301
|
Khurana S, George SP. The role of actin bundling proteins in the assembly of filopodia in epithelial cells. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:409-20. [PMID: 21975550 PMCID: PMC3218608 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.5.17644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to highlight how emerging new models of filopodia assembly, which include tissue specific actin-bundling proteins, could provide more comprehensive representations of filopodia assembly that would describe more adequately and effectively the complexity and plasticity of epithelial cells. This review also describes how the true diversity of actin bundling proteins must be considered to predict the far-reaching significance and versatile functions of filopodia in epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Khurana
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
302
|
Abstract
Chemotaxis of tumour cells and stromal cells in the surrounding microenvironment is an essential component of tumour dissemination during progression and metastasis. This Review summarizes how chemotaxis directs the different behaviours of tumour cells and stromal cells in vivo, how molecular pathways regulate chemotaxis in tumour cells and how chemotaxis choreographs cell behaviour to shape the tumour microenvironment and to determine metastatic spread. The central importance of chemotaxis in cancer progression is highlighted by discussion of the use of chemotaxis as a prognostic marker, a treatment end point and a target of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia T Roussos
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Program in Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
303
|
Streichan SJ, Valentin G, Gilmour D, Hufnagel L. Collective cell migration guided by dynamically maintained gradients. Phys Biol 2011; 8:045004. [PMID: 21750360 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/8/4/045004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
How cell collectives move and deposit subunits within a developing embryo is a question of outstanding interest. In many cases, a chemotactic mechanism is employed, where cells move up or down a previously generated attractive or repulsive gradient of signalling molecules. Recent studies revealed the existence of systems with isotropic chemoattractant expression in the lateral line primordium of zebrafish. Here we propose a mechanism for a cell collective, which actively modulates an isotropically expressed ligand and encodes an initial symmetry breaking in its velocity. We derive a closed solution for the velocity and identify an optimal length that maximizes the tissues' velocity. A length dependent polar gradient is identified, its use for pro-neuromast deposition is shown by simulations and a critical time for cell deposition is derived. Experiments to verify this model are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Streichan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
304
|
Nieto MA. The ins and outs of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in health and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2011; 27:347-76. [PMID: 21740232 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) converts epithelial cells into migratory and invasive cells and is a fundamental event in morphogenesis. Although its relevance in the progression of cancer and organ fibrosis had been debated until recently, the EMT is now established as an important step in the metastatic cascade of epithelial tumors. The similarities between pathological and developmental EMTs validate the embryo as the best model to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in this process, identifying those that are hijacked during the progression of cancer and organ degeneration. Our ever-increasing understanding of how transcription factors regulate the EMT has revealed complex regulatory loops coupled to posttranscriptional and epigenetic regulatory programs. The EMT is now integrated into the systemic activities of whole organisms, establishing links with cell survival, stemness, inflammation, and immunity. In addition, the EMT now constitutes a promising target for the treatment of cancer and organ-degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Angela Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
305
|
Slanchev K, Pütz M, Schmitt A, Kramer-Zucker A, Walz G. Nephrocystin-4 is required for pronephric duct-dependent cloaca formation in zebrafish. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3119-28. [PMID: 21596840 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NPHP4 mutations cause nephronophthisis, an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease associated with renal fibrosis and kidney failure. The NPHP4 gene product nephrocystin-4 interacts with other nephrocystins, cytoskeletal and ciliary proteins; however, the molecular and cellular functions of nephrocystin-4 have remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that nephrocystin-4 is required for normal cloaca formation during zebrafish embryogenesis. Time-lapse imaging of the developing zebrafish pronephros revealed that tubular epithelial cells at the distal pronephros actively migrate between the yolk sac extension and the blood island towards the ventral fin fold to join the proctodeum and to form the cloaca. Nphp4-deficient pronephric duct cells failed to connect with their ectodermal counterparts, and instead formed a vesicle at the obstructed end of the pronephric duct. Nephrocystin-4 interacts with nephrocystin-1 and Par6. Depletion of zebrafish NPHP1 (nphp1) increased the incidence of cyst formation and randomization of the normal body axis, but did not augment cloaca malformation in nphp4-deficient zebrafish embryos. However, simultaneous depletion of zebrafish Par6 (pard6) aggravated cloaca formation defects in nphp4-depleted embryos, suggesting that nphp4 orchestrates directed cell migration and cloaca formation through interaction with the Par protein complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Slanchev
- Renal Division, University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
306
|
Liu Q, Dalman MR, Sarmah S, Chen S, Chen Y, Hurlbut AK, Spencer MA, Pancoe L, Marrs JA. Cell adhesion molecule cadherin-6 function in zebrafish cranial and lateral line ganglia development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1716-26. [PMID: 21584906 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins regulate the vertebrate nervous system development. We previously showed that cadherin-6 message (cdh6) was strongly expressed in the majority of the embryonic zebrafish cranial and lateral line ganglia during their development. Here, we present evidence that cdh6 has specific functions during cranial and lateral line ganglia and nerve development. We analyzed the consequences of cdh6 loss-of-function on cranial ganglion and nerve differentiation in zebrafish embryos. Embryos injected with zebrafish cdh6 specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs, which suppress gene expression during development; cdh6 morphant embryos) displayed a specific phenotype, including (i) altered shape and reduced development of a subset of the cranial and lateral line ganglia (e.g., the statoacoustic ganglion and vagal ganglion) and (ii) cranial nerves were abnormally formed. These data illustrate an important role for cdh6 in the formation of cranial ganglia and their nerves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Liu
- Department of Biology, Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
307
|
Burcklé C, Gaudé HM, Vesque C, Silbermann F, Salomon R, Jeanpierre C, Antignac C, Saunier S, Schneider-Maunoury S. Control of the Wnt pathways by nephrocystin-4 is required for morphogenesis of the zebrafish pronephros. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2611-27. [PMID: 21498478 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis is a hereditary nephropathy characterized by interstitial fibrosis and cyst formation. It is caused by mutations in NPHP genes encoding the ciliary proteins, nephrocystins. In this paper, we investigate the function of nephrocystin-4, the product of the nphp4 gene, in vivo by morpholino-mediated knockdown in zebrafish and in vitro in mammalian kidney cells. Depletion of nephrocystin-4 results in convergence and extension defects, impaired laterality, retinal anomalies and pronephric cysts associated with alterations in early cloacal morphogenesis. These defects are accompanied by abnormal ciliogenesis in the cloaca and in the laterality organ. We show that nephrocystin-4 is required for the elongation of the caudal pronephric primordium and for the regulation of cell rearrangements during cloaca morphogenesis. Moreover, depletion of either inversin, the product of the nphp2 gene, or of the Wnt-planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway component prickle2 increases the proportion of cyst formation in nphp4-depleted embryos. Nephrocystin-4 represses the Wnt-β-catenin pathway in the zebrafish cloaca and in mammalian kidney cells in culture. In these cells, nephrocystin-4 interacts with inversin and dishevelled, and regulates dishevelled stability and subcellular localization. Our data point to a function of nephrocystin-4 in a tight regulation of the Wnt-β-catenin and Wnt-PCP pathways, in particular during morphogenesis of the zebrafish pronephros. Moreover, they highlight common signalling functions for inversin and nephrocystin-4, suggesting that these two nephrocystins are involved in common physiopathological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Burcklé
