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Sun T, Zhang X, Hou C, Yu S, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Kong L, Liu C, Feng L, Wang D, Ni G. Cold Plasma Irradiation Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis via Enhancing HIF-1α-Induced MANF Transcription Expression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941219. [PMID: 35911675 PMCID: PMC9329666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma has been widely applied in medical treatment clinically, especially skin diseases. However, the mechanism of cold atmospheric plasma on the treatment of skin diseases is still undefined. In this study, dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis mice model was constructed. Cold atmospheric plasma was able to decrease skin cells apoptosis, relieve skin inflammation, ER stress and oxidative stress caused by dinitrofluorobenzene stimulation, which was mediated by cold atmospheric plasma-induced MANF expression. In terms of mechanism, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression was increased intracellularly after cold atmospheric plasma treatment, which further bound to the promoter region of manf gene and enhanced MANF transcriptional expression. This study reveals that cold atmospheric plasma has a positive effect on atopic dermatitis treatment, also demonstrates the regulatory mechanism of cold atmospheric plasma on MANF expression via HIF-1α, which indicates the potential medical application of cold atmospheric plasma for atopic dermatitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinru Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shujun Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Kong
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lijie Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Guohua Ni, ; Dong Wang, ; Lijie Feng,
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Guohua Ni, ; Dong Wang, ; Lijie Feng,
| | - Guohua Ni
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Guohua Ni, ; Dong Wang, ; Lijie Feng,
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Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common skin disease with high prevalence in work environments. Human allergic contact dermatitis is triggered by the exposure to haptens that leads to an initial phase known as sensitization. During this phase, hapten-protein complexes presented by antigen-presenting cells activate a T-cell-mediated response, leading to the generation of memory cells against the hapten. Upon re-exposure to the same hapten, the elicitation phase is initiated. This phase is characterized by a quicker acute inflammatory response involving activation and/or infiltration of a variety of immune cell populations. Human ACD can be studied through the use of animal models of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). The 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced CHS model is a commonly used mouse model that has been helpful in the study of the mechanisms as well as potential therapeutic interventions of ACD. In this chapter I will provide a detailed protocol to develop acute DNFB-induced CHS in mice in a period of 7 days. In addition, I will discuss several key considerations for experimental design including best controls, potential expected outcomes, and sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C Manresa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Zając D, Russjan E, Kostrzon M, Kaczyńska K. Inhalations with Brine Solution from the 'Wieliczka' Salt Mine Diminish Airway Hyperreactivity and Inflammation in a Murine Model of Non-Atopic Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4798. [PMID: 32645931 PMCID: PMC7370210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalations with brine solutions are old but underestimated add-ons to pharmacological treatments of inflammatory lung diseases. Although widely used, not all features underlying their action on the respiratory system have been explored. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of the beneficial action of inhalations of brine solution from the 'Wieliczka' Salt Mine, a Polish health resort, in a murine model of non-atopic asthma. Asthma was induced in BALB/c mice by skin sensitization with dinitrofluorobenzene followed by an intratracheal challenge of cognate hapten. All animals underwent 12 inhalation sessions with brine solution, pure water or physiological saline. Control mice were not inhaled. We found that brine inhalations reduced, as compared to non-inhaled mice, the typical asthma-related symptoms, like airway hyperreactivity (AHR), the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells into the bronchial tree, and the inflammation of the airways at the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6. The level of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was elevated in brine-inhaled mice. Inhalations with pure water increased AHR, whereas saline had no influence, either on AHR or cytokine concentrations. These observations indicate that inhalations with a brine solution from the 'Wieliczka' Salt Mine diminish the asthma-related symptoms, mostly by reducing the inflammatory status and by decreasing AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Zając
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Russjan
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Belzer V, Hanani M. Nitric oxide as a messenger between neurons and satellite glial cells in dorsal root ganglia. Glia 2019; 67:1296-1307. [PMID: 30801760 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal neuronal activity in sensory ganglia contributes to chronic pain. There is evidence that signals can spread between cells in these ganglia, which may contribute to this activity. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia undergo activation following peripheral injury and participate in cellular communication via gap junctions and chemical signaling. Nitric oxide (NO) is released from neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and induces cyclic GMP (cGMP) production in SCGs, but its role in SGC activation and neuronal excitability has not been explored. It was previously reported that induction of intestinal inflammation with dinitrobenzoate sulfonate (DNBS) increased gap junctional communications among SGCs, which contributed to neuronal excitability and pain. Here we show that DNBS induced SGC activation in mouse DRG, as assayed by glial fibrillary acidic protein upregulation. DNBS also upregulated cGMP level in SGCs, consistent with NO production. In vitro studies on intact ganglia from DNBS-treated mice showed that blocking NO synthesis inhibited both SGCs activation and cGMP upregulation, indicating an ongoing NO production. Application of NO donor in vitro induced SGC activation, augmented gap junctional communications, and raised neuronal excitability, as assessed by electrical recordings. The cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP mimicked these actions, confirming the role of the NO-cGMP pathway in intraganglionic communications. NO also augmented Ca2+ waves propagation in DRG cultures. It is proposed that NO synthesis in DRG neurons increases after peripheral inflammation and that NO induces SGC activation, which in turn contributes to neuronal hyperexcitability. Thus, NO plays a major role in neuron-SGC communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Belzer
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Menachem Hanani
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Luís A, Martins JD, Silva A, Ferreira I, Cruz MT, Neves BM. Oxidative stress-dependent activation of the eIF2α–ATF4 unfolded protein response branch by skin sensitizer 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene modulates dendritic-like cell maturation and inflammatory status in a biphasic manner [corrected]. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:217-29. [PMID: 25236743 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis, the most common manifestation of immunotoxicity in humans, is intimately connected to hapten-induced maturation of dendritic cells (DC). The molecular mechanisms driving this maturational program are not completely known; however, initial danger signals such as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were shown to play a critical role. Recent evidence linking ROS production, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases led us to analyze, in the present work, the ability of the skin sensitizer 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) to evoke ER stress in DC-like THP-1 cells and the concomitant consequences to their immunobiology. We found that DNFB triggers a ROS-dependent activation of the PERK-eIFα-ATF4 unfolded protein response (UPR) branch conferring cytoprotection and modulating the maturation/proinflammatory cell status in a biphasic manner. Early DNFB induction of ATF4 positively modulates autophagy-related genes MAP1LC3B and ATG3 and stabilizes the transcription factor Nrf2, causing a strong induction of the HMOX1-detoxifying gene. Moreover, we observed that in a first phase, DNFB-induced ATF4 upregulates IL8 mRNA levels while blocking CD86, IL1B, IL12B, and CXL10 transcription. Later, following ATF4 decay, HMOX1 and IL8 transcription drastically decrease and CD86, IL1B, and Il12B are upregulated. Overall, our results evidence a connection between sensitizer-induced redox imbalance and the establishment of ER stress in DC-like cells and provide new insights into the role of UPR effectors such as ATF4 to the complex DC maturational program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Luís
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Centre, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Demétrio Martins
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Centre, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Shi YL, Gu J, Park JJ, Xu YP, Yu FS, Zhou L, Mi QS. Histone deacetylases inhibitor Trichostatin A ameliorates DNFB-induced allergic contact dermatitis and reduces epidermal Langerhans cells in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 68:99-107. [PMID: 22999682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDACs) influence chromatin organization, representing a key epigenetic regulatory mechanism in cells. Trichostatin A (TSA), a potent HDAC inhibitor, has anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a T-cell-mediated inflammatory reaction in skin and is regulated by epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate if TSA treatment prevents 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced ACD in mice and regulates epidermal LCs and other immune cells during ACD development. METHODS ACD was induced by sensitizing and challenging with DNFB topically. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with TSA or vehicle DMSO as a control every other day before and during induction of ACD. The ear swelling response was measured and skin biopsies from sensitized skin areas were obtained for histology. Epidermal cells, thymus, spleen and skin draining lymph nodes were collected for immune staining. RESULTS TSA treatment ameliorated skin lesion severity of DNFB-induced ACD. The percentages of epidermal LCs and splenic DCs as well as LC maturation were significantly reduced in TSA-treated mice. However, TSA treatment did not significantly affect the homeostasis of conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells, iNKT cells, and γδ T cells in thymus, spleen and draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in IL-4 and IFN-γ-producing T cells and iNKT cells between TSA- and DMSO-treated mice. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that TSA may ameliorate ACD through the regulation of epidermal LCs and HDACs could serve as potential therapeutic targets for ACD and other LCs-related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Shi
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
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Jang AH, Kim TH, Kim GD, Kim JE, Kim HJ, Kim SS, Jin YH, Park YS, Park CS. Rosmarinic acid attenuates 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1271-7. [PMID: 21504802 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin diseases, and its incidence is increasing in industrialized countries. Furthermore, the epicutaneous application of a hapten, such as 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), evokes an AD-like lesion in NC/Nga mice under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a secondary metabolite that is frequently found in herbs, and has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial effects. In this study, we studied whether RA is an effective treatment against DNFB-induced AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. RA at 1 or 5 μM was found to suppress the productions of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 significantly by activated CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, an intraperitoneal injection of RA at 10 or 50 mg/kg significantly inhibited skin lesion development and ear thickness and total serum IgE level increases in DNFB-treated NC/Nga mice. In addition, intraperitoneal administered RA at 10 or 50 mg/kg significantly inhibited the infiltrations of CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T, and mast cells into DNFB-induced skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. This study suggests that RA suppresses the development of AD-like dermatitis in DNFB-treated NC/Nga mice by reducing IFN-γ and IL-4 production by activated T cells and total serum IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Hee Jang
- Department of Microbiology (BK21), School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yuan XY, Liu W, Zhang P, Wang RY, Guo JY. Effects and mechanisms of aloperine on 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced allergic contact dermatitis in BALB/c mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 629:147-52. [PMID: 20006963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a prototypic T-cell-mediated cutaneous inflammatory response. Multiple cell types, inflammatory mediators and cytokines are involved in the regulation of immunologic and inflammatory processes in allergic contact dermatitis. Aloperine is an isolated alkaloid found in the plant of Sophora alopecuroides L. It has been clinically proved effective in China for a long time for skin inflammatory diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis. However, the mechanism of aloperine on allergic contact dermatitis is largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aloperine on 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced allergic contact dermatitis in BALB/c mice and the possible underlying mechanisms. The results showed that topical application of DNFB on the ear provoked typical allergic contact dermatitis with ear swelling and ear erythema in BALB/c mice. Treatments with 1% aloperine suppressed DNFB-induced increase in ear thickness and ear erythema. Moreover, 1% aloperine treatment significantly decreased the up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) induced by DNFB in ear biopsy homogenates. Our findings suggest that aloperine greatly improves the DNFB-induced allergic contact dermatitis in mice. The therapeutic mechanism might be related to the reduction of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 production induced by DNFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Yuan
- Department of Dermatology, the General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing 1000142, PR China.
