101
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Assessment of association of ACTN3 genetic polymorphism with Korean elite athletic performance. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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102
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Pitsiladis Y, Wang G, Wolfarth B, Scott R, Fuku N, Mikami E, He Z, Fiuza-Luces C, Eynon N, Lucia A. Genomics of elite sporting performance: what little we know and necessary advances. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47:550-5. [PMID: 23632745 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reports of genetic associations with performance-related phenotypes have been published over the past three decades but there has been limited progress in discovering and characterising the genetic contribution to elite/world-class performance, mainly owing to few coordinated research efforts involving major funding initiatives/consortia and the use primarily of the candidate gene analysis approach. It is timely that exercise genomics research has moved into a new era utilising well-phenotyped, large cohorts and genome-wide technologies--approaches that have begun to elucidate the genetic basis of other complex traits/diseases. This review summarises the most recent and significant findings from sports genetics and explores future trends and possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Pitsiladis
- College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, UK.
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103
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Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T, Muniesa C, Díaz-Ureña G, Bekendam N, Fiuza-Luces C, Gómez-Gallego F, Femia P, Lucia A. ACTN3genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 23:e162-7. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Santiago
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - T. Yvert
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - C. Muniesa
- Faculty of Physical Activity; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - G Díaz-Ureña
- Faculty of Physical Activity; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - N. Bekendam
- Faculty of Physical Activity; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - C. Fiuza-Luces
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - F Gómez-Gallego
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - P. Femia
- Department of Biostatistics; School of Medicine; University of Granada; Granada; Spain
| | - A. Lucia
- School of Doctorate Studies and Research; Universidad Europea de Madrid; Madrid; Spain
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104
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Wang G, Padmanabhan S, Wolfarth B, Fuku N, Lucia A, Ahmetov II, Cieszczyk P, Collins M, Eynon N, Klissouras V, Williams A, Pitsiladis Y. Genomics of elite sporting performance: what little we know and necessary advances. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2013; 84:123-49. [PMID: 24262098 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407703-4.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reports of genetic associations with performance- and injury-related phenotypes have been published over the past three decades; these studies have employed primarily the candidate gene approach to identify genes that associate with elite performance or with variation in performance-and/or injury-related traits. Although generally with small effect sizes and heavily prone to type I statistic error, the number of candidate genetic variants that can potentially explain elite athletic status, injury predisposition, or indeed response to training will be much higher than that examined by numerous biotechnology companies. Priority should therefore be given to applying whole genome technology to sufficiently large study cohorts of world-class athletes with adequately measured phenotypes where it is possible to increase statistical power. Some of the elite athlete cohorts described in the literature might suffice, and collectively, these cohorts could be used for replication purposes. Genome-wide association studies are ongoing in some of these cohorts (i.e., Genathlete, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, United States, and Jamaican cohorts), and preliminary findings include the identification of one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; among more than a million SNPs analyzed) that associates with sprint performance in Japanese, American (i.e., African American), and Jamaican cohorts with a combined effect size of ~2.6 (P-value <5×10(-7)) and good concordance with endurance performance between select cohorts. Further replications of these signals in independent cohorts will be required, and any replicated SNPs will be taken forward for fine-mapping/targeted resequencing and functional studies to uncover the underlying biological mechanisms. Only after this lengthy and costly process will the true potential of genetic testing in sport be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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105
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Fuku N, Mikami E, Tanaka M. Association of mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms and/or haplogroups with elite Japanese athlete status. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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106
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Ogura Y, Kakigi R, Naito H. Alpha-actinin isoform and skeletal muscle activity. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.2.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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107
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The ACTN3 XX Genotype’s Underrepresentation in Japanese Elite Wrestlers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 8:57-61. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To examine the relationship between ACTN3 polymorphisms and level of athletic performance in Japanese wrestlers.Methods:The control group consisted of 243 healthy Japanese individuals. The authors divided 135 wrestlers into 3 groups based on their results in national or international competitions. They classified as elite 24 wrestlers who had placed in the top 8 in a world championship or participated in Olympic games, 28 wrestlers who had participated in world championships or become champions in Japan’s national championships were classified as subelite, and 83 wrestlers were classified as national (N-W, ie, national-level wrestler). In addition, the authors combined the elite and subelite to form the classification international-level wrestlers (I-W).Results:The frequency of the null X allele and the XX genotype were significantly lower in the I-W group than in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in ACTN3 genotype or allele frequency between the N-W and control groups. The frequency of the ACTN3 XX genotype in the elite groups was lower than that of all groups, and a linear tendency was observed between ACTN3 XX genotype and athletic status.Conclusions:In conclusion, the data indicated that ACTN3 polymorphisms were related to athletic performance in Japanese wrestlers.
