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Bouhaben J, Delgado-Lima AH, Delgado-Losada ML. The role of olfactory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 123:105425. [PMID: 38615524 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This comprehensive meta-analysis investigates the association between olfactory deficits in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS A thorough search across databases identified articles analyzing olfactory status in MCI or AD patients. Methodological quality assessment followed PRISMA guidelines. Hedges' g effect size statistic computed standard mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. Moderator analysis was conducted. RESULTS Among the included studies (65 for MCI and 61 for AD), odor identification exhibited larger effect sizes compared to odor threshold and discrimination, in both MCI and AD samples. Moderate effect size is found in OI scores in MCI (k = 65, SE = 0.078, CI 95% = [-1.151, -0.844]). Furthermore, compared to MCI, AD had moderate to large heterogeneous effects in olfactory identification (k = 61, g = -2.062, SE = 0.125, CI 95% = [-2.308, -1.816]). Global cognitive status is positively related to olfactory identification impairment in both MCI (k = 57, Z = 2.74, p = 0.006) and AD (k = 53, Z = 5.03, p < 0.0001) samples. CONCLUSION Olfactory impairments exhibit a notable and substantial presence in MCI. Among these impairments, odor identification experiences the greatest decline in MCI, mirroring the primary sensory deficit observed in AD. Consequently, the incorporation of a straightforward odor identification test is advisable in the evaluation of individuals vulnerable to the onset of AD, offering a practical screening tool for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Bouhaben
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
| | - Alice Helena Delgado-Lima
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
| | - María Luisa Delgado-Losada
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain.
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Li J, Li X, Chen F, Li W, Chen J, Zhang B. Studying the Alzheimer's disease continuum using EEG and fMRI in single-modality and multi-modality settings. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:373-386. [PMID: 38157429 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a biological, clinical continuum that covers the preclinical, prodromal, and clinical phases of the disease. Early diagnosis and identification of the stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are crucial in clinical practice. Ideally, biomarkers should reflect the underlying process (pathological or otherwise), be reproducible and non-invasive, and allow repeated measurements over time. However, the currently known biomarkers for AD are not suitable for differentiating the stages and predicting the trajectory of disease progression. Some objective parameters extracted using electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are widely applied to diagnose the stages of the AD continuum. While electroencephalography (EEG) has a high temporal resolution, fMRI has a high spatial resolution. Combined EEG and fMRI (EEG-fMRI) can overcome single-modality drawbacks and obtain multi-dimensional information simultaneously, and it can help explore the hemodynamic changes associated with the neural oscillations that occur during information processing. This technique has been used in the cognitive field in recent years. This review focuses on the different techniques available for studying the AD continuum, including EEG and fMRI in single-modality and multi-modality settings, and the possible future directions of AD diagnosis using EEG-fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Futao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
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Xu J, Sun Y, Zhu X, Pan S, Tong Z, Jiang K. Tactile discrimination as a diagnostic indicator of cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A narrative review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31256. [PMID: 38803967 PMCID: PMC11129005 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tactile discrimination, a cognitive task reliant on fingertip touch for stimulus discrimination, encompasses the somatosensory system and working memory, with its acuity diminishing with advancing age. Presently, the evaluation of cognitive capacity to differentiate between individuals with early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and typical older adults predominantly relies on visual or auditory tasks, yet the efficacy of discrimination remains constrained. Aims To review the existing tactile cognitive tasks and explore the interaction between tactile perception and the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease. The tactile discrimination task may be used as a reference index of cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment and provide a new method for clinical evaluation. Methods We searched four databases (Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and Google scholar). The reference coverage was from 1936 to 2023. The search terms included "Alzheimer disease" "mild cognitive impairment" "tactile" "tactile discrimination" "tactile test" and so on. Reviews and experimental reports in the field were examined and the effectiveness of different types of tactile tasks was compared. Main results Individuals in the initial phases of Alzheimer's spectrum disease, specifically those in the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), exhibit notable impairments in tasks involving tactile discrimination. These tasks possess certain merits, such as their quick and straightforward comparability, independence from educational background, and ability to circumvent the limitations associated with conventional cognitive assessment scales. Furthermore, tactile discrimination tasks offer enhanced accuracy compared to cognitive tasks that employ visual or auditory stimuli. Conclusions Tactile discrimination has the potential to serve as an innovative reference indicator for the swift diagnosis of clinical MCI patients, thereby assisting in the screening process on a clinical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Xu
- Center for Applied Psychological Research (Ningbo), School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, 315300, China
- School of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yuqi Sun
- Center for Applied Psychological Research (Ningbo), School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, 315300, China
- School of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xianghe Zhu
- Center for Applied Psychological Research (Ningbo), School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, 315300, China
- School of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Sipei Pan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhiqian Tong
- Center for Applied Psychological Research (Ningbo), School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, 315300, China
- School of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Center for Applied Psychological Research (Ningbo), School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, 315300, China
- School of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Center for Brain, Mind and Education, Shaoxing University, China
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Ngwa HA, Bargues-Carot A, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Manganese and Vanadium Co-Exposure Induces Severe Neurotoxicity in the Olfactory System: Relevance to Metal-Induced Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5285. [PMID: 38791326 PMCID: PMC11121436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic environmental exposure to toxic heavy metals, which often occurs as a mixture through occupational and industrial sources, has been implicated in various neurological disorders, including Parkinsonism. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) typically presents along with manganese (Mn), especially in welding rods and high-capacity batteries, including electric vehicle batteries; however, the neurotoxic effects of vanadium (V) and Mn co-exposure are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the neurotoxic impact of MnCl2, V2O5, and MnCl2-V2O5 co-exposure in an animal model. C57BL/6 mice were intranasally administered either de-ionized water (vehicle), MnCl2 (252 µg) alone, V2O5 (182 µg) alone, or a mixture of MnCl2 (252 µg) and V2O5 (182 µg) three times a week for up to one month. Following exposure, we performed behavioral, neurochemical, and histological studies. Our results revealed dramatic decreases in olfactory bulb (OB) weight and levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the treatment groups compared to the control group, with the Mn/V co-treatment group producing the most significant changes. Interestingly, increased levels of α-synuclein expression were observed in the substantia nigra (SN) of treated animals. Additionally, treatment groups exhibited locomotor deficits and olfactory dysfunction, with the co-treatment group producing the most severe deficits. The treatment groups exhibited increased levels of the oxidative stress marker 4-hydroxynonenal in the striatum and SN, as well as the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein PKCδ and accumulation of glomerular astroglia in the OB. The co-exposure of animals to Mn/V resulted in higher levels of these metals compared to other treatment groups. Taken together, our results suggest that co-exposure to Mn/V can adversely affect the olfactory and nigral systems. These results highlight the possible role of environmental metal mixtures in the etiology of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Afeseh Ngwa
- Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicity, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Alejandra Bargues-Carot
- Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (A.B.-C.); (H.J.); (V.A.)
| | - Huajun Jin
- Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (A.B.-C.); (H.J.); (V.A.)
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (A.B.-C.); (H.J.); (V.A.)
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (A.B.-C.); (H.J.); (V.A.)
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicity, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (A.B.-C.); (H.J.); (V.A.)
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Iannucci V, Bruscolini A, Iannella G, Visioli G, Alisi L, Salducci M, Greco A, Lambiase A. Olfactory Dysfunction and Glaucoma. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1002. [PMID: 38790964 PMCID: PMC11117544 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is a well-known phenomenon in neurological diseases with anosmia and hyposmia serving as clinical or preclinical indicators of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Since glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the visual system, it may also entail alterations in olfactory function, warranting investigation into potential sensory interconnections. METHODS A review of the current literature of the last 15 years (from 1 April 2008 to 1 April 2023) was conducted by two different authors searching for topics related to olfaction and glaucoma. RESULTS three papers met the selection criteria. According to these findings, patients with POAG appear to have worse olfaction than healthy subjects. Furthermore, certain predisposing conditions to glaucoma, such as pseudoexfoliation syndrome and primary vascular dysregulation, could possibly induce olfactory changes that can be measured with the Sniffin Stick test. CONCLUSIONS the scientific literature on this topic is very limited, and the pathogenesis of olfactory changes in glaucoma is not clear. However, if the results of these studies are confirmed by further research, olfactory testing may be a non-invasive tool to assist clinicians in the early diagnosis of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alessandro Lambiase
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.I.); (A.B.); (G.I.); (G.V.); (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.G.)
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Raghuraman R, Aoun A, Herman M, Shetler O, Nahmani E, Hussaini SA. Lateral Entorhinal Cortex Dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.15.589589. [PMID: 38659892 PMCID: PMC11042344 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.589589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the formation of amyloid beta (A β ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) leads to neuronal loss in entorhinal cortex (EC), a crucial brain region involved in memory and navigation. These pathological changes are concurrent with the onset of memory-related issues in AD patients with symptoms of forgetfulness such as misplacing items, disorientation in familiar environments etc. The lateral EC (LEC) is associated with non-spatial memory processing including object recognition. Since in LEC, neurons fire in response to objects (object cells) and at locations previously occupied by objects (trace cells), pathology in this region could lead to dysfunction in object location coding. In this paper we show that a transgenic mouse model, EC-App/Tau, which expresses both APP and tau primarily in the EC region, have deficits in LEC-specific memory tasks. Using in vivo single-unit electrophysiology recordings we show that the LEC neurons are hyperactive with low information content and high sparsity compared to the controls indicating poor firing fidelity. We finally show that object cells and trace cells fire less precisely in the EC-App/Tau mice compared to controls indicating poor encoding of objects. Overall, we show that AD pathology causes erratic firing of LEC neurons and object coding defects leading to LEC-specific memory impairment.
