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Sharma A, Salwan R, Kaur R, Sharma R, Sharma V. Characterization and evaluation of bioformulation from antagonistic and flower inducing Trichoderma asperellum isolate UCRD5. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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102
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Gabriel-Ortega J, Chonillo Pionce P, Narváez Campana W, Fuentes Figueroa T, Ayón Villao F. Evaluation of four biostimulants for the induction of systemic resistance in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) in monoculture and associated greenhouse cultivation. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA RESEARCH SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsars.2022.130200069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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103
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New Insights into Bacillus-Primed Plant Responses to a Necrotrophic Pathogen Derived from the Tomato- Botrytis Pathosystem. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081547. [PMID: 36013965 PMCID: PMC9416759 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is one of the most studied mechanisms of plant−microbe interaction and is considered a very promising alternative for integrated pest management programs. In our study, we explored the plant defense response induced by Bacillus velezensis BBC047 in relation to its application before or after Botrytis cinerea infection of tomato plants. The inoculation of BBC047 did not considerably alter the gene expression of the tomato tissues, whereas infection with B. cinerea in BBC047-primed plants induced expression of LRR and NBS-LRR receptors, which are highly related to the ISR response. As expected, B. cinerea infection generated molecular patterns typical of a defense response to pathogen infection as the overexpression of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) in leaflets distant to the point of infection. The curative treatment (P + F + B) allowed us to gain insights into plant response to an inverted priming. In this treatment, B. cinerea caused the m tissue damage, extending nearly entirely across the entire infected leaves. Additionally, genes generally associated with early SAR response (<16 h) were overexpressed, and apparently, the beneficial strain was not perceived as such. Therefore, we infer that the plant defense to the curative treatment represents a higher degree of biological stress triggered by the incorporation of strain BBC047 as second arriving microorganism. We highlight the importance the phytosanitary status of plants prior to inoculation of beneficial microorganism for the biocontrol of pathogens.
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104
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Shine MB, Zhang K, Liu H, Lim GH, Xia F, Yu K, Hunt AG, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. Phased small RNA-mediated systemic signaling in plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8791. [PMID: 35749505 PMCID: PMC9232115 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) involves the generation of systemically transported signal that arms distal plant parts against secondary infections. We show that two phased 21-nucleotide (nt) trans-acting small interfering RNA3a RNAs (tasi-RNA) derived from TAS3a and synthesized within 3 hours of pathogen infection are the early mobile signal in SAR. TAS3a undergoes alternate polyadenylation, resulting in the generation of 555- and 367-nt transcripts. The 555-nt transcripts likely serves as the sole precursor for tasi-RNAs D7 and D8, which cleave Auxin response factors (ARF) 2, 3, and 4 to induce SAR. Conversely, increased expression of ARF3 represses SAR. Knockout mutations in TAS3a or RNA silencing components required for tasi-RNA biogenesis compromise SAR without altering levels of known SAR-inducing chemicals. Both tasi-ARFs and the 367-nt transcripts are mobile and transported via plasmodesmata. Together, we show that tasi-ARFs are the early mobile signal in SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Shine
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Gah-hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Keshun Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Arthur G. Hunt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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105
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New molecules in plant defence against pathogens. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:683-693. [PMID: 35642866 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants host a multipart immune signalling network to ward off pathogens. Pathogen attack upon plant tissues can often lead to an amplified state of (induced) defence against subsequent infections in distal tissues; this is known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The interaction of plants with beneficial microbes of the rhizosphere microbiome can also lead to an induced resistance in above-ground plant tissues, known as induced systemic resistance. Second messengers such as calcium (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) are necessary for cell-to-cell signal propagation during SAR and show emergent roles in the mediation of other SAR metabolites. These include the lysine-derived signals pipecolic acid (Pip) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), which are key signalling metabolites in SAR. Emerging evidence additionally pinpoints plant volatiles as modulators of defence signalling within and between plants. Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as monoterpenes can promote SAR by functioning through ROS. Furthermore, plant-derived and additionally also microbial VOCs can target both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling pathways in plants and modulate defence against pathogens. In this review, an overview of recent findings in induced defence signalling, with a particular focus on newer signalling molecules and how they integrate into these networks is discussed.
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106
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Chardon F, De Marco F, Marmagne A, Le Hir R, Vilaine F, Bellini C, Dinant S. Natural variation in the long-distance transport of nutrients and photoassimilates in response to N availability. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 273:153707. [PMID: 35550522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phloem and xylem tissues are necessary for the allocation of nutrients and photoassimilates. However, how the long-distance transport of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) is coordinated with the central metabolism is largely unknown. To better understand how the genetic and environmental factors influence C and N transport, we analysed the metabolite profiles of phloem exudates and xylem saps of five Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown in low or non-limiting N supply. We observed that xylem saps were composed of 46 or 56% carbohydrates, 27 or 45% amino acids, and 5 or 13% organic acids in low or non-limiting N supply, respectively. In contrast, phloem exudates were composed of 76 or 86% carbohydrates, 7 or 18% amino acids, and 5 or 6% organic acids. Variation in N supply impacted amino acid, organic acid and sugar contents. When comparing low N and non-limiting N, the most striking differences were variations of glutamine, aspartate, and succinate abundance in the xylem saps and citrate and fumarate abundance in phloem exudates. In addition, we observed a substantial variation of metabolite content between genotypes, particularly under high N. The content of several organic acids, such as malate, citrate, fumarate, and succinate was affected by the genotype alone or by the interaction between genotype and N supply. This study confirmed that the response of the transport of nutrients in the phloem and the xylem to N availability is associated with the regulation of the central metabolism and could be an adaptive trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Chardon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Federica De Marco
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Anne Marmagne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France; Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France.
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107
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Ang MCY, Lew TTS. Non-destructive Technologies for Plant Health Diagnosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:884454. [PMID: 35712566 PMCID: PMC9197209 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.884454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As global population grows rapidly, global food supply is increasingly under strain. This is exacerbated by climate change and declining soil quality due to years of excessive fertilizer, pesticide and agrichemical usage. Sustainable agricultural practices need to be put in place to minimize destruction to the environment while at the same time, optimize crop growth and productivity. To do so, farmers will need to embrace precision agriculture, using novel sensors and analytical tools to guide their farm management decisions. In recent years, non-destructive or minimally invasive sensors for plant metabolites have emerged as important analytical tools for monitoring of plant signaling pathways and plant response to external conditions that are indicative of overall plant health in real-time. This will allow precise application of fertilizers and synthetic plant growth regulators to maximize growth, as well as timely intervention to minimize yield loss from plant stress. In this mini-review, we highlight in vivo electrochemical sensors and optical nanosensors capable of detecting important endogenous metabolites within the plant, together with sensors that detect surface metabolites by probing the plant surface electrophysiology changes and air-borne volatile metabolites. The advantages and limitations of each kind of sensing tool are discussed with respect to their potential for application in high-tech future farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervin Chun-Yi Ang
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tedrick Thomas Salim Lew
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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108
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Zhang C, Li W, Long Y, Su Y, Zhang Q. Co-Application of Tetramycin and Matrine Improves Resistance of Kiwifruit against Soft Rot Disease and Enhances Its Quality and Amino Acids. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050671. [PMID: 35625315 PMCID: PMC9137569 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft rot disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea and Phomopsis sp. is the most serious fungal disease of the kiwifruit production area in southwest China. In this work, the role of the co-application of tetramycin and matrine in the resistance of kiwifruit fruits against soft rot disease and its effects on development, quality and amino acids of kiwifruit fruits were investigated. The results indicate that matrine exhibited an outstanding toxicity against B. dothidea RF-1 and Phomopsis sp. RF-2 with EC50 values of 0.442 and 0.332 mg kg−1. The foliar co-application of 0.3% tetramycin aqueous solutions (AS) 5000-fold liquid + 0.5% matrine AS 1000-fold liquid could effectively control soft rot disease with a control efficacy of 82.68%, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 75.19% of 0.3% tetramycin AS 5000-fold liquid and significantly (p < 0.01) higher than 68.50% of 0.5% matrine AS 500-fold liquid. Moreover, the co-application of tetramycin and matrine was more effective than tetramycin or matrine alone in improving disease resistance, quality and amino acids of kiwifruit fruits. This study highlights that the co-application of tetramycin and matrine can be used as a practicable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly candidate or alternative approach for controlling soft rot disease of kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, Teaching Experimental Farm, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Youhua Long
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, Teaching Experimental Farm, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yue Su
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Qingzhen 551400, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (Q.Z.)