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108
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Kikuchi N, Min SK, Ueda D, Igawa S, Nakazato K. Higher Frequency of the ACTN3 R Allele + ACE DD Genotype in Japanese Elite Wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:3275-80. [PMID: 22996021 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318273679d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
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109
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Maruszak A, Adamczyk JG, Siewierski M, Sozański H, Gajewski A, Żekanowski C. Mitochondrial DNA variation is associated with elite athletic status in the Polish population. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:311-8. [PMID: 23163620 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that genetic factors located in mitochondrial and nuclear genomes influence sport performance. Certain mitochondrial haplogroups and polymorphisms were associated with the status of elite athlete, especially in endurance performance. The aim of our study was to assess whether selected mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA variants are associated with elite athlete performance in a group of 395 elite Polish athletes (213 endurance athletes and 182 power athletes) and 413 sedentary controls. Our major finding was that the mtDNA haplogroup H and HV cluster influence endurance performance at the Olympic/World Class level of performance (P = 0.018 and P = 0.0185, respectively). We showed that two polymorphisms located in the mtDNA control region were associated with achieving the elite performance level either in the total athlete's group as compared with controls (m.16362C, 3.8% vs 9.2%, respectively, P = 0.0025, odds ratio = 0.39, 95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.72), or in the endurance athletes as compared with controls (m.16080G, 2.35% vs 0%, respectively, P = 0.004). Our results indicate that mtDNA variability affects the endurance capacity rather than the power one. We also propose that mtDNA haplogroups and subhaplogroups, as well as individual mtDNA polymorphisms favoring endurance performance, could be population-specific, reflecting complex cross-talk between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maruszak
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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110
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Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Y is associated to Leigh syndrome in Chinese population. Gene 2012; 512:460-3. [PMID: 23111160 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although Leigh syndrome (LS) is a well characterized clinical mitochondrial disorder; the exact mutation is not found in all cases and it is not clear whether matrilineal background has contributed to this disease. To address this issue, we extensively studied and compared the haplogroup composition of a sample of 171 Chinese LS patients with that of 1597 controls. Our results show that haplogroup Y may increase the risk of LS in Chinese by 2.867 fold (95% CI=1.135-7.240, P=0.020). Haplogroup B5 has also this trend (1.737 fold, 95% CI=0.961-3.139), but with a borderline P-value (P=0.065). Both haplogroups belong to macro-haplogroup N and share a common reverse mutation on nucleotide position 10398 (A10398G). In fact, the combined haplogroup N with 10398G is also associated with an increased risk for LS (OR=1.882, 95% CI=1.134-3.124, P=0.013).
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111
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Kim KC, Jin HJ, Kim W. Mitochondrial haplogroup B is negatively associated with elite Korean endurance athlete status. Genes Genomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-012-0037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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112
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The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism across three groups of elite male European athletes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43132. [PMID: 22916217 PMCID: PMC3420864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) is a strong candidate to influence elite athletic performance. Yet, controversy exists in the literature owing to between-studies differences in the ethnic background and sample size of the cohorts, the latter being usually low, which makes comparisons difficult. In this case:control genetic study we determined the association between elite athletic status and the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism within three cohorts of European Caucasian men, i.e. Spanish, Polish and Russian [633 cases (278 elite endurance and 355 power athletes), and 808 non-athletic controls]. The odds ratio (OR) of a power athlete harbouring the XX versus the RR genotype compared with sedentary controls was 0.54 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34–0.48; P = 0.006]. We also observed that the OR of an endurance athlete having the XX versus the RR genotype compared with power athletes was 1.88 (95%CI: 1.07–3.31; P = 0.028). In endurance athletes, the OR of a “world-class” competitor having the XX genotype versus the RR+RX genotype was 3.74 (95%CI: 1.08–12.94; P = 0.038) compared with those of a lower (“national”) competition level. No association (P>0.1) was noted between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and competition level (world-class versus national-level) in power athletes. Our data provide comprehensive support for the influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on elite athletic performance.
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113
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Desgorces FD, Berthelot G, Charmantier A, Tafflet M, Schaal K, Jarne P, Toussaint JF. Similar slow down in running speed progression in species under human pressure. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1792-9. [PMID: 22779699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Running speed in animals depends on both genetic and environmental conditions. Maximal speeds were here analysed in horses, dogs and humans using data sets on the 10 best performers covering more than a century of races. This includes a variety of distances in humans (200-1500 m). Speed has been progressing fast in the three species, and this has been followed by a plateau. Based on a Gompertz model, the current best performances reach 97.4% of maximal velocity in greyhounds to 100.3 in humans. Further analysis based on a subset of individuals and using an 'animal model' shows that running speed is heritable in horses (h(2) = 0.438, P = 0.01) and almost so in dogs (h(2) = 0.183, P = 0.08), suggesting the involvement of genetic factors. Speed progression in humans is more likely due to an enlarged population of runners, associated with improved training practices. The analysis of a data subset (40 last years in 800 and 1500 m) further showed that East Africans have strikingly improved their speed, now reaching the upper part of the human distribution, whereas that of Nordic runners stagnated in the 800 m and even declined in the 1500 m. Although speed progression in dogs and horses on one side and humans on the other has not been affected by the same genetic/environmental balance of forces, it is likely that further progress will be extremely limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-D Desgorces
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, INSEP, Paris, France.