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Franco R, Garrigós C, Lillo J. The Olfactory Trail of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:615. [PMID: 38607054 PMCID: PMC11012126 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed as possible early biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases manifest olfactory dysfunction as a symptom, which is worth mentioning. The alterations do not occur in all patients, but they can serve to rule out neurodegenerative pathologies that are not associated with small deficits. Several prevalent neurodegenerative conditions, including impaired smell, arise in the early stages of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, presenting an attractive prospect as a snitch for early diagnosis. This review covers the current knowledge on the link between olfactory deficits and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. The review also covers the emergence of olfactory receptors as actors in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Olfactory receptors are not exclusively expressed in olfactory sensory neurons. Olfactory receptors are widespread in the human body; they are expressed, among others, in the testicles, lungs, intestines, kidneys, skin, heart, and blood cells. Although information on these ectopically expressed olfactory receptors is limited, they appear to be involved in cell recognition, migration, proliferation, wound healing, apoptosis, and exocytosis. Regarding expression in non-chemosensory regions of the central nervous system (CNS), future research should address the role, in both the glia and neurons, of olfactory receptors. Here, we review the limited but relevant information on the altered expression of olfactory receptor genes in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. By unraveling how olfactory receptor activation is involved in neurodegeneration and identifying links between olfactory structures and neuronal death, valuable information could be gained for early diagnosis and intervention strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- School of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Garrigós
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jaume Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Sayyid ZN, Wang H, Cai Y, Gross AL, Swenor BK, Deal JA, Lin FR, Wanigatunga AA, Dougherty RJ, Tian Q, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Schrack JA, Resnick SM, Agrawal Y. Sensory and motor deficits as contributors to early cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2653-2661. [PMID: 38375574 PMCID: PMC11032563 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related sensory and motor impairment are associated with risk of dementia. No study has examined the joint associations of multiple sensory and motor measures on prevalence of early cognitive impairment (ECI). METHODS Six hundred fifty participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging completed sensory and motor function tests. The association between sensory and motor function and ECI was examined using structural equation modeling with three latent factors corresponding to multisensory, fine motor, and gross motor function. RESULTS The multisensory, fine, and gross motor factors were all correlated (r = 0.74 to 0.81). The odds of ECI were lower for each additional unit improvement in the multisensory (32%), fine motor (30%), and gross motor factors (12%). DISCUSSION The relationship between sensory and motor impairment and emerging cognitive impairment may guide future intervention studies aimed at preventing and/or treating ECI. HIGHLIGHTS Sensorimotor function and early cognitive impairment (ECI) prevalence were assessed via structural equation modeling. The degree of fine and gross motor function is associated with indicators of ECI. The degree of multisensory impairment is also associated with indicators of ECI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra N. Sayyid
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Center on Aging and HealthJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yurun Cai
- Department of Health and Community SystemsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of NursingPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Alden L. Gross
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Center on Aging and HealthJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Bonnielin K. Swenor
- The Johns Hopkins School of NursingBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Johns Hopkins Disability Health Research Center, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jennifer A. Deal
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Frank R. Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Amal A. Wanigatunga
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Center on Aging and HealthJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ryan J. Dougherty
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Qu Tian
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, BaltimoreBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Eleanor M. Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, BaltimoreBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, BaltimoreBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jennifer A. Schrack
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Center on Aging and HealthJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Susan M. Resnick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, BaltimoreBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yuri Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Li KY, Pickett KA, Fu HW, Chen RS. Proprioceptive and olfactory deficits in individuals with Parkinson disease and mild cognitive impairment. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:419-430. [PMID: 37962784 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD) disease often present with perceptual impairments at an early clinical stage. Therefore, early identification and quantification of these impairments could facilitate diagnosis and early intervention. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare proprioceptive and olfactory sensitivities in individuals diagnosed with PD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Proprioception in the forearm and olfactory function were measured in neurotypical older adults, individuals with PD, and individuals with MCI. Position and passive motion senses were assessed using a passive motion apparatus. The traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT-TC) and the smell threshold test (STT) were used to identify and discriminate smell, respectively. RESULTS Position sense threshold between the groups differed significantly (p < 0.001), with the PD (p < 0.001) and MCI (p = 0.004) groups showing significantly higher than the control group. The control group had significantly higher mean UPSIT-TC scores than the PD (p < 0.001) and MCI (p = 0.006) groups. The control group had a significantly lower mean STT threshold than the PD and MCI groups (p < 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). UPSIT-TC scores significantly correlated with disease progression in PD (r = - 0.50, p = 0.008) and MCI (r = 0.44, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Proprioceptive and olfactory sensitivities were reduced in individuals with PD and MCI, and these deficits were related to disease severity. These findings support previous findings indicating that perceptual loss may be a potential biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring disease progression in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yi Li
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kristen A Pickett
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Occupational Therapy Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hsuan-Wei Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Shayn Chen
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Jeffs QL, Prather JF, Todd WD. Potential neural substrates underlying circadian and olfactory disruptions in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1295998. [PMID: 38094003 PMCID: PMC10716239 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1295998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, with over 45 million patients worldwide, and poses significant economic and emotional burdens to both patients and caregivers, significantly raising the number of those affected. Unfortunately, much of the existing research on the disease only addresses a small subset of associated symptomologies and pathologies. In this review, we propose to target the earliest stages of the disease, when symptomology first arises. In these stages, before the onset of hallmark symptoms of AD such as cognitive impairments and memory loss, circadian and olfactory disruptions arise and are detectable. Functional similarities between circadian and olfactory systems provide a basis upon which to seek out common mechanisms in AD which may target them early on in the disease. Existing studies of interactions between these systems, while intriguing, leave open the question of the neural substrates underlying them. Potential substrates for such interactions are proposed in this review, such as indirect projections that may functionally connect the two systems and dopaminergic signaling. These substrates may have significant implications for mechanisms underlying disruptions to circadian and olfactory function in early stages of AD. In this review, we propose early detection of AD using a combination of circadian and olfactory deficits and subsequent early treatment of these deficits may provide profound benefits to both patients and caregivers. Additionally, we suggest that targeting research toward the intersection of these two systems in AD could uncover mechanisms underlying the broader set of symptoms and pathologies that currently elude researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William D. Todd
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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11
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Liemisa B, Newbury SF, Novy MJ, Pasato JA, Morales-Corraliza J, Peng KY, Mathews PM. Brain apolipoprotein E levels in mice challenged by a Western diet increase in an allele-dependent manner. AGING BRAIN 2023; 4:100102. [PMID: 38058491 PMCID: PMC10696459 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the greatest determinant of genetic risk for memory deficits and Alzheimer's disease (AD). While APOE4 drives memory loss and high AD risk, APOE2 leads to healthy brain aging and reduced AD risk compared to the common APOE3 variant. We examined brain APOE protein levels in humanized mice homozygous for these alleles and found baseline levels to be age- and isoform-dependent: APOE2 levels were greater than APOE3, which were greater than APOE4. Despite the understanding that APOE lipoparticles do not traverse the blood-brain barrier, we show that brain APOE levels are responsive to dietary fat intake. Challenging mice for 6 months on a Western diet high in fat and cholesterol increased APOE protein levels in an allele-dependent fashion with a much greater increase within blood plasma than within the brain. In the brain, APOE2 levels responded most to the Western diet challenge, increasing by 20 % to 30 %. While increased lipoparticles are generally deleterious in the periphery, we propose that higher brain APOE2 levels may represent a readily available pool of beneficial lipid particles for neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braison Liemisa
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Samantha F. Newbury
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Mariah J. Novy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Pasato
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Jose Morales-Corraliza
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Katherine Y. Peng
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paul M. Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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12
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Jobin B, Boller B, Frasnelli J. Smaller grey matter volume in the central olfactory system in mild cognitive impairment. Exp Gerontol 2023; 183:112325. [PMID: 37952649 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is to increase the specificity of the early diagnosis. While episodic memory impairment is a sensitive AD marker, other measures are needed to improve diagnostic specificity. A promising biomarker might be a cerebral atrophy of the central olfactory processing areas in the early stages of the disease since an impairment of olfactory identification is present at the clinical stage of AD. Our goal was therefore, (1) to evaluate the grey matter volume (GMV) of central olfactory processing regions in prodromal AD and (2) to assess its association with episodic memory. We included 34 cognitively normal healthy controls (HC), 92 individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and 40 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We performed regions of interest analysis (ROI) using two different approaches, allowing to extract GMV from (1) atlas-based anatomical ROIs and from (2) functional and non-functional subregions of these ROIs (olfactory ROIs and non-olfactory ROIs). Participants with MCI exhibited smaller olfactory ROIs GMV, including significant reductions in the piriform cortex, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and left hippocampus compared to other groups (p ≤ 0.05, corrected). No significant effect was found regarding anatomical or non-olfactory ROIs GMV. The left hippocampus olfactory ROI GMV was correlated with episodic memory performance (p < 0.05 corrected). Limbic/medial-temporal olfactory processing areas are specifically atrophied at the MCI stage, and the degree of atrophy might predict cognitive decline in AD early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Jobin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Qc, Canada; Research Centre of the Institut universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Qc, Canada; Research Centre of the Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Boller
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Qc, Canada; Research Centre of the Institut universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Research Centre of the Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Qc, Canada; Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Qc, Canada
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González LM, Bourissai A, Lessard-Beaudoin M, Lebel R, Tremblay L, Lepage M, Graham RK. Amelioration of Cognitive and Olfactory System Deficits in APOE4 Transgenic Mice with DHA Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5624-5641. [PMID: 37329383 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction and atrophy of olfactory brain regions are observed early in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Despite substantial evidence showing neuroprotective effects in MCI/AD with treatment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, few studies have assessed DHA and its effects on the olfactory system deficits. We therefore performed structural (MRI), functional (olfactory behavior, novel object recognition), and molecular (markers of apoptosis and inflammation) assessments of APOE4 and wild-type mice ± DHA treatment at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Our results demonstrate that APOE4 mice treated with the control diet show recognition memory deficits, abnormal olfactory habituation, and discrimination abilities and an increase in IBA-1 immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb. These phenotypes were not present in APOE4 mice treated with a DHA diet. Alterations in some brain regions' weights and/or volumes were observed in the APOPE4 mice and may be due to caspase activation and/or neuroinflammatory events. These results suggest that the consumption of a diet rich in DHA may provide some benefit to E4 carriers but may not alleviate all symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez González
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, QC, J1H 5N4, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Adam Bourissai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Mélissa Lessard-Beaudoin
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, QC, J1H 5N4, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Réjean Lebel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Rona K Graham
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, QC, J1H 5N4, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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GoodSmith MS, Wroblewski KE, Schumm LP, McClintock MK, Pinto JM. Association of APOE ε4 Status With Long-term Declines in Odor Sensitivity, Odor Identification, and Cognition in Older US Adults. Neurology 2023; 101:e1341-e1350. [PMID: 37495381 PMCID: PMC10558172 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The APOE ε4 allele confers susceptibility to faster decline in odor identification and subsequently to Alzheimer disease (AD). Odor identification requires recognizing and naming odors and detecting them (odor sensitivity). Whether APOE ε4 is associated with decline of odor sensitivity and whether such decline serves as a harbinger of cognitive decline and AD remains unclear. We determined whether and when APOE ε4 affects decline in odor sensitivity, odor identification, and cognition in the National Social Life Health and Aging Project (NSHAP). METHODS We used data from NSHAP, a nationally representative survey study of home-dwelling US older adults. Olfaction was measured over time (odor identification in 2005, 2010, and 2015; odor sensitivity in 2010 and 2015; both using validated tests). Cognition was measured with a modified version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in 2010 and 2015. Genotyping was performed using DNA samples collected in 2010. Odor sensitivity and identification were compared among APOE ε4 carriers and noncarriers stratified by age. Relationships between APOE ε4, odor sensitivity, odor identification, and cognition were analyzed in cross-section using ordinal logistic regression and longitudinally using mixed-effects models adjusted for confounders. RESULTS Odor sensitivity was measured in 865 respondents, odor identification in 1,156 respondents, and cognition in 864 respondents; all these respondents had genetic data available. Odor sensitivity deficits in APOE ε4 carriers were apparent at ages 65-69 years, whereas odor identification deficits did not appear until ages 75-79 years. Subsequently, odor sensitivity did not decline more rapidly with aging in APOE ε4 carriers compared with that in noncarriers (carrier status and aging interaction: odds ratio [OR] 1.44, 95% CI 0.94-2.19, p = 0.092), whereas odor identification declined more rapidly in carriers (aging 10 years interaction: OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.13-0.52, p < 0.001). As expected, and in parallel to odor identification, cognition declined more rapidly in APOE ε4 carriers (interaction: OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.34-0.89, p = 0.015). DISCUSSION APOE ε4 affects decline of odor sensitivity earlier than odor identification or cognition. Thus, testing odor sensitivity may be useful to predict future impaired cognitive function. Identifying the mechanism underlying these relationships will elucidate the key role of olfaction in neurodegeneration during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S GoodSmith
- From the Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program (M.S.G.), Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Department of Public Health Sciences (K.E.W., L.P.S.), Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology (M.K.M.), and Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (J.M.P.), Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, IL.