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109
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Kang S, Kim KT, Choi J, Kim H, Cheong K, Bandara A, Lee YH. Genomics and Informatics, Conjoined Tools Vital for Understanding and Protecting Plant Health. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:981-995. [PMID: 34889667 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-21-0418-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Genomics' impact on crop production continuously expands. The number of sequenced plant and microbial species and strains representing diverse populations of individual species rapidly increases thanks to the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies. Their genomic blueprints revealed candidate genes involved in various functions and processes crucial for crop health and helped in understanding how the sequenced organisms have evolved at the genome level. Functional genomics quickly translates these blueprints into a detailed mechanistic understanding of how such functions and processes work and are regulated; this understanding guides and empowers efforts to protect crops from diverse biotic and abiotic threats. Metagenome analyses help identify candidate microbes crucial for crop health and uncover how microbial communities associated with crop production respond to environmental conditions and cultural practices, presenting opportunities to enhance crop health by judiciously configuring microbial communities. Efficient conversion of disparate types of massive genomics data into actionable knowledge requires a robust informatics infrastructure supporting data preservation, analysis, and sharing. This review starts with an overview of how genomics came about and has quickly transformed life science. We illuminate how genomics and informatics can be applied to investigate various crop health-related problems using selected studies. We end the review by noting why community empowerment via crowdsourcing is crucial to harnessing genomics to protect global food and nutrition security without continuously expanding the environmental footprint of crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Choi
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyeongchae Cheong
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ananda Bandara
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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110
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Xu G, Moeder W, Yoshioka K, Shan L. A tale of many families: calcium channels in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1551-1567. [PMID: 35134212 PMCID: PMC9048905 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants launch a concerted immune response to dampen potential infections upon sensing microbial pathogen and insect invasions. The transient and rapid elevation of the cytosolic calcium concentration [Ca2+]cyt is among the essential early cellular responses in plant immunity. The free Ca2+ concentration in the apoplast is far higher than that in the resting cytoplasm. Thus, the precise regulation of calcium channel activities upon infection is the key for an immediate and dynamic Ca2+ influx to trigger downstream signaling. Specific Ca2+ signatures in different branches of the plant immune system vary in timing, amplitude, duration, kinetics, and sources of Ca2+. Recent breakthroughs in the studies of diverse groups of classical calcium channels highlight the instrumental role of Ca2+ homeostasis in plant immunity and cell survival. Additionally, the identification of some immune receptors as noncanonical Ca2+-permeable channels opens a new view of how immune receptors initiate cell death and signaling. This review aims to provide an overview of different Ca2+-conducting channels in plant immunity and highlight their molecular and genetic mode-of-actions in facilitating immune signaling. We also discuss the regulatory mechanisms that control the stability and activity of these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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111
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Scala V, Salustri M, Loreti S, Pucci N, Cacciotti A, Tatulli G, Scortichini M, Reverberi M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Targeted Lipidomics and Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms in Detecting Disease, Cultivar, and Treatment Biomarkers in Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca-Infected Olive Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:833245. [PMID: 35528940 PMCID: PMC9072861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.833245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) was detected for the first time in Apulia and, subsequently, recognized as the causal agent of the olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). To contain the disease, the olive germplasm was evaluated for resistance to Xf, identifying cultivars with different susceptibility to the pathogen. Regarding this, the resistant cultivar Leccino has generally a lower bacterial titer compared with the susceptible cultivar Ogliarola salentina. Among biomolecules, lipids could have a pivotal role in the interaction of Xf with its host. In the grapevine Pierce's disease, fatty acid molecules, the diffusible signaling factors (DSFs), act as regulators of Xf lifestyle and are crucial for its virulence. Other lipid compounds derived from fatty acid oxidation, namely, oxylipins, can affect, in vitro, biofilm formation in Xf subsp. pauca (Xfp) strain De Donno, that is, the strain causing OQDS. In this study, we combined high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-MS-based targeted lipidomics with supervised learning algorithms (random forest, support vector machine, and neural networks) to classify olive tree samples from Salento. The dataset included samples from either OQDS-positive or OQDS-negative olive trees belonging either to cultivar Ogliarola salentina or Leccino treated or not with the zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex Dentamet®. We built classifiers using the relative differences in lipid species able to discriminate olive tree samples, namely, (1) infected and non-infected, (2) belonging to different cultivars, and (3) treated or untreated with Dentamet®. Lipid entities emerging as predictors of the thesis are free fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3); the LOX-derived oxylipins 9- and 13-HPOD/TrE; the DOX-derived oxylipin 10-HPOME; and diacylglyceride DAG36:4(18:1/18:3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scala
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Salustri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Loreti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pucci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cacciotti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tatulli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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112
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Co-Application of Tetramycin and Chitosan in Controlling Leaf Spot Disease of Kiwifruit and Enhancing Its Resistance, Photosynthesis, Quality and Amino Acids. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040500. [PMID: 35454089 PMCID: PMC9024475 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf spot disease caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Alternaria tenuissima is a seriously fungal disease in kiwifruit production. In this study, the co-application of tetramycin and chitosan against leaf spot disease in kiwifruit and its effects on the disease resistance, photosynthesis, quality and amino acids of kiwifruit were investigated. The results show that tetramycin exhibited an excellent antifungal activity against L. theobromae and A. tenuissima with EC50 values of 2.37 and 0.16 mg kg−1. In the field, the foliar co-application of tetramycin and chitosan could effectively control leaf spot disease with control efficacy of 89.44% by spraying 0.3% tetramycin aqueous solutions (AS) 5000 time liquid + chitosan 100 time liquid, which was significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.01) higher than 79.80% of 0.3% tetramycin AS 5000 time liquid and 56.61% of chitosan 100 time liquid. Simultaneously, the co-application of tetramycin and chitosan was more effective than tetramycin or chitosan alone in enhancing the disease resistance and photosynthesis of kiwifruit leaves, as well as improving the quality and amino acids of kiwifruit fruits. This work highlights that chitosan is a practicable, cost-effective and eco-friendly adjuvant of tetramycin for controlling leaf spot disease of kiwifruit, enhancing resistance and photosynthesis of leaves and improving quality and amino acids of fruits.
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113
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Shields A, Shivnauth V, Castroverde CDM. Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid at the Fulcrum of the Plant Immunity-Growth Equilibrium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:841688. [PMID: 35360332 PMCID: PMC8960316 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) are two central plant immune signals involved in both resistance at local sites of pathogen infection (basal resistance) and at distal uninfected sites after primary infection (systemic acquired resistance). Major discoveries and advances have led to deeper understanding of their biosynthesis and signaling during plant defense responses. In addition to their well-defined roles in immunity, recent research is emerging on their direct mechanistic impacts on plant growth and development. In this review, we will first provide an overview of how SA and NHP regulate local and systemic immune responses in plants. We will emphasize how these two signals are mutually potentiated and are convergent on multiple aspects-from biosynthesis to homeostasis, and from signaling to gene expression and phenotypic responses. We will then highlight how SA and NHP are emerging to be crucial regulators of the growth-defense balance, showcasing recent multi-faceted studies on their metabolism, receptor signaling and direct growth/development-related host targets. Overall, this article reflects current advances and provides future outlooks on SA/NHP biology and their functional significance as central signals for plant immunity and growth. Because global climate change will increasingly influence plant health and resilience, it is paramount to fundamentally understand how these two tightly linked plant signals are at the nexus of the growth-defense balance.