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Combarnous Y, Hennen G. Chemical study of the topography of porcine lutropin (LH) using dinitrofluorobenzene and dansyl chloride. Int J Pept Protein Res 2009; 8:491-8. [PMID: 965156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1976.tb02529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of porcine lutropin beta-subunit by increasing amounts of dansyl chloride shows that only one fluorescent group can be bound to the free subunit, namely on tyrosine beta-37. This modification prevents reassociation with native chi-subunit. In contrast to dansyl chloride, dinitrofluorobenzene reacts preferentially with tyrosine beta-59. This substitution does not interfere with the reassociation with the native chi-subunit. By using equimolar ratio of dansyl chloride and porcine lutropin chi-subunit it is possible to modify this subunit on a single site, which is found to be a tyrosine residue. The monodansylated X-subunit is still able to recombine with native B-subunit but its fluorescence is found to be markedly quenched upon binding. In addition, the O-dansyl-tyrosyl fluorescence quenching by potassium iodide is more effective on the recombined dimer than on the free chi-subunit. Both reconstituted dimers (native xhi chi dinitrophenylated beta and dansylated chi chi native beta) are without biological activity. It is not clear whether the substituted phenolic groups are essential or whether the added groups prevent the chi beta dimer from taking the active conformation. This alternative is discussed in the light of recent data from this laboratory and others.
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Sugita K, Kabashima K, Tokura Y. Agaricus blazei Murill augments keratinocyte production of bioactive cytokines capable of promoting antigen-presenting capacity. J Dermatol 2008; 35:373-6. [PMID: 18578718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Weil ZM, Workman JL, Nelson RJ. Housing condition alters immunological and reproductive responses to day length in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Horm Behav 2007; 52:261-6. [PMID: 17583707 PMCID: PMC1955688 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During winter, increased thermoregulatory demands coincide with limited food availability necessitating physiological tradeoffs among expensive physiological processes resulting in seasonal breeding among small mammals. In the laboratory, short winter-like day lengths induce regression of the reproductive tract, but also enhance many aspects of immune function. It remains unspecified the extent to which bolstered immune responses in short days represent enhanced immune function per se compared to long days or represents energetic disinhibition mediated by the regression of the reproductive tract. Cohabitation of male Siberian hamsters with intact female conspecifics can block short-day reproductive regression. We sought to determine whether female cohabitation could also block the enhanced immune function associated with short days. Adult male Siberian hamsters were housed in long or short day lengths in one of three housing conditions: (1) single-housed, (2) housed with a same sex littermate, or (3) housed with an ovariectomized female. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses were assessed after 8 weeks of photoperiod treatment. Housing with an ovariectomized female was not sufficient to block short-day reproductive regression, but prevented short-day enhancement of DTH responses. Housing with a male littermate did not alter reproductive or immune responses in either photoperiod. These data suggest that short day enhancement of immune function is independent of photoperiod-mediated changes in the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Weil
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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12
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Bonneville M, Chavagnac C, Vocanson M, Rozieres A, Benetiere J, Pernet I, Denis A, Nicolas JF, Hennino A. Skin contact irritation conditions the development and severity of allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1430-5. [PMID: 17273160 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is a frequent inflammatory skin disease induced by skin contact with low molecular weight chemicals such as haptens endowed with proinflammatory properties. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a frequent complication of ICD and is mediated by hapten-specific T cells primed in lymph nodes by skin emigrating dendritic cells. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between ICD and ACD to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenezene (DNFB) in C57BL/6 and BALB/C mice, which develop a severe and a moderate skin inflammation, respectively. Upon a single skin painting with DNFB, C57BL/6 developed within hours a more severe dose-dependent ICD response as compared to BALB/C mice, which was associated with enhanced upregulation of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10. Skin exposure to a low dose of DNFB resulted, in both strains, in a low ICD that resolved in a few hours. Alternatively, skin painting with either an intermediate or a high DNFB concentration induced an ICD that subsequently gave rise to an ACD reaction whose intensity was proportional to the magnitude of the ICD response and was more severe in C57BL/6 mice than in BALB/C mice. In conclusion, the hapten-induced skin contact irritation conditions the development and the severity of ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Bonneville
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U503, IFR128, BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
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Abstract
Previous studies suggest an association between dermal contact hypersensitivity and preterm delivery. We hypothesized that dietary protein deficiency produces cell-mediated immune hypersensitivity in pregnant animals and their offspring akin to those known to produce tissue damage. We compared the effects of feeding a 20% protein diet (controls) to those of feeding a 10% protein (deficient) diet ad libitum to pregnant BALB/c mice. We measured dermal contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) by the increment in ear skin thickness (swelling) 72 h after immunization and parity by the number of viable pups delivered. Dams fed the protein-deficient diet ingested less food, gained less weight and delivered fewer viable pups than the dams fed the control diet. Greater DNFB-stimulated increment in ear skin thickness was found in the protein-deficient mothers and in their offspring than in the control mothers and their offspring. We conclude that dietary protein deficiency limits parity and induces immune hypersensitivity. These findings suggest the potential for dietary protein deficiency to activate a T-cell-mediated branch of the immune response that may put pregnant animals at risk for preterm delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Millis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, United States.
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Hartmann B, Staedtler F, Hartmann N, Meingassner J, Firat H. Gene expression profiling of skin and draining lymph nodes of rats affected with cutaneous contact hypersensitivity. Inflamm Res 2006; 55:322-34. [PMID: 16977379 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-006-5141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN The present study aimed at a broad genome expression analysis of rat skin and draining lymph nodes affected with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). METHODS ACD was elicited in sensitized SD rats with 0.5% 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene on skin areas distant from the sensitization sites. Involved skin and lymph nodes were dissected 8 and 24 h after challenge. RNA was hybridized on Affymetrix GeneChips. Expression data were analyzed with the GeneSpring software. RESULTS Expression of 1,882 out of 8,799 examined genes in skin or lymph nodes was significantly (p < or = 0.01) changed compared to levels in normal tissue. After an additional 2- fold filtering, four expression patterns were selected and interpreted. Prominently up-regulated genes were IL-6, CCR-5, CCL-2, CCL-3, CXCL-1, CXCL-10, TIMP-1, OX-40, calgranulin b, ST2, beta-defensin, iNOS, STAT-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-12, and MMP-13. CONCLUSIONS In addition to previously reported transcript changes, the present findings suggest/support that plasma cells, mast cells, and a specific IFN-gamma pathway play a substantial role in the pathogenesis of ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hartmann
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research ATDA, Brunnerstrasse 59, 1230, Vienna, Austria.
