1
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Ferese R, Scala S, Suppa A, Campopiano R, Asci F, Zampogna A, Chiaravalloti MA, Griguoli A, Storto M, Pardo AD, Giardina E, Zampatti S, Fornai F, Novelli G, Fanelli M, Zecca C, Logroscino G, Centonze D, Gambardella S. Cohort analysis of novel SPAST variants in SPG4 patients and implementation of in vitro and in vivo studies to identify the pathogenic mechanism caused by splicing mutations. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1296924. [PMID: 38145127 PMCID: PMC10748595 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1296924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG) type 4 (SPG4) is caused by mutations of SPAST gene. This study aimed to analyze SPAST variants in SPG4 patients to highlight the occurrence of splicing mutations and combine functional studies to assess the relevance of these variants in the molecular mechanisms of the disease. Methods We performed an NGS panel in 105 patients, in silico analysis for splicing mutations, and in vitro minigene assay. Results and discussion The NGS panel was applied to screen 105 patients carrying a clinical phenotype corresponding to upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS), selectively affecting motor control of lower limbs. Pathogenic mutations in SPAST were identified in 12 patients (11.42%), 5 missense, 3 frameshift, and 4 splicing variants. Then, we focused on the patients carrying splicing variants using a combined approach of in silico and in vitro analysis through minigene assay and RNA, if available. For two splicing variants (i.e., c.1245+1G>A and c.1414-2A>T), functional assays confirm the types of molecular alterations suggested by the in silico analysis (loss of exon 9 and exon 12). In contrast, the splicing variant c.1005-1delG differed from what was predicted (skipping exon 7), and the functional study indicates the loss of frame and formation of a premature stop codon. The present study evidenced the high splice variants in SPG4 patients and indicated the relevance of functional assays added to in silico analysis to decipher the pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Suppa
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emiliano Giardina
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Zampatti
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirco Fanelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chiara Zecca
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology of the University of Bari “Aldo Moro” at “Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico” Hospital Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology of the University of Bari “Aldo Moro” at “Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico” Hospital Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Gambardella
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy
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2
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Nan H, Shiraku H, Mizuno T, Takiyama Y. A p.Arg499His mutation in SPAST is associated with infantile-onset complicated spastic paraplegia: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:439. [PMID: 34753439 PMCID: PMC8576993 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4) is caused by mutations in the SPAST gene, is the most common form of autosomal-dominant pure hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP), and is rarely associated with a complicated form that includes ataxia, epilepsy, and cognitive decline. To date, the genotype-phenotype correlation has not been substantially established for SPAST mutations. Case presentation We present a Japanese patient with infantile-onset HSP and a complex form with coexisting ataxia and epilepsy. The sequencing of SPAST revealed a de novo c.1496G > A (p.R499H) mutation. A review of the literature revealed 16 additional patients with p.R499H mutations in SPAST associated with an early-onset complicated form of HSP. We found that the complicated phenotype of patients with p.Arg499His mutations could be mainly divided into three subgroups: (1) infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis, (2) HSP with severe dystonia, and (3) HSP with cognitive impairment. Moreover, the c.1496G > A mutation in SPAST may occur as a de novo variant at noticeably high rates. Conclusion We reviewed the clinical features of the patients reported in the literature with the p.Arg499His mutation in SPAST and described the case of a Japanese patient with this mutation presenting a new complicated form. Accumulating evidence suggests a possible association between infantile-onset complicated HSP and the p.Arg499His mutation in SPAST. The findings of this study may expand the clinical spectrum of the p.Arg499His mutation in SPAST and provide an opportunity to further study the genotype-phenotype correlation of SPG4. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-021-02478-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitian Nan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiraku
- Department of Pediatrics, JA Toride Medical Center, Ibaraki, 302-0022, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mizuno
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Takiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
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3
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Navas-Sánchez FJ, Martín De Blas D, Fernández-Pena A, Alemán-Gómez Y, Lage-Castellanos A, Marcos-Vidal L, Guzmán-De-Villoria JA, Catalina I, Lillo L, Muñoz-Blanco JL, -Ugalde AO, Quintáns B, Sobrido MJ, Carmona S, Grandas F, Desco M. Corticospinal tract and motor cortex degeneration in pure hereditary spastic paraparesis type 4 (SPG4). Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2021; 23:25-34. [PMID: 34396852 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2021.1962353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective: SPG4 is an autosomal dominant pure form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) caused by mutations in the SPAST gene. HSP is considered an upper motor neuron disorder characterized by progressive retrograde degeneration, or "dying-back" phenomenon, of the corticospinal tract's longest axons. Neuroimaging studies mainly focus on white matter changes and, although previous studies reported cortical thinning in complicated HSP forms, cortical changes remain unclear in SPG4 patients. This work aimed to compare changes in white matter microstructure and cortical thickness between 12 SPG4 patients and 22 healthy age-matched controls. We also explore whether white matter alterations are related to cortical thickness and their correlation with clinical symptoms. Methods: we used fixel-based analysis, an advanced diffusion-weighted imaging technique, and probabilistic tractography of the corticospinal tracts. We also analyzed cortical morphometry using whole-brain surface-based and atlas-based methods in sensorimotor areas. Results: SPG4 patients showed bilateral involvement in the corticospinal tracts; this was more intense in the distal portion than in the upper segments and was associated with the degree of clinical impairment. We found a significant correlation between disease severity and fiber density and cross-section of the corticospinal tracts. Furthermore, corticospinal tract changes were significantly correlated with bilateral cortical thinning in the precentral gyrus in SPG4 patients. Conclusions: Our data point to axonal damage of the corticospinal motor neurons in SPG4 patients might be related to cortical thinning in motor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Navas-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Yasser Alemán-Gómez
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Prilly, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale (CIBM), Medical Image Analysis Laboratory (MIAL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Luis Marcos-Vidal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Guzmán-De-Villoria