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114
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Cieszczyk P, Sawczuk M, Maciejewska-Karlowska A, Ficek K. ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in top-level Polish rowers. J Exerc Sci Fit 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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115
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Pichaud N, Ballard JWO, Tanguay RM, Blier PU. Naturally occurring mitochondrial DNA haplotypes exhibit metabolic differences: insight into functional properties of mitochondria. Evolution 2012; 66:3189-97. [PMID: 23025608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Linking the mitochondrial genotype and the organismal phenotype is of paramount importance in evolution of mitochondria. In this study, we determined the differences in catalytic properties of mitochondria dictated by divergences in the siII and siIII haplogroups of Drosophila simulans using introgressions of siII mtDNA type into the siIII nuclear background. We used a novel in situ method (permeabilized fibers) that allowed us to accurately measure the consumption of oxygen by mitochondria in constructed siII-introgressed flies and in siIII-control flies. Our results showed that the catalytic capacity of the electron transport system is not impaired by introgressions, suggesting that the functional properties of mitochondria are tightly related to the mtDNA haplogroup and not to the nuclear DNA or to the mito-nuclear interactions. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that demonstrates a naturally occurring haplogroup can confer specific functional differences in aspects of mitochondrial metabolism. This study illustrates the importance of mtDNA changes on organelle evolution and highlights the potential bioenergetic and metabolic impacts that divergent mitochondrial haplogroups may have upon a wide variety of species including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pichaud
- Laboratoire de biologie intégrative, Département de Biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 3A1.
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116
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Roth SM. Genetic aspects of skeletal muscle strength and mass with relevance to sarcopenia. BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:58. [PMID: 27127623 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly heritable quantitative trait, with heritability estimates ranging 30-85% for muscle strength and 50-80% for lean mass. That strong genetic contribution indicates the possibility of using genetic information to individualize treatments for sarcopenia or even aid in prevention strategies through the use of genetic screening prior to the functional limitations. Though these possibilities provide the rationale for genetic studies of skeletal muscle traits, few genes have been identified that appear to contribute to variation in either skeletal muscle strength or mass phenotypes, and sarcopenia per se is remarkably understudied as a trait in this regard. This review examines the heritability of skeletal muscle traits, findings of linkage and genome-wide association analyses and impact of specific genes and gene-sequence variants on these traits as relevant to sarcopenia. Despite considerable work in the area, the genetic underpinnings of skeletal muscle traits remain largely unknown and the genetic aspects of sarcopenia are even less clear. Large-scale longitudinal clinical studies relying on advanced genome-wide association and other techniques are needed to provide further insights into the genes and gene variants that contribute to skeletal muscle strength and mass, and ultimately to susceptibility to sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Roth
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland , College Park, MD, USA
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117
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Vincent B, Windelinckx A, Van Proeyen K, Masschelein E, Nielens H, Ramaekers M, Van Leemputte M, Hespel P, Thomis M. Alpha-actinin-3 deficiency does not significantly alter oxidative enzyme activity in fast human muscle fibres. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:555-61. [PMID: 21933355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM In Western European populations, about 18% of all individuals have a complete deficiency of the alpha-actinin-3 protein owing to homozygosity for a stop codon mutation (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene. Actn3(-/-) knock-out mice show increased activity of multiple enzymes in the aerobic metabolic pathway in fast muscle fibres. Whether this observation is also present in human XX genotype carriers compared to RR carriers has not been studied in a fibre-type-specific approach in humans. The purpose of this study was therefore to compare fibre-type-specific oxidative enzyme activity in humans with a different ACTN3 R577X genotype. METHODS Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples of 17 XX and 16 RR subjects were used to measure markers of oxidative capacity [cytochrome c oxidase (CYTOX) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)] in a fibre-type-specific assay using enzyme histochemistry. RESULTS Cytochrome c oxidase staining showed no significant genotype group differences in type I or type II muscle fibres. Also, we found no significant differences in SDH staining of fast fibres comparing XX and RR carriers. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the increase in oxidative enzyme activity of fast muscle fibres, as reported in an Actn3(-/-) knock-out mouse, was not observed in our human samples. Known differences in metabolic characteristics of muscle fibres in rodents compared to humans may in part explain this discrepancy in findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vincent
- Research Centre for Exercise and Health, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, K. U. Leuven, Belgium
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118