| | - Kristen E Wroblewski
- From the Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program (M.S.G.), Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Department of Public Health Sciences (K.E.W., L.P.S.), Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology (M.K.M.), and Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (J.M.P.), Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, IL
| | - L Philip Schumm
- From the Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program (M.S.G.), Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Department of Public Health Sciences (K.E.W., L.P.S.), Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology (M.K.M.), and Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (J.M.P.), Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, IL
| | - Martha K McClintock
- From the Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program (M.S.G.), Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Department of Public Health Sciences (K.E.W., L.P.S.), Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology (M.K.M.), and Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (J.M.P.), Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, IL
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- From the Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program (M.S.G.), Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Department of Public Health Sciences (K.E.W., L.P.S.), Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology (M.K.M.), and Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (J.M.P.), Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, IL
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15
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Liu S, Jiang Z, Zhao J, Li Z, Li R, Qiu Y, Peng H. Disparity of smell tests in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1249512. [PMID: 37744388 PMCID: PMC10512741 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1249512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are discrepancies of olfactory impairment between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Olfactory deficits may be a potential marker for early and differential diagnosis of AD. We aimed to assess olfactory functions in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative disorders, to further evaluate the smell tests using subgroup analysis, and to explore moderating factors affecting olfactory performance. Methods Cross-sectional studies relating to olfactory assessment for both AD and other neurodegenerative disorders published before 27 July 2022 in English, were searched on PubMed, Embase and Cochrane. After literature screening and quality assessment, meta-analyses were conducted using stata14.0 software. Results Forty-two articles involving 12 smell tests that evaluated 2,569 AD patients were included. It was revealed that smell tests could distinguish AD from mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Lewy body disease (LBD), depression, and vascular dementia (VaD), but not from diseases such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Our finding indicated that in discriminating AD from MCI, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was most frequently used (95%CI: -1.12 to -0.89), while the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT), was the most widely used method in AD vs. LBD group. Further subgroup analyses indicated that the methods of smell test used contributed to the heterogeneity in olfactory threshold and discrimination scores in group AD vs. MCI. While the moderating variables including age, MMSE scores, education years in AD vs. LBD, were account for heterogeneity across studies. Conclusion Our finding suggests smell tests have potential value in early differential diagnosis of AD. UPSIT and its simplified variant, B-SIT, are widely used methods in the analyses. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php? RecordID = 357970 (PROSPERO, registration number CRD42022357970).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhensheng Li
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunyi Qiu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Papadatos Z, Phillips NA. Olfactory function reflects episodic memory performance and atrophy in the medial temporal lobe in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 128:33-42. [PMID: 37146503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined cognitive domains and brain regions associated with olfactory performance in cognitively unimpaired older adults (CU-OAs) and individuals with or at risk for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). We compared CU-OAs (N = 55), individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD, N = 55), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, N = 101), and AD (N = 45) on measures of olfactory function (Brief Smell Identification Test), cognition (episodic and semantic memory), and medial temporal lobe thickness and volume. Analyses controlled for age, sex, education, and total intracranial volume. Olfactory function decreased from SCD to MCI to AD. CU-OAs outperformed all groups except SCDs on tests of cognition and olfaction. Although these measures did not differ between the CU-OAs and SCDs, olfactory function correlated with episodic memory tests and with entorhinal cortex atrophy only in the SCD group. Olfactory function also correlated with hippocampal volume and right-hemisphere entorhinal cortex thickness in the MCI group. Olfactory dysfunction reflects medial temporal lobe integrity and memory performance in a group at risk for AD with normal cognition and olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Papadatos
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie A Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Research in Human Development (CRDH), Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Research on Brain, Language & Music (CRBLM), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research/Jewish General Hospital/McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Delgado-Lima AH, Bouhaben J, Martínez-Zujeros S, Pallardo-Rodil B, Gómez-Pavón J, Delgado-Losada ML. Could olfactory identification be a prognostic factor in detecting cognitive impairment risk in the elderly? GeroScience 2023:10.1007/s11357-023-00779-5. [PMID: 37084121 PMCID: PMC10119830 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging contributes to the deterioration of the olfactory system in humans. Several studies indicate that the olfactory identification test alone may function as a screening test for olfactory dysfunction and they are more feasible to apply in clinical practice. Olfactory identification may be a predictor for cognitive impairment. Multiple studies have considered the use of odor identification as a measure to identify the conversion from normality to mild cognitive impairment or dementia. The objectives were (i) to elucidate the associations between cognitive status and olfactory identification performance in aging; (ii) understand the predictive value of olfactory capacity in identifying subjects with cognitive impairment risk; and (iii) to study how cognitive status and olfactory identification relate with other variables of wellness in aging, such as functional capabilities and clinical measures. For this purpose, a group of 149 participants (77.15 ± 7.29 years; 73 women of 76.7 ± 8 years and 76 men of 77.6 ± 6.52 years) were recruited and were subjected to a sociodemographic questionnaire, a psychological screening tool of general cognitive status, an olfactory identification evaluation, and clinical measures. The participants were divided into groups based on their cutoff scores of previous scientific reports about the Spanish version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Our results indicate an age-associated decline in olfactory identification ability and intensity of odor perception. The predictive ability of olfactory identification scores for the risk of mild and severe impairment is around 80%. Olfactory identification decreases with cognitive function. Performance in odor identification is associated with impairment of episodic memory and executive functions. These findings further our current understanding of the association between cognition and olfaction, and support olfactory assessment in screening those at higher risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Helena Delgado-Lima
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Jaime Bouhaben
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Zujeros
- Geriatric Department, Hospital Central de La Cruz Roja "San José Y Santa Adela", 28003, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pallardo-Rodil
- Geriatric Department, Hospital Central de La Cruz Roja "San José Y Santa Adela", 28003, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Pavón
- Geriatric Department, Hospital Central de La Cruz Roja "San José Y Santa Adela", 28003, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Delgado-Losada
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
- Group of Neurosciences: Psychoneuroendocrinology, Neuroimaging and Molecular Genetics in Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Masala C, Solla P, Loy F. Gender-Related Differences in the Correlation between Odor Threshold, Discrimination, Identification, and Cognitive Reserve Index in Healthy Subjects. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040586. [PMID: 37106786 PMCID: PMC10136322 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies suggested that olfactory function could be associated with semantic memory, executive function, and verbal fluency. However, the gender-related association between olfactory function and the cognitive domain is not well investigated. The aim of this study was to estimate gender-related differences in the relationship between olfactory function and each specific cognitive domain of the Cognitive Reserve Index (CRI) questionnaire, such as education, working activity, and leisure time in healthy subjects. METHODS Two hundred and sixty-nine participants were recruited (158 women and 111 men), with a mean age of 48.1 ± 18.6 years. The CRI questionnaire and Sniffin' Sticks test were used to evaluate the cognitive reserve and the olfactory function, respectively. RESULTS In all subjects, significant associations between the odor threshold versus CRI-Education, between the odor discrimina-tion and identification versus CRI-Working activity and CRI-Leisure Time, were found. In women, odor threshold, discrimination, and identification were associated with CRI-Leisure Time, while in men, only a significant association between odor threshold and CRI-Education was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our data, showing significant gender-related associations between olfactory function and CRI scores, suggested the use of olfactory evaluation and cognitive reserve as an important screening tool for the early detection of mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP8 Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Solla
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP8 Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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Du S, Wang Y, Li G, Wei H, Yan H, Li X, Wu Y, Zhu J, Wang Y, Cai Z, Wang N. Olfactory functional covariance connectivity in Parkinson's disease: Evidence from a Chinese population. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1071520. [PMID: 36688163 PMCID: PMC9846552 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1071520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Central anosmia is a potential marker of the prodrome and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that olfactory dysfunction is related to abnormal changes in central olfactory-related structures in patients with early PD. Methods This study, which was conducted at Guanyun People's Hospital, analyzed the resting-state functional magnetic resonance data using the functional covariance connection strength method to decode the functional connectivity between the white-gray matter in a Chinese population comprising 14 patients with PD and 13 controls. Results The following correlations were observed in patients with PD: specific gray matter areas related to smell (i.e., the brainstem, right cerebellum, right temporal fusiform cortex, bilateral superior temporal gyrus, right Insula, left frontal pole and right superior parietal lobule) had abnormal connections with white matter fiber bundles (i.e., the left posterior thalamic radiation, bilateral posterior corona radiata, bilateral superior corona radiata and right superior longitudinal fasciculus); the connection between the brainstem [region of interest (ROI) 1] and right cerebellum (ROI2) showed a strong correlation. Right posterior corona radiation (ROI11) showed a strong correlation with part 2 of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and right superior longitudinal fasciculus (ROI14) showed a strong correlation with parts 1, 2, and 3 of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and Hoehn and Yahr Scale. Discussion The characteristics of olfactory-related brain networks can be potentially used as neuroimaging biomarkers for characterizing PD states. In the future, dynamic testing of olfactory function may help improve the accuracy and specificity of olfactory dysfunction in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyun Du
- Department of Neurology, Guanyun County People's Hospital, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Suzhou, China,Department of Neurology, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of Neurology, Guanyun County People's Hospital, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hongyu Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Suzhou, China
| | - Yijie Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianbing Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Suzhou, China
| | - Zenglin Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Suzhou, China,Department of Neurology, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zenglin Cai, ✉
| | - Nizhuan Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China,Nizhuan Wang, ✉
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20