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Catalina
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lillo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Muñoz-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Ordoñez -Ugalde
- Laboratorio Biomolecular, Cuenca, Ecuador.,Unidad de Genética y Molecular, Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca, Ecuador.,Neurogenetics Group, FPGMX-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Beatriz Quintáns
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-U711), Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Sobrido
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario de A Coruña, SERGAS, A Coruña, Spain and
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Grandas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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4
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Navas-Sánchez FJ, Fernández-Pena A, Martín de Blas D, Alemán-Gómez Y, Marcos-Vidal L, Guzmán-de-Villoria JA, Fernández-García P, Romero J, Catalina I, Lillo L, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Ordoñez-Ugalde A, Quintáns B, Pardo J, Sobrido MJ, Carmona S, Grandas F, Desco M. Thalamic atrophy in patients with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4. J Neurol 2021; 268:2429-2440. [PMID: 33507371 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SPG4 is an autosomal dominant pure form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) caused by mutations in the SPAST gene. HSP is considered an upper motor neuron disorder characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs caused by degeneration of the corticospinal tract. In other neurodegenerative motor disorders, the thalamus and basal ganglia are affected, with a considerable impact on disease progression. However, only a few works have studied these brain structures in HSP, mainly in complex forms of this disease. Our research aims to detect potential alterations in the volume and shape of the thalamus and various basal ganglia structures by comparing 12 patients with pure HSP and 18 healthy controls. We used two neuroimaging procedures: automated segmentation of the subcortical structures (thalamus, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen) in native space and shape analysis of the structures. We found a significant reduction in thalamic volume bilaterally, as well as an inward deformation, mainly in the sensory-motor thalamic regions in patients with pure HSP and a mutation in SPG4. We also observed a significant negative correlation between the shape of the thalamus and clinical scores (the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale score and disease duration). Moreover, we found a 'Group × Age' interaction that was closely related to the severity of the disease. No differences in volume or in shape were found in the remaining subcortical structures studied. Our results suggest that changes in structure of the thalamus could be an imaging biomarker of disease progression in pHSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Navas-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Yasser Alemán-Gómez
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Prilly, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Medical Image Analysis Laboratory (MIAL), Centre D'Imagerie BioMédicale (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luís Marcos-Vidal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Medical Image Analysis Laboratory (MIAL), Centre D'Imagerie BioMédicale (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juan A Guzmán-de-Villoria
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julia Romero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Catalina
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lillo
- Hospital Ruber Internacional, Servicio de Neurología, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Servicio de Neurología Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Muñoz-Blanco
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Ordoñez-Ugalde
- Laboratorio Biomolecular, Cuenca, Ecuador.,Unidad de Genética y Molecular, Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca, Ecuador.,Neurogenetics Group, FPGMX-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Beatriz Quintáns
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-U711), Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Pardo
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Sobrido
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario de A Coruña, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Grandas
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Sakoe K, Shioda N, Matsuura T. A newly identified NES sequence present in spastin regulates its subcellular localization and microtubule severing activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118862. [PMID: 32979422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spastin, a microtubule-severing AAA ATPase, regulates microtubule dynamics and plays important roles in cell division and neurogenesis. Mutations in the spastin-coding gene SPAST lead to neurodegenerative disorders and cause spastic paraplegia type 4. Spastin has two main isoforms, M1 and M87, that differ only in the presence or absence of 86 N-terminal amino acids and have alternative splicing variants that lack exon4. The N-terminal region of M1 contains a hydrophobic domain, nuclear localization signal (NLS), and nuclear export signal (NES), which partly explains the differences in the two isoforms' localization. However, the mechanisms involved in regulating isoform localization, and the effects of localization on spastin functions are not fully understood. We found endogenous M1 and M87 shuttled between the nucleus and cytoplasm during the cell cycle. We identified a NES (amino acids 195-204) that spans the microtubule-interacting and endosomal-trafficking domain and exon4 region. Furthermore, the NES sequence contains both the coiled-coil and exon4 region of spastin isoforms. Highly conserved leucine 195 in exon3 and the two residues in exon4 are crucial for predicted coiled-coil formation. Mutations in NES or leptomycin B treatment reduced cytoplasmic localization and microtubule fragmentation in M87 rather than in M1. Phosphomimetic mutation of threonine 306 adjacent to the NLS (amino acids 309-312) inhibited nuclear transport of M87. Our results indicate that the newly identified NES in the spastin isoforms containing exon4 regulates the subcellular localization of spastin in coordination with NLS controlled by the phosphorylation state of spastin, and is involved in microtubule severing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Sakoe
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Shioda
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsuura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Nan H, Okamoto K, Gao L, Morishima Y, Ichinose Y, Koh K, Hashiyada M, Adachi N, Takiyama Y. A Japanese SPG4 Patient with a Confirmed De Novo Mutation of the SPAST Gene. Intern Med 2020; 59:2311-2315. [PMID: 32522921 PMCID: PMC7578612 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4599-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4) is caused by mutations of the SPAST gene and is the most common form of autosomal-dominantly inherited pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). We herein report a Japanese patient with SPG4 with a confirmed de novo mutation of SPAST. On exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing, we identified the heterozygous missense mutation p.R460L in the SPAST gene. This mutation was absent in the parents, and the paternity and maternity of the parents were both confirmed. The patient showed a pure SPG4 phenotype with an infantile onset. This study may expand the clinical and genetic findings for SPG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitian Nan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kensho Okamoto