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Chiu LL, Chen TW, Hsieh SS, Hsieh LL. ACE I/D, ACTN3 R577X, PPARD T294C and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphisms and physical fitness in Taiwanese late adolescent girls. J Physiol Sci 2012; 62:115-21. [PMID: 22247001 PMCID: PMC10718015 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Physical performance of youth is influenced by various factors, including body composition, biological maturity status, level of habitual physical activity, and muscular strength. Muscular strength has been largely attributed to genetic effects. To exclude possible confounding effects from various acquired factors, this study examined the relationships between polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), α-actinin-3 (ACTN3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A) genes and performance as measured by six fitness tests (handgrip strength of dominant hand, 30- and 60-s sit-ups, standing long jump, 60-m dash, and 800-m run) in 170 sedentary adolescent girls with the adjustment of anthropometric characteristics. We found that subjects with the ACE DD genotype were significantly heavier than those with I allele, while those with the ACTN3 RR genotype had higher fat-free mass percentage (FFM%) than those with the XX genotype. In addition, those with the PPARD TT genotype were significantly taller, heavier, and had a greater FFM than those with the CC genotype. Subjects with the ACE DD, ACTN3 RR and PPARD TC genotype had better performance in handgrip strength, 30- and 60-s sit-up tests, and standing long jump, respectively, when individual gene was analyzed independently after adjusting anthropometric characteristics. In the gene combination analysis, subjects with ACE DD, ACTN3 RR and PPARD TT genotype had significantly greater performance in handgrip strength. Overall, the results indicate that the genes studied have a modest influence on individual performance as assessed by specific fitness and strength tests in female late adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Wen Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sandy S. Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Exercise and Sport Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, 333 Taiwan
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119
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Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Yoshihara T, Kakigi R, Ogura Y, Sugiura T, Naito H. Fiber-type specific expression of α-actinin isoforms in rat skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:401-4. [PMID: 22349507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
α-Actinins are actin-binding proteins, and two isoforms (α-actinin-2 and -3) are major structural components of the sarcomeric Z line in mammalian skeletal muscle. Based on human and knockout mice studies, α-actinin-3 is thought to be associated with muscle force output and high contraction velocities. However, fiber-type specific expression of α-actinin isoforms is not well understood and may vary among species. In this study, we investigated the expression of α-actinin isoforms and the difference between fiber types in rat skeletal muscle and compared it with those of humans and mice from previous reports. Soleus and plantaris muscles were analyzed immunohistochemically to identify muscle fiber types and α-actinin protein expression. α-Actinin-2 was stained in all muscle fibers in both the soleus and plantaris muscles; i.e., all α-actinin-3 co-expressed with α-actinin-2 in rat skeletal muscles. The proportions of α-actinin-3 expression, regardless of fiber type, were significantly higher in the plantaris (75.8 ± 0.6%) than the soleus (8.0 ± 1.7%). No α-actinin-3 expression was observed in type I fibers, whereas all type IIx+b fibers expressed α-actinin-3. α-Actinin-3 was also expressed in type IIa fibers; however, approximately 75% of type IIa fibers were not stained by α-actinin-3, and the proportion varied between muscles. The proportion of α-actinin-3 expression in type IIa fibers was significantly higher in the soleus muscle than the plantaris muscle. Our results showed that fiber-type specific expression of α-actinin isoforms in rats is more similar to that in humans compared to that of the mouse, whereas the proportion of α-actinin-3 protein varied between muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ichinoseki-Sekine
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan.
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120
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Shang X, Zhang F, Zhang L, Huang C. ACTN3R577X polymorphism and performance phenotypes in young Chinese male soldiers. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:255-60. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.619203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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121
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Mikami E, Fuku N, Takahashi H, Ohiwa N, Pitsiladis YP, Higuchi M, Kawahara T, Tanaka M. Polymorphisms in the control region of mitochondrial DNA associated with elite Japanese athlete status. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 23:593-9. [PMID: 22288660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains the main regulatory elements for mtDNA replication and transcription. Certain polymorphisms in this region would, therefore, contribute to elite athletic performance, because mitochondrial function is one of determinants of physical performance. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of polymorphisms in this region on elite athlete status by sequencing the mtDNA control region. Subjects comprised 185 elite Japanese athletes who had represented Japan at international competitions (i.e., 100 endurance/middle-power athletes: EMA; 85 sprint/power athletes: SPA), and 672 Japanese controls (CON). The mtDNA control region was analyzed by direct sequencing. Frequency differences of polymorphisms (minor allele frequency ≥ 0.05) in the mtDNA control region between EMA, SPA, and CON were examined. EMA displayed excess of three polymorphisms [m.152T>C, m.514(CA)n repeat (n ≥ 5), and poly-C stretch at m.568-573 (C ≥ 7)] compared with CON. On the other hand, SPA showed greater frequency of the m.204T>C polymorphism compared with CON. In addition, none of the SPA had m.16278C>T polymorphism, whereas the frequencies of this polymorphism in CON and EMA were 8.3% and 10.0%, respectively. These findings imply that several polymorphisms detected in the control region of mtDNA may influence physical performance probably in a functional manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mikami
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Ng R, Banks GB, Hall JK, Muir LA, Ramos JN, Wicki J, Odom GL, Konieczny P, Seto J, Chamberlain JR, Chamberlain JS. Animal models of muscular dystrophy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:83-111. [PMID: 22137430 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The muscular dystrophies (MDs) represent a diverse collection of inherited human disorders, which affect to varying degrees skeletal, cardiac, and sometimes smooth muscle (Emery, 2002). To date, more than 50 different genes have been implicated as causing one or more types of MD (Bansal et al., 2003). In many cases, invaluable insights into disease mechanisms, structure and function of gene products, and approaches for therapeutic interventions have benefited from the study of animal models of the different MDs (Arnett et al., 2009). The large number of genes that are associated with MD and the tremendous number of animal models that have been developed preclude a complete discussion of each in the context of this review. However, we summarize here a number of the more commonly used models together with a mixture of different types of gene and MD, which serves to give a general overview of the value of animal models of MD for research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Ng