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Nishibu A, Ward BR, Boes M, Takashima A. Roles for IL-1 and TNFalpha in dynamic behavioral responses of Langerhans cells to topical hapten application. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 45:23-30. [PMID: 17123788 PMCID: PMC1850973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the behavioral biology of Langerhans cells (LCs), we recently recorded time-lapse images of LCs in the knock-in mice expressing the I-Abeta chain tagged with the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). EGFP(+) LCs showed relatively limited motility in the steady state, whereas topical application of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) markedly augmented a unique movement of dendrites characterized by rhythmic extension and retraction, termed dSEARCH, and triggered amoeba-like lateral migration of cell bodies. OBJECTIVE To define underlying mechanisms by which hapten treatment alters LC behaviors. METHODS The I-Abeta-EGFP mice received subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of recombinant IL-1alpha or TNFalpha (50 ng/animal) and dynamic behaviors of EGFP(+) LCs were recorded by time-lapse confocal microscopy at several time points to measure their dSEARCH activities and lateral migration. In a different set of experiments, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) or soluble TNF receptor-2 (sTNFR2) (0.5 microg/animal) was s.c. injected into the ear skin 30 min before topical application of DNFB, and LC behaviors analyzed 30 h later. RESULTS Local injection of IL-1alpha or TNFalpha induced significant, albeit modest, augmentation of both dSEARCH and lateral migration. Co-injection of TNFalpha and IL-1alpha further exacerbated motile activities in a synergistic manner by similar magnitudes observed after DNFB application. Conversely, DNFB-induced behavioral changes were inhibited completely by local injection of IL-1Ra or sTNFR2. CONCLUSION IL-1 and TNFalpha serve as equally important mediators of hapten-induced alteration of LC behaviors. Motile activities of epidermal LCs are reprogrammed by selected cytokines known to be produced by keratinocytes under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nishibu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brant R. Ward
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marianne Boes
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akira Takashima
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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16
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Mazzon E, Esposito E, Crisafulli C, Riccardi L, Muià C, Di Bella P, Meli R, Cuzzocrea S. Melatonin modulates signal transduction pathways and apoptosis in experimental colitis. J Pineal Res 2006; 41:363-73. [PMID: 17014694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2006.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various evidences have documented that the pineal secretory product melatonin exerts an important anti-inflammatory effect in different experimental models including colitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether melatonin regulates the inflammatory response of experimental colitis in rats at the level of signal transduction pathway. Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). Four days after DNBS administration, a substantial increase of colon TNF-alpha production was associated with the colon damage. In DNBS-treated rats, the colon injury correlated with a significant rise of apoptosis (evaluated by TUNEL coloration) which was associated with a significant increased expression of proapoptotic Bax and decreased colon content of antiapoptotic Bcl-2. This inflammatory response was also related to activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and phosphorylation of c-Jun as well as FAS ligand expression in the colon. Treatment with melatonin (15 mg/kg daily i.p.) was associated with a remarkable amelioration of colonic disrupted architecture as well as a significant reduction of TNF-alpha. Melatonin also reduced the NF-kappaB activation and phosphorylation of c-Jun as well as the Fas ligand expression in the colon. Furthermore, melatonin reduced the expression of Bax and prevented the loss of Bcl-2 proteins as well as the presence of apoptotic cells caused by DNBS. The results of this study show that melatonin administration exerts beneficial effects in inflammatory bowel disease by modulating signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
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17
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Ueda Y, Miyagawa N, Wakitani K. Involvement of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the IgE-mediated triphasic cutaneous reaction in mice. Life Sci 2006; 80:414-9. [PMID: 17055000 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the IgE-mediated cutaneous reaction was investigated. Epicutaneous challenge with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene caused a triphasic swelling in the ear of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice passively sensitized with anti-dinitrophenol IgE. Peak responses of the ear swelling appeared at 1 h, 24 h, and 8 days after the challenge in both strains of mice. In contrast, cannabinoid CB2 receptor-deficient mice failed to exhibit the obvious triphasic ear swelling observed in wild-type mice. Oral administration of cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist/inverse agonists [N-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-7-methoxy-2-oxo-8-pentyloxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide] (JTE-907) and {N-[(1S)-endo-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2,2,1]heptan-2yl]5-(4-chloro-3-methyl-phenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide} (SR144528) at doses of 0.1-10 mg/kg significantly and dose-dependently suppressed all three phases of ear swelling in BALB/c mice. Interestingly, epicutaneous treatment with an ether-linked analogue of endogenous cannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, caused an ear swelling that could be detected at 1 h, 24 h, and 8 days after treatment of both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest that cannabinoid CB2 receptors are involved in induction of the triphasic cutaneous reaction mediated by IgE, and that cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist/inverse agonists may serve as anti-allergic agents in the treatment of allergic dermatitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Camphanes/pharmacology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/immunology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/pharmacology
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Quinolones/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/physiology
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Ueda
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
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18
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O'Leary JG, Goodarzi M, Drayton DL, von Andrian UH. T cell- and B cell-independent adaptive immunity mediated by natural killer cells. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:507-16. [PMID: 16617337 DOI: 10.1038/ni1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly believed that only T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes expressing recombination-dependent antigen-specific receptors mediate contact hypersensitivity responses to haptens. Here we found that mice devoid of T cells and B cells demonstrated substantial contact hypersensitivity responses to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and oxazolone. Those responses were adaptive in nature, as they persisted for at least 4 weeks and were elicited only by haptens to which mice were previously sensitized. No contact hypersensitivity was induced in mice lacking all lymphocytes, including natural killer cells. Contact hypersensitivity responses were acquired by such mice after adoptive transfer of natural killer cells from sensitized donors. Transferable hapten-specific memory resided in a Ly49C-I(+) natural killer subpopulation localized specifically in donor livers. These observations indicate that natural killer cells can mediate long-lived, antigen-specific adaptive recall responses independent of B cells and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline G O'Leary
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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19
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Le Borgne M, Etchart N, Goubier A, Lira SA, Sirard JC, van Rooijen N, Caux C, Aït-Yahia S, Vicari A, Kaiserlian D, Dubois B. Dendritic cells rapidly recruited into epithelial tissues via CCR6/CCL20 are responsible for CD8+ T cell crosspriming in vivo. Immunity 2006; 24:191-201. [PMID: 16473831 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nature of dendritic cell(s) (DC[s]) that conditions efficient in vivo priming of CD8+ CTL after immunization via epithelial tissues remains largely unknown. Here, we show that myeloid DCs rapidly recruited by adjuvants into the buccal mucosa or skin are essential for CD8+ T cell crosspriming. Recruitment of circulating DC precursors, including Gr1+ monocytes, precedes the sequential accumulation of CD11c+ MHC class II+ DCs in dermis and epithelium via a CCR6/CCL20-dependent mechanism. Remarkably, a defect in CCR6, local neutralization of CCL20, or depletion of monocytes prevents in vivo priming of CD8+ CTL against an innocuous protein antigen administered with adjuvant. In addition, transfer of CCR6-sufficient Gr1+ monocytes restores CD8+ T cell priming in CCR6( degrees / degrees ) mice via a direct Ag presentation mechanism. Thus, newly recruited DCs likely derived from circulating monocytes are responsible for efficient crosspriming of CD8+ CTL after mucosal or skin immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Le Borgne
- INSERM U404 "Immunité et Vaccination", IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, F-69365 Lyon, France
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20
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Matos TJ, Jaleco SP, Gonçalo M, Duarte CB, Lopes MC. Release of IL-1beta via IL-1beta-converting enzyme in a skin dendritic cell line exposed to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2005:131-8. [PMID: 16106098 PMCID: PMC1526472 DOI: 10.1155/mi.2005.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a mouse fetal skin dendritic cell line (FSDC) to study the effect of the strong allergen 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) on interleukin (IL)-1beta release and IL-1beta receptor immunoreactivity. Stimulation with DNFB (30 minutes) increased IL-1 release without changing the mRNA levels of the protein. Furthermore, DNFB increased transiently the interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE) activity, as measured with its fluorogenic substrate Z-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-AFC. The ICE inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK prevented the release of IL-1beta evoked by DNFB. Incubation of the cells with DNFB (30 minutes) strongly increased IL-1beta receptor immunoreactivity. The rapid effect of DNFB on the release of mature IL-1beta, without inducing an increase of IL-1beta mRNA in FSDC, suggests a posttranslational modification of pro-IL-1beta by ICE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa J. Matos