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114
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Genomic Variations and Mutational Events Associated with Plant-Pathogen Interactions. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030421. [PMID: 35336795 PMCID: PMC8945218 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plants, unlike animals, do not have defender cells or an adaptive immune system. Instead, plants rely on each cell’s innate immunity and systemic signals emitted from infection sites. On the other hand, not all plants, even within the same species, are genetically identical, and their genetic backgrounds determine how well they respond to stress factors. Through evolution, plants have acquired various defense mechanisms that play important roles in the never-ending fight between plants and pathogens. Genetic variation in relation to plant disease resistance can thus be contextualized to provide new insights into these defense mechanisms and evolutionary processes that lead to resistance to pathogens. By focusing on genetic variations and mutational events linked with plant–pathogen interactions, the paper explores how genome compartments facilitate plant and pathogen evolutionary processes. Abstract Phytopathologists are actively researching the molecular basis of plant–pathogen interactions. The mechanisms of responses to pathogens have been studied extensively in model crop plant species and natural populations. Today, with the rapid expansion of genomic technologies such as DNA sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, as well as the development of new methods and protocols, data analysis, and bioinformatics, it is now possible to assess the role of genetic variation in plant–microbe interactions and to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of plant defense and microbe pathogenicity with ever-greater resolution and accuracy. Genetic variation is an important force in evolution that enables organisms to survive in stressful environments. Moreover, understanding the role of genetic variation and mutational events is essential for crop breeders to produce improved cultivars. This review focuses on genetic variations and mutational events associated with plant–pathogen interactions and discusses how these genome compartments enhance plants’ and pathogens’ evolutionary processes.
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Hu Y, Zhang M, Lu M, Wu Y, Jing T, Zhao M, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Wang J, Gao T, Zhou Z, Wu B, Jiang H, Wan X, Schwab W, Song C. Salicylic acid carboxyl glucosyltransferase UGT87E7 regulates disease resistance in Camellia sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1507-1520. [PMID: 34893910 PMCID: PMC8896648 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune response following pathogenic infection is regulated by plant hormones, and salicylic acid (SA) and its sugar conjugates play important roles in establishing basal resistance. Here, the important pathogen Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis (Pcs) was isolated from tea gray blight, one of the most destructive diseases in tea plantations. Transcriptomic analysis led to the discovery of the putative Camellia sinensis UDP-glucosyltransferase CsUGT87E7 whose expression was significantly induced by SA application and Pcs infection. Recombinant CsUGT87E7 glucosylates SA with a Km value of 12 µM to form SA glucose ester (SGE). Downregulation reduced the accumulation of SGE, and CsUGT87E7-silenced tea plants exhibited greater susceptibility to pathogen infection than control plants. Similarly, CsUGT87E7-silenced tea leaves accumulated significantly less SA after infection and showed reduced expression of pathogenesis-related genes. These results suggest that CsUGT87E7 is an SA carboxyl glucosyltransferase that plays a positive role in plant disease resistance by modulating SA homeostasis through a mechanism distinct from that described in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This study provides insight into the mechanisms of SA metabolism and highlights the role of SGE in the modulation of plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zixiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
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116
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Jain M, Cai L, Black I, Azadi P, Carlson RW, Jones KM, Gabriel DW. ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-Encoded BCP Peroxiredoxin Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Defense Signaling and Nitrosative Stress In Planta. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:257-273. [PMID: 34931906 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-21-0230-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria trigger a nitrosative and oxidative burst in both animals and plants during pathogen invasion. Liberibacter crescens strain BT-1 is a surrogate for functional genomic studies of the uncultured pathogenic 'Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. that are associated with severe diseases such as citrus greening and potato zebra chip. Structural determination of L. crescens LPS revealed the presence of a very long chain fatty acid modification. L. crescens LPS pretreatment suppressed growth of Xanthomonas perforans on nonhost tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and X. citri subsp. citri on host orange (Citrus sinensis), confirming bioactivity of L. crescens LPS in activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). L. crescens LPS elicited a rapid burst of nitric oxide (NO) in suspension cultured tobacco cells. Pharmacological inhibitor assays confirmed that arginine-utilizing NO synthase (NOS) activity was the primary source of NO generation elicited by L. crescens LPS. LPS treatment also resulted in biological markers of NO-mediated SAR activation, including an increase in the glutathione pool, callose deposition, and activation of the salicylic acid and azelaic acid (AzA) signaling networks. Transient expression of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterioferritin comigratory protein (BCP) peroxiredoxin in tobacco compromised AzA signaling, a prerequisite for LPS-triggered SAR. Western blot analyses revealed that 'Ca. L. asiaticus' BCP peroxiredoxin prevented peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration in tobacco. 'Ca. L. asiaticus' BCP peroxiredoxin (i) attenuates NO-mediated SAR signaling and (ii) scavenges peroxynitrite radicals, which would facilitate repetitive cycles of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' acquisition and transmission by fecund psyllids throughout the limited flush period in citrus.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jain
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Lulu Cai
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn M Jones
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, U.S.A
| | - Dean W Gabriel
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
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117
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Mahdi LK, Miyauchi S, Uhlmann C, Garrido-Oter R, Langen G, Wawra S, Niu Y, Guan R, Robertson-Albertyn S, Bulgarelli D, Parker JE, Zuccaro A. The fungal root endophyte Serendipita vermifera displays inter-kingdom synergistic beneficial effects with the microbiota in Arabidopsis thaliana and barley. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:876-889. [PMID: 34686763 PMCID: PMC8857181 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Plant root-associated bacteria can confer protection against pathogen infection. By contrast, the beneficial effects of root endophytic fungi and their synergistic interactions with bacteria remain poorly defined. We demonstrate that the combined action of a fungal root endophyte from a widespread taxon with core bacterial microbiota members provides synergistic protection against an aggressive soil-borne pathogen in Arabidopsis thaliana and barley. We additionally reveal early inter-kingdom growth promotion benefits which are host and microbiota composition dependent. Using RNA-sequencing, we show that these beneficial activities are not associated with extensive host transcriptional reprogramming but rather with the modulation of expression of microbial effectors and carbohydrate-active enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Mahdi
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shingo Miyauchi
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany ,grid.419498.90000 0001 0660 6765Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Cologne, Germany
| | - Charles Uhlmann
- grid.419498.90000 0001 0660 6765Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruben Garrido-Oter
- grid.419498.90000 0001 0660 6765Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Cologne, Germany ,grid.503026.2Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Langen
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany ,grid.503026.2Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Yulong Niu
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany ,grid.419498.90000 0001 0660 6765Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rui Guan
- grid.419498.90000 0001 0660 6765Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Cologne, Germany
| | - Senga Robertson-Albertyn
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876University of Dundee, Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, UK
| | - Davide Bulgarelli
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876University of Dundee, Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, UK
| | - Jane E. Parker
- grid.419498.90000 0001 0660 6765Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Cologne, Germany ,grid.503026.2Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany ,grid.503026.2Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
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118
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Bagautdinova ZZ, Omelyanchuk N, Tyapkin AV, Kovrizhnykh VV, Lavrekha VV, Zemlyanskaya EV. Salicylic Acid in Root Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042228. [PMID: 35216343 PMCID: PMC8875895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a hormone that mediates a plant’s defense against pathogens. SA also takes an active role in a plant’s response to various abiotic stresses, including chilling, drought, salinity, and heavy metals. In addition, in recent years, numerous studies have confirmed the important role of SA in plant morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize data on changes in root morphology following SA treatments under both normal and stress conditions. Finally, we provide evidence for the role of SA in maintaining the balance between stress responses and morphogenesis in plant development, and also for the presence of SA crosstalk with other plant hormones during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfira Z. Bagautdinova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
| | - Nadya Omelyanchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
| | - Aleksandr V. Tyapkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vasilina V. Kovrizhnykh
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
| | - Viktoriya V. Lavrekha
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena V. Zemlyanskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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119
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Accumulation of Salicylic Acid and Related Metabolites in Selaginella moellendorffii. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030461. [PMID: 35161442 PMCID: PMC8839085 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays manifold roles in plant growth, defense, and other aspects of plant physiology. The concentration of free SA in plants is fine-tuned by a variety of structural modifications. SA is produced by all land plants, yet it is not known whether its metabolism is conserved in all lineages. Selaginella moellendorffii is a lycophyte and thus a representative of an ancient clade of vascular plants. Here, we evaluated the accumulation of SA and related metabolites in aerial parts of S. moellendorffii. We found that SA is primarily stored as the 2-O-β-glucoside. Hydroxylated derivatives of SA are also produced by S. moellendorffii and stored as β-glycosides. A candidate signal for SA aspartate was also detected. Phenylpropanoic acids also occur in S. moellendorffii tissue. Only o-coumaric acid is stored as the β-glycoside, while caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids accumulate as alkali-labile conjugates. An in silico search for enzymes involved in conjugation and catabolism of SA in the S. moellendorffii genome indicated that experimental characterization is necessary to clarify the physiological functions of the putative orthologs. This study sheds light on SA metabolism in an ancestral plant species and suggests directions towards elucidating the underlying mechanisms.
