Membrane fusion and molecular segregation in phospholipid vesicles

Interactions between fluorescent labeled phosphatidyl serine and cations

Phosphatidyl serine (PS) was reacted with dimethylaminoanphthalenesulfonyl (DNS) chloride to produce a fluorescent phospholipid derivative (DNS--PS). By comparison of the emission maximum of the fluorochrome in solvents of varying dielectric constants and in aqueous suspension it was concluded that the DNS moiety of sonicated DNS--PS micells was within the glycerol region of the lipid. Addition of CaC12 to aqueous suspensions of DNS--PS micells caused a shift in the emission maximum from 524 nm to 490 nm, a two-fold increase in the relative fluorescence and an increase in the polarization of fluorescence and finally aggregation. MgC12 produced similar but smaller changes in the fluorescence parameters. In the presence of calcium the thermal transition of the fatty acid tail region could be monitored as an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the DNS group. Without calcium an almost linear decrease in relative fluorescence was observed. These data suggested that calcium caused the fluorochrome to be shifted from the glycerol region of the lipid structure into the fatty acid tail region. These observations indicate how the conformation of a biological membrane might be altered by the interaction between acidic phospholipids and calcium.

Calcium-induced interaction of phospholipid vesicles and bilayer lipid membranes

The interaction of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles with bilayer lipid membranes has been studied by observing the electrical conductance of the planar membrane. The presence of phosphatidylcholine vesicles as well as phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (1 : 1) vesicles on one side compartment of the bilayer membrane, but not phosphatidylserine vesicles, causes discrete fluctuations in the phosphatidylserine membrane conductance, which is also increased by at least an order of magnitude. These events are dependent on vesicle concentration as well as the presence of Ca2+. The results are interpreted in terms of the incorporation of domains of phosphatidylcholine into the membrane, which confer a higher conductance state.

Membranous localization and properties of ATPase of rat liver lysosomes

Lysosomes isolated from rat liver were found to have ATPase activity (EC No 3.6.1.3). Subfractionation of the lysosomes revealed a membranous localization of ATPase activity. The enzyme has half maximal activity at 0.2 mM ATP and is inhibited by high concentrations of ATP. The apparent Km for divalent metal is 0.2 mM, and either Ca2+ or Mg2+ give maximal activity. The ATPase activity has latency when lysosomes are isolated from rats treated with Triton WR-1339. This latency may be due to the presence of internalized sucrose because the activity of L fraction lysosomes is much less latent and Triton WR-1339 itself is not inhibitory. The latency of glucosaminidase, a marker enzyme for lysosomes, contrasts with the low latency of the ATPase and points to an ATPase with an exposed active site in intact lysosomes.

A calorimetric examination of stable and fusing lipid bilayer vesicles

Mixed lipid samples containing dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine and small amounts of myristic acid were examined calorimetrically. Examination of multilamellar and small vesicle samples indicated that upon heating small vesicles combine to form more extended structures. An exothermic peak (at 19 . 5 degrees C) can be associated with the structural transformation. The enthalpy for this process, which may be interpreted as vesicle-vesicle fusion, is found to be approx.--2 kcal/mol.

Studies on membrane fusion. III. The role of calcium-induced phase changes

The interaction of phosphatidylserine vesicles with Ca2+ and Mg2+ has been examined by several techniques to study the mechanism of membrane fusion. Data are presented on the effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on vesicle permeability, thermotropic phase transitions and morphology determined by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. These data are discussed in relation to information concerning Ca2+ binding, charge neutralization, molecular packing, vesicle aggregation, phase transitions, phase separations and vesicle fusion. The results indicate that at Ca2+ concentrations of 1.0-2.0 mM, a highly cooperative phenomenon occurs which results in increased vesicle permeability, aggregation and fusion of the vesicles. Under these conditions the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid bilayers undergo a phase change from a fluid to a crystalline state. The aggregation of vesicles that is observed during fusion is not sufficient range of 2.0-5.0 mM induces aggregation of phosphatidylserine vesicles but no significant fusion nor a phase change. From the effect of variations in pH, temperature, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration on the fusion of vesicles, it is concluded that the key event leading to vesicle membrane fusion is the isothermic phase change induced by the bivalent metals. It is proposed that this phase change induces a transient destabilization of the bilayer membranes that become susceptible to fusion at domain boundaries.