- INSERM U983, Tour Lavoisier, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
308
|
Gamba L, Cubedo N, Lutfalla G, Ghysen A, Dambly-Chaudiere C. Lef1 controls patterning and proliferation in the posterior lateral line system of zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:3163-71. [PMID: 20981829 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic development of the posterior lateral line of zebrafish involves the migration from head to tail of a primordium comprising approximately 100 cells, and the deposition at regular intervals of presumptive mechanosensory organs (neuromasts). Migration depends on the presence of chemokine SDF1 along the pathway, and on the asymmetrical distribution of chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 in the primordium. Primordium polarization depends on Wnt signaling in the leading region. Here, we examine the role of a major effector of Wnt signaling, lef1, in this system. We show that, although its inactivation has no overt effect on the expression of cxcr4b and cxcr7b, lef1 contributes to their control. We also show that cell proliferation, which ensures constant primordium size despite successive rounds of cell deposition, is reduced upon lef1 inactivation. Because of this defect, the primordium runs short of cells and vanishes before the line has been completed. We conclude that lef1-mediated Wnt signaling is involved in various aspects of primordium migration, although part of this implication is masked by a high level of developmental redundancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gamba
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, U881 INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
309
|
Wibowo I, Pinto-Teixeira F, Satou C, Higashijima SI, López-Schier H. Compartmentalized Notch signaling sustains epithelial mirror symmetry. Development 2011; 138:1143-52. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.060566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral symmetric tissues must interpret axial references to maintain their global architecture during growth or repair. The regeneration of hair cells in the zebrafish lateral line, for example, forms a vertical midline that bisects the neuromast epithelium into perfect mirror-symmetric plane-polarized halves. Each half contains hair cells of identical planar orientation but opposite to that of the confronting half. The establishment of bilateral symmetry in this organ is poorly understood. Here, we show that hair-cell regeneration is strongly directional along an axis perpendicular to that of epithelial planar polarity. We demonstrate compartmentalized Notch signaling in neuromasts, and show that directional regeneration depends on the development of hair-cell progenitors in polar compartments that have low Notch activity. High-resolution live cell tracking reveals a novel process of planar cell inversions whereby sibling hair cells invert positions immediately after progenitor cytokinesis, demonstrating that oriented progenitor divisions are dispensable for bilateral symmetry. Notwithstanding the invariably directional regeneration, the planar polarization of the epithelium eventually propagates symmetrically because mature hair cells move away from the midline towards the periphery of the neuromast. We conclude that a strongly anisotropic regeneration process that relies on the dynamic stabilization of progenitor identity in permissive polar compartments sustains bilateral symmetry in the lateral line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indra Wibowo
- Laboratory of Sensory Cell Biology & Organogenesis, Centre de Regulació Genòmica-CRG, c/Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Filipe Pinto-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Sensory Cell Biology & Organogenesis, Centre de Regulació Genòmica-CRG, c/Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Chie Satou
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Higashijima
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hernán López-Schier
- Laboratory of Sensory Cell Biology & Organogenesis, Centre de Regulació Genòmica-CRG, c/Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
310
|
Rørth P. Whence directionality: guidance mechanisms in solitary and collective cell migration. Dev Cell 2011; 20:9-18. [PMID: 21238921 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As individual cells or groups of cells move through the complex environment of the body, their migration is affected by multiple external cues. Some cues are diffusible signaling molecules, and some are solid biophysical features. How do cells respond appropriately? This perspective discusses the relationship between guidance input and the cellular output, considering effects from classical chemotaxis to contact-dependent guidance. The influences of membrane trafficking and of imposed constraints on directional movement are also considered. New insights regarding guidance and dynamic cell polarity have emerged from examining new cell migration models and from re-examining well known ones with new approaches and new tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Rørth
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
311
|
Ohta N, Horie T, Satoh N, Sasakura Y. Transposon-mediated enhancer detection reveals the location, morphology and development of the cupular organs, which are putative hydrodynamic sensors, in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Zoolog Sci 2011; 27:842-50. [PMID: 21039122 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.27.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The adult of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis has cupular organs, i.e., putative hydrodynamic sensors, at the atrial epithelium. The cupular organ consists of support cells and sensory neurons, and it extends a gelatinous matrix, known as a cupula, toward the atrial cavity. These characteristics are shared with sensory hair cells in the vertebrate inner ear and lateral line neuromasts in fish and amphibians, which suggests an evolutionary link between the cupular organ and these vertebrate hydrodynamic sensors. In the present study, we have isolated and investigated two transposon-mediated enhancer detection lines that showed GFP expression in support cells of the cupular organs. Using the enhancer detection lines and neuron marker transgenic lines, we describe the position, morphology, and development of the cupular organs. Cupular organs were found at the atrial epithelium, but not in the branchial epithelium. We found that cupular organs are also present along the dorsal fold and the gonoducts. The cells lining the pre-atrial opening in juveniles are presumably precursor cells of the cupular organ. To our knowledge, the present study is the first precise description of the ascidian cupular organ, providing evidence that may help to resolve discrepancies among previous studies on the organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Ohta
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
312
|
Swoger J, Muzzopappa M, López-Schier H, Sharpe J. 4D retrospective lineage tracing using SPIM for zebrafish organogenesis studies. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:122-34. [PMID: 20925108 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A study demonstrating an imaging framework that permits the determination of cell lineages during organogenesis of the posterior lateral line in zebrafish is presented. The combination of Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy and specific fluorescent markers allows retrospective tracking of hair cell progenitors, and hence the derivation of their lineages within the primodium. It is shown that, because of its superior signal-to-noise ratio and lower photo-damaged properties, SPIM can provide significantly higher-quality images than Spinning Disk Confocal technology. This allows accurate 4D lineage tracing for the hair cells over tens of hours of primordium migration and neuromast development.
