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Zimm AJ, Modabber M, Fernandes V, Karimi K, Adamson PA. Objective assessment of perceived age reversal and improvement in attractiveness after aging face surgery. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2014; 15:405-10. [PMID: 23907096 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2013.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Primary reasons why patients pursue aesthetic facial surgery are to look younger and more attractive; however, there is minimal literature about the effect of aesthetic facial surgery on perceived age and attractiveness. OBJECTIVES To objectively and quantitatively evaluate the degree of perceived age change and improvement in attractiveness following aesthetic facial surgical procedures. DESIGN Prospective evaluation by independent raters of preoperative and postoperative photographs of 49 consecutive patients who underwent aesthetic facial surgery between July 4, 2006, and July 22, 2010. The photographs of these patients were presented to 50 blinded raters, each of whom was randomly assigned to 4 rater groups. Raters were asked to estimate the age of each patient in the photographs presented and to rate the patient's attractiveness on a scale of 1 to 10. SETTING Facial plastic surgery private practice in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Patient inclusion criteria consisted of primary facial surgical procedures with a minimum 6-month follow-up period, use of standardized photographs, and no cosmetic procedures in the intervening period. Raters were chosen from the province of Ontario, randomly assigned to 1 of 4 rater groups, and blinded to the objectives of the study. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The mean "years saved" (true age minus guessed age) and change in attractiveness scores after facial aesthetic surgery. RESULTS The mean overall years saved following aesthetic facial surgery was 3.1 years (range, -4.0 to 9.4 years). There was a small but insignificant increase in attractiveness scores in postprocedural photographs relative to preprocedural photographs (P > .54). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, aesthetic facial surgery was effective in reducing the apparent age of patients but did not consistently improve their attractiveness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joshua Zimm
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2currently with the Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Lenox Hill Hospital and Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Institute, New York, New York
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Zhang WG, Zhu SY, Bai XJ, Zhao DL, Jiang SM, Li J, Li ZX, Fu B, Cai GY, Sun XF, Chen XM. Select aging biomarkers based on telomere length and chronological age to build a biological age equation. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9639. [PMID: 24659482 PMCID: PMC4082565 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to build a biological age (BA) equation combining telomere length with chronological age (CA) and associated aging biomarkers. In total, 139 healthy volunteers were recruited from a Chinese Han cohort in Beijing. A genetic index, renal function indices, cardiovascular function indices, brain function indices, and oxidative stress and inflammation indices (C-reactive protein [CRP]) were measured and analyzed. A BA equation was proposed based on selected parameters, with terminal telomere restriction fragment (TRF) and CA as the two principal components. The selected aging markers included mitral annulus peak E anterior wall (MVEA), intima-media thickness (IMT), cystatin C (CYSC), D-dimer (DD), and digital symbol test (DST). The BA equation was: BA = −2.281TRF + 26.321CYSC + 0.025DD − 104.419MVEA + 34.863IMT − 0.265DST + 0.305CA + 26.346. To conclude, telomere length and CA as double benchmarks may be a new method to build a BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guang Zhang
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), State Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Research Center (2013BAI09B05), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Shu-Ying Zhu
- />Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Bai
- />Departments of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Long Zhao
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), State Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Research Center (2013BAI09B05), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Shi-Min Jiang
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), State Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Research Center (2013BAI09B05), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Juan Li
- />Department of Cardiovascular, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zuo-Xiang Li
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), State Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Research Center (2013BAI09B05), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Bo Fu
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), State Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Research Center (2013BAI09B05), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Guang-Yan Cai
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), State Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Research Center (2013BAI09B05), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Xue-Feng Sun
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), State Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Research Center (2013BAI09B05), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Xiang-Mei Chen
- />Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases (2011DAV00088), State Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Research Center (2013BAI09B05), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
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Coma M, Valls R, Mas JM, Pujol A, Herranz MA, Alonso V, Naval J. Methods for diagnosing perceived age on the basis of an ensemble of phenotypic features. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2014; 7:133-7. [PMID: 24790464 PMCID: PMC4000174 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s52257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived age has been defined as the age that a person is visually estimated to be on the basis of physical appearance. In a society where a youthful appearance are an object of desire for consumers, and a source of commercial profit for cosmetic companies, this concept has a prominent role. In addition, perceived age is also an indicator of overall health status in elderly people, since old-looking people tend to show higher rates of morbidity and mortality. However, there is a lack of objective methods for quantifying perceived age. METHODS In order to satisfy the need of objective approaches for estimating perceived age, a novel algorithm was created. The novel algorithm uses supervised mathematical learning techniques and error retropropagation for the creation of an artificial neural network able to learn biophysical and clinically assessed parameters of subjects. The algorithm provides a consistent estimation of an individual's perceived age, taking into account a defined set of facial skin phenotypic traits, such as wrinkles and roughness, number of wrinkles, depth of wrinkles, and pigmentation. A nonintervention, epidemiological cross-sectional study of cases and controls was conducted in 120 female volunteers for the diagnosis of perceived age using this novel algorithm. Data collection was performed by clinical assessment of an expert panel and biophysical assessment using the ANTERA 3D(®) device. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Employing phenotype data as variables and expert assignments as objective data, the algorithm was found to correctly classify the samples with an accuracy of 92.04%. Therefore, we have developed a method for determining the perceived age of a subject in a standardized, consistent manner. Further application of this algorithm is thus a promising approach for the testing and validation of cosmetic treatments and aesthetic surgery, and it also could be used as a screening method for general health status in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vicente Alonso
- Genocosmetics Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain ; Unidad de Dermatología del Hospital Nisa 9 Octubre de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Christoffersen M, Frikke-Schmidt R, Schnohr P, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A. Visible Age-Related Signs and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in the General Population. Circulation 2014; 129:990-8. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.001696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Cardiovascular disease is 1 of the most common age-related diseases, and also 1 of the most common causes of death in the general population. We tested the hypothesis that visible age-related signs associate with risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial infarction (MI), and death in the general population, independent of chronological age.