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120
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Burketová L, Martinec J, Siegel J, Macůrková A, Maryška L, Valentová O. Noble metal nanoparticles in agriculture: impacts on plants, associated microorganisms, and biotechnological practices. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 58:107929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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121
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Ji Z, Guo W, Chen X, Wang C, Zhao K. Plant Executor Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031524. [PMID: 35163443 PMCID: PMC8835739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Executor (E) genes comprise a new type of plant resistance (R) genes, identified from host-Xanthomonas interactions. The Xanthomonas-secreted transcription activation-like effectors (TALEs) usually function as major virulence factors, which activate the expression of the so-called "susceptibility" (S) genes for disease development. This activation is achieved via the binding of the TALEs to the effector-binding element (EBE) in the S gene promoter. However, host plants have evolved EBEs in the promoters of some otherwise silent R genes, whose expression directly causes a host cell death that is characterized by a hypersensitive response (HR). Such R genes are called E genes because they trap the pathogen TALEs in order to activate expression, and the resulting HR prevents pathogen growth and disease development. Currently, deploying E gene resistance is becoming a major component in disease resistance breeding, especially for rice bacterial blight resistance. Currently, the biochemical mechanisms, or the working pathways of the E proteins, are still fuzzy. There is no significant nucleotide sequence homology among E genes, although E proteins share some structural motifs that are probably associated with the signal transduction in the effector-triggered immunity. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding TALE-type avirulence proteins, E gene activation, the E protein structural traits, and the classification of E genes, in order to sharpen our understanding of the plant E genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ji
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.J.); (K.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-82108751 (Z.J. & K.Z.)
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (W.G.); (X.C.)
| | - Xifeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (W.G.); (X.C.)
| | - Chunlian Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Kaijun Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.J.); (K.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-82108751 (Z.J. & K.Z.)
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Sivaprakasam Padmanaban PB, Rosenkranz M, Zhu P, Kaling M, Schmidt A, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Polle A, Schnitzler JP. Mycorrhiza-Tree-Herbivore Interactions: Alterations in Poplar Metabolome and Volatilome. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020093. [PMID: 35208168 PMCID: PMC8880370 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are continuously interacting with other organisms to optimize their performance in a changing environment. Mycorrhization is known to affect the plant growth and nutrient status, but it also can lead to adjusted plant defense and alter interactions with other trophic levels. Here, we studied the effect of Laccaria bicolor-mycorrhization on the poplar (Populus x canescens) metabolome and volatilome on trees with and without a poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) infestation. We analyzed the leaf and root metabolomes employing liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the leaf volatilome employing headspace sorptive extraction combined with gas-chromatography–mass spectrometry. Mycorrhization caused distinct metabolic adjustments in roots, young/infested leaves and old/not directly infested leaves. Mycorrhization adjusted the lipid composition, the abundance of peptides and, especially upon herbivory, the level of various phenolic compounds. The greatest change in leaf volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions occurred four to eight days following the beetle infestation. Together, these results prove that mycorrhization affects the whole plant metabolome and may influence poplar aboveground interactions. The herbivores and the mycorrhizal fungi interact with each other indirectly through a common host plant, a result that emphasizes the importance of community approach in chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasath Balaji Sivaprakasam Padmanaban
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (P.B.S.P.); (P.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (P.B.S.P.); (P.Z.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (J.-P.S.); Tel.: +49-89-3187-4469 (M.R.); +49-89-3187-2413 (J.-P.S.)
| | - Peiyuan Zhu
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (P.B.S.P.); (P.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Moritz Kaling
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (P.B.S.P.); (P.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Anna Schmidt
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (P.B.S.P.); (P.Z.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (J.-P.S.); Tel.: +49-89-3187-4469 (M.R.); +49-89-3187-2413 (J.-P.S.)
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Vlot AC, Rosenkranz M. Volatile compounds-the language of all kingdoms? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:445-448. [PMID: 35024870 PMCID: PMC8757488 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Brambilla A, Sommer A, Ghirardo A, Wenig M, Knappe C, Weber B, Amesmaier M, Lenk M, Schnitzler JP, Vlot AC. Immunity-associated volatile emissions of β-ionone and nonanal propagate defence responses in neighbouring barley plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:615-630. [PMID: 34849759 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants activate biochemical responses to combat stress. (Hemi-)biotrophic pathogens are fended off by systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a primed state allowing plants to respond faster and more strongly upon subsequent infection. Here, we show that SAR-like defences in barley (Hordeum vulgare) are propagated between neighbouring plants, which respond with enhanced resistance to the volatile cues from infected senders. The emissions of the sender plants contained 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with infection. Two of these, β-ionone and nonanal, elicited resistance upon plant exposure. Whole-genome transcriptomics analysis confirmed that interplant propagation of defence in barley is established as a form of priming. Although gene expression changes were more pronounced after challenge infection of the receiver plants with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, differential gene expression in response to the volatile cues of the sender plants included an induction of HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HvHDA2) and priming of TETRATRICOPEPTIDE REPEAT-LIKE superfamily protein (HvTPL). Because HvHDA2 and HvTPL transcript accumulation was also enhanced by exposure of barley to β-ionone and nonanal, our data identify both genes as possible defence/priming markers in barley. Our results suggest that VOCs and plant-plant interactions are relevant for possible crop protection strategies priming defence responses in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Brambilla
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Sommer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Melissa Amesmaier
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Lenk
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
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Jeon HW, Park AR, Sung M, Kim N, Mannaa M, Han G, Kim J, Koo Y, Seo YS, Kim JC. Systemic Acquired Resistance-Mediated Control of Pine Wilt Disease by Foliar Application With Methyl Salicylate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:812414. [PMID: 35069670 PMCID: PMC8767056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.812414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode, is the most destructive disease in pine forest ecosystems worldwide. Extensive research has been done on PWD, but effective disease management is yet to be devised. Generally, plants can resist pathogen attack via a combination of constitutive and inducible defenses. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense that occurs by the localized infection of pathogens or treatment with elicitors. To manage PWD by SAR in pine trees, we tested previously known 12 SAR elicitors. Among them, methyl salicylate (MeSA) was found to induce resistance against PWD in Pinus densiflora seedlings. In addition, the foliar applications of the dispersible concentrate-type formulation of MeSA (MeSA 20 DC) and the emulsifiable concentrate-type formulation of MeSA (MeSA 20 EC) resulted in significantly reduced PWD in pine seedlings. In the field test using 10-year-old P. densiflora trees, MeSA 20 DC showed a 60% decrease in the development of PWD. Also, MeSA 20 EC gave the best results when applied at 0.1 mM concentration 2 and 1 weeks before pinewood nematode (PWN) inoculation in pine seedlings. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that MeSA induced the expression of defense-related genes, indicating that MeSA can inhibit and delay the migration and reproduction of PWN in pine seedlings by modulating gene expression. These results suggest that foliar application of MeSA could reduce PWD incidence by inducing resistance and provide an economically feasible alternative to trunk-injection agents for PWD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Won Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Minjeong Sung