Arrangement of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in the erythrocyte membrane

Cross-linking of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in the erythrocyte membrane with the reagent difluorodinitrobenzene was studied as a function of temperature, time and concentration of difluorodinitrobenzene. The optimal extent of cross-linking of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylserine to phosphatidylserine was expressed as molar ratios of these three different cross-linked species. The experimental results were compared to different models of a phospholipid monolayer containing phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in which phosphatidylserine was arranged primarily as singles (having 6 phosphatidylethanolamine neighbors) as clusters of dimers, trimer and tetramers or as large clusters. In the various model monolayers each lipid component has 6 neighbors. The models which are consistent with the experimental results are those in which phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine occur as small clusters in a non-random array.

Proton magnetic resonance study of cholesterol transfer between egg yolk lecithin vesicles

The intensity of the proton magnetic resonance signal of the (CH2)n chain in phospholipids of sonicated lecithins is sensitive to the cholesterol content in the resulting vesicles. In the present study this signal has been used to monitor transfer of cholesterol between phospholipid vesicles. Vesicles prepared from pure egg yolk lecithin were mixed with vesicles that contained equimolar amounts of cholesterol and lecithin, and the time evolution of the (CH2)n signal intensity was followed. The results show that a homogenous distribution of cholesterol amoung vesicles is reached after about 4 h at 37 degrees C and 60 h at 4 degrees C. In order to determine the mechanism of the cholesterol transfer process, experiments were performed over a 2.5-fold range of vesicles concentrations. The accuracy of the kinetic results was not sufficient however to decide on the order of the reaction with respect ot vesicle concentration. Simultaneous observation of the choline proton resonance in the presence of Eu+3 and Pr+3 indicates that fusion between vesicles does not occur during cholesterol transfer.

Interaction of general anesthetics with phospholipid vesicles and biological membranes

Low concentrations of general anesthetics, including halothane, ethrane, trilene, diethyl ether and chloroform are observed to shift the phase transitions of phospholipid vesicles to lower temperatures, and from these data partition coefficients for the anesthetic between lipid and water can be calculated. In contrast to the anesthetics, high concentrations of ethanol are required to shift the phase transition of lipids and glycerol causes no effect. Above the phase transition general anesthetics alter nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of phospholipid dispersions and increase the rotational and lateral diffusion rates of fluorescent probes located in the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer, indicating that they induce disorder in the structure. In red blood cell membranes and sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments, the rotational diffusion rate of 1-phenyl-6-phenylhexatriene is increased in the presence of general anesthetics. The 220 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of sarcoplasmic reticulum reveal some resolved lines from the lecithin fatty acid protons; addition of general anesthetic increases the contribution of these peaks. The data from the NMR and fluorescence techniques lead to the conclusion that general anesthetics increase the pool size of melted lipids in the bimolecular phospholipid layers of biological membranes; this would account for the ability of general anesthetics to increase passive diffusion rates of various substances in membranes.

Membrane differentiations at sites specialized for cell fusion

Fusion of plasma membranes between Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gametes has been studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy of unfixed cells. The putative site of cell fusion developes during gametic differentiation and is recognized in thin sections of unmated gametes as a plaque of dense material subjacent to a sector of the anterior plasma membrane (Goodenough, U.W., and R.L. Weiss. 1975.J. Cell Biol. 67:623-637). The overlying membrane proves to be readily recognized in replicas of unmated gametes as a circular region roughly 500 nm in diameter which is relatively free of "regular" plasma membrane particles on both the P and E fracture faces. The morphology of this region is different for mating-type plus (mt+) and mt- gametes: the few particles present in the center of the mt+ region are distributed asymmetrically and restricted to the P face, while the few particles present in the center of the mt- region are distributed symmetrically in the E face. Each gamete type can be activated for cell fusion by presenting to it isolated flagella of opposite mt. The activated mt+ gamete generates large expanses of particle-cleared membrane as it forms a long fertilization tubule from the mating structure region. In the activated mt- gamete, the E face of the mating structure region is transformed into a central dome of densely clustered particles surrounded by a particle-cleared zone. When mt+ and mt- gametes are mixed together, flagellar agglutination triggeeeds to fuse with an activated mt- region. The fusion lip is seen to develop within the particle-dense central dome. We conclude that these mt- particles play an active role in membrane fusion.