- Department of Neurology, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuto Morishima
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuta Ichinose
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kishin Koh
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | - Noboru Adachi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Takiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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7
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Schieving JH, de Bot ST, van de Pol LA, Wolf NI, Brilstra EH, Frints SG, van Gaalen J, Misra-Isrie M, Pennings M, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Kamsteeg EJ, van de Warrenburg BP, Willemsen MA. De novo SPAST mutations may cause a complex SPG4 phenotype. Brain 2020; 142:e31. [PMID: 31157359 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda H Schieving
- Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne T de Bot
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura A van de Pol
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva H Brilstra
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Medical Genetics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanna G Frints
- Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, GROW, School for Oncology, FHML, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Judith van Gaalen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center and Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mala Misra-Isrie
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Pennings
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center and Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michèl A Willemsen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Erfanian Omidvar M, Torkamandi S, Rezaei S, Alipoor B, Omrani MD, Darvish H, Ghaedi H. Genotype-phenotype associations in hereditary spastic paraplegia: a systematic review and meta-analysis on 13,570 patients. J Neurol 2019; 268:2065-2082. [PMID: 31745725 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders. Although, several genotype-phenotype studies have carried out on HSPs, the association between genotypes and clinical phenotypes remain incomplete since most studies are small in size or restricted to a few genes. Accordingly, this study provides the systematic meta-analysis of genotype-phenotype associations in HSP. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrieved literature on genotype-phenotype associations in patients with HSP and mutated SPAST, REEP1, ATL1, SPG11, SPG15, SPG7, SPG35, SPG54, SPG5. In total, 147 studies with 13,570 HSP patients were included in our meta-analysis. The frequency of mutations in SPAST (25%) was higher than REEP1 (3%), as well as ATL1 (5%) in AD-HSP patients. As for AR-HSP patients, the rates of mutations in SPG11 (18%), SPG15 (7%) and SPG7 (13%) were higher than SPG5 (5%), as well as SPG35 (8%) and SPG54 (7%). The mean age of AD-HSP onset for ATL1 mutation-positive patients was earlier than patients with SPAST, REEP1 mutations. Also, the tendency toward younger age at AR-HSP onset for SPG35 was higher than other mutated genes. It is noteworthy that the mean age at HSP onset ranged from infancy to adulthood. As for the gender distribution, the male proportion in SPG7-HSP (90%) and REEP1-HSP (78%) was markedly high. The frequency of symptoms was varied among patients with different mutated genes. The rates of LL weakness, superficial sensory abnormalities, neuropathy, and deep sensory impairment were noticeably high in REEP1 mutations carriers. Also, in AR-HSP patients with SPG11 mutations, the presentation of symptoms including pes cavus, Neuropathy, and UL spasticity was higher. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive genotype-phenotype assessment of available data displays that the mean age at disease onset and particular sub-phenotypes are associated with specific mutated genes which might be beneficial for a diagnostic procedure and differentiation of the specific mutated genes phenotype among diverse forms of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Erfanian Omidvar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Torkamandi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Somaye Rezaei
- Department of Neurology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behnam Alipoor
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Parmedicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghaedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, IR, Iran.
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9
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Allison R, Edgar JR, Reid E. Spastin MIT Domain Disease-Associated Mutations Disrupt Lysosomal Function. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1179. [PMID: 31787869 PMCID: PMC6856053 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are genetic motor neuron diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of corticospinal tract axons. Mutations in SPAST, encoding the microtubule-severing ATPase spastin, are the most common causes of HSP. The broad SPAST mutational spectrum indicates a haploinsufficiency pathogenic mechanism in most cases. Most missense mutations cluster in the ATPase domain, where they disrupt the protein's ability to sever microtubules. However, several putative missense mutations in the protein's microtubule interacting and trafficking (MIT) domain have also been described, but the pathogenicity of these mutations has not been verified with functional studies. Spastin promotes endosomal tubule fission, and defects in this lead to lysosomal enzyme mistrafficking and downstream lysosomal abnormalities. We investigated the function of three disease-associated spastin MIT mutants and found that none was able to promote normal endosomal tubule fission, lysosomal enzyme receptor trafficking, or lysosomal morphology. One of the mutations affected recruitment of spastin to endosomes, a property that requires the canonical function of the MIT domain in binding endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III proteins. However, the other mutants did not affect spastin's endosomal recruitment, raising the possibility of pathologically important non-canonical roles for the MIT domain. In conclusion, we demonstrate that spastin MIT mutants cause functional abnormalities related to the pathogenesis of HSP. These mutations do not directly affect spastin's microtubule-severing capacity, and so we identify a new molecular pathological mechanism by which spastin mutations may cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Allison
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James R Edgar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Evan Reid
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Sandate CR, Szyk A, Zehr EA, Lander GC, Roll-Mecak A. An allosteric network in spastin couples multiple activities required for microtubule severing. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:671-678. [PMID: 31285604 PMCID: PMC6761829 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The AAA+ ATPase spastin remodels microtubule arrays through severing and its mutation is the most common cause of hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP). Polyglutamylation of the tubulin C-terminal tail recruits spastin to microtubules and modulates severing activity. Here, we present a ~3.2 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the Drosophila melanogaster spastin hexamer with a polyglutamate peptide bound in its central pore. Two electropositive loops arranged in a double-helical staircase coordinate the substrate sidechains. The structure reveals how concurrent nucleotide and substrate binding organizes the conserved spastin pore loops into an ordered network that is allosterically coupled to oligomerization, and suggests how tubulin tail engagement activates spastin for microtubule disassembly. This allosteric coupling may apply generally in organizing AAA+ protein translocases into their active conformations. We show that this allosteric network is essential for severing and is a hotspot for HSP mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Szyk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena A Zehr
