 21 day compared with 3.2 mg/ml in the serum. There was a small increase in secretory IgG2 that did not correlate with tight junction status, but never reached the serum concentration. The injections of DEX resulted in constriction of tight junctions. Secretory αLA was immediately increased with steroid injections, dropped precipitously after 7 days and then began a steady increase until the start of milking. Changes in serum αLA are related to mammary tight junctions while serum Prl gradually increased from 30 to >60 ng/ml after the steroid injections stopped. These results provide insights into the mechanisms and timing of colostrogenesis during an induced lactation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stark
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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148
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Mishra M, Ali S, Das M. Analysis of oxytocin in milk samples and intake pattern in different age groups of Indian population. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:342-6. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.910851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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149
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Ramanathan P, Wei J, Martin IC, Thomson PC, Moran C, Taylor RM, Williamson P. An integrated genomics approach to identify genetic regions associated with neonatal growth trait in mice. Anim Biotechnol 2014; 25:85-97. [PMID: 24555794 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2013.814571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal growth during the early post-partum period is closely associated with lactation performance. Neonatal growth reflects milk output and is a complex variable trait among inbred mouse strains, but few studies have compared this trait systematically across more than a few strains. In the present study, 11 inbred strains of mice were measured for a neonatal growth phenotype during the first eight days of lactation. Significant differences in neonatal growth trait were observed with QSi5 (3.71±0.05 g) and DBA/1J (2.67±0.06 g) strains defining the two extremes of the phenotype. In silico association analysis was performed for trait variability using the high density SNP information on inbred strains of mice. We found strong evidence to refine a previously identified large neonatal growth QTL on mouse chromosome 9, Neogq1. When an integrated strategy that combined fine mapping and analysis of mammary transcriptome expression profiles of lactating mice with divergent phenotypes was applied, we identified neogenin (Neo1), a gene important for mammary gland morphogenesis, as a likely quantitative trait gene (QTG) underlying the Neogq1 QTL in mice.
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150
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Singh SP, Häussler S, Heinz JFL, Akter SH, Saremi B, Müller U, Rehage J, Dänicke S, Mielenz M, Sauerwein H. Lactation driven dynamics of adiponectin supply from different fat depots to circulation in cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014; 47:35-46. [PMID: 24462180 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) depots are heterogeneous in terms of morphology and adipocyte metabolism. Adiponectin, one of the most abundant adipokines, is known for its insulin sensitizing effects and its role in glucose and lipid metabolism. Little is known about the presence of adiponectin protein in visceral (vc) and subcutaneous (sc) AT depots. We assessed serum adiponectin and adiponectin protein concentrations and the molecular weight forms in vc (mesenterial, omental, and retroperitoneal) and sc (sternum, tail-head, and withers) AT of primiparous dairy cows during early lactation. Primiparous German Holstein cows (n = 25) were divided into a control (CON) and a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) group. From day 1 of lactation until slaughter, CLA cows were fed 100 g of a CLA supplement/d (approximately 6% of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers each), whereas the CON cows received 100 g of a fatty acid mixture/d instead of CLA. Blood samples from all animals were collected from 3 wk before calving until slaughter on day 1 (n = 5, CON cows), 42 (n = 5 each of CON and CLA cows), and 105 (n = 5 each of CON and CLA cows) of lactation when samples from different AT depots were obtained. Adiponectin was measured in serum and tissue by ELISA. In all AT depots adiponectin concentrations were lowest on day 1 than on day 42 and day 105, and circulating adiponectin reached a nadir around parturition. Retroperitoneal AT had the lowest adiponectin concentrations; however, when taking total depot mass into consideration, the portion of circulating adiponectin was higher in vc than sc AT. Serum adiponectin was positively correlated with adiponectin protein concentrations but not with the mRNA abundance in all fat depots. The CLA supplementation did not affect adiponectin concentrations in AT depots. Furthermore, inverse associations between circulating adiponectin and measures of body condition (empty body weight, back fat thickness, and vc AT mass) were observed. In all AT depots at each time, adiponectin was present as high (approximately 300 kDa) and medium (approximately 150 kDa) molecular weight complexes similar to that of the blood serum. These data suggest differential contribution of AT depots to circulating adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Singh
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - S Häussler
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - J F L Heinz
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - S H Akter
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - B Saremi
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - U Müller
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - J Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Mielenz
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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