Lectin-receptor interactions in liposomes. II. Interaction of wheat germ agglutinin with phosphatidylcholine liposomes containing incorporated monosialoganglioside

Bovine brain gangliosides incorporated into phospholipid liposomes provide receptors for wheat germ agglutinin. Purified monosialogangliosides were mixed with egg phosphatidylcholine, and unilamellar liposomes were generated. Addition of wheat germ agglutinin induced the liposomes to fuse, and gel filtration analysis revealed that the lectin was incorporated into the fused liposomes. The fusion process was studied by following the changes in the 90 degrees light scattering. Increasing the proportion of the monosialoganglioside in the liposomes was found to increase both the extent of the lectin-induced liposome fusion and the rate of the reaction; below a threshold of approx. 5 mol%, the process was extremely slow. The increase in light scattering could be prevented by the addition of the hapten inhibitor, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (1 mM). Addition of the inhibitor, subsequent to the lectin, caused a partial decrease in light scattering due to the dissociation of unfused vesicle aggregates. Electron microscopic examination revealed that the ganglioside-containing liposomes were vesicles, 244 +/- 25 A (S.D.) in diameter. Upon addition of wheat germ agglutinin, the vesicles appeared to fuse to form larger vesicles, corresponding to dimers and trimers of the initial vesicles. Inhibition studies with a variety of monosaccharides indicated that the sialic acid moieties present in the ganglioside acted as the lectin-receptor sites. This was confirmed by the observation that wheat germ agglutinin did not interact with phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing desialyated ganglioside.

Ca++-induced fusion of proteoliposomes: dependence on transmembrane osmotic gradient

The fusion of cytochrome oxidase liposomes with liposomes reconstituted with mitochondrial hydrophobic protein is dependent on the presence of an acidic phospholipid in the liposomes and on the addition of Ca++ions. Liposomes which have grown, by fusion, to diameters in excess of 1000 A lose the ability to fuse further, unless an osmotic gradient across the liposome membrane is established, with the internal osmotic pressure higher than the external. At a given Ca++ concentration, the extent to which this second fusion step takes place is determined by the ratio of internal to external osmolarity. Single-walled liposomes with diameters exceeding 1 mumM have been produced by this technique. The data suggest that the thermodynamic driving force for the Ca++-induced fusion is an excess surface free energy which can be supplied by membrane curvature or transmembrane osmotic gradients.

Ca++-induced fusion of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum with artificial planar bilayers

Addition of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles to the aqueous phase of a black lipid membrane (BLM) causes a large increase in BLM conductance within 10 min. The conductance increase is absolutely dependent on three conditions: The presence of at least 0.5 mM Ca++, an acidic phospholipid such as phosphatidylserine or diphosphatidylglycerol in the BLM phospholipid mixture, and an osmotic gradient across the SR vesicle membrane, with the internal osmolarity greater than the external. These requirements are identical to conditions under which the fusion of phospholipid vesicles occurs. When the early part of the time course of conductance rise is examined at high sensitivity, the conductance is seen to increase in discrete steps. The probability of a step increases with the concentration of Ca++ in the medium, with the fraction of acidic phospholipid in the BLM, and with the size of the osmotic gradient across the SR vesicle membrane. On the other hand, the average conductance change per step is independent of the above parameters, but varies with the type and concentration of ions present in the aqueous phase. For a given ion, the mean specific conductance per step is independent of the ion's concentration between 10 and 100 mM. The probability distribution of the step-conductances agrees well with the distribution of SR vesicle surface areas, both before and after sonication of the vesicles. The evidence indicates that SR vesicles fuse with the BLM, thereby inserting SR membrane conductance pathways into it. Each discrete conductance jump appears to be the result of the fusion of a single SR vesicle with the BLM. This technique may serve as a general method for inserting membrane vesicles into an electrically accessible system.

Fusion in phospholipid spherical membranes. II. Effect of cholesterol, divalent ions and pH

Effect of cholesterol, divalent ions and pH on spherical bilayer membrane fusion was studied as a function of increasing temperature. Spherical bilayer membranes were composed of natural [phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS)] as well as synthetic (dipalmitoyl-PC, dimyristoyl-PC and dioleoyl-PC) phospholipids. Incorporation of cholesterol into the membrane (33% by weight) suppressed the fusion temperature and also greatly reduced the percentage of membrane fusion. The presence of 1 mM divalent ions (Ca++, Mg++ or Mn++) on both sides or one side of the PC membrane did not affect appreciably its fusion characteristic with temperature, but the PS membrane fusion with temperature was greatly enhanced by the presence of divalent ions. The variation of pH of the environmental solution in the range of 5.5 approximately 7.0 did not affect the membrane fusion characteristic. However, at pH 8.5, the fusion with respect to temperature was shifted toward the lower temperature by approximately 3degreesC for PC and PS membranes, and at pH 3.0 the opposite situation was observed as the fusion temperature was increased by 6degreesC for PS membranes and by 4degreesC for PC membranes The results seem to indicate that membrane fluidity and structural instability in the bilayer are important for membrane fusion to occur.