- Centro de Neurosciências e
Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra,
Portugal
| | - Sara P. Jaleco
- Centro de Neurosciências e
Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra,
Portugal
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Hospital da Universidade de
Coimbra, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra,
3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos B. Duarte
- Centro de Neurosciências e
Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra,
Portugal
- Departamento de Zoologia,
Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Celeste Lopes
- Centro de Neurosciências e
Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra,
Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia,
Universidade de Coimbra, Rua do Norte, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal
- * M. Celeste Lopes;
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21
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Abstract
GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult CNS, is excitatory at early developmental stages as a result of the elevated intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i). This functional switch is primarily attributable to the K+-Cl- co-transporter KCC2, the expression of which is developmentally regulated in neurons. Previously, we reported that KCC2 interacts with brain-type creatine kinase (CKB). To elucidate the functional significance of this interaction, HEK293 cells were transfected with KCC2 and glycine receptor alpha2 subunit, and gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp recordings were performed to measure the glycine reversal potential (Egly), giving an estimate of [Cl-]i. KCC2-expressing cells displayed the expected changes in Egly following alterations in the extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) or administration of an inhibitor of KCCs, suggesting that the KCC2 function was being properly assessed. When added into KCC2-expressing cells, dominant-negative CKB induced a depolarizing shift in Egly and reduced the hyperpolarizing shift in Egly seen in response to a lowering of [K+]o compared with wild-type CKB. Moreover, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), an inhibitor of CKs, shifted Egly in the depolarizing direction. In primary cortical neurons expressing CKB, the GABA reversal potential was also shifted in the depolarizing direction by DNFB. Our findings suggest that, in the cellular micro-environment, CKB activates the KCC2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Department of Physiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
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22
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Matos TJ, Duarte CB, Gonçalo M, Lopes MC. Role of oxidative stress in ERK and p38 MAPK activation induced by the chemical sensitizer DNFB in a fetal skin dendritic cell line. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:607-14. [PMID: 16266312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular mechanisms involved in the early phase of dendritic cell (DC) activation upon contact with chemical sensitizers are not well known. The strong skin sensitizer 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was shown to induce the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in DC. In the present study, we investigated a putative role for oxidative stress in DNFB-induced MAPK activation and upregulation of the costimulatory molecule CD40. In a DC line generated from fetal mouse skin, DNFB induced a significant increase in protein oxidation, measured by the formation of carbonyl groups, while it had almost no effect on lipid peroxidation. The antioxidants glutathione and vitamin E, which inhibit protein and lipid oxidation, respectively, were used to assess the role of oxidative stress in DNFB-induced MAPK activation. Glutathione, but not vitamin E, inhibited DNFB-induced p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas none of the antioxidants interfered significantly with the DNFB-induced upregulation of CD40 protein levels. Taken together, these results indicate that DNFB activates p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 via production of reactive oxygen species, and that protein oxidation plays an important role in MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa J Matos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the protective effects of Astragalus membranaceus (Am) against hapten-induced colitis in male Sprague-Dawley rats as well as its underlying mechanism.
METHODS: Experimental colitis was induced in rats by enema administration of 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). Rats were either pretreated with Am extract (2 or 4 g/kg, p.o. once daily) starting from 10 d before DNBS enema, or received Am post-treatment (2 or 4 g/kg, p.o. twice daily) on the three consecutive days following DNBS administration. Colonic lesion area and histological damage were determined, while the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and xanthine oxidase, as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) content were measured in the excised colonic tissues. Besides, protein expression of inducible nitrite oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and P-selectin was also detected by Western blot analysis.
RESULTS: Our findings had shown that both macroscopic lesion area and histological colonic damage induced by DNBS were significantly reduced by both Am pre- and post-treatments. These were accompanied by attenuation of the elevated colonic MPO activity and downregulation of the iNOS, P-selectin, and ICAM-1 protein expression. Besides, deprivation of colonic GSH level under colitis condition was also preserved.
CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that Am possesses both preventive and therapeutic potential in experimental colitis. The anti-inflammatory actions involve anti-oxidation along with inhibition of adhesion molecule synthesis in the colonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua-Ka-Shun Ko
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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McMullen CA, Hayeß K, Andrade FH. Fatigue resistance of rat extraocular muscles does not depend on creatine kinase activity. BMC Physiol 2005; 5:12. [PMID: 16107216 PMCID: PMC1201150 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Creatine kinase (CK) links phosphocreatine, an energy storage system, to cellular ATPases. CK activity serves as a temporal and spatial buffer for ATP content, particularly in fast-twitch skeletal muscles. The extraocular muscles are notoriously fast and active, suggesting the need for efficient ATP buffering. This study tested the hypotheses that (1) CK isoform expression and activity in rat extraocular muscles would be higher, and (2) the resistance of these muscles to fatigue would depend on CK activity. Results We found that mRNA and protein levels for cytosolic and mitochondrial CK isoforms were lower in the extraocular muscles than in extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Total CK activity was correspondingly decreased in the extraocular muscles. Moreover, cytoskeletal components of the sarcomeric M line, where a fraction of CK activity is found, were downregulated in the extraocular muscles as was shown by immunocytochemistry and western blotting. CK inhibition significantly accelerated the development of fatigue in EDL muscle bundles, but had no major effect on the extraocular muscles. Searching for alternative ATP buffers that could compensate for the relative lack of CK in extraocular muscles, we determined that mRNAs for two adenylate kinase (AK) isoforms were expressed at higher levels in these muscles. Total AK activity was similar in EDL and extraocular muscles. Conclusion These data indicate that the characteristic fatigue resistance of the extraocular muscles does not depend on CK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A McMullen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Katrin Hayeß
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Potsdam, D-144171 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Francisco H Andrade
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington KY 40536-0298, USA
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25
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Matos TJ, Duarte CB, Gonçalo M, Lopes MC. DNFB activates MAPKs and upregulates CD40 in skin-derived dendritic cells. J Dermatol Sci 2005; 39:113-23. [PMID: 15896946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intracellular mechanisms involved in the activation of DCs during sensitization in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) are not known. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the effect of a strong sensitizer, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) on the activity of MAPKs in a dendritic cell (DC) line generated from fetal mouse skin (FSDC), and the results were correlated with the expression of a costimulatory molecule upregulated upon DC maturation, CD40. METHODS Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and p38 MAPK (pp38 MAPK), and CD40 protein levels, were determined by Western blot. Cellular localization of pERK1/2 and pp38 MAPK were determined by immunocytochemistry using phospho-specific antibodies. RESULTS Although with different kinetics, DNFB activated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, and induced the translocation of the phosphorylated forms of the kinases to the nucleus. In addition, DNFB upregulated significantly CD40 protein levels in FSDC. However, 2,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB), an inactive analogue of DNFB, did not affect significantly the phosphorylation of MAPKs and CD40 protein levels. SB203580 and SB202190, inhibitors of the p38 MAPK activity, inhibited DNFB-induced CD40 upregulation, although this effect did not reach statistical significance. In contrast, PD 98059 and U0126, inhibitors of mitogen or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK), had no effect on the CD40 upregulation induced by DNFB. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that the strong sensitizer DNFB activates ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, and upregulates CD40 protein levels. However, MAPKs do not play a major role in the induction of CD40, one of the phenotypic markers of DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa J Matos