Methods and Results—
10,885 individuals aged 20 to 93 years free of IHD were followed from 1976 through 1978 until June 2011 with 100% complete follow-up. During these 35 years of follow-up, 3401 participants developed IHD and 1708 developed MI. Presence of frontoparietal baldness, crown top baldness, earlobe crease, and xanthelasmata was associated with increased risk of IHD or MI after multifactorial adjustment for chronological age and well-known cardiovascular risk factors. The risk of IHD and MI increased stepwise with increasing number of age-related signs with multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios up to 1.40 (95% confidence interval, 1.20–1.62) for IHD and 1.57 (1.28–1.93) for MI, in individuals with 3 to 4 versus no age-related signs at baseline (
P
for trend <0.001). In all age groups in both women and men, absolute 10-year risk of IHD and MI increased with increasing number of visible age-related signs.
Conclusions—
Male pattern baldness, earlobe crease, and xanthelasmata—alone or in combination—associate with increased risk of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction independent of chronological age and other well-known cardiovascular risk factors. This is the first prospective study to show that looking old for your age is a marker of poor cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Christoffersen
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F.-S.,A.T.-H.); The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.S., G.B.J., B.G.N., A.T.-H.); the Department of Cardiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark (G.B.J.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N.); and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F.-S.,A.T.-H.); The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.S., G.B.J., B.G.N., A.T.-H.); the Department of Cardiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark (G.B.J.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N.); and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F
| | - Peter Schnohr
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F.-S.,A.T.-H.); The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.S., G.B.J., B.G.N., A.T.-H.); the Department of Cardiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark (G.B.J.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N.); and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F
| | - Gorm B. Jensen
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F.-S.,A.T.-H.); The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.S., G.B.J., B.G.N., A.T.-H.); the Department of Cardiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark (G.B.J.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N.); and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F.-S.,A.T.-H.); The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.S., G.B.J., B.G.N., A.T.-H.); the Department of Cardiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark (G.B.J.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N.); and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- From the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F.-S.,A.T.-H.); The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.S., G.B.J., B.G.N., A.T.-H.); the Department of Cardiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark (G.B.J.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N.); and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C., R.F
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105
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Fink B, Prager M. The effect of incobotulinumtoxin a and dermal filler treatment on perception of age, health, and attractiveness of female faces. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2014; 7:36-40. [PMID: 24563695 PMCID: PMC3930539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Facial age, health, and attractiveness assessments play a major role in human social interaction and affect the way we perceive and think about others. Modern cosmetic dermatology provides a bewildering array of facial treatment procedures with botulinum toxin type A and dermal filler application being the most requested. The authors sought to determine the effect of facial rejuvenation procedures, such as application of incobotulinumtoxin A and dermal filler injections, on people's perception of age, health, and attractiveness. METHODS Ten women underwent three consecutive facial rejuvenation procedures with incobotulinumtoxin A, calcium hydroxylapatite, and a hyaluronic acid. Digital facial images were taken before treatment and after each subsequent treatment and presented to a total of 150 third-party assessors who judged the images for age, health, and attractiveness. RESULTS Each procedure was associated with a significant reduction in perceived age and an increase in perceived health and attractiveness compared with pre-treatment images. The effects were cumulative such that faces perceived as the youngest, healthiest, and most attractive had received all three treatments, followed in descending order by incobotulinumtoxin A and calcium hydroxylapatite treatment, and incobotulinumtoxin A alone. CONCLUSION The authors demonstrate that naive judges are readily able to perceive the effect of nonsurgical facial rejuvenation procedures with incobotulinumtoxin A, calcium hydroxylapatite, and hyaluronic acid in terms of age, health, and attractiveness judgments. These effects were greatest when incobotulinumtoxin A and dermal filler treatments were combined.