Studies on membrane fusion. II. Induction of fusion in pure phospholipid membranes by calcium ions and other divalent metals

The effect of divalent metals on the interaction and mixing of membrane components in vesicles prepared from acidic phospholipids has been examined using freeze-fracture electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Ca2+, and to a certain extent Mg2+, induce extensive mixing of vesicle membrane components and drastic structural rearrangements to form new membranous structures. In contrast to the mixing of vesicle membrane components in the absence of Ca2+ described in the accompanying paper which occurs via diffusion of lipid molecules between vesicles, mixing of membrane components induced by Ca2+ or Mg2+ results from true fusion of entire vesicles. There appears to be a "threshold" concentration at which Ca2+ and Mg2+ become effective in inducing vesicle fusion and the threshold concentration varies for different acidic phospholipid species. Different phospholipids also vary markedly in their relative responsiveness to Ca2+ and Mg2+, with certain phospholipids being much more susceptible to fusion by Ca2+ than Mg2+. Vesicle fusion induced by divalent cations also requires that the lipids of the interacting membranes be in a "fluid" state (T greater than Tc). Fusion of vesicle membranes by Ca2+ and Mg2+ does not appear to be due to simple electrostatic charge neutralization. Rather the action of these cations in inducing fusion is related to their ability to induce isothermal phase transitions and phase separations in phospholipid membranes. It is suggested that under these conditions membranes become transiently susceptible to fusion as a result of changes in molecular packing and creation of new phase boundaries induced by Ca2+ (or Mg2+).

Perturbational effects of inorganic cations on human erythrocyte membranes

The perturbational effects of monovalent and divalent cations on human erythrocyte membranes were analyzed by examining their influence on kinetic and structural characteristics of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) incorporation into the amino groups of protein and phospholipid structural components. The stimulatory effects of monovalent cations on TNBS incorporation, which were size-independent and attributed to nonspecific membrane alterations resulting from ionic strength factors, contrasted with the more pronounced stimulatory properties of divalent cations which were markedly size-dependent. These stimulatory effects of cations on TNBS incorporation were associated with alterations not only in rate but also in activation energy in incorporation. Changes in activation energy produced by divalent cations paralleled their ability to perturb membrane protein components and probably reflected changes in probe permeation. The rate of TNBS incorporation exhibited a dependence on divalent cation ionic radius which paralleled ion-induced perturbations in the labelling of the membrane amino phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine. Divalent cations differed both in the relative extent and in the characteristics of protein and phospholipid perturbation. Alkaline earth cations behaved as a rather homogeneous group while Ni++, Co++ and Mn++ constituted a second heterogeneous group. The influence of monovalent and divalent cations on the hemolytic behavior of intact erythrocytes paralleled their effects on TNBS incorporation into isolated membranes rather closely. It is suggested that TNBS incorporation may provide a valuable means of analyzing functionally relevant cation-induced alterations in biological membranes in general.

Physical properties of muscle cell membranes during fusion. A fluorescence polarization study with the ionophore A23187

1. The fluorescence polarization of A23187 is used to detect physical changes in myoblast membranes produced by Ca2+ concentrations which are able to trigger fusion. Temperature scans reveal a Ca2+-dependent fluidity increase in the microenvironment of the ionophore above 37 degree C. 2. Time-dependent polarization measurements show two different effects. The first one consists of a fast polarization increase which reaches its maximum after 5-10 min. This change could be explained by a Ca2+-induced phase separation of acidic and neutral phospholipids in the membrane. The second effect is a slow polarization decrease over 2-3 h subsequent to the fast increase. 3. The information derived from the fluorescence polarization is in accordance with the characteristics of the fusion of myoblast cells regarding the dependence on Ca2+ concentration, the inhibition by Mg2+ and lysolecithin as well as a typical temperature of 35-37 degree C where fusion rate changes abruptly.