- Centro de Neurosciências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Vital AL, Gonçalo M, Cruz MT, Figueiredo A, Duarte CB, Celeste Lopes M. The Sensitizers Nickel Sulfate and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene Increase CD40 and IL-12 Receptor Expression in a Fetal Skin Dendritic Cell Line. Biosci Rep 2005; 24:191-202. [PMID: 16209128 DOI: 10.1007/s10540-005-2580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of capturing haptens and to process and present them to T lymphocytes. In order to sensitize T cells for contact hypersensitivity (CHS), skin DCs suffer a maturation process with modifications on their surface molecules. The aim of this work was to evaluate changes induced by two contact sensitizers, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and nickel sulfate (NiSO4), and a non-sensitizer 2,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB), on the protein levels of two activation markers, CD40 and IL-12 receptor (IL-12R), in a mouse skin dendritic cell line (FSDC). The expression of CD40 and IL-12R proteins was evaluated by western blot assay and direct immunofluorescence microscopy. The results showed that CD40 and IL-12R expression increased significantly after cell exposure to NiSO4 and DNFB, although DNFB exhibited a stronger activity. There was no effect with DCNB. The epidermal cytokine granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), also used in the experiments, slightly increased the expression of both CD40 and IL-12R and when tested together with the sensitizers the effect was partially additive. The results suggest that the sensitizers DNFB and NiSO4 are directly involved on the changes of the surface markers CD40 and IL-12R in skin DCs, during the sensitization phase of CHS, and this effect may be enhanced by GM-CSF. In contrast, no effect was observed with DCNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Vital
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua do Norte, 3000-295, Coimbra, Portugal
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27
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Kindig CA, Howlett RA, Stary CM, Walsh B, Hogan MC. Effects of acute creatine kinase inhibition on metabolism and tension development in isolated single myocytes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98:541-9. [PMID: 15333609 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00354.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of acute creatine kinase (CK) inhibition (CKi) on contractile performance, cytosolic Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]c), and intracellular Po2(Pi[Formula: see text]) in Xenopus laevis isolated myocytes during a 2-min bout of isometric tetanic contractions (0.33-Hz frequency). Peak tension was similar between trials during the first contraction but was significantly ( P < 0.05) attenuated for all subsequent contractions in CKivs. control (Con). The fall in Pi[Formula: see text](ΔPi[Formula: see text]) from resting values was significantly greater in Con (26.0 ± 2.2 Torr) compared with CKi(17.8 ± 1.8 Torr). However, the ratios of Con to CKiend-peak tension (1.53 ± 0.11) and ΔPi[Formula: see text](1.49 ± 0.11) were similar, suggesting an unaltered aerobic cost of contractions. Additionally, the mean response time (MRT) of ΔPi[Formula: see text]was significantly faster in CKivs. Con during both the onset (31.8 ± 5.5 vs. 49.3 ± 5.7 s; P < 0.05) and cessation (21.2 ± 4.1 vs. 68.0 ± 3.2 s; P < 0.001) of contractions. These data demonstrate that initial phosphocreatine hydrolysis in single skeletal muscle fibers is crucial for maintenance of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+release and peak tension during a bout of repetitive tetanic contractions. Furthermore, as Pi[Formula: see text]fell more rapidly at contraction onset in CKicompared with Con, these data suggest that CK activity temporally buffers the initial ATP-to-ADP concentration ratio at the transition to an augmented energetic demand, thereby slowing the initial mitochondrial activation by mitigating the energetic control signal (i.e., ADP concentration, phosphorylation potential, etc.) between sites of ATP supply and demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Kindig
- Univ. of California-San Diego, Dept. of Medicine, Physiology Division, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC0623A, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623, USA
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28
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Tomimori Y, Tanaka Y, Goto M, Fukuda Y. Repeated Topical Challenge with Chemical Antigen Elicits Sustained Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice in Specific-Pathogen-Free Condition. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:119-24. [PMID: 15654964 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NC/Nga mice are known to develop skin lesions resembling to atopic dermatitis (AD) in conventional but not in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) condition. An epicutaneous application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) increased skin thickness in C3H as well as NC/Nga mice in SPF environment, and the response was enlarged by repeating the challenge at weekly intervals. Although the skin reaction in C3H mice was ameliorated when the challenge was discontinued after the fifth application, the reaction in NC/Nga mice was sustained at least for 3 wk. Analyses of cytokine production by CD4+ cells from the draining lymph node proximal to the lesions revealed that, unlike C3H mice, NC/Nga mice fail to induce T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4), whereas the level of Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma in NC/Nga mice is equivalent to that of C3H mice. In addition, NC/Nga mice highly expressed IL-12, a cytokine-preventing formation of Th2 response, whereas C3H mice did not. Administration of anti-IL-12 antibody reduced duration of dermatitis in DNFB-treated NC/Nga mice. Taken together, our data suggest that IL-12 plays a role in the persistent skin reaction in NC/Nga mice. The action of IL-12 might be mediated by the decrease in IL-4 production.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/microbiology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/microbiology
- Dermatitis, Contact/pathology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/immunology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/pharmacology
- Ear, External/immunology
- Ear, External/pathology
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms/immunology
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Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Mazzon E, Genovese T, Muià C, Centorrino T, Caputi AP. Role of endogenous and exogenous ligands for the peroxisome proliferators activated receptors alpha (PPAR-alpha) in the development of inflammatory bowel disease in mice. J Transl Med 2004; 84:1643-54. [PMID: 15492755 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors related to retinoid, steroid and thyroid hormone receptors. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of endogenous and exogenous PPAR-alpha ligand on the development of experimental colitis. To address this question, we used an experimental model of colitis, induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). When compared to DNBS-treated PPAR-alpha wild-type (WT) mice, DNBS-treated PPAR-alpha knockout mice (PPAR-alphaKO) mice experienced a higher rate of the extent and severity of the histological signs of colon injury. After administration of DNBS PPAR-alphaWT mice experienced hemorrhagic diarrhea, weight loss and large areas of necrosis in the mucosa of the colon were also observed. Neutrophil infiltration was associated with upregulation of ICAM-1. Immunohistochemistry for nitrotyrosine showed an intense staining in the inflamed colon. Absence of a functional PPAR-alpha gene in PPAR-alphaKO mice resulted in a significant augmentation of all the above-described parameters. On the contrary, the treatment of PPAR-alphaWT with Wy-14643 (1 mg/kg daily i.p) significantly reduced: (i) the degree of hemorrhagic diarrhea and weight loss, (ii) the degree of colon injury, (iii) the rise in MPO activity (mucosa), (iv) the increase in staining (immunohistochemistry) for nitrotyrosine, as well as (v) the upregulation of ICAM-1 caused by DNBS in the colon. In order to elucidate whether the protective effects of Wy-14643 is related to activation of the PPAR-alpha receptor, we also investigated the effect the of Wy-14643 treatment on PPAR-alpha-deficient mice. The absence of the PPAR-alpha receptor significantly abolished the protective effect of the PPAR-alpha agonist against DNBS-induced colitis. Thus, endogenous and exogenous PPAR-alpha ligands reduce the degree of colitis caused by DNBS. We propose that PPAR-alpha ligand may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy.
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30
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Bae SJ, Lee JB, Takenaka M, Tanaka Y, Shimizu K, Katayama I. Topical glucocorticoid augments scratching behaviour in dinitrofluorobenzene-sensitized mice by the induction of substance P. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:780-5. [PMID: 15560762 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Topical glucocorticoid (GC) is commonly applied in atopic dermatitis treatment. However, the chronic use of GC may be associated with significant side effects. In this study, we investigated whether long-term epicutaneous application of GC modulates scratching behaviour in dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) contact-sensitized mice. After challenge with DNFB, scratching behaviour was increased in DNFB-sensitized mice treated with GC in contrast to control mice. In addition, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the expression of preprotachykinin-A (PPT-A) mRNA, a precursor of substance P (SP), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in mice, to which GC was applied, was only observed. In order to evaluate the factors responsible for the augmented scratching behaviour, we injected various cytokines (interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-2, IL-3 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)) subcutaneously into the ear of DNFB contact-sensitized mice before DNFB challenge. Among the cytokines, only IL-3 and TNF-alpha significantly increased scratching behaviour in DNFB contact dermatitis mice. Furthermore, PPT-A mRNA was only expressed in mice pre-injected with IL-3 before challenge, but not in those pre-injected with other cytokines. Taken together, our results suggest that topical GC may augment the itching sensation in DNFB-sensitized mice through modulation of iNOS and SP induced by IL-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jae Bae
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.