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Sancaktar M, Kocamer Şahin Ş, Demir B, Elboğa U, Elboğa G, Altındağ A. Is abnormal metabolism in the olfactory bulb and amygdala associated with bipolar disorder? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:145-152. [PMID: 36680695 PMCID: PMC9862245 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has demonstrated abnormal amygdala activation in bipolar disorder (BD). The olfactory bulb (OB) has vigorous connections with the amygdala. Although odor-related functions of the OB decreased during the evolutionary process, we hypothesized that an evolved OB with increased activation in emotion regulation may be one of the main factors affecting amygdala functions in BD. Our aim was to investigate metabolism in the OB and amygdala in patients with BD. Twenty-six patients diagnosed with BD according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria were included in this cross-sectional study. Metabolism in the OB and amygdala was assessed using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT in patients with BD. The OB and amygdala metabolism was compared with the patients' Z scores. Both OB and amygdala metabolic activities were significantly higher than in the controls. A positive correlation was detected between right/left amygdala metabolism and right OB metabolism (p < 0.05, r:467 and r:662, respectively). This study increased our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of BD. In BD, the main cause of hypermetabolism in the amygdala may be increased metabolism in the OB. During evolution, the OB may have assumed a dominant role in emotional processing rather than olfactory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Sancaktar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Şengül Kocamer Şahin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry Osmangazi Neighbourhood, Gaziantep University, University Avenue- 27310 Şehitkamil, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Demir
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Umut Elboğa
- Department of NuclearMedıcıne, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Elboğa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Altındağ
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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21
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El Kadiri W, Perrignon-Sommet M, Delpont B, Graber M, Mohr S, Mouillot T, Devilliers H, Grall S, Lienard F, Georges M, Brindisi MC, Brondel L, Bejot Y, Leloup C, Jacquin-Piques A. Changes in Taste Perception in Patients with Minor and Major Cognitive Impairment Linked to Alzheimer's Disease Recorded by Gustatory Evoked Potentials. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1593-1607. [PMID: 38007646 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for early diagnosis biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is growing. Only few studies have reported gustatory dysfunctions in AD using subjective taste tests. OBJECTIVE The main purpose of the study was to explore gustatory functions using subjective taste tests and recordings of gustatory evoked potentials (GEPs) for sucrose solution in patients with minor or major cognitive impairment (CI) linked to AD, and to compare them with healthy controls. The secondary objective was to evaluate the relationships between GEPs and the results of cognitive assessments and fasting blood samples. METHODS A total of 45 subjects (15 healthy subjects, 15 minor CI patients, 15 major CI patients) were included to compare their gustatory functions and brain activity by recording GEPs in response to a sucrose stimulation. CI groups were combined in second analyses in order to keep a high power in the study. Correlations were made with cognitive scores and hormone levels (ghrelin, leptin, insulin, serotonin). RESULTS Increased P1 latencies and reduced N1 amplitudes were observed in minor or major patients compared to controls. GEPs were undetectable in 6 major and 4 minor CI patients. Thresholds for sucrose detection were significantly higher in the major CI group than in controls or the minor CI group. No correlation was found with hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS The cortical processing of sensory taste information seems to be altered in patients with minor or major CI linked to AD. This disturbance was identifiable with subjective taste tests only later, at the major CI stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa El Kadiri
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Manon Perrignon-Sommet
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Delpont
- Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Mathilde Graber
- Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Mohr
- Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Mouillot
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Sylvie Grall
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Lienard
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marjolaine Georges
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claude Brindisi
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Brondel
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Bejot
- Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Agnès Jacquin-Piques
- Center for Taste and Feeding Behavior, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France
- Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, Dijon, France
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22
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Ben Abdessalem H, Frasson C. Impact of Cognitive Priming on Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1424:193-199. [PMID: 37486494 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-31982-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which spreads increasingly, and subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is an early state of this disease. With the absence of efficient pharmacological treatment, non-pharmacological treatments may be the solution to slow down the progress of the disease. We propose a cognitive priming system in which we ask patients about several celebrity names and then we project the name of the forgotten ones. The projection is very fast (29 ms) in a way only the subconscious part of the patients' brain could intercept it. Two experiments with different SCD patients have been done. In the first one, the participants received cognitive priming projections, and in the second one, as a control group, they did not. Results show that the cognitive priming method works with SCD patients and that we can restore some missing memory using this technique. In addition, results show that the effect of the cognitive priming can last 1 month or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Ben Abdessalem
- Département d'Informatique et de Recherche Opérationnelle, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Claude Frasson
- Département d'Informatique et de Recherche Opérationnelle, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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23
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Lan Z, Yang QX, Lyu ZH, Feng C, Wang L, Ji B, Yu X, Xin SX. A mobile APP-based, customizable automated device for self-administered olfactory testing and an implementation of smell identification test. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad022. [PMID: 37389561 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory tests are used for the evaluation of ability to detect and identify common odors in humans psychophysically. Olfactory tests are currently administered by professionals with a set of given odorants. Manual administration of such tests can be labor and cost intensive and data collected as such are confounded with experimental variables, which adds personnel costs and introduces potential errors and data variability. For large-scale and longitudinal studies, manually recorded data must be collected and compiled from multiple sites. It is difficult to standardize the way data are collected and recorded. There is a need for a computerized smell test system for psychophysical and clinical applications. A mobile digital olfactory testing system (DOTS) was developed, consisting of an odor delivery system (DOTS-ODD) and a mobile application program (DOTS-APP) connected wirelessly. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was implemented in DOTS and compared to its commercial product on a cohort of 80 normosmic subjects and a clinical cohort of 12 Parkinson's disease patients. A test-retest was conducted on 29 subjects of the normal cohort. The smell identification scores obtained from the DOTS and standard UPSIT commercial test are highly correlated (r = 0.714, P < 0.001), and test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.807 (r = 0.807, P < 0.001). The DOTS is customizable and mobile compatible, which allows for the implementation of standardized olfactory tests and the customization of investigators' experimental paradigms. The DOTS-APP on mobile devices offers capabilities for a broad range of on-site, online, or remote clinical and scientific chemosensory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Lan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing X Yang
- Center for NMR Research, Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Zhi-Hong Lyu
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cailing Feng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Sino-German University of Applied Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Baowei Ji
- Tianjin Research Institute of Electric Science Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Xuefei Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sherman Xuegang Xin
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Molot J, Sears M, Marshall LM, Bray RI. Neurological susceptibility to environmental exposures: pathophysiological mechanisms in neurodegeneration and multiple chemical sensitivity. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2022; 37:509-530. [PMID: 34529912 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization lists air pollution as one of the top five risks for developing chronic non-communicable disease, joining tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. This review focuses on how host defense mechanisms against adverse airborne exposures relate to the probable interacting and overlapping pathophysiological features of neurodegeneration and multiple chemical sensitivity. Significant long-term airborne exposures can contribute to oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, transient receptor subfamily vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and subfamily ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) upregulation and sensitization, with impacts on olfactory and trigeminal nerve function, and eventual loss of brain mass. The potential for neurologic dysfunction, including decreased cognition, chronic pain and central sensitization related to airborne contaminants, can be magnified by genetic polymorphisms that result in less effective detoxification. Onset of neurodegenerative disorders is subtle, with early loss of brain mass and loss of sense of smell. Onset of MCS may be gradual following long-term low dose airborne exposures, or acute following a recognizable exposure. Upregulation of chemosensitive TRPV1 and TRPA1 polymodal receptors has been observed in patients with neurodegeneration, and chemically sensitive individuals with asthma, migraine and MCS. In people with chemical sensitivity, these receptors are also sensitized, which is defined as a reduction in the threshold and an increase in the magnitude of a response to noxious stimulation. There is likely damage to the olfactory system in neurodegeneration and trigeminal nerve hypersensitivity in MCS, with different effects on olfactory processing. The associations of low vitamin D levels and protein kinase activity seen in neurodegeneration have not been studied in MCS. Table 2 presents a summary of neurodegeneration and MCS, comparing 16 distinctive genetic, pathophysiological and clinical features associated with air pollution exposures. There is significant overlap, suggesting potential comorbidity. Canadian Health Measures Survey data indicates an overlap between neurodegeneration and MCS (p < 0.05) that suggests comorbidity, but the extent of increased susceptibility to the other condition is not established. Nevertheless, the pathways to the development of these conditions likely involve TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors, and so it is hypothesized that manifestation of neurodegeneration and/or MCS and possibly why there is divergence may be influenced by polymorphisms of these receptors, among other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Molot
- Family Medicine, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, North York, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Riina I Bray
- Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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25
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Song J, Xu J, Yuan W, Li R, Guo H, Gao H, Gu C, Feng W, Ma Y, Guo H, Sun Z, Zheng L. A potential biomarker of cognitive impairment: The olfactory dysfunction and its genes expression. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1884-1897. [PMID: 36300915 PMCID: PMC9735362 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulation evidence has reported that olfactory impairment may be an essential clinical marker and predictor of mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease. METHOD Participants were enrolled in the population-based, prospective study in Fuxin county, Liaoning province, China between 2019 and 2021. An inverse probability weighting logistic regression and mixed-effect models were performed to explore the association between dysosmia and cognition and rate of change in cognition, respectively. Besides, we utilized the Robust Rank Aggregation method to integrated three eligible datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus to identify differential expressed genes. RESULTS A total of 4695 participants were enrolled and 4221 of those were eligible for our cross-sectional study. The mean (SD) age was 59.93(9.78) years, 64.8% were men. Over a 2-year follow-up, of the 2088 participants who completed follow-up, 1559 participants were eligible for our longitude cohort study. We observed an association between dysosmia and an increased risk of cognitive impairment (OR, 0.47, [95% CI, 0.35-0.64]; p < 0.001). The OR (95% CI) for cognition in females with dysosmia was higher than (OR, 0.73[0.51, 1.05], p = .007) that for males with dysosmia (OR, 0.25[0.15, 0.42], p < 0.001; P for interaction <0.001). Dysosmia was also associated with more rapid decline in calculation ability (p < 0.001). Besides, several DEGs were identified, which are mainly associated with olfactory transduction, detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell, sensory perception of smell, olfactory receptor activity and odorant binding. INTERPRETATION These findings proved novel insight into identifying olfactory dysfunction as potential biomarker for diagnosis of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Song