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Namgyu Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Mohamed Mannaa
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Gil Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Junheon Kim
- Forest Insect Pests and Diseases Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeonjong Koo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Song GC, Jeon J, Choi HK, Sim H, Kim S, Ryu C. Bacterial type III effector-induced plant C8 volatiles elicit antibacterial immunity in heterospecific neighbouring plants via airborne signalling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:236-247. [PMID: 34708407 PMCID: PMC9298316 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Upon sensing attack by pathogens and insect herbivores, plants release complex mixtures of volatile compounds. Here, we show that the infection of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) plants with the non-host bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato led to the production of microbe-induced plant volatiles (MIPVs). Surprisingly, the bacterial type III secretion system, which injects effector proteins directly into the plant cytosol to subvert host functions, was found to prime both intra- and inter-specific defense responses in neighbouring wild tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants. Screening of each of 16 effectors using the Pseudomonas fluorescens effector-to-host analyser revealed that an effector, HopP1, was responsible for immune activation in receiver tobacco plants. Further study demonstrated that 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone and 3-octanol are novel MIPVs emitted by the lima bean plant in a HopP1-dependent manner. Exposure to synthetic 1-octen-3-ol activated immunity in tobacco plants against a virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Our results show for the first time that a bacterial type III effector can trigger the emission of C8 plant volatiles that mediate defense priming via plant-plant interactions. These results provide novel insights into the role of airborne chemicals in bacterial pathogen-induced inter-specific plant-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Je‐Seung Jeon
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Choi
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Hee‐Jung Sim
- Environmental Chemistry Research GroupKorea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)JinjuSouth Korea
| | - Sang‐Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Choong‐Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering ProgramUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonSouth Korea
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127
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Ray T, Pandey A, Pandey SS, Singh S, Shanker K, Kalra A. Molecular insights into enhanced resistance of Papaver somniferum against downy mildew by application of endophyte bacteria Microbacterium sp. SMR1. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1862-1881. [PMID: 34407205 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew is one of the most serious diseases of Papaver somniferum. Endophytes isolated from different parts of P. somniferum were screened for their ability to enhance resistance against downy mildew caused by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Peronospora meconopsidis. Two endophytes (SMR1 and SMR2) reduced the downy mildew on three P. somniferum genotypes (Sampada, J-16, and I-14). SMR1 (Microbacterium sp.) also enhanced the resistance of P. somniferum against downy mildew under field conditions. The biochemical markers of plant susceptibility under biotic stresses (proline and malondialdehyde) were found to be reduced in P. somniferum upon SMR1 treatment. To understand the mechanisms underlying the enhanced resistance to downy mildew in SMR1 endophyte-treated P. somniferum genotype J-16, we compared the expression profiles using the next-generation RNA sequencing approach between P. somniferum pretreated with SMR1 and untreated endophyte-free control plants following exposure to downy mildew pathogen. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of transcripts belonging to broad classes of signal transduction, protein modification, disease/defense proteins, transcription factors, and phytohormones in SMR1-primed P. somniferum after infection with downy mildew pathogen. Furthermore, enhanced salicylic acid content was observed in SMR1-primed P. somniferum after exposure to downy mildew pathogen. This study sheds light on molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced resistance to downy mildew in SMR1-primed P. somniferum. Finally, we propose that the SA-dependent defense pathway, the hallmark of systemic acquired resistance, is activated in SMR1-primed P. somniferum, triggering the endophyte-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ray
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Alok Pandey
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Shiv S Pandey
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Sucheta Singh
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Alok Kalra
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
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128
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Protective role of the Arabidopsis leaf microbiota against a bacterial pathogen. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1537-1548. [PMID: 34819644 PMCID: PMC7612696 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aerial parts of plants are host to taxonomically structured bacterial communities. Members of the core phyllosphere microbiota can protect Arabidopsis thaliana against foliar pathogens. However, whether plant protection is widespread and to what extent the modes of protection differ among phyllosphere microorganisms are not clear. Here, we present a systematic analysis of plant protection capabilities of the At-LSPHERE, which is a collection of >200 bacterial isolates from A. thaliana, against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. In total, 224 bacterial leaf isolates were individually assessed for plant protection in a gnotobiotic system. Protection against the pathogen varied, with ~10% of leaf microbiota strains providing full protection, ~10% showing intermediate levels of protection and the remaining ~80% not markedly reducing disease phenotypes upon infection. The most protective strains were distributed across different taxonomic groups. Synthetic community experiments revealed additive effects of strains but also that a single strain can confer full protection in a community context. We also identify different mechanisms that contribute to plant protection. Although pattern-triggered immunity coreceptor signalling is involved in protection by a subset of strains, other strains protected in the absence of functional plant immunity receptors BAK1 and BKK1. Using a comparative genomics approach combined with mutagenesis, we reveal that direct bacteria-pathogen interactions contribute to plant protection by Rhizobium Leaf202. This shows that a computational approach based on the data provided can be used to identify genes of the microbiota that are important for plant protection.
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129
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Li J, Li R, Zhang C, Guo Z, Wu X, An H. Co-Application of Allicin and Chitosan Increases Resistance of Rosa roxburghii against Powdery Mildew and Enhances Its Yield and Quality. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121449. [PMID: 34943661 PMCID: PMC8698363 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca sp., annually causes severe losses in yield and quality in Rosa roxburghii production areas of southwest China. In this study, the role of the co-application of allicin and chitosan in the resistance of R. roxburghii against powdery mildew and its effects on growth, yield and quality of R. roxburghii were investigated. The laboratory toxicity test results show that allicin exhibited a superior antifungal activity against Sphaerotheca sp. with EC50 value of 148.65 mg kg−1. In the field, the foliar application of allicin could effectively enhance chitosan against powdery mildew with control efficacy of 85.97% by spraying 5% allicin microemulsion (ME) 100–time liquid + chitosan 100–time liquid, which was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than 76.70% of allicin, 70.93% of chitosan and 60.23% of polyoxin. The co-application of allicin and chitosan effectively enhanced the photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll of R. roxburghii compared with allicin, chitosan or polyoxin alone. Moreover, allicin used together with chitosan was more effective than allicin or chitosan alone in enhancing R. roxburghii plant growth and fruit yield as well as improving R. roxburghii fruit quality. This work highlights that the co-application of allicin and chitosan can be used as a green, cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative strategy to conventional antibiotics for controlling powdery mildew of R. roxburghii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaohong Li
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (R.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (R.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhenxiang Guo
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (R.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (R.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.G.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (H.A.)
| | - Huaming An
- Research Center for Fruit Tree Engineering and Technology of Guizhou Province, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (H.A.)