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31
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Watanabe H, Mamelak AJ, Wang B, Howell BG, Freed I, Esche C, Nakayama M, Nagasaki G, Hicklin DJ, Kerbel RS, Sauder DN. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (Flk-1/KDR) antibody suppresses contact hypersensitivity. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:671-81. [PMID: 15500639 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The angiogenic mediator vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFRs) have been studied extensively in neoplastic disease and some inflammatory conditions. Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a prototypic Langerhans' cell-dependent, T-helper (Th) 1 cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease that is now also thought to involve angiogenic mediators. The purpose of our study was to examine the role of angiogenesis and VEGF in CHS. We demonstrated that VEGF production is up-regulated in murine skin after challenge with dinitrofluorobenzene. Administration of a monoclonal antibody directed against the VEGFR-2 (DC101) resulted in a 28.8% decrease in CHS response (P < 0.001). Examination of the DC101-treated mouse skin 24 h after challenge revealed decreases in dermal inflammatory cellular infiltrates and total vessel area. Furthermore, mRNA and protein of the Th1-type cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma was significantly down-regulated in skin of DC101-treated animals 24 h after challenge. The results of the study demonstrate that VEGFR-2 blockade significantly reduces vascular enlargement and edema formation and effects IFN-gamma expression in the skin during challenge in CHS. Our findings suggest that DC101 could function by reducing inflammatory cell migration and hence IFN-gamma expression during the CHS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287-0900, USA
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32
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Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Taketomi Y, Koga K, Sugiki T, Atsumi Y, Saito T, Ishii SI, Hisada M, Suzuki-Nishimura T, Uchida MK, Moon TC, Chang HW, Sawada M, Inagaki N, Nagai H, Murakami M, Kudo I. Induction of PYPAF1 during in vitro maturation of mouse mast cells. J Biochem 2004; 134:699-709. [PMID: 14688236 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvg195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coculture of mouse bone marrow-derived immature mast cells (BMMC) with Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF) promotes morphological and functional maturation toward a connective tissue mast cell (CTMC)-like phenotype, which is accompanied by increased expression of several unique genes. Here we report the molecular identification of one of them, mast cell maturation-associated inducible gene (MMIG)-1. The MMIG-1 cDNA encodes a 117-kDa cytosolic protein that comprises an N-terminal PYRIN domain, a central nucleotide-binding domain, and nine C-terminal leucine-rich repeats. MMIG-1 shows >85% sequence similarity to human cryopyrin/PYPAF1, a causal gene for familial cold urticaria and Muckle-Wells syndrome. MMIG-1 was distributed in the cytosol of CTMC-like differentiated BMMC. MMIG-1 underwent alternative splicing in the leucine-rich repeats and each variant was induced differently in BMMC during coculture. Moreover, its expression was increased in the ears of mice with experimental atopic dermatitis. Thus, MMIG-1, a likely mouse PYPAF1 ortholog, may play a role in mast cell-directed inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Kikuchi-Yanoshita
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555
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33
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Engeman T, Gorbachev AV, Kish DD, Fairchild RL. The intensity of neutrophil infiltration controls the number of antigen-primed CD8 T cells recruited into cutaneous antigen challenge sites. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:941-9. [PMID: 15328335 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0304193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of antigen-specific T cells into the skin is a critical initiating event during immune responses to many parasites and tumors as well as T cell-mediated, cutaneous, allergic responses and autoimmune diseases. Mechanisms directing T cell trafficking into skin remain largely undefined. Here, we show that cutaneous contact with reactive antigen induces KC/CXC chemokine ligand 1 production and neutrophil infiltration in an antigen, dose-dependent manner. The intensity of neutrophil infiltration into cutaneous antigen challenge sites, in turn, controls the number of antigen-primed T cells recruited into the site and the magnitude of the immune response elicited. The absence of responses in immune animals challenged with suboptimal doses of antigen is overcome by manipulating neutrophil infiltration that then directs antigen-primed T cell infiltration into the challenge site. This inflammation also directs T cells primed to one antigen (dinitrofluorobenzene) into the site when challenged with a completely different antigen (oxazolone). These results identify the intensity of neutrophil infiltration into cutaneous, antigen-deposition sites as a critical parameter for the level of antigen-primed T cell recruitment to mediate the adaptive immune response. This interplay between the innate and adaptive responses suggests a strategy to modulate, in a positive or negative manner, antigen-primed T cell infiltration into cutaneous inflammation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Engeman
- Department of Immunology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA
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34
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Houtman R, Krijgsveld J, Kool M, Romijn EP, Redegeld FA, Nijkamp FP, Heck AJR, Humphery-Smith I. Lung proteome alterations in a mouse model for nonallergic asthma. Proteomics 2004; 3:2008-18. [PMID: 14625863 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A mouse model for nonatopic asthma was employed to study the alterations of the lung proteome to gain insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease pathophysiology post-challenge. Lung samples from asthmatic and control mice were used to generate 24 high quality two-dimensional electrophoresis gels wherein 2115 proteins were examined for disease relevance. In total, 23 proteins were significantly up- or down-regulated following hapten-challenge of dinitro-fluorobenzene-hypersensitive mice. Twenty proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, of which 18 could be linked to asthma related symptoms, such as stress and inflammation, lung detoxification, plasma exudation and/or tissue remodeling. As such, proteomics was clearly vindicated as a means of studying this complex disease phenomenon. The proteins found in this study may not necessarily play a role in the immunological mechanisms and/or pathophysiology of asthma development. However, they may prove useful as surrogate biomarkers for quantitatively monitoring disease state progression or response to therapy. The mathematics of achieving statistical confidence from low numbers of gel replicates containing large numbers of independent variables stress the need for high numbers of replicates to better sample the population of proteins revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/analysis
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/analysis
- Animals
- Annexin A6/analysis
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Benzenesulfonates/immunology
- Benzenesulfonates/pharmacology
- Data Interpretation, Statistical
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/immunology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
- Gelsolin/analysis
- Glutathione Transferase/analysis
- Heat-Shock Proteins/analysis
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/metabolism
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/physiopathology
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Lung/chemistry
- Lung/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microfilament Proteins
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteome/metabolism
- Proteomics/methods
- Serum Albumin/analysis
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Talin/analysis
- Vinculin/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- René Houtman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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35
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Cuzzocrea S, Dugo L, Patel NSA, Di Paola R, Cockerill GW, Genovese T, Thiemermann C. HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS REDUCE THE INTESTINAL DAMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION AND COLITIS. Shock 2004; 21:342-51. [PMID: 15179135 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200404000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have been shown to reduce the organ injury and mortality in animal models of shock by reducing the expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory enzymes. However, there is limited evidence that HDL treatment reduces inflammation. As inflammation plays an important role in the development of colitis as well as ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the intestine, we have investigated the effects of HDL in animal models of associated with gut injury and inflammation (splanchnic artery occlusion [SAO] shock and dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid [DNBS]-induced colitis). We report here for the first time that the administration of reconstituted HDLs (recHDLs; 80 mg/kg i.v. bolus 30 min prior to ischemia in the SAO-shock model or 40 mg/kg i.v. every 24 h in the colitis model) exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects (e.g., reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and histological injury, and delayed the development of the clinical signs) in vivo. Furthermore, recHDL reduced the staining for nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) (immunohistochemistry) and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the ileum of SAO-shocked rats and in the colon from DNBS-treated rats. Thus, recHDL reduces the inflammation caused by intestinal I/R and colitis. HDLs may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the therapy of inflammation of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy.
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36
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Abstract
The pathophysiological sequelae of oxidative/nitrosative stress are notoriously difficult to quantify. Despite these impediments, the medical significance of oxidative/nitrosative stress has become increasingly recognized to the point that it is now considered to be a component of virtually every disease. The level of oxidative stress can be quantified in blood by the measurement of the increase in glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and the decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio, which has been shown to be altered in a variety of human diseases such as lung inflammation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic renal failure, malignant disorders, and diabetes. Among the proposed methods for GSH/GSSG detection, the amino group derivatization with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene followed by HPLC separation has the advantage of allowing evaluation of both parameters within a single run contemporaneously. However, it has been shown that the application of this method on blood samples is not reproducible. In this report, we offer an explanation for these experimental limits and suggest some modifications that allow the application of this method to blood samples. The modified method has a low detection limit (0.5 microM, i.e., 1.4 pmoles) and a high reproducibility with a within-run imprecision of less than 2%. It could have a wide application as it is simple, virtually artifact-free, and not time-consuming, especially for large-scale screening studies.