- School of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyang110122China,Ministry of Education‐Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- School of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyang110122China
| | - Wei Yuan
- School of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyang110122China
| | - Ruixue Li
- School of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyang110122China
| | - Hui Guo
- School of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyang110122China
| | - Hanshu Gao
- School of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyang110122China
| | - Cuiying Gu
- School of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyang110122China
| | - Wenjing Feng
- School of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyang110122China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityNo.77 Puhe RoadShenyangLiaoning Province110122China,Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical UniversityNo.77 Puhe RoadShenyangLiaoning Province110122China
| | - Haiqiang Guo
- Department of Health StatisticsChina Medical UniversityShenyang110122China
| | - Zhaoqing Sun
- Department of CardiologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang110004P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education‐Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
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26
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Kravatz NL, Ayers E, Bennett DA, Verghese J. Olfactory Dysfunction and Incidence of Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome: A Prospective Clinical-Pathologic Study. Neurology 2022; 99:e1886-e1896. [PMID: 36240083 PMCID: PMC9620808 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To examine associations between olfactory dysfunction, Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology, and motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), a predementia syndrome characterized by cognitive complaints and slow gait that is associated with risk for AD and other dementias. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort study to examine whether baseline olfactory function was associated with the risk of incident MCR in 1,119 adults aged 60 years and older (75.1% female). The association between performance on the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) and incident MCR risk was computed using Cox models and reported as the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CIs adjusted for demographic, comorbidity, and cognitive factors. Furthermore, we assessed the relationship between postmortem AD pathology and non-AD pathology and olfactory function at the time of MCR diagnosis using linear regression models adjusted for sex, education, age at death, and time from diagnosis to death. RESULTS There were 544 (48.6%) incident cases of MCR over a median follow-up of 3.94 years. Lower BSIT scores (poor olfaction) at baseline were associated with an increased risk of incident MCR (HR for a 1-point increase in BSIT score 0.92; 95% CI 0.88-0.96) in fully adjusted models. Those with hyposmia (scores of ≤8 on the BSIT) at baseline (26.6%) were at an increased risk of MCR (HR 1.44; 95% CI 1.19-1.74) compared with those with normal olfactory function. Higher levels of the composite measure of global AD pathology and presence of Lewy body pathology were associated with lower BSIT scores at the time of incident MCR diagnosis (n = 118). τ tangle density, a specific component of AD pathology, was inversely associated with olfactory function, and the correlation remained after controlling for mild cognitive impairment syndrome and the presence of Lewy body pathology. DISCUSSION The results provide evidence that olfactory dysfunction precedes MCR incidence and is related to Alzheimer pathology, providing a clinical approach to risk stratify and subtype MCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L Kravatz
- From the Department of Neurology (N.L.K., E.A., J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Medicine (J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Emmeline Ayers
- From the Department of Neurology (N.L.K., E.A., J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Medicine (J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
| | - David A Bennett
- From the Department of Neurology (N.L.K., E.A., J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Medicine (J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Joe Verghese
- From the Department of Neurology (N.L.K., E.A., J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Medicine (J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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27
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Arikawa E, Kaneko N, Nohara K, Tanaka N, Mitsuyama M, Sakai T. Influence of gustatory and olfactory functions on appetite and nutritional status in older persons. J Oral Sci 2022; 64:319-321. [PMID: 36070923 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.22-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated olfactory/taste functions in older persons requiring nursing care to clarify whether these functions are associated with appetite or nutritional status. Seventy-two older persons requiring nursing care and 37 unassisted persons were surveyed for olfactory function, taste function, appetite, and nutritional status. Age-adjusted covariance analysis was conducted between the two groups. Both groups showed reduced olfactory and taste functions; these functions were more markedly reduced in participants requiring nursing care compared to those who did not. Both groups had similar appetite and nutritional status findings, suggesting that these factors are not associated with olfactory and taste functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Arikawa
- Department of Oral-facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Nobuko Kaneko
- Naniwa College of Dental Hygiene.,Ohisama Clinic, Ohisama Medical Corporation
| | - Kanji Nohara
- Department of Oral-facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Nobukazu Tanaka
- Division of Oral-facial Disorders, Osaka University Dental Hospital
| | | | - Takayoshi Sakai
- Department of Oral-facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
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28
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Suzuki H, Sugiura S, Nakashima T, Teranishi M, Shimono M, Murotani K, Sakurai T, Uchida Y, Saji N. Cognitive impairment is correlated with olfactory identification deficits in older Japanese adults: A cross-sectional study using objective and subjective olfactory measures. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22:924-929. [PMID: 36137975 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM Olfactory impairment is associated with cognitive impairment. However, differences between subjective and objective olfactory impairment measurements in older adults and their relationship with cognitive impairment are unclear. METHODS We assessed the relationship between cognitive and olfactory impairments via a single-center observational study in 2020. Forty-seven individuals who visited our memory clinic were enrolled and asked to complete objective and subjective olfactory tests. Participants had dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or normal cognition. We administered the Open Essence (a simple card-type odor identification test) and self-administered odor questionnaire to assess objective and subjective olfaction, respectively, and the Mini-Mental State Examination to assess cognitive function. RESULTS Older age was related to decreased Open Essence scores (P < 0.001). Compared with the mild cognitive impairment and normal cognition groups, the dementia group had significantly lower Open Essence scores (P < 0.001). Cognitive impairment was also associated with decreased Open Essence scores after adjusting for age, sex, and education (P < 0.001). Participants with dementia did not obtain lower self-administered odor questionnaire scores than those with normal cognition, and they tended to be unaware of their olfactory impairment. CONCLUSION Open Essence scores significantly decreased according to the degree of cognitive impairment. Participants with dementia were unaware of their olfactory impairment, as indicated by odor questionnaire scores. Objective and subjective scores of olfaction differed in participants with dementia. Concomitant assessment of objective and subjective olfaction is useful to screen older adults with both olfactory and cognitive impairments. Geriatr Gerontol Int ••; ••: ••-•• Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; ••: ••-••.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Saiko Sugiura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Toyota Josui Mental Clinic, Toyota, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakashima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Ichinomiya Medical Treatment & Habilitation Center, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Masaaki Teranishi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mariko Shimono
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Kenta Murotani
- Biostatistics Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Department of Prevention and Care Science, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Department of Cognition and Behavioral Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasue Uchida
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Naoki Saji
- Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
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29
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Kumaria A, Noah A, Kirkman MA. Does covid-19 impair endogenous neurogenesis? J Clin Neurosci 2022; 105:79-85. [PMID: 36113246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem cells are thought to continue to generate new neurons throughout life in the human brain. Endogenous neurogenesis has been proposed to contribute to physiological roles in maintaining and regenerating olfaction, as well as promoting normal cognition, learning and memory. Specific impairments in these processes in COVID-19 - impaired olfaction and cognition - may implicate the SARS-CoV-2 virus in attenuating neurogenesis. Furthermore, neurogenesis has been linked with neuroregeneration; and impaired neuroregeneration has previously been linked with neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence supports an association between COVID-19 infection and accelerated neurodegeneration. Also, structural changes indicating global reduction in brain size and specific reduction in the size of limbic structures - including orbitofrontal cortex, olfactory cortex and parahippocampal gyrus - as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been demonstrated. This paper proposes the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infection may impair endogenous neural stem cell activity. An attenuation of neurogenesis may contribute to reduction in brain size and/or neurodegenerative processes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, as neural stem cells are thought to be the cell of origin in glioma, better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 interaction with tumorigenic stem cells is indicated, with a view to informing therapeutic modulation. The subacute and chronic implications of attenuated endogenous neurogenesis are explored in the context of long COVID. Modulating endogenous neurogenesis may be a novel therapeutic strategy to address specific neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and potential applicability in tumour virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Abiodun Noah
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Academic Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Matthew A Kirkman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Network synchronization deficits caused by dementia and Alzheimer's disease serve as topographical biomarkers: a pilot study. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2957-2969. [PMID: 35997832 PMCID: PMC9396580 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is known as an early stage of cognitive decline. Amnestic MCI (aMCI) is considered as the preliminary stage of dementia which may progress to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While some aMCI patients may stay in this condition for years, others might develop dementia associated with AD. Early detection of MCI allows for potential treatments to prevent or decelerate the process of developing dementia. Standard methods of diagnosing MCI and AD employ structural (imaging), behavioral (cognitive tests), and genetic or molecular (blood or CSF tests) techniques. Our study proposes network-level neural synchronization parameters as topographical markers for diagnosing aMCI and AD. We conducted a pilot study based on EEG data recorded during an olfactory task from a group of elderly participants consisting of healthy individuals and patients of aMCI and AD to assess the value of different indicators of network-level phase and amplitude synchronization in differentiating the three groups. Significant differences were observed in the percent phase locking value, theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling, and amplitude coherence between the groups, and classifiers were developed to differentiate the three groups based on these parameters. The observed differences in these indicators of network-level functionality of the brain can help explain the underlying processes involved in aMCI and AD.