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106
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Zhang WG, Bai XJ, Sun XF, Cai GY, Bai XY, Zhu SY, Zhang M, Chen XM. Construction of an integral formula of biological age for a healthy Chinese population using principle component analysis. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:137-42. [PMID: 24522464 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-013-0345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas chronological age (CA) cannot distinguish functional differences among individuals of the same age, the biological age (BA) may be used to reflect the functional state of the body. The purpose of this study was to construct an integral formula of the BA, by using principle component analysis (PCA). METHODS The vital organ function of 505 healthy individuals of Han origin (age 35-91 years) was examined. A total of 114 indicators of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and brain functions, and clinical, inflammatory, genetic, psychological, and life habit factors were assessed as candidate indicators of aging. Candidate indicators were submitted with CA to correlation and redundancy analyses. The PCA method was used to build an integral formula of the BA for the population. RESULTS Seven biomarkers were selected in accordance with a certain load standard. These biomarkers included the trail making test (TMT), pulse pressure (PP), mitral valve annulus ventricular septum of the peak velocity of early filling (MVES), minimum carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (IMTmin), maximum internal diameter of the carotid artery (Dmax), maximal midexpiratory flow rate 75/25 (MMEF75/25), and Cystatin C (CysC). The formula for the BA was: BA = 0.0685 (TMT) + 0.267 (PP) - 1.375 (MVES) + 22.443 (IMTmin) + 2.962 (Dmax) - 2.332 (MMEF75/25) + 16.104 (CysC) + 0.137 (CA) + 0.492. CONCLUSION Several genetic and lifestyle indicators were considered as candidate markers of aging. However, ultimately, only markers reflecting the function of the vital organs were included in the BA formula. This study represents a useful attempt to employ multiple indicators to build a comprehensive BA evaluation formula of aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-G Zhang
- Xiang-Mei Chen, Department of Nephrology, Kidney Institute of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China, , Phone: 86-010-66937463, Fax: 86-010-68130297
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107
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Identification of genes promoting skin youthfulness by genome-wide association study. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:651-657. [PMID: 24037343 PMCID: PMC3923276 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes that promote facial skin youthfulness (SY), a genome-wide association study on an Ashkenazi Jewish discovery group (n=428) was performed using Affymetrix 6.0 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Array. After SNP quality controls, 901,470 SNPs remained for analysis. The eigenstrat method showed no stratification. Cases and controls were identified by global facial skin aging severity including intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. Linear regression adjusted for age and gender, with no significant differences in smoking history, body mass index, menopausal status, or personal or family history of centenarians. Six SNPs met the Bonferroni threshold with Pallele<10(-8); two of these six had Pgenotype<10(-8). Quantitative trait loci mapping confirmed linkage disequilibrium. The six SNPs were interrogated by MassARRAY in a replication group (n=436) with confirmation of rs6975107, an intronic region of KCND2 (potassium voltage-gated channel, Shal-related family member 2) (Pgenotype=0.023). A second replication group (n=371) confirmed rs318125, downstream of DIAPH2 (diaphanous homolog 2 (Drosophila)) (Pallele=0.010, Pgenotype=0.002) and rs7616661, downstream of EDEM1 (ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase α-like 1) (Pgenotype=0.042). DIAPH2 has been associated with premature ovarian insufficiency, an aging phenotype in humans. EDEM1 associates with lifespan in animal models, although not humans. KCND2 is expressed in human skin, but has not been associated with aging. These genes represent new candidate genes to study the molecular basis of healthy skin aging.
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108
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Visscher MO, Pan BS, Kitzmiller WJ. Photodamage: treatments and topicals for facial skin. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2013; 21:61-75. [PMID: 23369590 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of current therapies for photodamaged facial skin and their efficacy, with particular focus on studies that use the objective, quantitative evaluation methods discussed in the previous article. The role of topically applied agents including prescription drugs and cosmetics is discussed. From this information, a schema for the relative effectiveness of therapeutic modalities in reducing perceived age is presented. This information assists the facial plastic surgeon in evaluating patient expectations and selecting the most effective program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty O Visscher
- Skin Sciences Program, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Debacq-Chainiaux F, Leduc C, Verbeke A, Toussaint O. UV, stress and aging. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 4:236-40. [PMID: 23467762 PMCID: PMC3583883 DOI: 10.4161/derm.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Skin is a model of choice in studies on aging. Indeed, skin aging can be modulated by internal and external factors, reflecting its complexity. Two types of skin aging have been identified: intrinsic, mainly genetically determined and extrinsic—also called "photo-aging"—resulting on the impact of environmental stress and more precisely of UV rays. Simplified in vitro models, based on cellular senescence, have been developed to study the relationship between UV and aging. These models vary on the cell type (fibroblasts or keratinocytes, normal or immortalized) and the type of UV used (UVA or UVB).