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37
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Roy SS, Biswas S, Ray M, Ray S. Protective effect of creatine against inhibition by methylglyoxal of mitochondrial respiration of cardiac cells. Biochem J 2003; 372:661-9. [PMID: 12605598 PMCID: PMC1223401 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2002] [Revised: 02/06/2003] [Accepted: 02/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous publications from our laboratory have shown that methylglyoxal inhibits mitochondrial respiration of malignant and cardiac cells, but it has no effect on mitochondrial respiration of other normal cells [Biswas, Ray, Misra, Dutta and Ray (1997) Biochem. J. 323, 343-348; Ray, Biswas and Ray (1997) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 171, 95-103]. However, this inhibitory effect of methylglyoxal is not significant in cardiac tissue slices. Moreover, post-mitochondrial supernatant (PMS) of cardiac cells could almost completely protect the mitochondrial respiration against the inhibitory effect of methylglyoxal. A systematic search indicated that creatine present in cardiac cells is responsible for this protective effect. Glutathione has also some protective effect. However, creatine phosphate, creatinine, urea, glutathione disulphide and beta-mercaptoethanol have no protective effect. The inhibitory and protective effects of methylglyoxal and creatine respectively on cardiac mitochondrial respiration were studied with various concentrations of both methylglyoxal and creatine. Interestingly, neither creatine nor glutathione have any protective effect on the inhibition by methylglyoxal on the mitochondrial respiration of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. The creatine and glutathione contents of several PMS, which were tested for the possible protective effect, were measured. The activities of two important enzymes, namely glyoxalase I and creatine kinase, which act upon glutathione plus methylglyoxal and creatine respectively, were also measured in different PMS. Whether mitochondrial creatine kinase had any role in the protective effect of creatine had also been investigated using 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, an inhibitor of creatine kinase. The differential effect of creatine on mitochondria of cardiac and malignant cells has been discussed with reference to the therapeutic potential of methylglyoxal.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/prevention & control
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Respiration/drug effects
- Chickens
- Creatine/metabolism
- Creatine/pharmacology
- Creatine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Creatine Kinase/metabolism
- Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial Form
- Creatinine/pharmacology
- Dinitrofluorobenzene/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism
- Glutathione Disulfide/pharmacology
- Glycolysis
- Goats
- Heart/drug effects
- Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Lactoylglutathione Lyase/metabolism
- Mercaptoethanol/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Phosphocreatine/pharmacology
- Pyruvaldehyde/metabolism
- Pyruvaldehyde/pharmacology
- Rats
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Urea/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sinha Roy
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, India
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38
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Abstract
We investigated the possible sources of intracellular ATP which was previously shown essential for maintaining the muscarinic cationic channel activities (or currents; I(cat)) in guinea-pig ileal myocytes, using two variants of patch clamp techniques. Deprivation of external glucose or its replacement with 2-deoxyglucose significantly reduced the magnitude of I(cat), recorded with nystatin-perforated method, with greater efficacy than for voltage-dependent Ca2+ current Intracellular dialysis of ileal myocytes with key substrates for glycolysis, oxidative metabolism and creatine-phosphocreatine system all resulted in a comparably effective maintenance of I(cat), which was abolished by inhibitors for these ATP-producing systems, 3-bromopyruvate, cyanide and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), respectively. However, amongst these inhibitors, only 3-bromopyruvate effectively reduced I(cat) recorded with the nystatin-perforated method. These results strongly suggest the exclusive physiological importance of glycolytic ATP production in maintaining I(cat), activity, and thus this mechanism may play a role in the regulation of gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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39
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Abstract
The skin is a unique immunological defense barrier that protects the organism from occupational and environmental exposures and provides a model system in which to evaluate the interaction of the central nervous system with the peripheral immune response. In the studies presented here, we tested mild, acute restraint stress activation of the cutaneous corticotropin releasing hormone-pro-opiomelanocortin (CRH-POMC) axis. We verified that 2 h restraint stress increased the serum concentration of corticosterone and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. We report for the first time that CRH upregulates POMC mRNA expression in mouse skin in vitro. We also demonstrated, by RT-PCR, that 2,4 di-nitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) upregulates cutaneous POMC mRNA expression, the production of which is suppressed by restraint stress. These data confirm the presence and functionality of two hormones of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in the skin and suggest that activation of the central hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis may over ride activation of the cutaneous CRH-POMC mechanism in the development of DNFB-stimulated allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Flint
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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40
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Puebla-Pérez AM, Lozoya X, Villaseñor-García MM. Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, on the cellular immune response in a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation model in the rat. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:75-80. [PMID: 12538036 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the cellular immune response of rats with immunosuppression induced by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Groups of five rats were subjected to chronic stress by the application of daily electric shocks (ES) over 7 days. This stress produced a significant decrement in the delayed-type hypersensitivity response (DTH) to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), and a decrease in the proliferation index of splenocytes. Treatment with oral doses of the phytopharmaceutical EGb 761 (100 mg/kg per day over 7 days) restored both the DTH response to DNFB and the proliferation index. EGb 761 has stress-alleviating properties through its moderation of corticosterone levels. It also possesses antioxidant activity that may contribute to its effects on the immune response. Our observations indicate that the phytopharmaceutical EGb 761 possesses immunostimulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Puebla-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Mexico.
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41
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Cruz MT, Duarte CB, Gonçalo M, Figueiredo A, Carvalho AP, Lopes MC. Differential activation of nuclear factor kappa B subunits in a skin dendritic cell line in response to the strong sensitizer 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Arch Dermatol Res 2002; 294:419-25. [PMID: 12522580 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-002-0342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2002] [Revised: 04/24/2002] [Accepted: 08/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) maturation is essential for the initiation of T-dependent immune responses. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factors are ubiquitously expressed signalling molecules, known to regulate the transcription of a large number of genes involved in immune responses, including cytokines and cell surface molecules. In this work, we studied the time-dependent activation of five members of the NF-kappaB family, p50, p52, p65, RelB and cRel, in a mouse skin DC line in response to stimulation with the strong sensitizer, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Western blot assay revealed that exposure of fetal skin DC (FSDC) to DNFB induced the degradation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB). Three out of its five members, i.e. p50, p52, and RelB, were similarly activated upon DNFB stimulation, with subsequent translocation of these subunits from the cytosol to the nucleus, but with different kinetics. In contrast, p65 expression was diminished in both the nucleus and the cytosol. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that exposure of FSDC to DNFB induced DNA binding to NF-kappaB. Together, these results show that DNFB differentially activates the various members of the NF-kappaB family in skin DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Cruz
- Centro de Neurociências, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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42
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Zhou S, Cagampang FRA, Stirland JA, Loudon ASI, Hopkins SJ. Different photoperiods affect proliferation of lymphocytes but not expression of cellular, humoral, or innate immunity in hamsters. J Biol Rhythms 2002; 17:392-405. [PMID: 12375616 DOI: 10.1177/074873002237133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In seasonal mammals, photoperiod change is associated with a suite of alterations in physiology. It has recently been proposed that the immune response is one of the systems regulated by changes in photoperiod, although this hypothesis has not been rigorously challenged by assays of functional immune responses. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that photoperiod modulates immune responsiveness in Syrian (Mesocricetus auratus) and Siberian (Phodopus sungorus) hamsters. Consistent with previously reported data, short-day-housed (SD) animals exhibited a significant increase in lymph node cell (LNC) numbers and increased cellular proliferation in response to the polyclonal mitogen concanavalin A compared to long-day-housed (LD) animals. In contrast, LNC numbers from intact or gonadectomized SD animals that had been sensitized with the antigen dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) exhibited a reduced ex vivo proliferative response and reduced production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared to LD animals. In vivo studies of the contact hypersensitivity response of animals that had previously been sensitized, and subsequently challenged, with DNFB were similar in SD and LD animals, as was the proliferative activity of LNC recovered from these animals. There were also no photoperiodic differences in the antidinitrophenyl antibody response of animals sensitized with DNFB, or the anti-sheep red blood cell (srbc) response of animals immunized with srbc. Furthermore, no differences could be detected in the activity of natural killer cells from spleens of LD and SD Siberian hamsters, or in lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 production by LD and SD Syrian hamsters in vivo. Thus, although photoperiod is able to influence factors regulating the gross number and non-antigen-specific proliferation of lymphocytes in seasonally breeding mammals, day length does not directly influence activation of an effective immune response. The authors conclude, therefore, that expression of the immune response is not directly modified or compromised by photoperiod in these seasonally breeding hamster species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyuan Zhou
- North Western Injury Research Collaboration, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK
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43
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Abstract
There is a close relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and various hepatobiliary disorders. The objective of this study was to determine whether hepatic leukocyte recruitment occurs in experimental colitis. We used the murine model of colitis induced by 2,4-dinitrobenezenesulfonic acid (DNBS). Male C57Bl/6 mice received an intrarectal injection of 4 mg DNBS in 100 microl 50% ethanol. Controls received 100 microl 50% ethanol. The hepatic microcirculation was examined at 3 and 14 days post-DNBS by intravital video microscopy. Three days post-DNBS, when mice had developed acute colitis, there was associated hepatic leukocyte recruitment. Within the postsinusoidal venules there was a fourfold increase in the flux of rolling leukocytes that was P-selectin dependent but not alpha(4)-integrin dependent. There was also an increase in stationary leukocytes within the sinusoids, although this was not associated with an increase in serum alanine transaminase. By 14 days post-DNBS when macroscopic evidence of colonic inflammation was resolved, rolling within the postsinusoidal venules had returned to control levels. In this murine model of colitis, we describe a link between acute colonic inflammation and remote hepatic leukocyte recruitment that is P-selectin dependent. Active IBD may lead to remote hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Scott