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130
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Freitas S, Gazda MA, Rebelo MÂ, Muñoz-Pajares AJ, Vila-Viçosa C, Muñoz-Mérida A, Gonçalves LM, Azevedo-Silva D, Afonso S, Castro I, Castro PH, Sottomayor M, Beja-Pereira A, Tereso J, Ferrand N, Gonçalves E, Martins A, Carneiro M, Azevedo H. Pervasive hybridization with local wild relatives in Western European grapevine varieties. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi8584. [PMID: 34797710 PMCID: PMC8604406 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) diversity richness results from a complex domestication history over multiple historical periods. Here, we used whole-genome resequencing to elucidate different aspects of its recent evolutionary history. Our results support a model in which a central domestication event in grapevine was followed by postdomestication hybridization with local wild genotypes, leading to the presence of an introgression signature in modern wine varieties across Western Europe. The strongest signal was associated with a subset of Iberian grapevine varieties showing large introgression tracts. We targeted this study group for further analysis, demonstrating how regions under selection in wild populations from the Iberian Peninsula were preferentially passed on to the cultivated varieties by gene flow. Examination of underlying genes suggests that environmental adaptation played a fundamental role in both the evolution of wild genotypes and the outcome of hybridization with cultivated varieties, supporting a case of adaptive introgression in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Freitas
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Małgorzata A. Gazda
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Â. Rebelo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Antonio J. Muñoz-Pajares
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Vila-Viçosa
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- MHNC-UP, Museum of Natural History and Science of the University of Porto–PO Herbarium, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Mérida
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Luís M. Gonçalves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - David Azevedo-Silva
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Sandra Afonso
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Isaura Castro
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro H. Castro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Mariana Sottomayor
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Albano Beja-Pereira
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre (GreenUPorto), Universidade do Porto, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646 Vairão, Portugal
| | - João Tereso
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- MHNC-UP, Museum of Natural History and Science of the University of Porto–PO Herbarium, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Archaeology, UNIARQ, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Lisbon, 1600-214 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Ferrand
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elsa Gonçalves
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for Grapevine Diversity-PORVID, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antero Martins
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Portuguese Association for Grapevine Diversity-PORVID, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Carneiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Herlander Azevedo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
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McMillan HM, Kuehn MJ. The extracellular vesicle generation paradox: a bacterial point of view. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108174. [PMID: 34636061 PMCID: PMC8561641 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
All bacteria produce secreted vesicles that carry out a variety of important biological functions. These extracellular vesicles can improve adaptation and survival by relieving bacterial stress and eliminating toxic compounds, as well as by facilitating membrane remodeling and ameliorating inhospitable environments. However, vesicle production comes with a price. It is energetically costly and, in the case of colonizing pathogens, it elicits host immune responses, which reduce bacterial viability. This raises an interesting paradox regarding why bacteria produce vesicles and begs the question as to whether the benefits of producing vesicles outweigh their costs. In this review, we discuss the various advantages and disadvantages associated with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial vesicle production and offer perspective on the ultimate score. We also highlight questions needed to advance the field in determining the role for vesicles in bacterial survival, interkingdom communication, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of BiochemistryDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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132
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Rosenkranz M, Chen Y, Zhu P, Vlot AC. Volatile terpenes - mediators of plant-to-plant communication. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:617-631. [PMID: 34369010 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with other organisms employing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The largest group of plant-released VOCs are terpenes, comprised of isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. Mono- and sesquiterpenes are well-known communication compounds in plant-insect interactions, whereas the smallest, most commonly emitted terpene, isoprene, is rather assigned a function in combating abiotic stresses. Recently, it has become evident that different volatile terpenes also act as plant-to-plant signaling cues. Upon being perceived, specific volatile terpenes can sensitize distinct signaling pathways in receiver plant cells, which in turn trigger plant innate immune responses. This vastly extends the range of action of volatile terpenes, which not only protect plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses, but also convey information about environmental constraints within and between plants. As a result, plant-insect and plant-pathogen interactions, which are believed to influence each other through phytohormone crosstalk, are likely equally sensitive to reciprocal regulation via volatile terpene cues. Here, we review the current knowledge of terpenes as volatile semiochemicals and discuss why and how volatile terpenes make good signaling cues. We discuss how volatile terpenes may be perceived by plants, what are possible downstream signaling events in receiver plants, and how responses to different terpene cues might interact to orchestrate the net plant response to multiple stresses. Finally, we discuss how the signal can be further transmitted to the community level leading to a mutually beneficial community-scale response or distinct signaling with near kin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peiyuan Zhu
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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133
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El Kasmi F. How activated NLRs induce anti-microbial defenses in plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2177-2188. [PMID: 34623378 PMCID: PMC8589443 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants utilize cell-surface localized and intracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) immune receptors to detect pathogens and to activate defense responses, including transcriptional reprogramming and the initiation of a form of programmed cell death of infected cells. Cell death initiation is mainly associated with the activation of nucleotide-binding LRR receptors (NLRs). NLRs recognize the presence or cellular activity of pathogen-derived virulence proteins, so-called effectors. Effector-dependent NLR activation leads to the formation of higher order oligomeric complexes, termed resistosomes. Resistosomes can either form potential calcium-permeable cation channels at cellular membranes and initiate calcium influxes resulting in activation of immunity and cell death or function as NADases whose activity is needed for the activation of downstream immune signaling components, depending on the N-terminal domain of the NLR protein. In this mini-review, the current knowledge on the mechanisms of NLR-mediated cell death and resistance pathways during plant immunity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid El Kasmi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany
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134
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Saleem M, Fariduddin Q, Castroverde CDM. Salicylic acid: A key regulator of redox signalling and plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:381-397. [PMID: 34715564 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during normal conditions are essential in regulating several processes, like stomatal physiology, pathogen immunity and developmental signaling. However, biotic and abiotic stresses can cause ROS over-accumulation leading to oxidative stress. Therefore, a suitable equilibrium is vital for redox homeostasis in plants, and there have been major advances in this research arena. Salicylic acid (SA) is known as a chief regulator of ROS; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. SA plays an important role in establishing the hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). This is underpinned by a robust and complex network of SA with Non-Expressor of Pathogenesis Related protein-1 (NPR1), ROS, calcium ions (Ca2+), nitric oxide (NO) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the regulation of ROS and antioxidant defense system signalling by SA at the physiological and molecular levels. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how SA controls redox homeostasis would provide a fundamental framework to develop approaches that will improve plant growth and fitness, in order to meet the increasing global demand for food and bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saleem
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Qazi Fariduddin
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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135
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Dodueva I, Lebedeva M, Lutova L. Dialog between Kingdoms: Enemies, Allies and Peptide Phytohormones. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112243. [PMID: 34834606 PMCID: PMC8618561 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Various plant hormones can integrate developmental and environmental responses, acting in a complex network, which allows plants to adjust their developmental processes to changing environments. In particular, plant peptide hormones regulate various aspects of plant growth and development as well as the response to environmental stress and the interaction of plants with their pathogens and symbionts. Various plant-interacting organisms, e.g., bacterial and fungal pathogens, plant-parasitic nematodes, as well as symbiotic and plant-beneficial bacteria and fungi, are able to manipulate phytohormonal level and/or signaling in the host plant in order to overcome plant immunity and to create the habitat and food source inside the plant body. The most striking example of such phytohormonal mimicry is the ability of certain plant pathogens and symbionts to produce peptide phytohormones of different classes. To date, in the genomes of plant-interacting bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, the genes encoding effectors which mimic seven classes of peptide phytohormones have been found. For some of these effectors, the interaction with plant receptors for peptide hormones and the effect on plant development and defense have been demonstrated. In this review, we focus on the currently described classes of peptide phytohormones found among the representatives of other kingdoms, as well as mechanisms of their action and possible evolutional origin.
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136
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Chitosan Can Induce Rosa roxburghii Tratt. against Sphaerotheca sp. and Enhance Its Resistance, Photosynthesis, Yield, and Quality. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7090289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca sp. is the most serious disease of Rosa roxburghii cultivation. In this study, the foliar application of chitosan induced Rosa roxburghii Tratt. against Sphaerotheca sp. and its effects on the disease resistance, growth, yield, and quality of R. roxburghii were investigated. The results show that the foliar application of 1.0%~1.5% chitosan could effectively control Sphaerotheca sp. of R. roxburghii with the inducing control efficacy of 69.30%~72.87%. The foliar application of 1.0%~1.5% chitosan significantly (p < 0.01) increased proline, soluble sugar, flavonoids, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and polyphenoloxidase (POD) activities of the R. roxburghii leaf and decreased its malonaldehyde (MDA), as well as reliably enhanced its photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll. Moreover, the foliar application of 1.0%~1.5% chitosan notably improved single fruit weight, yield, vitamin C, soluble solid, soluble sugar, total acidity, soluble protein, flavonoids, and SOD activity of R. roxburghii fruits. This study highlights that chitosan can be used as an ideal, efficient, safe, and economical inductor for controlling powdery mildew of R. Roxburgh and enhancing its resistance, growth, yield, and quality.