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110
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Porcheron A, Mauger E, Russell R. Aspects of facial contrast decrease with age and are cues for age perception. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57985. [PMID: 23483959 PMCID: PMC3590275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is a primary social dimension. We behave differently toward people as a function of how old we perceive them to be. Age perception relies on cues that are correlated with age, such as wrinkles. Here we report that aspects of facial contrast–the contrast between facial features and the surrounding skin–decreased with age in a large sample of adult Caucasian females. These same aspects of facial contrast were also significantly correlated with the perceived age of the faces. Individual faces were perceived as younger when these aspects of facial contrast were artificially increased, but older when these aspects of facial contrast were artificially decreased. These findings show that facial contrast plays a role in age perception, and that faces with greater facial contrast look younger. Because facial contrast is increased by typical cosmetics use, we infer that cosmetics function in part by making the face appear younger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Porcheron
- CE.R.I.E.S. – the CHANEL R&T skin research center on healthy skin, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
- Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emmanuelle Mauger
- CE.R.I.E.S. – the CHANEL R&T skin research center on healthy skin, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Richard Russell
- Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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111
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Westgate GE, Botchkareva NV, Tobin DJ. The biology of hair diversity. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:329-36. [PMID: 23363384 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian E Westgate
- Centre for Skin Sciences; School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Richmond Road Bradford West Yorkshire BD7 1DP UK
- Westgate Consultancy Ltd; Court Lane Stevington Bedfordshire MK43 7QT UK
| | - Natalia V Botchkareva
- Centre for Skin Sciences; School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Richmond Road Bradford West Yorkshire BD7 1DP UK
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences; School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Richmond Road Bradford West Yorkshire BD7 1DP UK
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112
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Visscher MO, Pan BS. Update on techniques for the quantitation of facial skin characteristics. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2013; 21:7-19. [PMID: 23369585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the strategies and methods for quantifying treatment outcomes, perhaps defined by the consumer/patient as a "decrease in perceived age." The demand for the rejuvenation of facial skin is expected to increase as the population ages and seeks optimal outcomes from the array of available treatment modalities. This information will be of value to the plastic surgeon in collaborating with patients on evaluation and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty O Visscher
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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113
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Noordam R, Gunn DA, Tomlin CC, Maier AB, Mooijaart SP, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, de Craen AJM, van Heemst D. High serum glucose levels are associated with a higher perceived age. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:189-95. [PMID: 22102339 PMCID: PMC3543736 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Estimating perceived age by facial photographs is a good estimate of health in elderly populations. Previously, we showed that familial longevity is marked by a more beneficial glucose metabolism already at middle age. As glucose is also related to skin aging, this study aimed to investigate the association between glucose metabolism and perceived age. Perceived age was assessed using facial photographs and non-fasted glucose and insulin were measured in 602 subjects from the Leiden Longevity Study. Non-diabetic subjects (n = 569) were divided in three strata according to their glucose levels, and diabetic subjects (n = 33; as a proxy of long-term hyperglycemic exposure) were included as a fourth stratum. Considered confounding factors were gender, chronological age, current smoking, body mass index, photo-damage score, and insulin levels. Perceived age was increased from 59.6 years (SE = 0.3) in the first stratum to 61.2 years (SE = 0.6) in diabetic subjects (p for trend = 0.002). In non-diabetic subjects only, perceived age was increased from 59.6 years (SE = 0.3) in the first stratum to 60.6 years (SE = 0.3) in the third stratum (p for trend = 0.009). Continuously, perceived age increased 0.40 years (SE = 0.14, p = 0.006) per 1 mmol/L increase in glucose level in non-diabetic subjects. The present study demonstrates that, also among non-diabetic subjects, higher glucose levels are associated with a higher perceived age. Future research should be focused on elucidating possible mechanisms linking glucose levels to perceived age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Noordam
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David A. Gunn
- Unilever Discover, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire UK
| | | | - Andrea B. Maier
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P. Mooijaart
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Noordam R, Gunn DA, Tomlin CC, Maier AB, Griffiths T, Catt SD, Ogden S, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, Griffiths CEM, van Heemst D, de Craen AJM. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 and facial ageing: high levels associate with reduced skin wrinkling in a cross-sectional study. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:533-8. [PMID: 23363376 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is a growth factor that can influence fibroblast functioning, with effects including the inhibition of collagenases and the induction of collagen expression. OBJECTIVES To assess whether serum IGF-1, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)3 and the ratio between IGF-1 and IGFBP3, as a measure of IGF-1 bioavailability, are associated with facial ageing and skin wrinkling. METHODS From a random sample comprising 617 subjects from the Leiden Longevity Study, perceived age and skin wrinkling were assessed from facial photographs, and IGF-1 and IGFBP3 were measured in serum. The associations were assessed using linear regression models, adjusted for chronological age, sex, body mass index, smoking and sun exposure. RESULTS Across tertiles of the ratio of IGF-1 to IGFBP3, and after adjusting for all potential confounding factors, the mean perceived age decreased from 60·6 years in the lowest tertile to 59·5 years in the highest (P = 0·045). Similarly, the mean skin wrinkling grade decreased from 4·8 in the lowest tertile to 4·5 in the highest (P = 0·011). Adding skin wrinkling as a covariate in the analysis between IGF-1 and perceived age diminished this association. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a higher ratio of IGF-1 to IGFBP3 associates with a lower perceived age, via its association with reduced skin wrinkling. Whether high IGF-1 levels actually delay the accumulation of skin wrinkling now needs investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Noordam
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Unilever Discover, Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