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Assessment and Scientific Progresses in the Analysis of Olfactory Evoked Potentials. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060252. [PMID: 35735495 PMCID: PMC9219708 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human sense of smell is important for many vital functions, but with the current state of the art, there is a lack of objective and non-invasive methods for smell disorder diagnostics. In recent years, increasing attention is being paid to olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) of the brain, as a viable tool for the objective assessment of olfactory dysfunctions. The aim of this review is to describe the main features of OERPs signals, the most widely used recording and processing techniques, and the scientific progress and relevance in the use of OERPs in many important application fields. In particular, the innovative role of OERPs is exploited in olfactory disorders that can influence emotions and personality or can be potential indicators of the onset or progression of neurological disorders. For all these reasons, this review presents and analyzes the latest scientific results and future challenges in the use of OERPs signals as an attractive solution for the objective monitoring technique of olfactory disorders.
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Rajani V, Yuan Q. Noradrenergic Modulation of the Piriform Cortex: A Possible Avenue for Understanding Pre-Clinical Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:908758. [PMID: 35722616 PMCID: PMC9204642 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.908758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is one of the biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis and progression. Deficits with odor identification and discrimination are common symptoms of pre-clinical AD, preceding severe memory disorder observed in advanced stages. As a result, understanding mechanisms of olfactory impairment is a major focus in both human studies and animal models of AD. Pretangle tau, a precursor to tau tangles, is first observed in the locus coeruleus (LC). In a recent animal model, LC pretangle tau leads to LC fiber degeneration in the piriform cortex (PC), a cortical area associated with olfactory dysfunction in both human AD and rodent models. Here, we review the role of LC-sourced NE in modulation of PC activity and suggest mechanisms by which pretangle tau-mediated LC dysfunction may impact olfactory processing in preclinical stage of AD. Understanding mechanisms of early olfactory impairment in AD may provide a critical window for detection and intervention of disease progression.
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Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH, Adappa ND, Albers MW, Altundag A, Appenzeller S, Costanzo RM, Croy I, Davis GE, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Doty RL, Duffy VB, Goldstein BJ, Gudis DA, Haehner A, Higgins TS, Hopkins C, Huart C, Hummel T, Jitaroon K, Kern RC, Khanwalkar AR, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Lane AP, Lechner M, Leopold DA, Levy JM, Marmura MJ, Mclelland L, Miwa T, Moberg PJ, Mueller CA, Nigwekar SU, O'Brien EK, Paunescu TG, Pellegrino R, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Reiter ER, Roalf DR, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Schwob J, Seiden AM, Smith TL, Soler ZM, Sowerby L, Tan BK, Thamboo A, Wrobel B, Yan CH. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:327-680. [PMID: 35373533 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ilona Croy
- Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Greg E Davis
- Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - David A Gudis
- Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huart
- Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Kern
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashoke R Khanwalkar
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matt Lechner
- Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Marmura
- Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Mclelland
- Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sagar U Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin K O'Brien
- Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teodor G Paunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carl Philpott
- Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Schwob
- Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen M Seiden
- Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Sowerby
- Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Kose Y, Hatamoto Y, Tomiga-Takae R, Kimuro Y, Aoyagi R, Kawasaki H, Komiyama T, Ichikawa M, Fujiyama K, Murata Y, Ikenaga M, Higaki Y. Olfaction, ability to identify particular olfactory clusters and odors, and physical performance in community-dwelling older adults: The Yanai Study. Exp Gerontol 2022; 163:111793. [PMID: 35367594 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is associated with poor physical performance in older adults. However, it remains unknown whether the ability to identify particular olfactory clusters and/or odors is associated with physical performance in physically independent community-dwelling older adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 130 community-dwelling older adults (70.1 ± 5.5 years). The Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese people, consisting of 12 odors in four clusters (wood, grass, herb; sweet; spices; foul-smelling), was used to examine olfaction. Participants also completed physical performance tests (one leg standing with open eyes; aerobic capacity; lower muscle function: five-times chair stand [CS] and vertical jump; mobility: star walking and timed up and go [TUG]) and cognitive function tests. RESULTS Worse overall olfaction was not significantly associated with any physical performance measure. Worse performance for identifying sweet odors and an inability to identify some specific odors (menthol and rose) were associated with worse mobility and/or lower muscle function-adjusted covariates. Moreover, an inability to identify menthol and rose was associated with worse TUG (odds ratio [OR]: 0.424; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.215-0.836), star walking (OR: 0.714; 95% CI: 0.506-0.976), CS (OR: 0.638; 95% CI: 0.470-0.864), and vertical jump (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.001-1.24) performance, even when the analysis was adjusted to exclude menthol and rose score from the overall olfaction score (p < .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS The current study may help to increase awareness of olfactory and physical dysfunction at an earlier stage among physically independent community-dwelling older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Kose
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Hatamoto
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Rie Tomiga-Takae
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| | - Yukari Kimuro
- Department of Nursing, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, 3-6-40 Momochihama, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan
| | - Ryo Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, 1-17 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ichikawa
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Teikyo University, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiro Murata
- Emu Kankyo Design System Co., Ltd., 5-28-23 Chayama, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0111, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikenaga
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Kung WM, Lin CC, Chen WJ, Jiang LL, Sun YY, Hsieh KH, Lin MS. Anti-Inflammatory CDGSH Iron-Sulfur Domain 2: A Biomarker of Central Nervous System Insult in Cellular, Animal Models and Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040777. [PMID: 35453528 PMCID: PMC9030396 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) promotes brain inflammation; conversely, brain injury promotes spinal neuron loss. There is a need to identify molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets for central nervous system (CNS) injury. CDGSH iron-sulfur structural domain 2 (CISD2), an NF-κB antagonist, is downregulated after injury in vivo and in vitro. We aimed to examine the diagnostic value of CISD2 in patients with CNS insult. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CISD2 levels were decreased in 13 patients with CNS insult and were negatively correlated with plasma IL6 levels (associated with disease severity; r = −0.7062; p < 0.01). SCI-induced inflammatory mediators delivered through CSF promoted mouse brain inflammation at 1 h post-SCI. Anti-CISD2 antibody treatment exacerbated SCI-induced inflammation in mouse spine and brain. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated siCISD2-transfected EOC microglial cells exhibited proinflammatory phenotypes (enhanced M1 polarization, decreased M2 polarization, and increased intranuclear NF-κB p65 translocation). Plasma and CSF CISD2 levels were increased in three patients with CNS insult post-therapeutic hypothermia. CISD2 levels were negatively correlated with plasma and CSF levels of inflammatory mediators. CISD2 inhibition and potentiation experiments in cells, animals, and humans revealed CISD2 as a biomarker for CNS insult and upregulation of CISD2 anti-inflammatory properties as a potential therapeutic strategy for CNS insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Man Kung
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan;
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
| | - Chai-Ching Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (W.-J.C.); (L.-L.J.)
| | - Wei-Jung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (W.-J.C.); (L.-L.J.)
| | - Li-Lin Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (W.-J.C.); (L.-L.J.)
| | - Yu-Yo Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan;
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Kuang-Hui Hsieh
- Department of Laboratory Service, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan;
| | - Muh-Shi Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (W.-J.C.); (L.-L.J.)
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Despite the identification of neural circuits and circulating hormones in olfactory regulation, the peripheral targets for olfactory modulation remain relatively unexplored. Here we show that dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is expressed in the cilia and somata of mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), while nasal dopamine (DA) is mainly released from the sympathetic nerve terminals, which innervate the mouse olfactory mucosa (OM). We further demonstrate that DA-DRD2 signaling in the nose plays important roles in regulating olfactory function using genetic and pharmacological approaches. Moreover, the local DA synthesis in mouse OM is reduced during hunger, which contributes to starvation-induced olfactory enhancement. Altogether, we demonstrate that nasal DA and DRD2 receptor can serve as the potential peripheral targets for olfactory modulation. Olfactory behavior is important for animal survival, and olfactory dysfunction is a common feature of several diseases. Despite the identification of neural circuits and circulating hormones in olfactory regulation, the peripheral targets for olfactory modulation remain relatively unexplored. In analyzing the single-cell RNA sequencing data from mouse and human olfactory mucosa (OM), we found that the mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) express high levels of dopamine D2 receptor (Drd2) rather than other dopamine receptor subtypes. The DRD2 receptor is expressed in the cilia and somata of mature OSNs, while nasal dopamine is mainly released from the sympathetic nerve terminals, which innervate the mouse OM. Intriguingly, genetic ablation of Drd2 in mature OSNs or intranasal application with DRD2 antagonist significantly increased the OSN response to odorants and enhanced the olfactory sensitivity in mice. Mechanistic studies indicated that dopamine, acting through DRD2 receptor, could inhibit odor-induced cAMP signaling of olfactory receptors. Interestingly, the local dopamine synthesis in mouse OM is down-regulated during starvation, which leads to hunger-induced olfactory enhancement. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of local dopamine synthesis in mouse OM is sufficient to enhance olfactory abilities. Altogether, these results reveal nasal dopamine and DRD2 receptor as the potential peripheral targets for olfactory modulation.