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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123
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Mata X, Vaiman A, Ducasse A, Diribarne M, Schibler L, Guérin G. Genomic structure, polymorphism and expression of the horse alpha-actinin-3 gene. Gene 2012; 491:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bell W, Colley J, Evans W, Darlington S, Cooper SM. ACTN3 genotypes of Rugby Union players: Distribution, power output and body composition. Ann Hum Biol 2011; 39:19-27. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2011.632648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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125
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126
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Nogales-Gadea G, Pinós T, Ruiz JR, Marzo PF, Fiuza-Luces C, López-Gallardo E, Ruiz-Pesini E, Martín MA, Arenas J, Morán M, Andreu AL, Lucia A. Are mitochondrial haplogroups associated with elite athletic status? A study on a Spanish cohort. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:905-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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127
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Hughes DC, Day SH, Ahmetov II, Williams AG. Genetics of muscle strength and power: polygenic profile similarity limits skeletal muscle performance. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:1425-34. [PMID: 21867446 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.597773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and genetic factors influence muscle function, resulting in large variations in phenotype between individuals. Multiple genetic variants (polygenic in nature) are thought to influence exercise-related phenotypes, yet how the relevant polymorphisms combine to influence muscular strength in individuals and populations is unclear. In this analysis, 22 genetic polymorphisms were identified in the literature that have been associated with muscular strength and power phenotypes. Using typical genotype frequencies, the probability of any given individual possessing an "optimal" polygenic profile was calculated as 0.0003% for the world population. Future identification of additional polymorphisms associated with muscular strength phenotypes would most likely reduce that probability even further. To examine the genetic potential for muscular strength within a human population, a "total genotype score" was generated for each individual within a hypothetical population of one million. The population expressed high similarity in polygenic profile with no individual differing by more than seven genotypes from a typical profile. Therefore, skeletal muscle strength potential within humans appears to be limited by polygenic profile similarity. Future research should aim to replicate more genotype-phenotype associations for muscular strength, because only five common genetic polymorphisms identified to date have positive replicated findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hughes
- Institute for Performance Research, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, UK.
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128
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Alfred T, Ben-Shlomo Y, Cooper R, Hardy R, Cooper C, Deary IJ, Gunnell D, Harris SE, Kumari M, Martin RM, Moran CN, Pitsiladis YP, Ring SM, Sayer AA, Smith GD, Starr JM, Kuh D, Day INM. ACTN3 genotype, athletic status, and life course physical capability: meta-analysis of the published literature and findings from nine studies. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:1008-18. [PMID: 21542061 PMCID: PMC3174315 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) genotype has been associated with
athletic status and muscle phenotypes, although not consistently. Our objective
was to conduct a meta-analysis of the published literature on athletic status
and investigate its associations with physical capability in several new
population-based studies. Relevant data were extracted from studies in the
literature, comparing genotype frequencies between controls and sprint/power and
endurance athletes. For life course physical capability, data were used from two
studies of adolescents and seven studies in the Healthy Ageing across the Life
Course (HALCyon) collaborative research program, involving individuals aged
between 53 and 90+ years. We found evidence from the published literature
to support the hypothesis that in Europeans the RR genotype is more common among
sprint/power athletes compared with their controls. There is currently no
evidence that the X allele is advantageous to endurance athleticism. We found no
association between R577X and grip strength (P = 0.09,
n = 7,672 in males; P =
0.90, n = 7,839 in females), standing balance, timed get
up and go, or chair rises in our studies of physical capability. The
ACTN3 R577X genotype is associated with sprint/power
athletic status in Europeans, but does not appear to be associated with
objective measures of physical capability in the general population. Hum Mutat
32:1–11, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamuno Alfred
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Alpha-actinins are an ancient family of actin-binding proteins that play structural and regulatory roles in cytoskeletal organization. In skeletal muscle, α-actinin-3 protein is an important structural component of the Z disc, where it anchors actin thin filaments, helping to maintain the myofibrillar array. A common nonsense polymorphism in codon 577 of the ACTN3 gene (R577X) results in α-actinin-3 deficiency in XX homozygotes. Based on knowledge about the role of ACTN3 R557X polymorphism in skeletal muscle function, we postulated that the genetic polymorphism of ACTN3 could also improve sprint and power ability. We compared genotypic and allelic frequencies of the ACTN3 R557X polymorphism in two groups of men of the same Caucasian descent: 158 power-orientated athletes and 254 volunteers not involved in competitive sport. The genotype distribution in the group of power-oriented athletes showed significant differences (P=0.008) compared to controls. However, among the investigated subgroups of athletes, only the difference of ACTN3 R577X genotype between sprinters and controls reached statistical significance (P=0.041). The frequencies of the ACTN3 577X allele (30.69% vs. 40.35%; P=0.005) were significantly different in all athletes compared to controls. Our results support the hypothesis that the ACTN3 577XX allele may have some beneficial effect on sprint-power performance, because the ACTN3 XX genotype is significantly reduced in Polish power-oriented athletes compared to controls. This finding seems to be in agreement with previously reported case-control studies. However, ACTN3 polymorphism as a genetic marker for sport talent identification should be interpreted with great caution.