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Waaijer MEC, Gunn DA, Catt SD, van Ginkel M, de Craen AJM, Hudson NM, van Heemst D, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, Maier AB. Morphometric skin characteristics dependent on chronological and biological age: the Leiden Longevity Study. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:1543-1552. [PMID: 21909657 PMCID: PMC3528376 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chronological age on skin characteristics is readily visible, and its underlying histological changes have been a field of study for several years. However, the effect of biological age (i.e. a person's rate of ageing compared to their chronological age) on the skin has so far only been studied in facial photographs. Skin biopsies obtained from middle-aged offspring of nonagenarian siblings that are genetically enriched for longevity were compared to their partners who represent the general Dutch population. Though of the same chronological age, the offspring were previously observed to be of a younger biological age than their partners. The biopsies were analysed on several aspects epidermal and elastic fibre morphology. We investigated whether these skin characteristics were dependent on chronological age, familial longevity (the difference between the offspring and partners) and Framingham heart risk scores, adjusted for external stressors. A decreased thickness and flattening of the epidermis as well as an increased amount of elastic fibres in the reticular dermis were observed with chronological age (P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively), but no effect of familial longevity was found. The Framingham heart risk score was associated with some skin characteristics. A slower rate of skin ageing does not mark offspring from nonagenarian siblings. Epidermal and elastic fibre morphometric characteristics are not a potential marker for familial longevity in middle-aged subjects enriched for familial longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette E. C. Waaijer
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David A. Gunn
- Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire UK
| | - Sharon D. Catt
- Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire UK
| | | | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea B. Maier
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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116
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Sainthillier JM, Mac-Mary S, Monnier D, Mermet P, Tarrit C, Mudry C, Humbert P. Exploratory study of the typology of various grades of mature skin. Skin Res Technol 2012; 19:e507-14. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cortisol serum levels in familial longevity and perceived age: the Leiden longevity study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1669-75. [PMID: 22429748 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortisol levels are strongly associated with a person's health. Familial longevity and age assessment of facial photographs (perceived age) are both associated with morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to investigate morning cortisol levels in familial longevity and the association of these levels with perceived age. METHODS Perceived age and serum morning cortisol levels were measured for 138 offspring from long-lived families and 138 partners from the Leiden Longevity Study. Considered confounding factors were chronological age, gender, body mass index, current smoking habits, antidepressant drug use, antihypertensive drugs and diabetes medication. RESULTS In the fully adjusted model, which was restricted to participants who did not use antidepressant drugs, offspring had similar serum cortisol levels compared to their partners (0.54 and 0.55μmol/L, respectively; p=0.54). Using a similar model taking offspring and partners together, an increase of 0.1μmol/L in morning cortisol levels was associated with an 0.42 (95% CI 0.0-0.84, p=0.048) year increase in perceived age. This association was significantly attenuated in the offspring group (0.01, 95% CI -0.58 to 0.59, p=0.98) compared to the partner group (0.81, 95% CI 0.20-1.41, p=0.009 year increase in perceived age per 0.1μmol/L increase in cortisol respectively) (p for interaction=0.042). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that high levels of cortisol are associated with a higher perceived age. This association was attenuated in offspring from long-lived families compared to their partners, suggesting enhanced stress resistance in these subjects. Future research will be aimed at elucidating potential mechanisms underlying the observations in this study.
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118
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Panhard S, Lozano I, Loussouarn G. Greying of the human hair: a worldwide survey, revisiting the ‘50’ rule of thumb. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:865-73. [PMID: 22716034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Panhard
- L'Oréal, Research & Innovation, 11-13 rue Dora Maar, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France.
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119
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Gunn DA, de Craen AJM, Dick JL, Tomlin CC, van Heemst D, Catt SD, Griffiths T, Ogden S, Maier AB, Murray PG, Griffiths CEM, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, Kritchevsky S. Facial Appearance Reflects Human Familial Longevity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Healthy Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 68:145-52. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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120
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Chauhan N, Warner JP, Adamson PA. Perceived Age Change After Aesthetic Facial Surgical Procedures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.2011.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Chauhan
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Chauhan and Adamson); and Division of Plastic Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois (Dr Warner)
| | - Jeremy P. Warner
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Chauhan and Adamson); and Division of Plastic Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois (Dr Warner)
| | - Peter A. Adamson
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Chauhan and Adamson); and Division of Plastic Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois (Dr Warner)
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121
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Arce-Lopera C, Igarashi T, Nakao K, Okajima K. Image statistics on the age perception of human skin. Skin Res Technol 2012; 19:e273-8. [PMID: 22672108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2012.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Recent research on the age-dependent changes of facial skin has analyzed their correlation with changes in image and colorimetric properties using mainly first- and second-order statistics. The aim of this study is to reveal the importance of third-order statistics and relate those image properties to skin age perception. METHODS Photographs of the faces of 118 Japanese women ranging in age from 13 to 80 years were taken in a controlled environment. Subsequently, 10 Japanese subjects rated the age perception of skin patches from the cheek area of the original facial images. RESULTS The age estimation of the skin patches was highly correlated with its chronological age proving that our skin patches contain enough information for age estimation. Also, the perceived age was significantly high correlated to color and lightness statistical values. Specifically, age perception was significantly high correlated with third-order statistics of all channels in CIELAB1976. CONCLUSION Our results reveal the importance of higher order statistics for the development of nonintrusive skin quality assessments of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arce-Lopera
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan.