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137
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Panda S, Kazachkova Y, Aharoni A. Catch-22 in specialized metabolism: balancing defense and growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6027-6041. [PMID: 34293097 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants are unsurpassed biochemists that synthesize a plethora of molecules in response to an ever-changing environment. The majority of these molecules, considered as specialized metabolites, effectively protect the plant against pathogens and herbivores. However, this defense most probably comes at a great expense, leading to reduction of growth (known as the 'growth-defense trade-off'). Plants employ several strategies to reduce the high metabolic costs associated with chemical defense. Production of specialized metabolites is tightly regulated by a network of transcription factors facilitating its fine-tuning in time and space. Multifunctionality of specialized metabolites-their effective recycling system by re-using carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, thus re-introducing them back to the primary metabolite pool-allows further cost reduction. Spatial separation of biosynthetic enzymes and their substrates, and sequestration of potentially toxic substances and conversion to less toxic metabolite forms are the plant's solutions to avoid the detrimental effects of metabolites they produce as well as to reduce production costs. Constant fitness pressure from herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stressors leads to honing of specialized metabolite biosynthesis reactions to be timely, efficient, and metabolically cost-effective. In this review, we assess the costs of production of specialized metabolites for chemical defense and the different plant mechanisms to reduce the cost of such metabolic activity in terms of self-toxicity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Negev, Israel
| | - Yana Kazachkova
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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138
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Desmedt W, Jonckheere W, Nguyen VH, Ameye M, De Zutter N, De Kock K, Debode J, Van Leeuwen T, Audenaert K, Vanholme B, Kyndt T. The phenylpropanoid pathway inhibitor piperonylic acid induces broad-spectrum pest and disease resistance in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3122-3139. [PMID: 34053100 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although many phenylpropanoid pathway-derived molecules act as physical and chemical barriers to pests and pathogens, comparatively little is known about their role in regulating plant immunity. To explore this research field, we transiently perturbed the phenylpropanoid pathway through application of the CINNAMIC ACID-4-HYDROXYLASE (C4H) inhibitor piperonylic acid (PA). Using bioassays involving diverse pests and pathogens, we show that transient C4H inhibition triggers systemic, broad-spectrum resistance in higher plants without affecting growth. PA treatment enhances tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance in field and laboratory conditions, thereby illustrating the potential of phenylpropanoid pathway perturbation in crop protection. At the molecular level, transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal that transient C4H inhibition in tomato reprograms phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism, systemically induces immune signalling and pathogenesis-related genes, and locally affects reactive oxygen species metabolism. Furthermore, C4H inhibition primes cell wall modification and phenolic compound accumulation in response to root-knot nematode infection. Although PA treatment induces local accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid, the PA resistance phenotype is preserved in tomato plants expressing the salicylic acid-degrading NahG construct. Together, our results demonstrate that transient phenylpropanoid pathway perturbation is a conserved inducer of plant resistance and thus highlight the crucial regulatory role of this pathway in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Desmedt
- Epigenetics and Defence Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Viet Ha Nguyen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Noémie De Zutter
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen De Kock
- Epigenetics and Defence Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jane Debode
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Epigenetics and Defence Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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139
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Allwood JW, Williams A, Uthe H, van Dam NM, Mur LAJ, Grant MR, Pétriacq P. Unravelling Plant Responses to Stress-The Importance of Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics. Metabolites 2021; 11:558. [PMID: 34436499 PMCID: PMC8398504 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and an increasing population, present a massive global challenge with respect to environmentally sustainable nutritious food production. Crop yield enhancements, through breeding, are decreasing, whilst agricultural intensification is constrained by emerging, re-emerging, and endemic pests and pathogens, accounting for ~30% of global crop losses, as well as mounting abiotic stress pressures, due to climate change. Metabolomics approaches have previously contributed to our knowledge within the fields of molecular plant pathology and plant-insect interactions. However, these remain incredibly challenging targets, due to the vast diversity in metabolite volatility and polarity, heterogeneous mixtures of pathogen and plant cells, as well as rapid rates of metabolite turn-over. Unravelling the systematic biochemical responses of plants to various individual and combined stresses, involves monitoring signaling compounds, secondary messengers, phytohormones, and defensive and protective chemicals. This demands both targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches, as well as a range of enzymatic assays, protein assays, and proteomic and transcriptomic technologies. In this review, we focus upon the technical and biological challenges of measuring the metabolome associated with plant stress. We illustrate the challenges, with relevant examples from bacterial and fungal molecular pathologies, plant-insect interactions, and abiotic and combined stress in the environment. We also discuss future prospects from both the perspective of key innovative metabolomic technologies and their deployment in breeding for stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Alex Williams
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Biosciences, The University of Sheffield Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Henriette Uthe
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology Group, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.U.); (N.M.v.D.)
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology Group, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.U.); (N.M.v.D.)
| | - Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK;
| | - Murray R. Grant
- Gibbet Hill Campus, School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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140
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Yildiz I, Mantz M, Hartmann M, Zeier T, Kessel J, Thurow C, Gatz C, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Zeier J. The mobile SAR signal N-hydroxypipecolic acid induces NPR1-dependent transcriptional reprogramming and immune priming. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1679-1705. [PMID: 33871649 PMCID: PMC8260123 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) accumulates in the plant foliage in response to a localized microbial attack and induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in distant leaf tissue. Previous studies indicated that pathogen inoculation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) systemically activates SAR-related transcriptional reprogramming and a primed immune status in strict dependence of FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1), which mediates the endogenous biosynthesis of NHP. Here, we show that elevations of NHP by exogenous treatment are sufficient to induce a SAR-reminiscent transcriptional response that mobilizes key components of immune surveillance and signal transduction. Exogenous NHP primes Arabidopsis wild-type and NHP-deficient fmo1 plants for a boosted induction of pathogen-triggered defenses, such as the biosynthesis of the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin and branched-chain amino acids, as well as expression of defense-related genes. NHP also sensitizes the foliage systemically for enhanced SA-inducible gene expression. NHP-triggered SAR, transcriptional reprogramming, and defense priming are fortified by SA accumulation, and require the function of the transcriptional coregulator NON-EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1 (NPR1). Our results suggest that NPR1 transduces NHP-activated immune signaling modes with predominantly SA-dependent and minor SA-independent features. They further support the notion that NHP functions as a mobile immune regulator capable of moving independently of active SA signaling between leaves to systemically activate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Yildiz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Tatyana Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Jana Kessel
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Corinna Thurow
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Medical Faculty, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Medical Faculty, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
- Author for communication:
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141