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130
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Eynon N, Morán M, Birk R, Lucia A. The champions' mitochondria: is it genetically determined? A review on mitochondrial DNA and elite athletic performance. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:789-98. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00029.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic ATP generation by the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) is a vital metabolic process for endurance exercise. Notably, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) codifies 13 of the 83 polypeptides implied in the respiratory chain. As such, there is a strong rationale for identifying an association between mtDNA variants and “aerobic” (endurance) exercise phenotypes. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the association between mtDNA, nuclear genes involved in mitochondriogenesis, and elite endurance athletic status. Several studies in nonathletic people have demonstrated an association between certain mtDNA lineages and aerobic performance, characterized by maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Whether mtDNA haplogroups are also associated with the status of being an elite endurance athlete is more controversial, with differences between studies arising from the different ethnic backgrounds of the athletic cohorts (Caucasian of mixed geographic origin, Asiatic, or East African).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Eynon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Ariel University Center, Israel; and
| | - María Morán
- Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CIBERER and
| | - Ruth Birk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Ariel University Center, Israel; and
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131
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Eynon N, Birk R, Meckel Y, Lucia A, Nemet D, Eliakim A. Physiological variables and mitochondrial-related genotypes of an athlete who excels in both short and long-distance running. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:774-7. [PMID: 21651994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the athletic, physiological and mitochondrial-related genomic data of an Israeli endurance runner. He is holding the Israeli record in 10,000, 5000, 1500 and 800 m run, along with being one of the best Israeli 400 m runners. We tested the ACTN3 R577X, and six polymorphisms in the PPARGC1A-NRF-TFAM pathway genes. The case athlete was heterozygous for the ACTN3 R577X variation and had five out of six 'endurance-oriented' genotypes, scoring significantly high in endurance 'optimal' genotype profile. In conclusion, we suggest that the case athlete is favoured by polygenic profile that is more suitable for mitochondrial biogenesis, regardless of his good phenotypic accomplishments in short-term running events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Eynon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University Center, Israel.
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132
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PGC-1alpha downstream transcription factors NRF-1 and TFAM are genetic modifiers of Huntington disease. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:32. [PMID: 21595933 PMCID: PMC3117738 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal expansion of a CAG repeat in the huntingtin HTT (HD) gene. The primary genetic determinant of the age at onset (AO) is the length of the HTT CAG repeat; however, the remaining genetic contribution to the AO of HD has largely not been elucidated. Recent studies showed that impaired functioning of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1a (PGC-1alpha) contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and appears to play an important role in HD pathogenesis. Further genetic evidence for involvement of PGC-1alpha in HD pathogenesis was generated by the findings that sequence variations in the PPARGC1A gene encoding PGC-1alpha exert modifying effects on the AO in HD. In this study, we hypothesised that polymorphisms in PGC-1alpha downstream targets might also contribute to the variation in the AO. RESULTS In over 400 German HD patients, polymorphisms in the nuclear respiratory factor 1 gene, NRF-1, and the mitochondrial transcription factor A, encoded by TFAM showed nominally significant association with AO of HD. When combining these results with the previously described modifiers rs7665116 in PPARGC1A and C7028T in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1, mt haplogroup H) in a multivariable model, a substantial proportion of the variation in AO can be explained by the joint effect of significant modifiers and their interactions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results underscore that impairment of mitochondrial function plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HD and that upstream transcriptional activators of PGC-1alpha may be useful targets in the treatment of HD.
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133
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Eynon N, Ruiz JR, Oliveira J, Duarte JA, Birk R, Lucia A. Genes and elite athletes: a roadmap for future research. J Physiol 2011; 589:3063-70. [PMID: 21540342 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.207035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that genetic factors influence several phenotype traits related to physical performance and training response as well as to elite athletic status. Previous case-control studies showed that ∼20 genetic variants seem to be associated with elite endurance athletic status. The present review aims to introduce novel methodological approaches in the field of sports genetics research, which can be applied in the near future to analyse the genotype profile associated with elite athletic status. These include genotype-phenotype association studies using gene expression analysis, analysis of post-transcriptional factors, particularly microRNAs, genome-wide scan linkage or genome-wide association studies, and novel algorithm approaches, such as 'genotype scores'. Several gaps in the current body of knowledge have been identified including, among others: small sample size of most athletic cohorts, lack of corroboration with replication cohorts of different ethnic backgrounds (particularly, made up of non-Caucasian athletes), the need of research accounting for the potential role of epigenetics in elite athletic performance, and also the need for future models that take into account the association between athletic status and complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Some recommendations are provided to minimize research limitations in the field of sport genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Eynon
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University Center, Israel.