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122
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Fink B, Bunse L, Matts PJ, D'Emiliano D. Visible skin colouration predicts perception of male facial age, health and attractiveness. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:307-10. [PMID: 22515406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although there is evidence that perception of facial age, health and attractiveness is informed by shape characteristics as well as by visible skin condition, studies on the latter have focused almost exclusively on female skin. Recent research, however, suggests that a decrease in skin colour homogeneity leads to older, less healthy and less attractive ratings of facial skin in both women and men. Here, we elaborate on the significance of the homogeneity of visible skin colouration in men by testing the hypothesis that perception of age, health and attractiveness of (non-contextual) digitally isolated fields of cheek skin only can predict that of whole facial images. Facial digital images of 160 British men (all Caucasian) aged between 10 and 70 were blind-rated for age, health and attractiveness by a total of 147 men and 154 women (mean age = 22.95, SD = 4.26), and these ratings were related to those of corresponding images of cheek skin reported by Fink et al. (J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. in press). Linear regression analysis showed that age, health and attractiveness perception of men's faces could be predicted by the ratings of cheek skin only, such that older men were viewed as older, less healthy and less attractive. This result underlines once again the potent signalling role of skin in its own right, independent of shape or other factors and suggests strongly that visible skin condition, and skin colour homogeneity in particular, plays a significant role in the perception of men's faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fink
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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123
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Jung K, Ruthruff E, Tybur JM, Gaspelin N, Miller G. Perception of facial attractiveness requires some attentional resources: implications for the “automaticity” of psychological adaptations. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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124
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Soerensen M, Thinggaard M, Nygaard M, Dato S, Tan Q, Hjelmborg J, Andersen-Ranberg K, Stevnsner T, Bohr VA, Kimura M, Aviv A, Christensen K, Christiansen L. Genetic variation in TERT and TERC and human leukocyte telomere length and longevity: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Aging Cell 2012; 11:223-7. [PMID: 22136229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is of key importance for telomere maintenance, and variants of the genes encoding its major subunits, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase RNA component (TERC), are candidates for interindividual variation in telomere length. Recently, the two SNPs rs3772190 and rs12696304 in the TERC locus were reported to be associated with leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in two genome-wide association studies, while one haplotype of TERT (rs2853669, rs2736098, rs33954691, and rs2853691) has been reported to be associated with both LTL and longevity in a candidate gene study. In this study, we investigated the two TERC and four TERT SNPs in middle-aged, old, and oldest-old Danes (58-100 years) and their association with LTL (n = 864) and longevity (n = 1069). Furthermore, data on 11 TERT tagging SNPs in 1089 oldest-old and 736 middle-aged Danes were investigated with respect to longevity. For all SNPs, the association with longevity was investigated using both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal approach. Applying an additive model, we found association of LTL with the minor TERC alleles of rs3772190 (A) and rs12696304 (G), such that a shorter LTL was seen in rs3772190 A carriers (regression coefficient = -0.08, P = 0.011) and in male rs12696304 G carriers (regression coefficient = -0.13, P = 0.014). No TERT variations showed association. Moreover, the A allele of rs3772190 (TERC) was found to be associated with longevity [hazard rate (AG + AA) = 1.31, P = 0.006]. No associations with longevity were observed for the TERT SNPs or haplotypes. Our study, thus, indicates that TERC is associated with both LTL and longevity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Soerensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.
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Kido M, Kohara K, Miyawaki S, Tabara Y, Igase M, Miki T. Perceived age of facial features is a significant diagnosis criterion for age-related carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese subjects: J-SHIPP study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12:733-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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126
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Suppa M, Elliott F, Mikeljevic JS, Mukasa Y, Chan M, Leake S, Karpavicius B, Haynes S, Bakker E, Peris K, Barrett JH, Bishop DT, Newton Bishop JA. The determinants of periorbital skin ageing in participants of a melanoma case-control study in the U.K. Br J Dermatol 2012; 165:1011-21. [PMID: 21787368 PMCID: PMC3202027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin ageing is said to be caused by multiple factors. The relationship with sun exposure is of particular interest because the detrimental cutaneous effects of the sun may be a strong motivator to sun protection. We report a study of skin ageing in participants of an epidemiological study of melanoma. OBJECTIVES To determine the predictors of periorbital cutaneous ageing and whether it could be used as an objective marker of sun exposure. METHODS Photographs of the periorbital skin in 1341 participants were graded for wrinkles, degree of vascularity and blotchy pigmentation and the resultant data assessed in relation to reported sun exposure, sunscreen use, body mass index (BMI), smoking and the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene status. Data were analysed using proportional odds regression. RESULTS Wrinkling was associated with age and heavy smoking. Use of higher sun-protection factor sunscreen was protective (P = 0·01). Age, male sex, MC1R variants ('r', P=0·01; 'R', P=0·02), higher reported daily sun exposure (P=0·02), increased BMI (P=0·01) and smoking (P=0·02) were risk factors for hypervascularity. Blotchy pigmentation was associated with age, male sex, higher education and higher weekday sun exposure (P=0·03). More frequent sunscreen use (P=0·02) and MC1R variants ('r', P=0·03; 'R', P=0·001) were protective. CONCLUSIONS Periorbital wrinkling is a poor biomarker of reported sun exposure. Vascularity is a better biomarker as is blotchy pigmentation, the latter in darker-skinned individuals. In summary, male sex, sun exposure, smoking, obesity and MC1R variants were associated with measures of cutaneous ageing. Sunscreen use showed some evidence of being protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suppa
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Cancer Research UK.