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Khidiyatova IM, Akhmetgaleyeva AF, Saifullina EV, Idrisova RF, Yankina MA, Shavalieva VV, Magzhanov RV, Khusnutdinova EK. Major Mutation in the SPAST Gene in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Spastic Paraplegia from the Republic of Bashkortostan. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Takezawa Y, Kikuchi A, Haginoya K, Niihori T, Numata-Uematsu Y, Inui T, Yamamura-Suzuki S, Miyabayashi T, Anzai M, Suzuki-Muromoto S, Okubo Y, Endo W, Togashi N, Kobayashi Y, Onuma A, Funayama R, Shirota M, Nakayama K, Aoki Y, Kure S. Genomic analysis identifies masqueraders of full-term cerebral palsy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:538-551. [PMID: 29761117 PMCID: PMC5945967 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cerebral palsy is a common, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that causes movement and postural disabilities. Recent studies have suggested genetic diseases can be misdiagnosed as cerebral palsy. We hypothesized that two simple criteria, that is, full-term births and nonspecific brain MRI findings, are keys to extracting masqueraders among cerebral palsy cases due to the following: (1) preterm infants are susceptible to multiple environmental factors and therefore demonstrate an increased risk of cerebral palsy and (2) brain MRI assessment is essential for excluding environmental causes and other particular disorders. Methods A total of 107 patients-all full-term births-without specific findings on brain MRI were identified among 897 patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy who were followed at our center. DNA samples were available for 17 of the 107 cases for trio whole-exome sequencing and array comparative genomic hybridization. We prioritized variants in genes known to be relevant in neurodevelopmental diseases and evaluated their pathogenicity according to the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines. Results Pathogenic/likely pathogenic candidate variants were identified in 9 of 17 cases (52.9%) within eight genes: CTNNB1,CYP2U1,SPAST,GNAO1,CACNA1A,AMPD2,STXBP1, and SCN2A. Five identified variants had previously been reported. No pathogenic copy number variations were identified. The AMPD2 missense variant and the splice-site variants in CTNNB1 and AMPD2 were validated by in vitro functional experiments. Interpretation The high rate of detecting causative genetic variants (52.9%) suggests that patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy in full-term births without specific MRI findings may include genetic diseases masquerading as cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takezawa
- Department of Pediatrics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Atsuo Kikuchi
- Department of Pediatrics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Haginoya
- Department of Pediatrics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yurika Numata-Uematsu
- Department of Pediatrics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Takehiko Inui
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Saeko Yamamura-Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan
| | - Takuya Miyabayashi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan
| | - Mai Anzai
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Sato Suzuki-Muromoto
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan
| | - Yukimune Okubo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Wakaba Endo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Noriko Togashi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan
| | - Yasuko Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Akira Onuma
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Matsuyuki Shirota
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
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Matthews AM, Tarailo-Graovac M, Price EM, Blydt-Hansen I, Ghani A, Drögemöller BI, Robinson WP, Ross CJ, Wasserman WW, Siden H, van Karnebeek CD. A de novo mosaic mutation in SPAST with two novel alternative alleles and chromosomal copy number variant in a boy with spastic paraplegia and autism spectrum disorder. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:548-552. [PMID: 28778789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a 12 year old male with an extreme presentation of spastic paraplegia along with autism and dysmorphisms. Whole exome sequencing identified a predicted pathogenic pair of missense variants in SPAST at the same chromosomal location, each with a different alternative allele, while a chromosome microarray identified a 1.73 Mb paternally inherited copy gain of 1q21.1q21.2 resulting in a blended phenotype of both Spastic paraplegia 4 and 1q21.1 microduplication syndrome. We believe that the extreme phenotype observed is likely caused by the presence of cells which contain only mutant SPAST, but that the viability of the patient is possible due mosaicism of mutant alleles observed in different proportions across tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Matthews
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Tarailo-Graovac
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - E M Price
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - I Blydt-Hansen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Ghani
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B I Drögemöller
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - W P Robinson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C J Ross
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - W W Wasserman
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H Siden
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Canuck Place Children's Hospice, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C D van Karnebeek
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Genetic background of the hereditary spastic paraplegia phenotypes in Hungary - An analysis of 58 probands. J Neurol Sci 2016; 364:116-21. [PMID: 27084228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases with progressive lower limb spasticity and weakness. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of different SPG mutations in Hungarian patients, and to provide further genotype-phenotype correlations for the known HSP causing genes. METHODS We carried out genetic testing for 58 probands with clinical characteristics of HSP. For historical reasons, three different approaches were followed in different patients: 1) Sanger sequencing of ATL1 and SPAST genes, 2) whole exome, and 3) targeted panel sequencing by next generation sequencing. RESULTS Genetic diagnosis was established for 20 probands (34.5%). We detected nine previously unreported mutations with high confidence for pathogenicity. The most frequently affected gene was SPAST with pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations in 10 probands. The most frequently detected variant in our cohort was the SPG7 p.Leu78*, observed in four probands. Altogether five probands were diagnosed with SPG7. Additional mutations were detected in SPG11, ATL1, NIPA1, and ABCD1. CONCLUSION This is the first comprehensive genetic epidemiological study of patients with HSP in Hungary. Next generation sequencing improved the yield of genetic diagnostics in this disease group even when the phenotype was atypical. However, considering the frequency of the HSP-causing gene defects, SPG4, the most common form of the disease, should be tested first to be cost effective in this economic region.