Collapse
|
313
|
d'Alençon CA, Peña OA, Wittmann C, Gallardo VE, Jones RA, Loosli F, Liebel U, Grabher C, Allende ML. A high-throughput chemically induced inflammation assay in zebrafish. BMC Biol 2010; 8:151. [PMID: 21176202 PMCID: PMC3022775 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies on innate immunity have benefited from the introduction of zebrafish as a model system. Transgenic fish expressing fluorescent proteins in leukocyte populations allow direct, quantitative visualization of an inflammatory response in vivo. It has been proposed that this animal model can be used for high-throughput screens aimed at the identification of novel immunomodulatory lead compounds. However, current assays require invasive manipulation of fish individually, thus preventing high-content screening. Results Here we show that specific, noninvasive damage to lateral line neuromast cells can induce a robust acute inflammatory response. Exposure of fish larvae to sublethal concentrations of copper sulfate selectively damages the sensory hair cell population inducing infiltration of leukocytes to neuromasts within 20 minutes. Inflammation can be assayed in real time using transgenic fish expressing fluorescent proteins in leukocytes or by histochemical assays in fixed larvae. We demonstrate the usefulness of this method for chemical and genetic screens to detect the effect of immunomodulatory compounds and mutations affecting the leukocyte response. Moreover, we transformed the assay into a high-throughput screening method by using a customized automated imaging and processing system that quantifies the magnitude of the inflammatory reaction. Conclusions This approach allows rapid screening of thousands of compounds or mutagenized zebrafish for effects on inflammation and enables the identification of novel players in the regulation of innate immunity and potential lead compounds toward new immunomodulatory therapies. We have called this method the chemically induced inflammation assay, or ChIn assay. See Commentary article: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/8/148.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A d'Alençon
- Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
314
|
Gallardo VE, Liang J, Behra M, Elkahloun A, Villablanca EJ, Russo V, Allende ML, Burgess SM. Molecular dissection of the migrating posterior lateral line primordium during early development in zebrafish. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:120. [PMID: 21144052 PMCID: PMC3016277 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Development of the posterior lateral line (PLL) system in zebrafish involves cell migration, proliferation and differentiation of mechanosensory cells. The PLL forms when cranial placodal cells delaminate and become a coherent, migratory primordium that traverses the length of the fish to form this sensory system. As it migrates, the primordium deposits groups of cells called neuromasts, the specialized organs that contain the mechanosensory hair cells. Therefore the primordium provides both a model for studying collective directional cell migration and the differentiation of sensory cells from multipotent progenitor cells. Results Through the combined use of transgenic fish, Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting and microarray analysis we identified a repertoire of key genes expressed in the migrating primordium and in differentiated neuromasts. We validated the specific expression in the primordium of a subset of the identified sequences by quantitative RT-PCR, and by in situ hybridization. We also show that interfering with the function of two genes, f11r and cd9b, defects in primordium migration are induced. Finally, pathway construction revealed functional relationships among the genes enriched in the migrating cell population. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that this is a robust approach to globally analyze tissue-specific expression and we predict that many of the genes identified in this study will show critical functions in developmental events involving collective cell migration and possibly in pathological situations such as tumor metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana E Gallardo
- Center for Genome Regulation. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653. Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
315
|
Go W, Bessarab D, Korzh V. atp2b1a regulates Ca(2+) export during differentiation and regeneration of mechanosensory hair cells in zebrafish. Cell Calcium 2010; 48:302-13. [PMID: 21084119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of development of mechanosensory hair cells have been tackled successfully due to in vivo studies in the zebrafish lateral line. The enhancer trap (ET) transgenic line, SqET4 was instrumental in these studies even despite a lack of a link of its GFP expression pattern to a particular gene(s). We mapped the Tol2 transposon insertion of the SqET4 transgenics onto Chr. 4 next to a gene encoding Atp2b1a (Pmca1) - one of the four PMCAs acting to export Ca(2+) from a cell. atp2b1a expression recapitulates that of GFP during the development of mechanoreceptors of the inner ear and lateral line. atp2b1a expression correlates with the regeneration of these cells. Thus, SqET4 represents the Tg:atp2b1a-GFP line, which links Ca(2+) metabolism and the differentiation of mechanoreceptors. The morpholino-mediated knockdown of atp2b1a blocks Ca(2+) export and affects the division of hair cell progenitors, resulting in their accumulation. Under the control of a master gene of hair cells, Atoh1a, Atp2b1a functions during progenitor cell proliferation and hair cell differentiation. Given the similarity between the phenotypes of atp2b1a morphants and embryos treated with the pan-PMCA inhibitor 5(6)-carboxyeosin, Atp2b1a emerges as member of the Atp2b family responsible for Ca(2+) export during the development of hair cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Go
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
316
|
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor defines the path of developing and regenerating axons in the lateral line system of zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:19531-6. [PMID: 20974953 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002171107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How the peripheral axons of sensory neurons are guided to distant target organs is not well understood. Here we examine this question in the case of the posterior lateral line (PLL) system of zebrafish, where sensory organs are deposited by a migrating primordium. Sensory neurites accompany this primordium during its migration and are thereby guided to their prospective target organs. We show that the inactivation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling leads to defects of innervation and that these defects are due to the inability of sensory axons to track the migrating primordium. GDNF signaling is also used as a guidance cue during axonal regeneration following nerve cut. We conclude that GDNF is a major determinant of directed neuritic growth and of target finding in this system, and we propose that GDNF acts by promoting local neurite outgrowth.