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Rudge JD. A New Hypothesis for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Lipid Invasion Model. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:129-161. [PMID: 35530118 PMCID: PMC9028744 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a new hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—the lipid invasion model. It argues that AD results from external influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid-rich lipoproteins into the brain, following disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The lipid invasion model explains how the influx of albumin-bound FFAs via a disrupted BBB induces bioenergetic changes and oxidative stress, stimulates microglia-driven neuroinflammation, and causes anterograde amnesia. It also explains how the influx of external lipoproteins, which are much larger and more lipid-rich, especially more cholesterol-rich, than those normally present in the brain, causes endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities and overproduction of the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ). This leads to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the most well-known hallmarks of AD. The lipid invasion model argues that a key role of the BBB is protecting the brain from external lipid access. It shows how the BBB can be damaged by excess Aβ, as well as by most other known risk factors for AD, including aging, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), and lifestyle factors such as hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, chronic sleep deprivation, stress, and head injury. The lipid invasion model gives a new rationale for what we already know about AD, explaining its many associated risk factors and neuropathologies, including some that are less well-accounted for in other explanations of AD. It offers new insights and suggests new ways to prevent, detect, and treat this destructive disease and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D’Arcy Rudge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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Goodwin GR, Bestwick JP, Noyce AJ. The potential utility of smell testing to screen for neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:139-148. [PMID: 35129037 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2037424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Loss of smell is a common early feature of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Identifying these conditions in their early stages is important to understand more about early pathophysiological events and the development of disease modifying therapies. Smell testing may be an effective future tool for screening large populations for early neurodegeneration. AREAS COVERED : In this review, we appraise the evidence for, and discuss the likelihood of, the use of smell testing in large screening programs to detect early neurodegeneration. We evaluate the predictive power of smell tests for neurodegenerative disease, compare performance to other established screening programs, and discuss ethical and practical considerations and limitations. EXPERT OPINION : Even if disease modifying therapies were available for neurodegenerative disease, smell tests alone are unlikely to have high enough predictive power to be used in a future screening program. However, we believe they could be a valuable component of a short battery of tests or part of a stepwise process that together could more accurately identify early neurodegeneration in large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Goodwin
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jonathan P Bestwick
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
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Morbelli S, Chiola S, Donegani MI, Arnaldi D, Pardini M, Mancini R, Lanfranchi F, D'amico F, Bauckneht M, Miceli A, Biassoni E, Orso B, Barisione E, Benedetti L, Gianmario S, Nobili F. Metabolic correlates of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease (PD) do not overlap. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:1939-1950. [PMID: 34984501 PMCID: PMC8727173 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hyposmia is a common feature of COVID-19 and Parkinson’s disease (PD). As parkinsonism has been reported after COVID-19, a link has been hypothesized between SARS-CoV2 infection and PD. We aimed to evaluate brain metabolic correlates of isolated persistent hyposmia after mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and to compare them with metabolic signature of hyposmia in drug-naïve PD patients. Methods Forty-four patients who experienced hyposmia after SARS-COV2 infection underwent brain [18F]-FDG PET in the first 6 months after recovery. Olfaction was assessed by means of the 16-item “Sniffin’ Sticks” test and patients were classified as with or without persistent hyposmia (COVID-hyposmia and COVID-no-hyposmia respectively). Brain [18F]-FDG PET of post-COVID subgroups were compared in SPM12. COVID-hyposmia patients were also compared with eighty-two drug-naïve PD patients with hyposmia. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify correlations between olfactory test scores and brain metabolism in patients’ subgroups. Results COVID-hyposmia patients (n = 21) exhibited significant hypometabolism in the bilateral gyrus rectus and orbitofrontal cortex with respect to COVID-non-hyposmia (n = 23) (p < 0.002) and in middle and superior temporal gyri, medial/middle frontal gyri, and right insula with respect to PD-hyposmia (p < 0.012). With respect to COVID-hyposmia, PD-hyposmia patients showed hypometabolism in inferior/middle occipital gyri and cuneus bilaterally. Olfactory test scores were directly correlated with metabolism in bilateral rectus and medial frontal gyri and in the right middle temporal and anterior cingulate gyri in COVID-hyposmia patients (p < 0.006) and with bilateral cuneus/precuneus and left lateral occipital cortex in PD-hyposmia patients (p < 0.004). Conclusion Metabolic signature of persistent hyposmia after COVID-19 encompasses cortical regions involved in olfactory perception and does not overlap metabolic correlates of hyposmia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morbelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy. .,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Chiola
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Maria Isabella Donegani
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Arnaldi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 516126, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 516126, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Mancini
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 516126, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Lanfranchi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca D'amico
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bauckneht
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Miceli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Erica Biassoni
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 516126, Genoa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Orso
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 516126, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Barisione
- Interventional Pulmonology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luana Benedetti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 516126, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sambuceti Gianmario
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 516126, Genoa, Italy
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Torske A, Koch K, Eickhoff S, Freiherr J. Localizing the human brain response to olfactory stimulation: A meta-analytic approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 134:104512. [PMID: 34968523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human sense of smell and the ability to detect and distinguish odors allows for the extraction of valuable information from the environment, thereby driving human behavior. Not only can the sense of smell help to monitor the safety of inhaled air, but it can also help to evaluate the edibility of food. Therefore, in an effort to further our understanding of the human sense of smell, the aim of this meta-analysis was to provide the scientific community with activation probability maps of the functional anatomy of the olfactory system, in addition to separate activation maps for specific odor categories (pleasant, food, and aversive odors). The activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method was utilized to quantify all relevant and available data to perform a formal statistical analysis on the inter-study concordance of various odor categories. A total of 81 studies (108 contrasts, 1053 foci) fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Significant ALE peaks were observed in all odor categories in brain areas typically associated with the functional neuroanatomy of olfaction including the piriform cortex, amygdala, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex, amongst others. Additional contrast analyses indicate clear differences in neural activation patterns between odor categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Torske
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - K Koch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - S Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - J Freiherr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Freising, Germany.
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41
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Khan N, Alimova Y, Clark SJ, Vekaria H, Walsh AE, Williams HC, Hawk GS, Sullivan P, Johnson LA, McClintock TS. Human APOE ɛ3 and APOE ɛ4 Alleles Have Differential Effects on Mouse Olfactory Epithelium. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1481-1494. [PMID: 34958025 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive age-dependent disorder whose risk is affected by genetic factors. Better models for investigating early effects of risk factors such as apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype are needed. OBJECTIVE To determine whether APOE genotype produces neuropathologies in an AD-susceptible neural system, we compared effects of human APOE ɛ3 (E3) and APOE ɛ4 (E4) alleles on the mouse olfactory epithelium. METHODS RNA-Seq using the STAR aligner and DESeq2, immunohistochemistry for activated caspase-3 and phosphorylated histone H3, glucose uptake after oral gavage of 2-[1,2-3H (N)]-deoxy-D-glucose, and Seahorse Mito Stress tests on dissociated olfactory mucosal cells. RESULTS E3 and E4 olfactory mucosae show 121 differentially abundant mRNAs at age 6 months. These do not indicate differences in cell type proportions, but effects on 17 odorant receptor mRNAs suggest small differences in tissue development. Ten oxidoreductases mRNAs important for cellular metabolism and mitochondria are less abundant in E4 olfactory mucosae but this does not translate into differences in cellular respiration. E4 olfactory mucosae show lower glucose uptake, characteristic of AD susceptibility and consistent with greater expression of the glucose-sensitive gene, Asns. Olfactory sensory neuron apoptosis is unaffected at age 6 months but is greater in E4 mice at 10 months. CONCLUSION Effects of human APOE alleles on mouse olfactory epithelium phenotype are apparent in early adulthood, and neuronal loss begins to increase by middle age (10 months). The olfactory epithelium is an appropriate model for the ability of human APOE alleles to modulate age-dependent effects associated with the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naazneen Khan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yelena Alimova
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sophie J Clark
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hemendra Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Adeline E Walsh
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Holden C Williams
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory S Hawk
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Lexington Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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42
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Touliou K, Maglaveras N, Bekiaris E. Olfactory Decline in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment with and without Comorbidities. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122228. [PMID: 34943465 PMCID: PMC8700609 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, several studies have measured olfactory performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Deficits are observed in multiple olfactory domains, including odour detection threshold, identification, discrimination, and memory. In this study, the psychophysiological Sniffin’ Sticks smell screening test was administered to examine olfactory functioning in 145 older adults with MCI, a group with MCI and chronic comorbid conditions, and a healthy age-matched comparison group. We hypothesised that olfactory performance will deteriorate in the two MCI groups compared to the control group, even after assessing the known contributions of age and gender. The higher olfactory deterioration in the group with the MCI and the comorbidities in the first year disappeared in the second. This could mean that early consideration of the potential effect of other comorbidities that might affect olfaction should be taken and addressed, as they could easily mask the effect of cognitive decline and/or contribute to it. This study also found higher deterioration in smell identification in participants with MCI, as has been found repeatedly in similar research. Olfactory identification seems to be a more robust marker for discriminating people with MCI and without, and even discriminating between those with MCI and having other health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Touliou
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Hellenic Institute of Transportation, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Nicos Maglaveras
- Laboratory of Computing, Medical Informatics and Biomedical Imaging Technologies, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Evangelos Bekiaris
- Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Hellenic Institute of Transportation, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.T.); (E.B.)