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Bauer S, Mekonnen DW, Hartmann M, Yildiz I, Janowski R, Lange B, Geist B, Zeier J, Schäffner AR. UGT76B1, a promiscuous hub of small molecule-based immune signaling, glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acid, and balances plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:714-734. [PMID: 33955482 PMCID: PMC8136890 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucosylation modulates the biological activity of small molecules and frequently leads to their inactivation. The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 is involved in conjugating the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) as well as isoleucic acid (ILA). Here, we show that UGT76B1 also glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), which is synthesized by FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1) and activates systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Upon pathogen attack, Arabidopsis leaves generate two distinct NHP hexose conjugates, NHP-O-β-glucoside and NHP glucose ester, whereupon only NHP-O-β-glucoside formation requires a functional SA pathway. The ugt76b1 mutants specifically fail to generate the NHP-O-β-glucoside, and recombinant UGT76B1 synthesizes NHP-O-β-glucoside in vitro in competition with SA and ILA. The loss of UGT76B1 elevates the endogenous levels of NHP, SA, and ILA and establishes a constitutive SAR-like immune status. Introgression of the fmo1 mutant lacking NHP biosynthesis into the ugt76b1 background abolishes this SAR-like resistance. Moreover, overexpression of UGT76B1 in Arabidopsis shifts the NHP and SA pools toward O-β-glucoside formation and abrogates pathogen-induced SAR. Our results further indicate that NHP-triggered immunity is SA-dependent and relies on UGT76B1 as a common metabolic hub. Thereby, UGT76B1-mediated glucosylation controls the levels of active NHP, SA, and ILA in concert to balance the plant immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Bauer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Dereje W Mekonnen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Intracellular Transport and RNA Biology Group, Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
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142
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Bauer S, Mekonnen DW, Hartmann M, Yildiz I, Janowski R, Lange B, Geist B, Zeier J, Schäffner AR. UGT76B1, a promiscuous hub of small molecule-based immune signaling, glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acid, and balances plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2021. [PMID: 33955482 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.12.199356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glucosylation modulates the biological activity of small molecules and frequently leads to their inactivation. The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 is involved in conjugating the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) as well as isoleucic acid (ILA). Here, we show that UGT76B1 also glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), which is synthesized by FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1) and activates systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Upon pathogen attack, Arabidopsis leaves generate two distinct NHP hexose conjugates, NHP-O-β-glucoside and NHP glucose ester, whereupon only NHP-O-β-glucoside formation requires a functional SA pathway. The ugt76b1 mutants specifically fail to generate the NHP-O-β-glucoside, and recombinant UGT76B1 synthesizes NHP-O-β-glucoside in vitro in competition with SA and ILA. The loss of UGT76B1 elevates the endogenous levels of NHP, SA, and ILA and establishes a constitutive SAR-like immune status. Introgression of the fmo1 mutant lacking NHP biosynthesis into the ugt76b1 background abolishes this SAR-like resistance. Moreover, overexpression of UGT76B1 in Arabidopsis shifts the NHP and SA pools toward O-β-glucoside formation and abrogates pathogen-induced SAR. Our results further indicate that NHP-triggered immunity is SA-dependent and relies on UGT76B1 as a common metabolic hub. Thereby, UGT76B1-mediated glucosylation controls the levels of active NHP, SA, and ILA in concert to balance the plant immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Bauer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Dereje W Mekonnen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Intracellular Transport and RNA Biology Group, Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
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143
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Timmis K, Ramos JL. The soil crisis: the need to treat as a global health problem and the pivotal role of microbes in prophylaxis and therapy. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:769-797. [PMID: 33751840 PMCID: PMC8085983 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil provides a multitude of services that are essential to a healthily functioning biosphere and continuity of the human race, such as feeding the growing human population and the sequestration of carbon needed to counteract global warming. Healthy soil availability is the limiting parameter in the provision of a number of these services. As a result of anthropogenic abuses, and natural and global warming-promoted extreme weather events, Planet Earth is currently experiencing an unprecedented crisis of soil deterioration, desertification and erosive loss that increasingly prejudices the services it provides. Such services are pivotal to the Sustainability Development Goals formulated by the United Nations. Immediate and coordinated action on a global scale is urgently required to slow and ultimately reverse the loss of healthy soils. Despite the 'dirt-dust', non-vital appearance of soil, it is a highly dynamic living entity, whose life is overwhelmingly microbial. The soil microbiota, which constitutes the greatest reservoir and donor of microbial diversity on Earth, acts as a vast bioreactor, mediating a myriad of chemical reactions that turn the biogeochemical cycles, recycle wastes, purify water, and underpin the multitude of other services soil provides. Fuelling the belowground microbial bioreactor is the aboveground plant and photosynthetic surface microbial life which captures solar energy, fixes inorganic CO2 to organic carbon, and channels fixed carbon and energy into soil. In order to muster an effective response to the crisis, to avoid further deterioration, and to restore unhealthy soils, we need a new and coherent approach, namely to deal with soils worldwide as patients in need of health care and create (i) a public health system for development of effective policies for land use, conservation, restoration, recommendations of prophylactic measures, monitoring and identification of problems (epidemiology), organizing crisis responses, etc., and (ii) a healthcare system charged with soil care: the promotion of good practices, implementation of prophylaxis measures, and institution of therapies for treatment of unhealthy soils and restoration of drylands. These systems need to be national but there is also a desperate need for international coordination. To enable development of effective, evidence-based strategies that will underpin the efforts of soil healthcare systems, a substantial investment in wide-ranging interdisciplinary research on soil health and disease is mandatory. This must lead to a level of understanding of the soil:biota functionalities underlying key ecosystem services that enables formulation of effective diagnosis-prophylaxis-therapy pathways for sustainable use, protection and restoration of different types of soil resources in different climatic zones. These conservation-regenerative-restorative measures need to be complemented by an educative-political-economic-legislative framework that provides incentives encouraging soil care: knowledge, policy, economic and others, and laws which promote international adherence to the principles of restorative soil management. And: we must all be engaged in improving soil health; everyone has a duty of care (https://www.bbc.co.uk/ideas/videos/why-soil-is-one-of-the-most-amazing-things-on-eart/p090cf64). Creative application of microbes, microbiomes and microbial biotechnology will be central to the successful operation of the healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Timmis
- Institute of MicrobiologyTechnical University BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
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144
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Vlot AC. A quest for long-distance signals: the epidermis as central regulator of pipecolic acid-associated systemic acquired resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2266-2268. [PMID: 33779751 PMCID: PMC8006548 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Jiang SC, Engle NL, Banday ZZ, Cecchini NM, Jung HW, Tschaplinski TJ, Greenberg JT. 2021. ALD1 accumulation in Arabidopsis epidermal plastids confers local and non-autonomous disease resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 2710–2726.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Eichstädt B, Lederer S, Trempel F, Jiang X, Guerra T, Waadt R, Lee J, Liese A, Romeis T. Plant Immune Memory in Systemic Tissue Does Not Involve Changes in Rapid Calcium Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:798230. [PMID: 34970294 PMCID: PMC8712724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.798230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Upon pathogen recognition, a transient rise in cytoplasmic calcium levels is one of the earliest events in plants and a prerequisite for defense initiation and signal propagation from a local site to systemic plant tissues. However, it is unclear if calcium signaling differs in the context of priming: Do plants exposed to a first pathogen stimulus and have consequently established systemic acquired resistance (SAR) display altered calcium responses to a second pathogen stimulus? Several calcium indicator systems including aequorin, YC3.6 or R-GECO1 have been used to document local calcium responses to the bacterial flg22 peptide but systemic calcium imaging within a single plant remains a technical challenge. Here, we report on an experimental approach to monitor flg22-induced calcium responses in systemic leaves of primed plants. The calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK5 is a key calcium sensor and regulator of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD and plays a role in the systemic calcium-ROS signal propagation. We therefore compared flg22-induced cytoplasmic calcium changes in Arabidopsis wild-type, cpk5 mutant and CPK5-overexpressing plants (exhibiting constitutive priming) by introgressing the calcium indicator R-GECO1-mTurquoise that allows internal normalization through mTurquoise fluorescence. Aequorin-based analyses were included for comparison. Based on the R-GECO1-mTurquoise data, CPK5-OE appears to reinforce an "oscillatory-like" Ca2+ signature in flg22-treated local tissues. However, no change was observed in the flg22-induced calcium response in the systemic tissues of plants that had been pre-challenged by a priming stimulus - neither in wild-type nor in cpk5 or CPK5-OE-lines. These data indicate that the mechanistic manifestation of a plant immune memory in distal plant parts required for enhanced pathogen resistance does not include changes in rapid calcium signaling upstream of CPK5 but rather relies on downstream defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Lederer
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fabian Trempel
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Xiyuan Jiang
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tiziana Guerra
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Liese
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
- *Correspondence: Tina Romeis,
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