Collapse
|
317
|
Aman A, Nguyen M, Piotrowski T. Wnt/β-catenin dependent cell proliferation underlies segmented lateral line morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2010; 349:470-82. [PMID: 20974120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a fascinating but complex and incompletely understood developmental process. The sensory lateral line system consists of only a few hundred cells and is experimentally accessible making it an excellent model system to interrogate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying segmental morphogenesis. The posterior lateral line primordium periodically deposits prosensory organs as it migrates to the tail tip. We demonstrate that periodic proneuromast deposition is governed by a fundamentally different developmental mechanism than the classical models of developmental periodicity represented by vertebrate somitogenesis and early Drosophila development. Our analysis demonstrates that proneuromast deposition is driven by periodic lengthening of the primordium and a stable Wnt/β-catenin activation domain in the leading region of the primordium. The periodic lengthening of the primordium is controlled by Wnt/β-catenin/Fgf-dependent proliferation. Once proneuromasts are displaced into the trailing Wnt/β-catenin-free zone they are deposited. We have previously shown that Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces Fgf signaling and that interactions between these two pathways regulate primordium migration and prosensory organ formation. Therefore, by coordinating migration, prosensory organ formation and proliferation, localized activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the leading zone of the primordium plays a crucial role in orchestrating lateral line morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Aman
- University of Utah Medical School, Dept. of Neurobiology and Anatomy, MREB 401, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
318
|
Matsuda M, Chitnis AB. Atoh1a expression must be restricted by Notch signaling for effective morphogenesis of the posterior lateral line primordium in zebrafish. Development 2010; 137:3477-87. [PMID: 20876657 DOI: 10.1242/dev.052761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The posterior lateral line primordium (pLLp) migrates caudally, depositing neuromasts to establish the posterior lateral line system in zebrafish. A Wnt-dependent FGF signaling center at the leading end of the pLLp initiates the formation of `proneuromasts' by facilitating the reorganization of cells into epithelial rosettes and by initiating atoh1a expression. Expression of atoh1a gives proneuromast cells the potential to become sensory hair cells, and lateral inhibition mediated by Delta-Notch signaling restricts atoh1a expression to a central cell. We show that as atoh1a expression becomes established in the central cell, it drives expression of fgf10 and of the Notch ligand deltaD, while it inhibits expression of fgfr1. As a source of Fgf10, the central cell activates the FGF pathway in neighboring cells, ensuring that they form stable epithelial rosettes. At the same time, DeltaD activates Notch in neighboring cells, inhibiting atoh1a expression and ensuring that they are specified as supporting cells. When Notch signaling fails, unregulated atoh1a expression reduces Fgfr1 expression, eventually resulting in attenuated FGF signaling, which prevents effective maturation of epithelial rosettes in the pLLp. In addition, atoh1a inhibits e-cadherin expression, which is likely to reduce cohesion and contribute to fragmentation of the pLLp. Together, our observations reveal a genetic regulatory network that explains why atoh1a expression must be restricted by Notch signaling for effective morphogenesis of the pLLp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Section on Neural Developmental Dynamics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
319
|
Rehimi R, Khalida N, Yusuf F, Morosan-Puopolo G, Brand-Saberi B. A novel role of CXCR4 and SDF-1 during migration of cloacal muscle precursors. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1622-31. [PMID: 20503359 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cloaca acts as a common chamber into which gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts converge in lower vertebrates. The distal end of the cloaca is guarded by a ring of cloacal muscles or sphincters, the equivalent of perineal muscles in mammals. It has recently been shown that the development of the cloacal musculature depends on hindlimb muscle formation. The signaling molecules responsible for the outward migration of hindlimb myogenic precursors are not known. Based on the expression studies for CXCR4 and SDF-1, we hypothesized a role of this signaling pair during cloacal muscle precursor migration. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of SDF-1/CXCR4 during cloacal muscle precursor migration in the chicken embryos. We show that SDF-1 is expressed in the cloacal region, and by experimentally manipulating the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling, we can show that SDF-1 guides the migration of CXCR4-expressing cloacal muscle precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Rehimi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
320
|
Papusheva E, Heisenberg CP. Spatial organization of adhesion: force-dependent regulation and function in tissue morphogenesis. EMBO J 2010; 29:2753-68. [PMID: 20717145 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin- and cadherin-mediated adhesion is central for cell and tissue morphogenesis, allowing cells and tissues to change shape without loosing integrity. Studies predominantly in cell culture showed that mechanosensation through adhesion structures is achieved by force-mediated modulation of their molecular composition. The specific molecular composition of adhesion sites in turn determines their signalling activity and dynamic reorganization. Here, we will review how adhesion sites respond to mecanical stimuli, and how spatially and temporally regulated signalling from different adhesion sites controls cell migration and tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
|
321
|
Pujol-Martí J, Baudoin JP, Faucherre A, Kawakami K, López-Schier H. Progressive neurogenesis defines lateralis somatotopy. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1919-30. [PMID: 20549716 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishes and amphibians localize hydromechanical variations along their bodies using the lateral-line sensory system. This is possible because the spatial distribution of neuromasts is represented in the hindbrain by a somatotopic organization of the lateralis afferent neurons' central projections. The mechanisms that establish lateralis somatotopy are not known. Using BAPTI and neuronal tracing in the zebrafish, we demonstrate growth anisotropy of the posterior lateralis ganglion. We characterized a new transgenic line for in vivo imaging to show that although peripheral growth-cone structure adumbrates somatotopy, the order of neurogenesis represents a more accurate predictor of the position of a neuron's central axon along the somatotopic axis in the hindbrain. We conclude that progressive neurogenesis defines lateralis somatotopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Pujol-Martí
- Laboratory of Sensory Cell Biology and Organogenesis, Centre de Regulació Genòmica, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
322
|