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43
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Su MW, Ni JN, Cao TY, Wang SS, Shi J, Tian JZ. The Correlation Between Olfactory Test and Hippocampal Volume in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:755160. [PMID: 34744696 PMCID: PMC8564359 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.755160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have reported that olfactory identification deficits may be the earliest clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the association between odor identification and hippocampal atrophy remains unclear. Objective: This meta-analysis quantified the correlation between odor identification test scores and hippocampal volume in AD. Method: A search of the PUBMED, EMBASE, and WEB OF SCIENCE databases was conducted from January 2003 to June 2020 on studies with reported correlation coefficients between olfactory identification score and hippocampal volume in patients with amnestic AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (NOS). Pooled r-values were combined and computed in R studio. Results: Seven of 627 original studies on AD/MCI using an olfactory identification test (n = 902) were included. A positive correlation was found between hippocampal volume and olfactory test scores (r = 0.3392, 95% CI: 0.2335–0.4370). Moderator analysis showed that AD and MCI patients were more profoundly correlated than normal controls (AD: r = 0.3959, 95% CI: 0.2605–0.5160; MCI: r = 0.3691, 95% CI: 0.1841–0.5288; NC: r = 0.1305, 95% CI: −0.0447–0.2980). Age difference and patient type were the main sources of heterogeneity in this analysis. Conclusion: The correlation appears to be more predominant in the cognitive disorder group (including MCI and AD) than in the non-cognitive disorder group. Age is an independent factor that affects the severity of the correlation during disease progression. The mildness of the correlation suggests that olfactory tests may be more accurate when combined with other non-invasive examinations for early detection. Systematic Review Registration:https://inplasy.com/, identifier INPLASY202140088.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wan Su
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Nian Ni
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yu Cao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo-Shi Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Zhou Tian
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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44
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Nanotheranostic agents for neurodegenerative diseases. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 4:645-675. [PMID: 33320185 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), affect the ageing population worldwide and while severely impairing the quality of life of millions, they also cause a massive economic burden to countries with progressively ageing populations. Parallel with the search for biomarkers for early detection and prediction, the pursuit for therapeutic approaches has become growingly intensive in recent years. Various prospective therapeutic approaches have been explored with an emphasis on early prevention and protection, including, but not limited to, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Many pharmacological interventions have proved to be promising novel avenues, but successful applications are often hampered by the poor delivery of the therapeutics across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). To overcome this challenge, nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has been considered as a promising option, as NP-based drug delivery systems can be functionalized to target specific cell surface receptors and to achieve controlled and long-term release of therapeutics to the target tissue. The usefulness of NPs for loading and delivering of drugs has been extensively studied in the context of NDDs, and their biological efficacy has been demonstrated in numerous preclinical animal models. Efforts have also been made towards the development of NPs which can be used for targeting the BBB and various cell types in the brain. The main focus of this review is to briefly discuss the advantages of functionalized NPs as promising theranostic agents for the diagnosis and therapy of NDDs. We also summarize the results of diverse studies that specifically investigated the usage of different NPs for the treatment of NDDs, with a specific emphasis on AD and PD, and the associated pathophysiological changes. Finally, we offer perspectives on the existing challenges of using NPs as theranostic agents and possible futuristic approaches to improve them.
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45
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Inal M, Bayar Muluk N, Asal N, Alpua M. Peripheric smell regions in patients with temporal and frontal lobe epilepsies: An MRI evaluation. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 92:1-5. [PMID: 34509233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated peripheric smell regions of olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth in temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy patients by cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS In this retrospective study, cranial MRI images of 150 adult patients were included. Group 1 was consisted of 50 adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Group 2 was consisted of 50 adult patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). The control group (Group 3) was consisted of 50 healthy subjects without epilepsy. OB volume and OS depth were measured in all groups. RESULTS OB volumes of the temporal and frontal epilepsy groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (padjusted < 0.0175). However, OS depths were not different between groups 1-3 (p > 0.05). In the temporal and frontal epilepsy groups, there were positive correlations between OB volumes; OS depths; left OB volume and bilateral OS depths p < 0.05). There were no significant correlations between OB volume and OS depth; and age and gender of the epilepsy group (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION We concluded that temporal and frontal epilepsy maybe related to decrease in OB volume and may cause olfactory impairment. Olfactory deficit maybe related to central epileptic focus. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of epilepsy are important to prevent olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikail Inal
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Radiology Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, ENT Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Neşe Asal
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Radiology Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Murat Alpua
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Neurology Department, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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46
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Dan X, Wechter N, Gray S, Mohanty JG, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101416. [PMID: 34325072 PMCID: PMC8373788 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed to be early biomarkers for neurodegeneration. Many neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, including two of the most common, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The establishment of biomarkers that promote early risk identification is critical for the implementation of early treatment to postpone or avert pathological development. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is seen in 90% of early-stage PD patients and 85% of patients with early-stage AD, which makes it an attractive biomarker for early diagnosis of these diseases. Here, we systematically review widely applied smelling tests available for humans as well as olfaction assessments performed in some animal models and the relationships between OD and normal aging, PD, AD, and other conditions. The utility of OD as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Dan
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Noah Wechter
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Samuel Gray
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Joy G Mohanty
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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47
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Masaoka Y, Sugiyama H, Yoshida M, Yoshikawa A, Honma M, Koiwa N, Kamijo S, Watanabe K, Kubota S, Iizuka N, Ida M, Ono K, Izumizaki M. Odors Associated With Autobiographical Memory Induce Visual Imagination of Emotional Scenes as Well as Orbitofrontal-Fusiform Activation. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:709050. [PMID: 34413723 PMCID: PMC8369471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.709050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific odors can induce memories of the past, especially those associated with autobiographical and episodic memory. Odors associated with autobiographical memories have been found to elicit stronger activation in the orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, and parahippocampus compared with odors not linked to personal memories. Here, we examined whether continuous odor stimuli associated with autobiographical memories could activate the above olfactory areas in older adults and speculated regarding whether this odor stimulation could have a protective effect against age-related cognitive decline. Specifically, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the relationship between blood oxygen levels in olfactory regions and odor-induced subjective memory retrieval and emotions associated with autobiographical memory in older adults. In our group of healthy older adults, the tested odors induced autobiographical memories that were accompanied by increasing levels of retrieval and the feeling of being "brought back in time." The strength of the subjective feelings, including vividness of the memory and degree of comfort, impacted activation of the left fusiform gyrus and left posterior orbitofrontal cortex. Further, our path model suggested that the strength of memory retrieval and of the emotions induced by odor-evoked autobiographical memories directly influenced neural changes in the left fusiform gyrus, and impacted left posterior orbitofrontal cortex activation through the left fusiform response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Masaoka
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshikawa
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Honma
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Koiwa
- Human Arts and Sciences Research Center, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kamijo
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Kubota
- Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Iizuka
- Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ida
- National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaragiken, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Izumizaki
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Ahnaou A, Drinkenburg WHIM. Sleep, neuronal hyperexcitability, inflammation and neurodegeneration: Does early chronic short sleep trigger and is it the key to overcoming Alzheimer's disease? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:157-179. [PMID: 34214513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Evidence links neuroinflammation to Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, its exact contribution to the onset and progression of the disease is poorly understood. Symptoms of AD can be seen as the tip of an iceberg, consisting of a neuropathological build-up in the brain of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intraneuronal hyperphosphorylated aggregates of Tau (pTau), which are thought to stem from an imbalance between its production and clearance resulting in loss of synaptic health and dysfunctional cortical connectivity. The glymphatic drainage system, which is particularly active during sleep, plays a key role in the clearance of proteinopathies. Poor sleep can cause hyperexcitability and promote Aβ and tau pathology leading to systemic inflammation. The early neuronal hyperexcitability of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory interneurons and impaired inhibitory control of cortical pyramidal neurons lie at the crossroads of excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and inflammation. We outline, with a prospective framework, a possible vicious spiral linking early chronic short sleep, neuronal hyperexcitability, inflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding the early predictors of AD, through an integrative approach, may hold promise for reducing attrition in the late stages of neuroprotective drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahnaou
- Dept. of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium.
| | - W H I M Drinkenburg
- Dept. of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
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49
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Lin MS, Chiu IH, Lin CC. Ultrarapid Inflammation of the Olfactory Bulb After Spinal Cord Injury: Protective Effects of the Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor on Early Neurodegeneration in the Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:701702. [PMID: 34248610 PMCID: PMC8267925 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.701702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlation among olfactory dysfunction, spinal cord injury (SCI), subjective cognitive decline, and neurodegenerative dementia has been established. Impaired olfaction is considered a marker for neurodegeneration. Hence, there is a need to examine if SCI leads to olfactory dysfunction. In this study, the brain tissue of mice with spinal cord hemisection injury was subjected to microarray analysis. The mRNA expression levels of olfactory receptors in the brain began to decline at 8 h post-SCI. SCI promoted neuroinflammation, downregulated the expression of olfactory receptors, decreased the number of neural stem cells (NSCs), and inhibited the production of neurotrophic factors in the olfactory bulbs at 8 h post-SCI. In particular, the SCI group had upregulated mRNA and protein expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a marker of astrocyte reactivation) and pro-inflammatory mediators [IL-1β, IL-6, and Nestin (marker of NSCs)] in the olfactory bulb compared to levels in the sham control group. The mRNA expression levels of olfactory receptors (Olfr1494, Olfr1324, Olfr1241, and Olfr979) and neurotrophic factors [brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF)] were downregulated in the olfactory bulb of the SCI group mice at 8 h post-SCI. The administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mitigated these SCI-induced pathological changes in the olfactory bulb at 8 h post-SCI. These results indicate that the olfactory bulb is vulnerable to environmental damage even if the lesion is located at sites distant from the brain, such as the spinal cord. Additionally, SCI initiated pathological processes, including inflammatory response, and impaired neurogenesis, at an early stage. The findings of this study will provide a basis for future studies on pathological mechanisms of early neurodegenerative diseases involving the olfactory bulb and enable early clinical drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muh-Shi Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Chai-Ching Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
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50
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Özdemir A, Yilmazsoy Y, Bayar Muluk N, Şencan Z, Mutlucan HM. Olfactory bulb volume in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus: an MRI evaluation. Clin Radiol 2021; 76:711.e17-711.e23. [PMID: 34099259 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate changes in olfactory bulb (OB) volume in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS This multicentric retrospective study included a test group of 23 patients with NPH (10 male and 13 female patients) and a control group of 27 healthy participants without hydrocephalus. The OB volume in all participants had been measured using cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the NPH group, positivity for disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH) was also evaluated. RESULTS The OB volumes of the NPH group (R 38.29 ± 9.34 mm3 and L37.52 ± 9.59 mm3) were significantly lower than those of the control group (R 45.87 ± 7.33 mm3 and L48.41 ± 7.62 mm3) bilaterally. There were no significant differences between right and left OB volumes in the NPH group. Nine of the 23 patients were DESH positive and 14 were DESH negative. There were no significant differences between OB volumes of the DESH positive and DESH vpatients in the NPH group. In both groups, there was a positive correlation between right and left OB volumes. There were no significant correlations between OB volumes and age or gender. In the NPH group, there were no significant correlations between DESH positivity and OB volumes. CONCLUSION OB volume decrease and olfactory problems should be taken into account in idiopathic NPH patients. When expanded ventricles and decreased OB volume are observed at cranial MRI, a diagnosis of idiopathic NPH should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Özdemir
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Y Yilmazsoy
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - N Bayar Muluk
- ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Z Şencan
- ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - H M Mutlucan
- Neurology Department, Bolu İzzet Baysal State Hospital, Bolu, Turkey
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