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Solowska JM, Baas PW. Hereditary spastic paraplegia SPG4: what is known and not known about the disease. Brain 2015; 138:2471-84. [PMID: 26094131 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in more than 70 distinct loci and more than 50 mutated gene products have been identified in patients with hereditary spastic paraplegias, a diverse group of neurological disorders characterized predominantly, but not exclusively, by progressive lower limb spasticity and weakness resulting from distal degeneration of corticospinal tract axons. Mutations in the SPAST (previously known as SPG4) gene that encodes the microtubule-severing protein called spastin, are the most common cause of the disease. The aetiology of the disease is poorly understood, but partial loss of microtubule-severing activity resulting from inactivating mutations in one SPAST allele is the most postulated explanation. Microtubule severing is important for regulating various aspects of the microtubule array, including microtubule number, length, and mobility. In addition, higher numbers of dynamic plus-ends of microtubules, resulting from microtubule-severing events, may play a role in endosomal tubulation and fission. Even so, there is growing evidence that decreased severing of microtubules does not fully explain HSP-SPG4. The presence of two translation initiation codons in SPAST allows synthesis of two spastin isoforms: a full-length isoform called M1 and a slightly shorter isoform called M87. M87 is more abundant in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Studies on rodents suggest that M1 is only readily detected in adult spinal cord, which is where nerve degeneration mainly occurs in humans with HSP-SPG4. M1, due to its hydrophobic N-terminal domain not shared by M87, may insert into endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and together with reticulons, atlastin and REEP1, may play a role in the morphogenesis of this organelle. Some mutated spastins may act in dominant-negative fashion to lower microtubule-severing activity, but others have detrimental effects on neurons without further lowering microtubule severing. The observed adverse effects on microtubule dynamics, axonal transport, endoplasmic reticulum, and endosomal trafficking are likely caused not only by diminished severing of microtubules, but also by neurotoxicity of mutant spastin proteins, chiefly M1. Some large deletions in SPAST might also affect the function of adjacent genes, further complicating the aetiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Solowska
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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Hadzsiev K, Balikó L, Komlósi K, Lőcsei-Fekete A, Csábi G, Bene J, Kisfali P, Melegh B. Genetic testing of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Orv Hetil 2015; 156:113-7. [DOI: 10.1556/oh.2015.30014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hereditary spastic paraplegia is the overall term for clinically and genetically diverse disorders characterized with progressive and variable severe lower extremity spasticity. The most common causes of autosomal dominantly inherited hereditary spastic paraplegias are different mutations of the spastin gene with variable incidence in different ethnic groups, ranging between 15–40%. Mutations in the spastin gene lead to loss of spastins function, causing progressive neuronal failure, which results in axon degeneration finally. Aim: The molecular testing of spastin gene is available in the institution of the authors since January, 2014. The experience gained with the examination of the first eleven patients is described in this article. Method: After polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing was performed to examine the 17 exons of the spastin gene. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was performed to detect greater rearrangements in the spastin gene. Eight of the patients were examined in the genetic counseling clinic of the authors and after detailed phenotype assessment spastin gene testing was obtained. The other three patients were referred to the laboratory from different outpatient clinics. Results: Out of the 11 examined patients, four different pathogenic mutations were found in 5 patients. Conclusions: The first Hungarian data, gained with the examination of spastin gene are presented in this article. The five patients, in whom mutations were detected, represent 45.5% of all tested patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia, which is similar to those published in the international literature. Molecular testing and subsequent detailed genotype-phenotype correlations of the Hungarian patients may serve valuable new information about the disease, which later on may influence our therapeutic possibilities and decisions. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(3), 113–117.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Hadzsiev
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Klinikai Központ, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Genetikai Intézet és Szentágothai János Kutatóközpont Pécs József A. u. 7. 7623
| | | | - Katalin Komlósi
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Klinikai Központ, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Genetikai Intézet és Szentágothai János Kutatóközpont Pécs József A. u. 7. 7623
| | - Anett Lőcsei-Fekete
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Klinikai Központ, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Genetikai Intézet és Szentágothai János Kutatóközpont Pécs József A. u. 7. 7623
| | - Györgyi Csábi
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Klinikai Központ, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Gyermekklinika Pécs
| | - Judit Bene
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Klinikai Központ, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Genetikai Intézet és Szentágothai János Kutatóközpont Pécs József A. u. 7. 7623
| | - Péter Kisfali
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Klinikai Központ, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Genetikai Intézet és Szentágothai János Kutatóközpont Pécs József A. u. 7. 7623
| | - Béla Melegh
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Klinikai Központ, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Orvosi Genetikai Intézet és Szentágothai János Kutatóközpont Pécs József A. u. 7. 7623
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Hensiek A, Kirker S, Reid E. Diagnosis, investigation and management of hereditary spastic paraplegias in the era of next-generation sequencing. J Neurol 2014; 262:1601-12. [PMID: 25480570 PMCID: PMC4503825 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a group of genetic conditions in which spastic paralysis of the legs is the principal clinical feature. This is caused by a relatively selective distal axonal degeneration involving the longest axons of the corticospinal tracts. Consequently, these conditions provide an opportunity to identify genes, proteins and cellular pathways that are critical for axonal health. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the classification, clinical features and genetics of HSP, highlighting selected HSP subtypes (i.e. those associated with thin corpus callosum or cerebellar ataxia) that are of particular clinical interest. We will then discuss appropriate investigation strategies for HSPs, suggesting how these might evolve with the introduction of next-generation sequencing technology. Finally, we will discuss the management of HSP, an area somewhat neglected by HSP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hensiek
- Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Kirker
- Addenbrooke’s Rehabilitation Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evan Reid