Sato A, Koshida S, Takeda H. Single-cell analysis of somatotopic map formation in the zebrafish lateral line system. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2058-65. [PMID: 20549741 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish lateral line is a simple sensory system comprising a small number of neurons in addition to their sensory organs, the neuromasts. We have adopted this system as a model for single-cell level analyses of topographic map formation and examined when and how the lateral line topographic map is established. Single-neuron labeling demonstrated that somatotopic organization of the ganglion emerges by 54 hr postfertilization, but also that this initial map is not as accurate as that observed at 6 days postfertilization. During this initial stage, individual neurons exhibit extensively diverse behavior and morphologies. We identified leader neurons, the axons of which are the first to reach the tail, and later-appearing axons that contribute to the initial map. Our data suggest that lateral line neurons are heterogeneous from the beginning of lateral line development, and that some of them are intrinsically fate determined to contribute to the somatotopic map.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
323
|
López-Schier H. Fly fishing for collective cell migration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:428-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
324
|
Theveneau E, Marchant L, Kuriyama S, Gull M, Moepps B, Parsons M, Mayor R. Collective chemotaxis requires contact-dependent cell polarity. Dev Cell 2010; 19:39-53. [PMID: 20643349 PMCID: PMC2913244 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Directional collective migration is now a widely recognized mode of migration during embryogenesis and cancer. However, how a cluster of cells responds to chemoattractants is not fully understood. Neural crest cells are among the most motile cells in the embryo, and their behavior has been likened to malignant invasion. Here, we show that neural crest cells are collectively attracted toward the chemokine Sdf1. While not involved in initially polarizing cells, Sdf1 directionally stabilizes cell protrusions promoted by cell contact. At this cell contact, N-cadherin inhibits protrusion and Rac1 activity and in turn promotes protrusions and activation of Rac1 at the free edge. These results show a role for N-cadherin during contact inhibition of locomotion, and they reveal a mechanism of chemoattraction likely to function during both embryogenesis and cancer metastasis, whereby attractants such as Sdf1 amplify and stabilize contact-dependent cell polarity, resulting in directional collective migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Theveneau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lorena Marchant
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sei Kuriyama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mazhar Gull
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Barbara Moepps
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
325
|
Abstract
The lateral line system of teleosts has recently become a model system to study patterning and morphogenesis. However, its embryonic origins are still not well understood. In zebrafish, the posterior lateral line (PLL) system is formed in two waves, one that generates the embryonic line of seven to eight neuromasts and 20 afferent neurons and a second one that generates three additional lines during larval development. The embryonic line originates from a postotic placode that produces both a migrating sensory primordium and afferent neurons. Nothing is known about the origin and innervation of the larval lines. Here we show that a "secondary" placode can be detected at 24 h postfertilization (hpf), shortly after the primary placode has given rise to the embryonic primordium and ganglion. The secondary placode generates two additional sensory primordia, primD and primII, as well as afferent neurons. The primary and secondary placodes require retinoic acid signaling at the same stage of late gastrulation, suggesting that they share a common origin. Neither primary nor secondary neurons show intrinsic specificity for neuromasts derived from their own placode, but the sequence of neuromast deposition ensures that neuromasts are primarily innervated by neurons derived from the cognate placode. The delayed formation of secondary afferent neurons accounts for the capability of the fish to form a new PLL ganglion after ablation of the embryonic ganglion at 24 hpf.
Collapse
|
326
|
Abstract
CXCR4 is a G protein-coupled chemokine receptor that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of primary immunodeficiency disorders and cancer. Autosomal dominant gain-of-function truncations of CXCR4 are associated with warts, hypo-gammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome, a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by neutropenia and recurrent infections. Recent progress has implicated CXCR4-SDF1 (stromal cell-derived factor 1) signaling in regulating neutrophil homeostasis, but the precise role of CXCR4-SDF1 interactions in regulating neutrophil motility in vivo is not known. Here, we use the optical transparency of zebrafish to visualize neutrophil trafficking in vivo in a zebrafish model of WHIM syndrome. We demonstrate that expression of WHIM mutations in zebrafish neutrophils induces neutrophil retention in hematopoietic tissue, impairing neutrophil motility and wound recruitment. The neutrophil retention signal induced by WHIM truncation mutations is SDF1 dependent, because depletion of SDF1 with the use of morpholino oligonucleotides restores neutrophil chemotaxis to wounds. Moreover, localized activation of a genetically encoded, photoactivatable Rac guanosine triphosphatase is sufficient to direct migration of neutrophils that express the WHIM mutation. The findings suggest that this transgenic zebrafish model of WHIM syndrome may provide a valuable tool to screen for agents that modify CXCR4-SDF1 retention signals.
Collapse
|
327
|
Mayor R, Carmona-Fontaine C. Keeping in touch with contact inhibition of locomotion. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:319-28. [PMID: 20399659 PMCID: PMC2927909 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is the process by which cells in vitro change their direction of migration upon contact with another cell. Here, we revisit the concept that CIL plays a central role in the migration of single cells and in collective migration, during both health and disease. Importantly, malignant cells exhibit a diminished CIL behaviour which allows them to invade healthy tissues. Accumulating evidence indicates that CIL occurs in vivo and that regulation of small Rho GTPases is important in the collapse of cell protrusions upon cell contact, the first step of CIL. Finally, we propose possible cell surface proteins that could be involved in the initial contact that regulates Rho GTPases during CIL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
328
|
Estrogen receptor ESR1 controls cell migration by repressing chemokine receptor CXCR4 in the zebrafish posterior lateral line system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6358-63. [PMID: 20308561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909998107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The primordium that generates the embryonic posterior lateral line of zebrafish migrates from the head to the tip of the tail along a trail of SDF1-producing cells. This migration critically depends on the presence of the SDF1 receptor CXCR4 in the leading region of the primordium and on the presence of a second SDF1 receptor, CXCR7, in the trailing region of the primordium. Here we show that inactivation of the estrogen receptor ESR1 results in ectopic expression of cxcr4b throughout the primordium, whereas ESR1 overexpression results in a reciprocal reduction in the domain of cxcr4b expression, suggesting that ESR1 acts as a repressor of cxcr4b. This finding could explain why estrogens significantly decrease the metastatic ability of ESR-positive breast cancer cells. ESR1 inactivation also leads to extinction of cxcr7b expression in the trailing cells of the migrating primordium; this effect is indirect, however, and due to the down-regulation of cxcr7b by ectopic SDF1/CXCR4 signaling in the trailing region. Both ESR1 inactivation and overexpression result in aborted migration, confirming the importance of this receptor in the control of SDF1-dependent migration.