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127
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Rzany B, Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Flynn TC, Geister TL, Görtelmeyer R, Hardas B, Himmrich S, Jones D, de Maio M, Mohrmann C, Narins RS, Pooth R, Sattler G, Buchner L, Merito M, Fey C, Kerscher M. Validated Composite Assessment Scales for the Global Face. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38:294-308. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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128
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129
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Chang ALS, Lingala B, Chang TC, Kern DG, Wood SM, Toyoda H, Knaggs HE. An exploratory study to determine the association between assessed facial skin aging and plasma isoprostane levels in middle-aged Japanese women. Dermatol Surg 2011; 38:462-70. [PMID: 22141590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the central mechanisms of aging is hypothesized to be oxidative stress. Quantification of oxidative stress in human organ systems has been difficult. One of the best methods is using plasma isoprostane levels, which have been shown to reflect oxidative stress in multiple nondermatologic organ systems. OBJECTIVE To determine whether severity of aging of human skin is associated with plasma isoprostane levels, specifically prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) and 8-iso-PGF2a while controlling for covariates such as body mass index, ultraviolet light exposure, diet, medication, supplement use, and stress levels. METHODS AND MATERIALS Facial skin aging assessments performed by four blinded dermatologists were correlated with plasma isoprostane levels in 46 healthy, nonsmoking Japanese women aged 45 to 60. RESULTS Individuals whose assessed skin age exceeded chronological age had mean plasma isoprostane levels of PGF2a and 8-iso-PGF2a that were higher than those whose skin age was assessed to be less than chronological age (p = .001 and .001, respectively). These results remained statistically significant when adjusted for confounding variables (8-iso-PGF2a, p = .02; PGF2a, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Plasma isoprostanes as markers of accelerated aging of the skin merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lynn S Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, California 94063, USA.
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130
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Fink B, Matts PJ, D'Emiliano D, Bunse L, Weege B, Röder S. Colour homogeneity and visual perception of age, health and attractiveness of male facial skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 26:1486-92. [PMID: 22044626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visible facial skin condition in females is known to affect perception of age, health and attractiveness. Skin colour distribution in shape- and topography-standardized female faces, driven by localized melanin and haemoglobin, can account for up to twenty years of apparent age perception. Although this is corroborated by an ability to discern female age even in isolated, non-contextual skin images, a similar effect in the perception of male skin is yet to be demonstrated. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of skin colour homogeneity and chromophore distribution on the visual perception of age, health and attractiveness of male facial skin. METHODS Cropped images from the cheeks of facial images of 160 Caucasian British men aged 10-70 years were blind-rated for age, health and attractiveness by a total of 308 participants. In addition, the homogeneity of skin images and corresponding eumelanin/oxyhaemoglobin concentration maps were analysed objectively using Haralick's image segmentation algorithm. RESULTS Isolated skin images taken from the cheeks of younger males were judged as healthier and more attractive. Perception of age, health and attractiveness was strongly related to melanin and haemoglobin distribution, whereby more even distributions led to perception of younger age and greater health and attractiveness. The evenness of melanized features was a stronger cue for age perception, whereas haemoglobin distribution was associated more strongly with health and attractiveness perception. CONCLUSIONS Male skin colour homogeneity, driven by melanin and haemoglobin distribution, influences perception of age, health and attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fink
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göettingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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131
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Investigation by imaging mass spectrometry of biomarker candidates for aging in the hair cortex. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26721. [PMID: 22039541 PMCID: PMC3200353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human hair is one of the essential components that define appearance and is a useful source of samples for non-invasive biomonitoring. We describe a novel application of imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) of hair biomolecules for advanced molecular characterization and a better understanding of hair aging. As a cosmetic and biomedical application, molecules whose levels in hair altered with aging were comprehensively investigated. METHODS Human hair was collected from 15 young (20±5 years old) and 15 older (50±5 years old) volunteers. Matrix-free laser desorption/ionization IMS was used to visualize molecular distribution in the hair sections. Hair-specific ions displaying a significant difference in the intensities between the 2 age groups were extracted as candidate markers for aging. Tissue localization of the molecules and alterations in their levels in the cortex and medulla in the young and old groups were determined. RESULTS Among the 31 molecules detected specifically in hair sections, 2--one at m/z 153.00, tentatively assigned to be dihydrouracil, and the other at m/z 207.04, identified to be 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA)--exhibited a higher signal intensity in the young group than in the old, and 1 molecule at m/z 164.00, presumed to be O-phosphoethanolamine, displayed a higher intensity in the old group. Among the 3, putative O-phosphoethanolamine showed a cortex-specific distribution. The 3 molecules in cortex presented the same pattern of alteration in signal intensity with aging, whereas those in medulla did not exhibit significant alteration. CONCLUSION Three molecules whose levels in hair altered with age were extracted. While they are all possible markers for aging, putative dihydrouracil and DHMA, are also suspected to play a role in maintaining hair properties and could be targets for cosmetic supplementation. Mapping of ion localization in hair by IMS is a powerful method to extract biomolecules in specified regions and determine their tissue distribution.