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Kim TH, Lee JH, Park YE, Shin JH, Nam TS, Kim HS, Jang HJ, Semenov A, Kim SJ, Kim DS. Mutation analysis of SPAST, ATL1, and REEP1 in Korean Patients with Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. J Clin Neurol 2014; 10:257-61. [PMID: 25045380 PMCID: PMC4101104 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2014.10.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. Mutations in the spastin gene (SPAST) are the most common causes of HSP, accounting for 40-67% of autosomal dominant HSP (AD-HSP) and 12-18% of sporadic cases. Mutations in the atlastin-1 gene (ATL1) and receptor expression-enhancing protein 1 gene (REEP1) are the second and third most common causes of AD-HSP, respectively. Methods Direct sequence analysis was used to screen mutations in SPAST, ATL1, and REEP1 in 27 unrelated Korean patients with pure and complicated HSP. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was also performed to detect copy-number variations of the three genes. Results Ten different SPAST mutations were identified in 11 probands, of which the following 6 were novel: c.760A>T, c.131C>A, c.1351_1353delAGA, c.376_377dupTA, c.1114A>G, and c.1372A>C. Most patients with SPAST mutations had AD-HSP (10/11, 91%), and the frequency of SPAST mutations accounted for 66.7% (10/15) of the AD-HSP patients. No significant correlation was found between the presence of the SPAST mutation and any of the various clinical parameters of pure HSP. No ATL1 and REEP1 mutations were detected. Conclusions We conclude that SPAST mutations are responsible for most Korean cases of genetically confirmed AD-HSP. Our observation of the absence of ATL1 and REEP1 mutations needs to be confirmed in larger series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea. ; Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea. ; Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Park
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Shin
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea. ; Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Tai-Seung Nam
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Kim
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Ho-Jung Jang
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Artem Semenov
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Dae-Seong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea. ; Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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Vandebona H, Kerr NP, Liang C, Sue CM. SPASTmutations in Australian patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Intern Med J 2012; 42:1342-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Vandebona
- Department of Neurogenetics; Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney
| | - N. P. Kerr
- Department of Neurogenetics; Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney
| | - C. Liang
- Department of Neurology; Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - C. M. Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics; Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney
- Department of Neurology; Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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20
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Nanetti L, Baratta S, Panzeri M, Tomasello C, Lovati C, Azzollini J, Gellera C, Di Bella D, Taroni F, Mariotti C. Novel and recurrent spastin mutations in a large series of SPG4 Italian families. Neurosci Lett 2012; 528:42-5. [PMID: 22960362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders, genetically classified according to the identified disease gene or locus. Clinically, HSP are distinguished in pure and complicated forms. Mutations in the spastin gene (SPAST) are responsible for SPG4 and account approximately for 50% of the dominantly inherited paraplegias with a pure HSP phenotype. METHODS Molecular screening of the SPAST gene allowed the identification of 31 Italian mutation carriers, from 19 unrelated families. Genetic testing was performed by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Subjects carrying SPAST mutations were retrospectively evaluated for clinical phenotype and disability score assessment. RESULTS We found 12 recurrent mutations, and 7 novel SPAST mutations. Twenty-eight patients exhibited a pure spastic paraplegia phenotype, while 3 subjects were asymptomatic mutation carriers. Four patients were sporadic cases. Age at onset ranged from 10 to 61 years. Disability score increased with age at examination and disease duration. Patients with onset >38 years presented a faster disease progression, and a higher disability functional index, than the patients with earlier onset (p<0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our study enlarges the number of pathogenic SPAST mutations, and confirms the association with a pure spastic paraplegia phenotype. Age at onset was highly variable and correlates with the rate of disease progression. Future longitudinal clinical studies are needed to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nanetti
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy.
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21
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Onitake A, Matsushita-Ishiodori Y, Johjima A, Esaki M, Ogura T, Yamanaka K. The C-terminal α-helix of SPAS-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans spastin homologue, is crucial for microtubule severing. J Struct Biol 2012; 179:138-42. [PMID: 22561316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spastin belongs to the meiotic subfamily, together with Vps4/SKD1, fidgetin and katanin, of AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteins, and functions in microtubule severing. Interestingly, all members of this subgroup specifically contain an additional α-helix at the very C-terminal end. To understand the function of the C-terminal α-helix, we characterised its deletion mutants of SPAS-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans spastin homologue, in vitro and in vivo. We found that the C-terminal α-helix plays essential roles in ATP binding, ATP hydrolysing and microtubule severing activities. It is likely that the C-terminal α-helix is required for cellular functions of members of meiotic subgroup of AAA proteins, since the C-terminal α-helix of Vps4 is also important for assembly, ATPase activity and in vivo function mediated by ESCRT-III complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Onitake
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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22
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Battini R, Fogli A, Borghetti D, Michelucci A, Perazza S, Baldinotti F, Conidi ME, Ferreri MI, Simi P, Cioni G. Clinical and genetic findings in a series of Italian children with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18:150-7. [PMID: 20550563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive lower extremity spastic weakness. SPG7, SPG4 and SPG3A are some of the autosomal genes recently found as mutated in recessive or dominant forms of HSP in childhood. SPG31 is more often associated with a pure spastic paraplegia phenotype, but genotype-phenotype correlation is still unclear. The aims of the current study was: (i) to verify the mutational frequency of SPG4, SPG3A, SPG31 and SPG7 genes in our very-well-selected childhood sample, and (ii) to improve our knowledge about the clinical and electrophysiological HSP phenotypes and their possible correlation with a specific mutation. METHODS a sample of 14 Italian children affected by pure HSP (mean age at diagnosis 5.9 years) was extensively investigated with electrophysiological, neuroradiological and genetic tests. RESULTS three SPG4 mutations were identified in three patients: two novel missense mutations, both sporadic, and one multiexonic deletion already reported. A novel large deletion in SPG31 gene involving exons 2-5 was also detected in one young patient. No mutations in the SPG7 and in the SPG3A genes were found. CONCLUSIONS our data confirm that HSP represent a heterogeneous group of genetic neurodegenerative disorders, also in sporadic or autosomal recessive early onset forms. Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification-based mutation screening for SPG4 and SPG31 genes would be added to sequencing-based screening of SPG4, SPG31 and SPG3A genes in the routine diagnosis of HSP children.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Battini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.