Collapse
|
329
|
Feng Y, Xu Q. Pivotal role of hmx2 and hmx3 in zebrafish inner ear and lateral line development. Dev Biol 2010; 339:507-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
330
|
Wada H, Ghysen A, Satou C, Higashijima SI, Kawakami K, Hamaguchi S, Sakaizumi M. Dermal morphogenesis controls lateral line patterning during postembryonic development of teleost fish. Dev Biol 2010; 340:583-94. [PMID: 20171200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The lateral line system displays highly divergent patterns in adult teleost fish. The mechanisms underlying this variability are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the lateral line mechanoreceptor, the neuromast, gives rise to a series of accessory neuromasts by a serial budding process during postembryonic development in zebrafish. We also show that accessory neuromast formation is highly correlated to the development of underlying dermal structures such as bones and scales. Abnormalities in opercular bone morphogenesis, in endothelin 1-knockdown embryos, are accompanied by stereotypic errors in neuromast budding and positioning, further demonstrating the tight correlation between the patterning of neuromasts and of the underlying dermal bones. In medaka, where scales form between peridermis and opercular bones, the lateral line displays a scale-specific pattern which is never observed in zebrafish. These results strongly suggest a control of postembryonic neuromast patterns by underlying dermal structures. This dermal control may explain some aspects of the evolution of lateral line patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Wada
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Igarashi 2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
331
|
Abstract
Together with cell growth, division and death, changes in cell shape are of central importance for tissue morphogenesis during development. Cell shape is the product of a cell's material and active properties balanced by external forces. Control of cell shape, therefore, relies on both tight regulation of intracellular mechanics and the cell's physical interaction with its environment. In this review, we first discuss the biological and physical mechanisms of cell shape control. We next examine a number of developmental processes in which cell shape change - either individually or in a coordinated manner - drives embryonic morphogenesis and discuss how cell shape is controlled in these processes. Finally, we emphasize that cell shape control during tissue morphogenesis can only be fully understood by using a combination of cellular, molecular, developmental and biophysical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Paluch
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
332
|
Mavrakis M, Pourquié O, Lecuit T. Lighting up developmental mechanisms: how fluorescence imaging heralded a new era. Development 2010; 137:373-87. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.031690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Embryology and genetics have given rise to a mechanistic framework that explains the architecture of a developing organism. Until recently, however, such studies suffered from a lack of quantification and real-time visualization at the subcellular level, limiting their ability to monitor the dynamics of developmental processes. Live imaging using fluorescent proteins has overcome these limitations, uncovering unprecedented insights that call many established models into question. We review how the study of patterning, cell polarization and morphogenesis has benefited from this technology and discuss the possibilities offered by fluorescence imaging and by the contributions of quantitative disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manos Mavrakis
- IBDML (Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy), UMR6216 CNRS—Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy BP 907, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire) / Inserm U964 / CNRS UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; and Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- IBDML (Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy), UMR6216 CNRS—Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy BP 907, 13009 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
333
|
Binamé F, Pawlak G, Roux P, Hibner U. What makes cells move: requirements and obstacles for spontaneous cell motility. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:648-61. [PMID: 20237642 DOI: 10.1039/b915591k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Movement of individual cells and of cellular cohorts, chains or sheets requires physical forces that are established through interactions of cells with their environment. In vivo, migration occurs extensively during embryonic development and in adults during wound healing and tumorigenesis. In order to identify the molecular events involved in cell movement, in vitro systems have been developed. These have contributed to the definition of a number of molecular pathways put into play in the course of migratory behaviours, such as mesenchymal and amoeboid movement. More recently, our knowledge of migratory modes has been enriched by analyses of cells exploring and moving through three-dimensional (3D) matrices. While the cells' morphologies differ in 2D and 3D environments, the basic mechanisms that put a cellular body into motion are remarkably similar. Thus, in both 2D and 3D, the polarity of the migrating cell is initially defined by a specific subcellular localization of signalling molecules and components of molecular machines required for motion. While the polarization can be initiated either in response to extracellular signalling or be a chance occurrence, it is reinforced and sustained by positive feedback loops of signalling molecules. Second, adhesion to a substratum is necessary to generate forces that will propel the cell engaged in either mesenchymal or ameboid migration. For collective cell movement, intercellular coordination constitutes an additional requirement: a cell cohort remains stationary if individual cells pull in opposite directions. Finally, the availability of space to move into is a general requirement to set cells into motion. Lack of free space is probably the main obstacle for migration of most healthy cells in an adult multicellular organism. Thus, the requirements for cell movement are both intrinsic to the cell, involving coordinated signalling and interactions with molecular machines, and extrinsic, imposed by the physicochemical nature of the environment. In particular, the geometry and stiffness of the support act on a range of signalling pathways that induce specific cell migratory responses. These issues are discussed in the present review in the context of published work and our own data on collective migration of hepatocyte cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Binamé
- CNRS, UMR 5535, IGMM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
334
|
Arboleda-Estudillo Y, Krieg M, Stühmer J, Licata NA, Muller DJ, Heisenberg CP. Movement directionality in collective migration of germ layer progenitors. Curr Biol 2010; 20:161-9. [PMID: 20079641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration, the simultaneous movement of multiple cells that are connected by cell-cell adhesion, is ubiquitous in development, tissue repair, and tumor metastasis [1, 2]. It has been hypothesized that the directionality of cell movement during collective migration emerges as a collective property [3, 4]. Here we determine how movement directionality is established in collective mesendoderm migration during zebrafish gastrulation. By interfering with two key features of collective migration, (1) having neighboring cells and (2) adhering to them, we show that individual mesendoderm cells are capable of normal directed migration when moving as single cells but require cell-cell adhesion to participate in coordinated and directed migration when moving as part of a group. We conclude that movement directionality is not a de novo collective property of mesendoderm cells but rather a property of single mesendoderm cells that requires cell-cell adhesion during collective migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohanna Arboleda-Estudillo
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
335
|
Abstract
For all animals, cell migration is an essential and highly regulated process. Cells migrate to shape tissues, to vascularize tissues, in wound healing, and as part of the immune response. Unfortunately, tumor cells can also become migratory and invade surrounding tissues. Some cells migrate as individuals, but many cell types will, under physiological conditions, migrate collectively in tightly or loosely associated groups. This includes invasive tumor cells. This review discusses different types of collective cell migration, including sheet movement, sprouting and branching, streams, and free groups, and highlights recent findings that provide insight into cells' organization and behavior. Cells performing collective migration share many cell biological characteristics with independently migrating cells but, by affecting one another mechanically and via signaling, these cell groups are subject to additional regulation and constraints. New properties that emerge from this connectivity can contribute to shaping, guiding, and ultimately ensuring tissue function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Rørth
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
336
|