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134
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Seto JT, Lek M, Quinlan KGR, Houweling PJ, Zheng XF, Garton F, MacArthur DG, Raftery JM, Garvey SM, Hauser MA, Yang N, Head SI, North KN. Deficiency of α-actinin-3 is associated with increased susceptibility to contraction-induced damage and skeletal muscle remodeling. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2914-27. [PMID: 21536590 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomeric α-actinins (α-actinin-2 and -3) are a major component of the Z-disk in skeletal muscle, where they crosslink actin and other structural proteins to maintain an ordered myofibrillar array. Homozygosity for the common null polymorphism (R577X) in ACTN3 results in the absence of fast fiber-specific α-actinin-3 in ∼20% of the general population. α-Actinin-3 deficiency is associated with decreased force generation and is detrimental to sprint and power performance in elite athletes, suggesting that α-actinin-3 is necessary for optimal forceful repetitive muscle contractions. Since Z-disks are the structures most vulnerable to eccentric damage, we sought to examine the effects of α-actinin-3 deficiency on sarcomeric integrity. Actn3 knockout mouse muscle showed significantly increased force deficits following eccentric contraction at 30% stretch, suggesting that α-actinin-3 deficiency results in an increased susceptibility to muscle damage at the extremes of muscle performance. Microarray analyses demonstrated an increase in muscle remodeling genes, which we confirmed at the protein level. The loss of α-actinin-3 and up-regulation of α-actinin-2 resulted in no significant changes to the total pool of sarcomeric α-actinins, suggesting that alterations in fast fiber Z-disk properties may be related to differences in functional protein interactions between α-actinin-2 and α-actinin-3. In support of this, we demonstrated that the Z-disk proteins, ZASP, titin and vinculin preferentially bind to α-actinin-2. Thus, the loss of α-actinin-3 changes the overall protein composition of fast fiber Z-disks and alters their elastic properties, providing a mechanistic explanation for the loss of force generation and increased susceptibility to eccentric damage in α-actinin-3-deficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane T Seto
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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135
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Tranah GJ. Mitochondrial-nuclear epistasis: implications for human aging and longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:238-52. [PMID: 20601194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that mitochondria are involved in the aging process. Mitochondrial function requires the coordinated expression of hundreds of nuclear genes and a few dozen mitochondrial genes, many of which have been associated with either extended or shortened life span. Impaired mitochondrial function resulting from mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation is likely to contribute to an imbalance in cellular energy homeostasis, increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, and an increased rate of cellular senescence and aging. The complex genetic architecture of mitochondria suggests that there may be an equally complex set of gene interactions (epistases) involving genetic variation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Results from Drosophila suggest that the effects of mtDNA haplotypes on longevity vary among different nuclear allelic backgrounds, which could account for the inconsistent associations that have been observed between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and survival in humans. A diversity of pathways may influence the way mitochondria and nuclear-mitochondrial interactions modulate longevity, including: oxidative phosphorylation; mitochondrial uncoupling; antioxidant defenses; mitochondrial fission and fusion; and sirtuin regulation of mitochondrial genes. We hypothesize that aging and longevity, as complex traits having a significant genetic component, are likely to be controlled by nuclear gene variants interacting with both inherited and somatic mtDNA variability.
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136
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Deason M, Scott R, Irwin L, Macaulay V, Fuku N, Tanaka M, Irving R, Charlton V, Morrison E, Austin K, Pitsiladis YP. Importance of mitochondrial haplotypes and maternal lineage in sprint performance among individuals of West African ancestry. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 22:217-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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137
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Eynon N, Birk R. Using genetic tests for talent identification in sports: too soon to be true. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2011; 24:607-8. [PMID: 21932612 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2011.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Eynon
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University Center, Israel
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138
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SAITO DAICHI, FUKU NORIYUKI, MIKAMI ERI, KAWAHARA TAKASHI, TANAKA HIROAKI, HIGUCHI MITSURU, TANAKA MASASHI. THE ACTN3 R577X NONSENSE ALLELE IS UNDER-REPRESENTED IN ELITE-LEVEL JAPANESE ENDURANCE RUNNERS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7600/jspfsm.60.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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139
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Berman Y, North KN. A gene for speed: the emerging role of alpha-actinin-3 in muscle metabolism. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010; 25:250-9. [PMID: 20699471 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00008.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A common polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene results in complete deficiency of alpha-actinin-3 protein in approximately 16% of humans worldwide. The presence of alpha-actinin-3 protein is associated with improved sprint/power performance in athletes and the general population. Despite this, there is evidence that the null genotype XX has been acted on by recent positive selection, likely due to its emerging role in the regulation of muscle metabolism. alpha-Actinin-3 deficiency reduces the activity of glycogen phosphorylase and results in a fundamental shift toward more oxidative pathways of energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemima Berman
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
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140