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23
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Proukakis C, Moore D, Labrum R, Wood NW, Houlden H. Detection of novel mutations and review of published data suggests that hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by spastin (SPAST) mutations is found more often in males. J Neurol Sci 2011; 306:62-5. [PMID: 21546041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterised in its pure form by slowly progressive spastic paraparesis. Around 40% of autosomal dominant (AD) cases are caused by mutations in SPAST, encoding spastin. PATIENTS AND METHODS The clinical and investigation details of all patients with a SPAST mutation identified through our centre were reviewed. All published reports of SPAST mutations where the sex of patients was given were subsequently analysed in order to determine whether there is evidence of one sex being preferentially affected. RESULTS In total 22 probable pathogenic changes were detected, including 11 novel ones. One patient carried two adjacent missense mutations. The pathogenicity of a further novel missense mutation is uncertain. Most patients had a pure phenotype, although mild peripheral neuropathy was sometimes present. The total number of patients with SPAST mutations was 27, as three of the previously known mutations were present in more than one person. The excess of males over females in our population (17:10) prompted us to review all published studies where the sex of the patients was given (n=31). A significant excess of males was identified (ratio 1.29, p=0.0007). CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with data suggesting that SPAST mutations mostly cause a pure HSP phenotype. The excess of males in our sample and in published reports suggests that penetrance or severity may be sex-dependent, and merits further investigation as it may have important implications for counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Proukakis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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24
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Alvarez V, Sánchez-Ferrero E, Beetz C, Díaz M, Alonso B, Corao AI, Gámez J, Esteban J, Gonzalo JF, Pascual-Pascual SI, López de Munain A, Moris G, Ribacoba R, Márquez C, Rosell J, Marín R, García-Barcina MJ, Del Castillo E, Benito C, Coto E. Mutational spectrum of the SPG4 (SPAST) and SPG3A (ATL1) genes in Spanish patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia. BMC Neurol 2010; 10:89. [PMID: 20932283 PMCID: PMC2964648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSP) are characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. At least 45 loci have been identified in families with autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR), or X-linked hereditary patterns. Mutations in the SPAST (SPG4) and ATL1 (SPG3A) genes would account for about 50% of the ADHSP cases. Methods We defined the SPAST and ATL1 mutational spectrum in a total of 370 unrelated HSP index cases from Spain (83% with a pure phenotype). Results We found 50 SPAST mutations (including two large deletions) in 54 patients and 7 ATL1 mutations in 11 patients. A total of 33 of the SPAST and 3 of the ATL1 were new mutations. A total of 141 (31%) were familial cases, and we found a higher frequency of mutation carriers among these compared to apparently sporadic cases (38% vs. 5%). Five of the SPAST mutations were predicted to affect the pre-mRNA splicing, and in 4 of them we demonstrated this effect at the cDNA level. In addition to large deletions, splicing, frameshifting, and missense mutations, we also found a nucleotide change in the stop codon that would result in a larger ORF. Conclusions In a large cohort of Spanish patients with spastic paraplegia, SPAST and ATL1 mutations were found in 15% of the cases. These mutations were more frequent in familial cases (compared to sporadic), and were associated with heterogeneous clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Alvarez
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics -Genetic Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
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25
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Partial SPAST and DPY30 deletions in a Japanese spastic paraplegia type 4 family. Neurogenetics 2010; 12:25-31. [PMID: 20857310 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-010-0260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4) is the most common autosomal dominant hereditary SPG caused by mutations in the SPAST gene. We studied the four-generation pedigree of a Japanese family with autosomal dominant hereditary SPG both clinically and genetically. Twelve available family members (ten affected; two unaffected) and two spouses were enrolled in the study. The clinical features were hyperreflexia in all four limbs, spasticity of the lower extremities, impaired vibration sense, mild cognitive impairment confirmed by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition, and peripheral neuropathy confirmed by neurophysiological examinations. All four female patients experienced miscarriages. The cerebrospinal fluid tau levels were mildly increased in two of three patients examined. Linkage analyses revealed the highest logarithm of odds score of 2.64 at 2p23-p21 where the SPAST gene is located. Mutation scanning of the entire exonic regions of the SPAST gene by direct sequencing revealed no mutations. Exonic copy number analysis by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed heterozygous deletion of exons 1 to 4 of the SPAST gene. Breakpoint analysis showed that the centromeric breakpoint was located within intron 4 of SPAST while the telomeric breakpoint was located within intron 3 of the neighboring DPY30 gene, causing a deletion of approximately 70 kb ranging from exons 1 to 3 of DPY30 to exons 1 to 4 of SPAST. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SPG4 associated with partial deletions of both the SPAST and DPY30 genes. The partial heterozygous deletion of DPY30 could modify the phenotypic expression of SPG4 patients with this pedigree.