- Intestinal Disease Research Programme, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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44
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Villaseño-García MM, Puebla-Pérez AM, Lozoya X. Comparative study of two Ginkgo biloba extracts on the phagocytic activity and DTH response of healthy mice. Phytother Res 2002; 16:253-5. [PMID: 12164271 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The phagocytic activity and delayed-type Hypersensitivity (DTH) response to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) of healthy BALB/c mice treated orally (100 mg/kg/day for 7 days) using two Ginkgo biloba extracts were studied. The phytopharmaceuticals Gb 30 (Alban Muller International, France) and EGb 761 (Schwabe, Germany) administered orally stimulated the phagocytic activity of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages. Likewise, the DTH response was found to be increased only with Gb 30 treatment. These results suggest that Ginkgo biloba possesses immunological activity in addition to the biological activity reported. The different chemical concentration of the components of the Ginkgo biloba extracts mentioned above may be responsible for the differences in the observed findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Martha Villaseño-García
- Immunopharmacology of Natural Products Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre in Western Area, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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45
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Tokuriki A, Seo N, Ito T, Kumakiri M, Takigawa M, Tokura Y. Dominant expression of CXCR3 is associated with induced expression of IP-10 at hapten-challenged sites of murine contact hypersensitivity: a possible role for interferon-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells in IP-10 expression. J Dermatol Sci 2002; 28:234-41. [PMID: 11912011 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(01)00172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Murine contact hypersensitivity is elicited as a consequence of immunologic reactions triggered by skin-applied antigen, interactions among Langerhans cells, T cells, keratinocytes and mast cells, and a variety of chemokines generated by cellular interactions. In this study, we sensitized and challenged BALB/c mice with hapten, dinitrofluorobenzene or picryl chloride, and examined the expressions of mRNA for chemokines and their receptors by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the skin of elicited earlobes. CXC chemokines, IP-10 and Mig, were transcribed 24-48 h after challenge. This was associated with the expression of their agonistic receptor CXCR3, while mRNA for TARC and MDC, and their receptor CCR4 were not detected. Since CXCR3 and CCR4 are expressed preferentially on types 1 (Th1/Tc1) and 2 (Th2) T cells, respectively, the results suggested that the former type of T cells predominantly infiltrate at the elicited sites. Immune lymph node cells of the sensitized mice also expressed mRNA for CXCR3 but not CCR4 with concomitant transcription of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) but not interleukin-4 subsequent to challenge. The percentage of lymph node CD8(+) T cells was increased from 16% in naive mice to 30-50% in hapten-challenged mice, and in the immune lymph nodes, CD8(+) cells were the major source of IFN-gamma compared to CD4(+) cells. Since IFN-gamma is known to stimulate keratinocytes to produce IP-10 and Mig, it is suggested that these IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells enhance the production of these chemokines, thereby functioning as not only the effector cells but also the cytokine source to sustain the challenge reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tokuriki
- Department of Dermatology, Fukui Medical University, 23-3 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui Prefecture, Japan
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Allen DG, Lännergren J, Westerblad H. Intracellular ATP measured with luciferin/luciferase in isolated single mouse skeletal muscle fibres. Pflugers Arch 2002; 443:836-42. [PMID: 11889583 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-001-0756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2001] [Revised: 09/26/2001] [Accepted: 10/11/2001] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The firefly luciferin/luciferase reaction was utilized to monitor intracellular ATP concentration ([ATP](i)). Single fibres of mouse skeletal muscle were dissected and injected with luciferase. Luciferin was added to the perfusate and light emission from the fibres was monitored as an indication of [ATP](i). Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation with cyanide and anaerobic glycolysis with iodoacetate caused light emission to fall to zero within 10 min and the fibres developed a rigor contraction. Inhibition of creatine kinase with 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene produced a small transient fall in light emission in association with each tetanus. Muscle fibres were fatigued by repeated tetani and 5/12 fibres showed a fall in light emission in the late phase of fatigue. If fibres were allowed to recover from fatigue in the absence of glucose and then restimulated in the absence of glucose they fatigued much more rapidly. However, such fibres showed no obvious change in light emission. We conclude that the luciferin/luciferase system can be used to monitor [ATP](i) in functioning single skeletal muscle cells. A depletion of global [ATP](i) is not observed in all fatiguing fibres and cannot be the sole cause of the final phase of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Allen
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney F13, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Tomimori Y, Muto T, Fukami H, Saito K, Horikawa C, Tsuruoka N, Yamashiro K, Saito M, Sugiura N, Sumida M, Kakutani S, Fukuda Y. Mast cell chymase regulates dermal mast cell number in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:1478-82. [PMID: 11820788 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chymase inhibitor reduced the increase in the number of dermal mast cells in 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced dermatitis in a dose-dependent manner. Intradermal injection of human chymase to mouse ear significantly increased histamine content, the marker for mast cell number in the skin. These results suggest that chymase released by mast cells may participate in local mast cell accumulation in a positive feedback fashion. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the intradermal injection of chymase reduces expression of stem cell factor (SCF) on surface of the skin keratinocytes. In addition, incubation of human keratinocytes with chymase in vitro resulted in release of SCF into the culture medium. Since soluble SCF is thought to regulate mast cell number, the chymase-induced mast cell accumulation may occur via the ability of chymase to process membrane-bound SCF on the epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tomimori
- Suntory Biomedical Research Limited, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8503, Japan
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Liu Y, Gotte G, Libonati M, Eisenberg D. Structures of the two 3D domain-swapped RNase A trimers. Protein Sci 2002; 11:371-80. [PMID: 11790847 PMCID: PMC2373430 DOI: 10.1110/ps.36602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2001] [Revised: 11/02/2001] [Accepted: 11/06/2001] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
When concentrated in mildly acidic solutions, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) forms long-lived oligomers including two types of dimer, two types of trimer, and higher oligomers. In previous crystallographic work, we found that the major dimeric component forms by a swapping of the C-terminal beta-strands between the monomers, and that the minor dimeric component forms by swapping the N-terminal alpha-helices of the monomers. On the basis of these structures, we proposed that a linear RNase A trimer can form from a central molecule that simultaneously swaps its N-terminal helix with a second RNase A molecule and its C-terminal strand with a third molecule. Studies by dissociation are consistent with this model for the major trimeric component: the major trimer dissociates into both the major and the minor dimers, as well as monomers. In contrast, the minor trimer component dissociates into the monomer and the major dimer. This suggests that the minor trimer is cyclic, formed from three monomers that swap their C-terminal beta-strands into identical molecules. These conclusions are supported by cross-linking of lysyl residues, showing that the major trimer swaps its N-terminal helix, and the minor trimer does not. We verified by X-ray crystallography the proposed cyclic structure for the minor trimer, with swapping of the C-terminal beta-strands. This study thus expands the variety of domain-swapped oligomers by revealing the first example of a protein that can form both a linear and a cyclic domain-swapped oligomer. These structures permit interpretation of the enzymatic activities of the RNase A oligomers on double-stranded RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshun Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-DOE Laboratory of Structural Biology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Mizumoto N, Iwabichi K, Nakamura H, Ato M, Shibaki A, Kawashima T, Kobayashi H, Iwabuchi C, Ohkawara A, Onoé K. Enhanced contact hypersensitivity in human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 transgenic mouse. Immunobiology 2001; 204:477-93. [PMID: 11776402 DOI: 10.1078/0171-2985-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 is a chemotactic cytokine for monocytes, memoryT cells and dendritic cells (DC). However, the precise role of MCP-1 in a variety of immunological responses remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed contact hypersensitivity (CHS) using human MCP-1 transgenic mice (hMCP-1Tgm) that constitutively produce high levels of hMCP-1 in the sera. Following 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) sensitization, enhancement of CHS was demonstrated in Tgm as compared with that in non-Tgm. Anti-hMCP-1 antibodies significantly inhibited the CHS in Tgm. A prominent accumulation of B7-1+I-Ad+ Langerhans' cells (LC) bearing haptens was detected in draining lymph nodes (DLN) of Tgm 24 h after DNFB or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) sensitization. Similar results were obtained with BALB/c mice administrated recombinant (r) hMCP-1. Langerhans' cells (LC) in the epidermal sheets of Tgm increased in size and expressed high levels of I-Ad and B7-1 12 h after FITC application compared with those of non-Tgm. After 18 h, the number of LC in the epidermis was reduced in Tgm. It was also shown that the B7-1 expression on LC of BALB/c mice was augmented after culture with rhMCP-1. These findings demonstrate that MCP-1 not only accelerates LC migration from epidermis into the DLN after sensitization with haptens but also up-regulates the I-Ad and B7-1 expressions, which results in the enhanced T cell activation and CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mizumoto
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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50
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Kimber I, Pichowski JS, Betts CJ, Cumberbatch M, Basketter DA, Dearman RJ. Alternative approaches to the identification and characterization of chemical allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 2001; 15:307-12. [PMID: 11566554 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(01)00027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical allergy can take a variety of forms, those of greatest importance in an occupational setting being skin sensitization resulting in allergic contact dermatitis and sensitization of the respiratory tract associated with asthma and other symptoms. In both cases there is a need for predictive test methods that allow the accurate identification of sensitizing chemicals. Well characterized methods are available for skin sensitization testing, and although to date no tests for respiratory sensitization have been formally validated, progress has been made in defining suitable animal models. In recent years there have been significant advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which allergic sensitization to chemicals is induced and regulated. Such progress provides us now with new opportunities to consider alternative approaches to sensitization testing, including the design of in vitro test methods. The greatest investment has been in exploring novel methods for the identification of contact sensitizers and it is upon this aspect of chemical allergy that this article is focused. Described here are some of the general requirements of in vitro test methods for skin sensitization, and progress that has been made in developing suitable approaches with particular emphasis on the utility of dendritic cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kimber
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK.
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