Schlosser G. Making senses development of vertebrate cranial placodes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 283:129-234. [PMID: 20801420 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)83004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cranial placodes (which include the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, otic, lateral line, profundal/trigeminal, and epibranchial placodes) give rise to many sense organs and ganglia of the vertebrate head. Recent evidence suggests that all cranial placodes may be developmentally related structures, which originate from a common panplacodal primordium at neural plate stages and use similar regulatory mechanisms to control developmental processes shared between different placodes such as neurogenesis and morphogenetic movements. After providing a brief overview of placodal diversity, the present review summarizes current evidence for the existence of a panplacodal primordium and discusses the central role of transcription factors Six1 and Eya1 in the regulation of processes shared between different placodes. Upstream signaling events and transcription factors involved in early embryonic induction and specification of the panplacodal primordium are discussed next. I then review how individual placodes arise from the panplacodal primordium and present a model of multistep placode induction. Finally, I briefly summarize recent advances concerning how placodal neurons and sensory cells are specified, and how morphogenesis of placodes (including delamination and migration of placode-derived cells and invagination) is controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
337
|
Abstract
The pancreas is a vertebrate-specific organ of endodermal origin which is responsible for production of digestive enzymes and hormones involved in regulating glucose homeostasis, in particular insulin, deficiency of which results in diabetes. Basic research on the genetic and molecular pathways regulating pancreas formation and function has gained major importance for the development of regenerative medical approaches aimed at improving diabetes treatment. Among the different model organisms that are currently used to elucidate the basic pathways of pancreas development and regeneration, the zebrafish is distinguished by its unique opportunities to combine genetic and pharmacological approaches with sophisticated live-imaging methodology, and by its ability to regenerate the pancreas within a short time. Here we review current perspectives and present methods for studying two important processes contributing to pancreas development and regeneration, namely cell migration via time-lapse micropscopy and cell proliferation via incorporation of nucleotide analog EdU, with a focus on the insulin-producing beta cells of the islet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Kimmel
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
338
|
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine A Khalil
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
339
|
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a key process during the development of most organisms. It can involve either the migration of closely packed mesenchymal cells that make dynamic contacts with frequently changing neighbour cells, or the migration of epithelial sheets that typically display more stable cell-cell interactions and less frequent changes in neighbours. These collective movements can be controlled by short- or long-range dynamic gradients of extracellular signalling molecules, depending on the number of cells involved and their distance of migration. These gradients are sensed by some or all of the migrating cells and translated into directed migration, which in many settings is further modulated by cell-contact-mediated attractive or repulsive interactions that result in contact-following or contact-inhibition of locomotion, respectively. Studies of collective migration of groups of epithelial cells during development indicate that, in some cases, only leader cells sense and migrate up an external signal gradient, and that adjacent cells follow through strong cell-cell contacts. In this Commentary, I review studies of collective cell migration of differently sized cell populations during the development of several model organisms, and discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that coordinate this migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J Weijer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
340
|
Pistocchi A, Feijóo CG, Cabrera P, Villablanca EJ, Allende ML, Cotelli F. The zebrafish prospero homolog prox1 is required for mechanosensory hair cell differentiation and functionality in the lateral line. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:58. [PMID: 19948062 PMCID: PMC2794270 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-9-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The lateral line system in zebrafish is composed of a series of organs called neuromasts, which are distributed over the body surface. Neuromasts contain clusters of hair cells, surrounded by accessory cells. Results In this report we describe zebrafish prox1 mRNA expression in the migrating primordium and in the neuromasts of the posterior lateral line. Furthermore, using an antibody against Prox1 we characterize expression of the protein in different cell types within neuromasts, and we show distribution among the supporting cells and hair cells. Conclusion Functional analysis using antisense morpholinos indicates that prox1 activity is crucial for the hair cells to differentiate properly and acquire functionality, while having no role in development of other cell types in neuromasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pistocchi
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
341
|
The transmembrane inner ear (Tmie) protein is essential for normal hearing and balance in the zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:21347-52. [PMID: 19934034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911632106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the proteins that mediate mechanoelectrical transduction, the process by which acoustic and accelerational stimuli are transformed by hair cells of the inner ear into electrical signals. In our search for molecules involved in mechanotransduction, we discovered a line of deaf and uncoordinated zebrafish with defective hair-cell function. The hair cells of mutant larvae fail to incorporate fluorophores that normally traverse the transduction channels and their ears lack microphonic potentials in response to vibratory stimuli. Hair cells in the posterior lateral lines of mutants contain numerous lysosomes and have short, disordered hair bundles. Their stereocilia lack two components of the transduction apparatus, tip links and insertional plaques. Positional cloning revealed an early frameshift mutation in tmie, the zebrafish ortholog of the mammalian gene transmembrane inner ear. The mutant line therefore affords us an opportunity to investigate the role of the corresponding protein in mechanoelectrical transduction.
Collapse
|
342
|
Aman A, Piotrowski T. Cell migration during morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2009; 341:20-33. [PMID: 19914236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During development, functional structures must form with the correct three-dimensional geometry composed of the correct cell types. In many cases cell types are specified at locations distant to where they will ultimately reside for normal biological function. Although cell migration is crucial for normal development and morphogenesis of animal body plans and organ systems, abnormal cell migration during adult life underlies pathological states such as invasion and metastasis of cancer. In both contexts cells migrate either individually, as loosely associated sheets or as clusters of cells. In this review, we summarize, compare and integrate knowledge gained from several in vivo model systems that have yielded insights into the regulation of morphogenic cell migration, such as the zebrafish lateral line primordium and primordial germ cells, Drosophila border cell clusters, vertebrate neural crest migration and angiogenic sprouts in the post-natal mouse retina. Because of its broad multicontextual and multiphylletic distribution, understanding cell migration in its various manifestations in vivo is likely to provide new insights into both the function and malfunction of key embryonic and postembryonic events. In this review, we will provide a succinct phenotypic description of the many model systems utilized to study cell migration in vivo. More importantly, we will highlight, compare and integrate recent advances in our understanding of how cell migration is regulated in these varied model systems with special emphasis on individual and collective cell movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Aman
- University of Utah, Department Neurobiology and Anatomy, 20N Medical Drive, MREB 401, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
343
|
Aman A, Piotrowski T. Multiple signaling interactions coordinate collective cell migration of the posterior lateral line primordium. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:365-8. [PMID: 19736513 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.4.9548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective migration of adherent cohorts of cells is a common and crucial phenomenon during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. The zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium has emerged as a powerful in vivo model to study collective migration due to its relative simplicity and accessibility. While it has become clear that chemokine signaling is the primary guidance system responsible for directing the primordium along its migratory path it is not clear what mechanisms downstream of chemokine signaling coordinate migration of individual cells within the primordium. In this review, we summarize the cell signaling interactions that underlie collective migration of the primordium and discuss proposed mechanisms for the function of chemokine signaling in this tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Aman