Structure of an apolipoprotein-phospholipid complex: apoC-III induced changes in the physical properties of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

The effect of ApoC-III, a major apoprotein constituent of human very low density lipoproteins, on the physical properties of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles has been studied by magnetic resonance and fluorescence techniques. The sharp gel-liquid crystalline transition usually observed at 23 C in DMPC is both broadened and elevated when ApoC-III is bound as determined (a) from measurements of microscopic viscosity by pyrene excimer fluorescence, (b) from the distribution of di-tert-butyl nitroxide between the bulk aqueous phase and the fluid lipid phase, and (c) from the motion of fatty acyl chains of spin-labeled phosphatdylcholine. Experiments involving the translocation of ascorbate and charged nitroxide ions and the movement of paramagnetic Eu 3+ ions indicate that when ApoC-III binds to DMPC vesicles, it increases their permeability or destroys their original bilayer structure. These two possibilities were distinguishable by gel filtration of the DMPC-ApoC-III complex (approximately 34 mol mol) that indicated that the product particles were significantly smaller than the original vesicles. Taken together, the data indicate that ApoC-III binding to DMPC not only decreases the acyl chain motion of individual lipid molecules, but also induces break-down of bilamellar vesicular structure to give significantly smaller complexes.

A spin label study of rat brain membranes. Effects of temperature and divalent cations

Rat brain myelin, synaptosomal plasma membranes and synaptic vesicles were spin labelled with stearic acid nitroxide derivatives. Their electron spin resonance spectra were studied as a function of temperature and devalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) concentrations. (1) Synaptosomal plasma membranes and synaptic vesicles show identical temperature variations of their order parameter (S = 0.58 at 35 degrees C and S = 0.72 AT 22 DEGREES C). Myelin appears more rigid (S = 0.66 at 35 degrees C and S = 0.76 at 22 degrees C). A discontinuity of the order parameter variation as a function of temperature, is observed between 14.5 degrees C and l9.5 degrees C with the three types of membranes. (2) The hydrophobic core of these membranes is very fluid. No transition temperature is observed. The measured values of the spin label rotation correlation times and rotational activation energies are 2.1 and 2.8 ns at 35 degrees C and 3.1 and 3.6 kcal/mol respectively for synaptosomal plasma membranes and myelin. (3) Ca2+ enhances the membrane rigidity (12+/-0.7% increase of the order parameter at 35 degrees C in the presence of 10(-3) M Ca2+) and increases the transition temperature. At a lower extend, similar effects are observed with Mg2+.

An optical study of the exchange kinetics of membrane bound molecules

The kinetics of molecular exchange between lipid bilayers are studied using a special fluorescence technique. Pyrene and pyrene decanoic acid are chosen as typical examples of an apolar and amphiphilic molecule. Their property of forming dimers in the excited state (excimer) is exploited. The time dependencies of monomer and excimer intensities after rapid mixing of vesicles doped with fluorescent probe with undoped ones are studied by stopped-flow technique. The transient curves reveal the information on the exchange kinetics. A theoretical analysis shows that the molecular exchange follows a first order kinetics. Surprisingly short half life-times tex for this exchange process are obtained (for dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine tex=3.3 s for T=23 degrees C, tex=0.5 s for T=68 degrees C). Multilamellar systems (onion like structure) show much slower exchange rates. The exchange rates are nearly equal for polar and unpolar molecules. Addition of cholesterol has a strong reducing effect on this rate. Charging of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicle surfaces by the addition of (a) EuCl3 to the aqueous phase and (b) dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid to the lipid phase reduces the exchange rate by about an order of magnitude above the phase transition. In a separate experiment it is shown that the lipid exchange or fusion for two different lipids is a much slower process compared to the label exchange. In fact vesicles kept below the phase transition temperature Ttr for both lipids, do not fuse even after 70 h. Noticeable fusion occurs after 10 h when the mixture stays above Ttr. Experiment shows that the fusion of pure lipid vesicles is not very much affected by the presence of a charged lipid. Change in concentration of the monovalent ions in the aqueous solution by two orders of magnitude does not have an appreciable effect on the exchange rate of phospholipids.

Fusion of phospholipid vesicles reconstituted with cytochrome c oxidase and mitochondrial hydrophobic protein

Reconstituted cytochrome oxidase liposomes were fused with liposomes reconstituted with mitochondrial hydrophobic protein, which acts as a membrane-bound uncoupler of cytochrome oxidase. Fusion was assayed by the loss of respiratory control of cytochrome oxidase as measured by the increased rate of ascorbate oxidation induced by hydrophobic protein when both proteins shared the same vesicles. Fusion was dependent on the presence of phosphatidylserine in the liposomes Ca++ in the aqueous medium. Phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine liposomes required higher concentrations of phosphatidylserine and Ca++ than did phosphatidylethanolamine-phosphatidylserine liposomes. Cytochrome oxidase vesicles containing high concentrations of phosphatidylserine showed little or no respiratory control, while those with lower concentrations showed high respiratory control; respiratory control could be induced by fusing cytochrome oxidase vesicles containing high phosphatidylserine with protein-free liposomes containing low phosphatidylserine concentration. If cytochrome oxidase vesicles and hydrophobic protein vesicles were prefused separately for 15 min, they lost the ability to fuse upon being subsequently mixed together. The reconstituted vesicles had diameters of about 200 A; fusion yielded vesicles with diameters in excess of 1000 A.