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132
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Miyamoto K, Inoue Y, Hsueh K, Liang Z, Yan X, Yoshii T, Furue M. Characterization of comprehensive appearances of skin ageing: an 11-year longitudinal study on facial skin ageing in Japanese females at Akita. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 64:229-36. [PMID: 22015051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial appearance is regarded as a typical index of ageing. However, people of the same age do not necessarily show the same degree of the facial appearance. The ageing of facial skin proceeds relatively slowly and therefore requires long-term follow-up to elucidate the mechanism of ageing changes. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify facial skin parameters contributing the subjective impression of the overall ageing and characterize the degree of skin ageing by a 11 year longitudinal skin monitoring. METHODS One-hundred-eight healthy Japanese females excluded outside workers aged 5-64 at 1999, and lived in Akita, Japan till 2010 were enrolled. Facial images were collected to quantify various skin optical parameters. Skin colour, hydration and barrier function were measured with Chromameter, Corneometer and TEWAmeter, respectively. The visual evaluation of the overall facial skin ageing impression was also carried out. The skin parameters contributing visible impression of skin ageing were identified by variable importance in projection analysis, and the degree of facial skin ageing over 11 years was statistically classified by a cluster analysis. RESULTS Facial skin parameters that comprehensively influenced visible skin ageing, including hyperpigmented spots, wrinkles and texture were studied. The Skin Ageing Score calculated from these three skin factors was used to classify the subjects into a mild, age-appropriate, and severe skin ageing group. The mild skin ageing group maintained significant better both skin optical and physical conditions. CONCLUSIONS Variability and classification of the degree of facial skin ageing appearance were studied from this longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kukizo Miyamoto
- Prestige and Female Beauty R&D, P&G Innovation Godo Kaisha, 1-17 Koyo-cho Naka, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0032, Japan.
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Abstract
AIM To study the changes in skin microrelief and periocular wrinkles during the aging process. METHODS Replicas of the crow's feet area of volunteers were recorded in 1987 and 2008 and observed comparatively. Characteristic features were quantified by image analysis. RESULTS Observation shows that some microrelief features disappear and even merge with wrinkles that become more marked. Some primary lines also tend to merge to form thin new wrinkles. Quantitative data support these observations: the size of small and medium objects of skin relief decreases with age while large objects are becoming larger. CONCLUSION Over 21 years, in the group studied, the total area of the detected objects remains quite constant. Only the distribution between small and large detected objects (microrelief features and wrinkles, respectively) is modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bazin
- L'Oréal Recherche, Chevilly Larue, France Consultant, Paris, France.
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134
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Samson N, Fink B, Matts P. Interaction of skin color distribution and skin surface topography cues in the perception of female facial age and health. J Cosmet Dermatol 2011; 10:78-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2010.00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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135
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Human hair follicle and epidermal melanocytes exhibit striking differences in their aging profile which involves catalase. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:979-82. [PMID: 21191398 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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136
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Mayes AE, Murray PG, Gunn DA, Tomlin CC, Catt SD, Wen YB, Zhou LP, Wang HQ, Catt M, Granger SP. Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with perceived facial age in Chinese women. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15270. [PMID: 21179450 PMCID: PMC3001488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Perceived facial age has been proposed as a biomarker of ageing with 'looking young for one's age' linked to physical and cognitive functioning and to increased survival for Caucasians. We have investigated the environmental and lifestyle factors associated with perceived facial ageing in Chinese women. Facial photographs were collected from 250 Chinese women, aged 25-70 years in Shanghai, China. Perceived facial age was determined and related to chronological age for each participant. Lifestyle and health information was collected by questionnaire. Bivariate analyses (controlling for chronological age) identified and quantified lifestyle variables associated with perceived facial age. Independent predictors of perceived age were identified by multivariate modelling. Factors which significantly associated with looking younger for one's chronological age included greater years of education (p<0.001), fewer household members (p=0.027), menopausal status (p=0.020), frequency of visiting one's doctor (p=0.013), working indoors (p<0.001), spending less time in the sun (p=0.015), moderate levels of physical activity (p=0.004), higher frequency of teeth cleaning (p<0.001) and more frequent use of facial care products: cleanser (p<0.001); moisturiser (p=0.016) or night cream (p=0.016). Overall, 36.5% of the variation in the difference between perceived and chronological age could be explained by a combination of chronological age and 6 independent lifestyle variables. We have thus identified and quantified a number of factors associated with younger appearance in Chinese women. Presentation of these factors in the context of facial appearance could provide significant motivation for the adoption of a range of healthy behaviours at the level of both individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Mayes
- Unilever Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom.
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