- Neurobiology and Anatomy Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
344
|
Martins GG, Rifes P, Amândio R, Rodrigues G, Palmeirim I, Thorsteinsdóttir S. Dynamic 3D cell rearrangements guided by a fibronectin matrix underlie somitogenesis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7429. [PMID: 19829711 PMCID: PMC2759537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are transient segments formed in a rostro-caudal progression during vertebrate development. In chick embryos, segmentation of a new pair of somites occurs every 90 minutes and involves a mesenchyme-to-epithelium transition of cells from the presomitic mesoderm. Little is known about the cellular rearrangements involved, and, although it is known that the fibronectin extracellular matrix is required, its actual role remains elusive. Using 3D and 4D imaging of somite formation we discovered that somitogenesis consists of a complex choreography of individual cell movements. Epithelialization starts medially with the formation of a transient epithelium of cuboidal cells, followed by cell elongation and reorganization into a pseudostratified epithelium of spindle-shaped epitheloid cells. Mesenchymal cells are then recruited to this medial epithelium through accretion, a phenomenon that spreads to all sides, except the lateral side of the forming somite, which epithelializes by cell elongation and intercalation. Surprisingly, an important contribution to the somite epithelium also comes from the continuous egression of mesenchymal cells from the core into the epithelium via its apical side. Inhibition of fibronectin matrix assembly first slows down the rate, and then halts somite formation, without affecting pseudopodial activity or cell body movements. Rather, cell elongation, centripetal alignment, N-cadherin polarization and egression are impaired, showing that the fibronectin matrix plays a role in polarizing and guiding the exploratory behavior of somitic cells. To our knowledge, this is the first 4D in vivo recording of a full mesenchyme-to-epithelium transition. This approach brought new insights into this event and highlighted the importance of the extracellular matrix as a guiding cue during morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel G. Martins
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail: (GGM); (ST)
| | - Pedro Rifes
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Amândio
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Rodrigues
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Palmeirim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sólveig Thorsteinsdóttir
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail: (GGM); (ST)
| |
Collapse
|
345
|
Huisken J, Stainier DYR. Selective plane illumination microscopy techniques in developmental biology. Development 2009; 136:1963-75. [PMID: 19465594 DOI: 10.1242/dev.022426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) and other fluorescence microscopy techniques in which a focused sheet of light serves to illuminate the sample have become increasingly popular in developmental studies. Fluorescence light-sheet microscopy bridges the gap in image quality between fluorescence stereomicroscopy and high-resolution imaging of fixed tissue sections. In addition, high depth penetration, low bleaching and high acquisition speeds make light-sheet microscopy ideally suited for extended time-lapse experiments in live embryos. This review compares the benefits and challenges of light-sheet microscopy with established fluorescence microscopy techniques such as confocal microscopy and discusses the different implementations and applications of this easily adaptable technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Huisken
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
346
|
Picker A, Cavodeassi F, Machate A, Bernauer S, Hans S, Abe G, Kawakami K, Wilson SW, Brand M. Dynamic coupling of pattern formation and morphogenesis in the developing vertebrate retina. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000214. [PMID: 19823566 PMCID: PMC2751823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, pattern formation must be tightly synchronized with tissue morphogenesis to coordinate the establishment of the spatial identities of cells with their movements. In the vertebrate retina, patterning along the dorsal-ventral and nasal-temporal (anterior-posterior) axes is required for correct spatial representation in the retinotectal map. However, it is unknown how specification of axial cell positions in the retina occurs during the complex process of early eye morphogenesis. Studying zebrafish embryos, we show that morphogenetic tissue rearrangements during eye evagination result in progenitor cells in the nasal half of the retina primordium being brought into proximity to the sources of three fibroblast growth factors, Fgf8/3/24, outside the eye. Triple-mutant analysis shows that this combined Fgf signal fully controls nasal retina identity by regulating the nasal transcription factor Foxg1. Surprisingly, nasal-temporal axis specification occurs very early along the dorsal-ventral axis of the evaginating eye. By in vivo imaging GFP-tagged retinal progenitor cells, we find that subsequent eye morphogenesis requires gradual tissue compaction in the nasal half and directed cell movements into the temporal half of the retina. Balancing these processes drives the progressive alignment of the nasal-temporal retina axis with the anterior-posterior body axis and is controlled by a feed-forward effect of Fgf signaling on Foxg1-mediated cell cohesion. Thus, the mechanistic coupling and dynamic synchronization of tissue patterning with morphogenetic cell behavior through Fgf signaling leads to the graded allocation of cell positional identity in the eye, underlying retinotectal map formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Picker
- Center of Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Biotechnology Center, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
347
|
Clarke J. Live imaging of development in fish embryos. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:942-6. [PMID: 19682594 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive the development of embryos requires a detailed knowledge of the way cells divide, move, change shape, interact with one another and die during embryogenesis. Ideally this should be analysed in intact embryos using minimally invasive techniques. Because of their easy accessibility, external development and excellent transparency the teleost embryo has emerged as probably the premier vertebrate model for this type of study. This review will discuss some of the recent advances in this field including attempts to image every cell and their movements during the first 24h of development as well as other studies that focus on the development of specific organs or high resolution analyses of the behaviour of individual cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Clarke
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, 4th Floor, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
348
|
Mateus AM, Gorfinkiel N, Arias AM. Origin and function of fluctuations in cell behaviour and the emergence of patterns. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:877-84. [PMID: 19665568 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is the process whereby cells assemble into tissues and organs. Recent studies of this process have revealed heterogeneity of individual cell behaviours that contrasts with the deterministic activity of tissues as a whole. Here we review these observations and suggest that fluctuations and heterogeneities are a central substrate for morphogenesis and that there might exist mechanisms dedicated to the averaging of these fluctuations to ensure robust and reproducible behaviours at the tissue level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mateus
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
349
|
Revenu C, Gilmour D. EMT 2.0: shaping epithelia through collective migration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:338-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
350
|
Laguerre L, Ghysen A, Dambly-Chaudière C. Mitotic patterns in the migrating lateral line cells of zebrafish embryos. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1042-51. [PMID: 19334282 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense organs of the posterior lateral line system (neuromasts) are formed by a migrating primordium. In zebrafish, the primordium comprises approximately 100 cells at the onset of migration, and has deposited approximately 300 cells by the end of the process. Here, we report localized phases of mitotic activity and of mitotic quiescence within the migrating primordium. Quiescence in the leading region seems associated to the formation of a new prospective neuromast, whereas quiescence in the trailing region follows a wave of mitoses that synchronize trailing cells in G0/G1 phase, anticipating neuromast differentiation. Manipulating the size of the primordium does not lead to changes in the rate of cell proliferation. We also show that two mitoses often take place nearly synchronously in adjacent cells, suggestive of a determinate lineage. We conclude that proliferation in the migrating primordium follows a stereotyped pattern that closely anticipates the normal development of the system.
Collapse
|