Lipid vesicles as carriers for introducing materials into cultured cells: influence of vesicle lipid composition on mechanism(s) of vesicle incorporation into cells

The mechanisms involved in the uptake of uni- and multi-lamellar lipid vesicles by BALB/c mouse 3T3 cells have been investigated. Vesicles are incorporated into cells both by endocytosis and by a nonendocytotic mechanism which we propose involves fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane. The nonendocytotic pathway predominates in the uptake of negatively charged vesicles composed of phospholipids that are "fluid" (phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine) at 37 degrees. Neutral fluid vesicles (phosphatidylcholine) and negatively charged vesicles prepared from "solid" phospholipids (phosphatidylserine/distearylphosphatidylcholine/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) are instead incorporated largely by endocytosis. Uptake of the latter classes of vesicle is reduced (80-90% inhibition) by inhibitors of cellular energy metabolism and by cytochalasin B.

Membrane hybridization by centrifugation analysed by lipid phase transitions and reconstitution of NADH-oxidase-activity

A procedure is described to hybridize cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli. The method involves high-speed contrifugation of two different vesicle preparations at 37 degrees C in the presence of cations such as spermine or Mg2+. The occurrence of hybridization is shown by the following experiments. Firstly, formation of a mixed lipis phase starting from two membranes having a different hydrocarbon chain composition in their phospholipids. Secondly, formation of a hybrid membrane having an intermediate lipid to protein ratio from two membrane fractions having different lipid to protein ratios. Thirdly, reconstitution of NADH oxidase activity by hybridization of two membrane fractions, one lacking active cytochromes and the other being deficient in quinones. It is proposed that hybridization occurs by fusion of vesicles during the tight association of collapsed vesicles under high centrifugal forces. This interpretation is supported by electron microscopy of the membrane pellets after centrifugation. However, lipid transfer as the mechanism of hybridization cannot be excluded and attempts to reconstitute active galactoside transport by complementation of beta-galactoside transport-deficient membranes and cytochrome-deficient membranes have been unsuccessful.

Intramembrane particle aggregation in erythrocyte ghosts. II. The influence of spectrin aggregation

Physicochemical properties of mixtures of spectrin and actin extracted from human erythrocyte ghosts have been correlated with ultrastructural changes observed in freeze-fractured erythrocyte membranes. (1) Extracted mixtures of spectrin and actin have a very low solubility (less than 30 mug/ml) near their isoelectric point, pH 4.8. These mixtures are also precipitated by low concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, polylysine or basic proteins. (2) All conditions which precipitate extracts of spectrin and actin also induce aggregation of the intramembrane particles in spectrin-depleted erythrocyte ghosts. Precipitation of the residual spectrin molecules into small patches on the cytoplasmic surface of the ghost membrane is thought to be the cause of particle aggregations, implying an association between the spectrin molecules and the intramembrane particles. (3) When fresh ghosts are exposed to conditions which precipitate extracts of spectrin and actin, only limited particle aggregation occurs. Instead, the contraction of the intact spectrin meshwork induced by the precipitation conditions compresses the lipid bilayer of the membrane, causing it to bleb off particle-free, protein-free vesicles. (4) The absence of protein in these lipid vesicles implies that all the proteins of the erythrocyte membrane are immobilized by association with either the spectrin meshwork or the intramembrane particles.

Interaction of charged lipid vesicles with planar bilayer lipid membranes: detection by antibiotic membrane probes

A technique has been developed for monitoring the interaction of charged phospholipid vesicles with planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) by use of the antibiotics Valinomycin, Nonactin, and Monazomycin as surface-charge probes. Anionic phosphatidylserine vesicles, when added to one aqueous compartment of a BLM, are shown to impart negative surface charge to zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. The surface charge is distributed asymmetrically, mainly on the vesicular side of the BLM, and is not removed by exchange of the vesicular aqueous solution. Possible mechanisms for the vesicle-BLM interactions are discussed.