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an important link to an individual’s health and quality of life. The primary clinical interest in skeletal muscle is muscle strength. Muscle strength is a complex trait, influenced by biological, morphological, psychological, and environmental factors. Muscle strength is highly variable among individuals and has a strong genetic component. Though several genetic variants have been associated with muscle strength, genes comprising this genetic component are generally unknown. Research examining associations between genetic variants and muscle strength suffers from scientific challenges such as lack of replication, population stratification, and complexity of defining muscle phenotypes. Additionally, non-scientific challenges such as privacy and protection of genetic information and the questionable value of direct-to-consumer genetic marketing exist. How these challenges will influence research examining genetics and muscle strength is uncertain. Findings from this research may lead to improved treatment for muscle-related disease as well as improved health and quality of life. This may be realized through the development of genetic profiles that clinicians can implement into personalized treatment plans. This review will summarize the current literature regarding genetic variation and muscle strength. The authors’ focus will be on the muscle strength response to resistance training. Additionally, the authors discuss challenges and implications of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kostek
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT,
| | - Monica J. Hubal
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Linda S. Pescatello
- Department of Kinesiology & Human Performance Laboratory, NEAG School of Education, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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141
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Döring FE, Onur S, Geisen U, Boulay MR, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Rauramaa R, Wolfahrt B, Bouchard C. ACTN3R577X and other polymorphisms are not associated with elite endurance athlete status in the Genathlete study. J Sports Sci 2010; 28:1355-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.507675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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142
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Properties of extensor digitorum longus muscle and skinned fibers from adult and aged male and femaleActn3knockout mice. Muscle Nerve 2010; 43:37-48. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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143
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Ruiz JR, Fernández del Valle M, Verde Z, Díez-Vega I, Santiago C, Yvert T, Rodríguez-Romo G, Gómez-Gallego F, Molina JJ, Lucia A. ACTN3 R577X polymorphism does not influence explosive leg muscle power in elite volleyball players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 21:e34-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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144
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Wallace DC. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in disease and aging. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:440-450. [PMID: 20544884 DOI: 10.1002/em.20586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The human mitochondrial genome involves over 1,000 genes, dispersed across the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the biparentally inherited nuclear DNA (nDNA). The mtDNA encodes 13 core proteins that determine the efficiency of the mitochondrial energy-generating system, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), plus the RNA genes for their translation within the mitochondrion. The mtDNA has a very high mutation rate, which results in three classes of clinically relevant mtDNA mutations: recently deleterious germline line mutations resulting in mitochondrial disease; ancient regional variants, a subset of which permitted humans to adapt to differences in their energetic environments; and somatic mutations that accumulate with age eroding mitochondrial energy production and providing the aging clock. Mutations in nDNA-encoded OXPHOS structural genes can also cause mitochondrial disease, and alterations in nDNA mitochondrial biogenesis genes can destabilize the mtDNA and lead to clinical phenotypes. Finally, when combined, nonpathogenic nDNA and mtDNA protein variants can be functionally incompatible and cause disease. The essential functions of the conserved mtDNA proteins and their high mutation rate raise the question as to why the cumulative mtDNA genetic load does not result in species extinction. Studies of mice harboring deleterious mtDNA mutations have shown that the mammalian ovary selectively eliminates the most deleterious mtDNA mutations. However, milder mtDNA mutations are transmitted through the ovary and the female germline and introduced into the general population. This unique genetic system provides a flexible method for generating genetic variation in cellular and organismal energetics that permits species to adapt to alterations in their regional energetic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Wallace
- ORU for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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145
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Evolution and disease converge in the mitochondrion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1099-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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146
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RANKINEN TUOMO, ROTH STEPHENM, BRAY MOLLYS, LOOS RUTH, PÉRUSSE LOUIS, WOLFARTH BERND, HAGBERG JAMESM, BOUCHARD CLAUDE. Advances in Exercise, Fitness, and Performance Genomics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:835-46. [PMID: 20400881 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181d86cec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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147
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Santiago C, Ruiz JR, Muniesa CA, González-Freire M, Gómez-Gallego F, Lucia A. Does the polygenic profile determine the potential for becoming a world-class athlete? Insights from the sport of rowing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20:e188-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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148
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Quinlan KG, Seto JT, Turner N, Vandebrouck A, Floetenmeyer M, Macarthur DG, Raftery JM, Lek M, Yang N, Parton RG, Cooney GJ, North KN. α-Actinin-3 deficiency results in reduced glycogen phosphorylase activity and altered calcium handling in skeletal muscle. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:1335-46. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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McCauley T, Mastana SS, Folland JP. ACE I/D and ACTN3 R/X polymorphisms and muscle function and muscularity of older Caucasian men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:269-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tamura Y, Watada H, Tanaka Y, Daimaru N, Nomiyama T, Sakuraba K, Sawaki K, Kawamori R. Preliminary report: mitochondrial DNA 5178 polymorphism in male elite Japanese endurance runners. Metabolism 2010; 59:62-3. [PMID: 19717174 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Elite athletic endurance ability involves multiple genetic and environmental factors, with little known about the specific genotypes involved. As a first step to finding genetic markers of endurance performance, we recruited 66 male endurance runners and 110 control athletes. We investigated the distribution of m.5178CA polymorphisms in male endurance runners. Although the m.5178A genotype has been reportedly associated with longevity, endurance runners in this study showed a significantly higher frequency (71.2%) of the m.5178C genotype than control subjects (52.7%). The-m.5178C genotype may be favorable for performance in elite endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-842, Japan
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