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26
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Solowska JM, Garbern JY, Baas PW. Evaluation of loss of function as an explanation for SPG4-based hereditary spastic paraplegia. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:2767-79. [PMID: 20430936 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of mutations (missense, non-sense and splice-site) associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia 4 (HSP-SPG4) (SPG4:OMIM#182601) has suggested that this autosomal dominant disease results from loss of function. Because the protein encoded by SPG4, termed spastin, is a microtubule-severing enzyme, a loss-of-function scenario for the disease suggests that corticospinal axons degenerate due to inadequate microtubule severing resulting from inactivation of one spastin allele. Lending more complexity to the situation, there are two major isoforms of spastin (M1 and M87) translated from two start codons. M87 is widely expressed, while M1 is appreciably detected only in adult spinal cord. Here, we focused on four HSP-associated mutations of the SPG4 gene located outside of the AAA region essential for microtubule severing. We found that none of these mutations affected the enzymatic activity or expression levels of either M1 or M87. Three of the mutations resulted in dominant-negative activity of M1. Surprisingly, the S44L mutation, which is asymptomatic when present heterozygously, conferred dominant-negative activity, while the E112K mutation, which is symptomatic when present heterozygously, did not. Clinical symptoms reported for patients carrying the dominant-negative mutations L195V or 46Stop are not more severe than those reported for patients carrying the non-dominant-negative E112K mutation. These results indicate that there are cases of HSP-SPG4 that cannot be explained by insufficient spastin microtubule-severing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Solowska
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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27
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Du F, Ozdowski EF, Kotowski IK, Marchuk DA, Sherwood NT. Functional conservation of human Spastin in a Drosophila model of autosomal dominant-hereditary spastic paraplegia. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:1883-96. [PMID: 20154342 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in spastin are the most frequent cause of the neurodegenerative disease autosomal dominant-hereditary spastic paraplegia (AD-HSP). Drosophila melanogaster lacking spastin exhibit striking behavioral similarities to human patients suffering from AD-HSP, suggesting conservation of Spastin function between the species. Consistent with this, we show that exogenous expression of wild-type Drosophila or human spastin rescues behavioral and cellular defects in spastin null flies equivalently. This enabled us to generate genetically representative models of AD-HSP, which arises from dominant mutations in spastin rather than a complete loss of the gene. Flies co-expressing one copy of wild-type human spastin and one encoding the K388R catalytic domain mutation in the fly spastin null background, exhibit aberrant distal synapse morphology and microtubule distribution, similar to but less severe than spastin nulls. R388 or a separate nonsense mutation act dominantly and are furthermore sufficient to confer partial rescue, supporting in vitro evidence for additional, non-catalytic Spastin functions. Using this model, we tested the observation from human pedigrees that S44L and P45Q are trans-acting modifiers of mutations affecting the Spastin catalytic domain. As in humans, both L44 and Q45 are largely silent when heterozygous, but exacerbate mutant phenotypes when expressed in trans with R388. These transgenic 'AD-HSP' flies therefore provide a powerful and tractable model to enhance our understanding of the cellular and behavioral consequences of human spastin mutations and test hypotheses directly relevant to the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- Department of Biology and Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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28
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Magariello A, Muglia M, Patitucci A, Ungaro C, Mazzei R, Gabriele AL, Sprovieri T, Citrigno L, Conforti FL, Liguori M, Gambardella A, Bono F, Piccoli T, Patti F, Zappia M, Mancuso M, Iemolo F, Quattrone A. Mutation analysis of the SPG4 gene in Italian patients with pure and complicated forms of spastic paraplegia. J Neurol Sci 2010; 288:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lim JS, Sung JJ, Hong YH, Park SS, Park KS, Cha JI, Lee JY, Lee KW. A novel splicing mutation (c.870+3A>G) in SPG4 in a Korean family with hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Neurol Sci 2009; 290:186-9. [PMID: 19939411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of genetically heterogenous neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of both lower extremities. Herein, we report a novel splicing mutation (c.870+3A>G) in SPG4 in a Korean family with an autosomal dominant-inherited pure HSP. The mutation is located in intron 5, and results in a deletion of the 188bp-sized exon 5. It is likely that the exon 5 deletion leads to spastin dysfunction and cause the typical symptoms and signs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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30
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Svenstrup K, Bross P, Koefoed P, Hjermind LE, Eiberg H, Born AP, Vissing J, Gyllenborg J, Nørremølle A, Hasholt L, Nielsen JE. Sequence variants in SPAST, SPG3A and HSPD1 in hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Neurol Sci 2009; 284:90-5. [PMID: 19423133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness in the lower limbs. The most common forms of autosomal dominant HSP, SPG4 and SPG3, are caused by sequence variants in the SPAST and SPG3A genes, respectively. The pathogenic variants are scattered all over these genes and many variants are unique to a specific family. The phenotype in SPG4 patients can be modified by a variant in SPAST (p.Ser44Leu) and recently, a variant in HSPD1, the gene underlying SPG13, was reported as a second genetic modifier in SPG4 patients. In this study HSP patients were screened for variants in SPG3A, SPAST and HSPD1 in order to identify disease causing variations. SPAST was sequenced in all patients whereas subsets were sequenced in HSPD1 and in selected exons of SPG3A. SPG4 patients and their HSP relatives were genotyped for the modifying variant in HSPD1. We report six new sequence variants in SPAST including a fourth non synonymous sequence variant in exon 1 and two synonymous changes of which one has been found in a HSP patient previously, but never in controls. Of the novel variants in SPAST four were interpreted as disease causing. In addition one new disease causing sequence variant and one non pathogenic non synonymous variant were found in SPG3A. In HSPD1 we identified a sporadic patient homozygote for the potential modifying variation. The effect of the modifying HSPD1 variation was not supported by identification in one SPG4 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Svenstrup
- Section of Neurogenetics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Shoukier M, Neesen J, Sauter SM, Argyriou L, Doerwald N, Pantakani DVK, Mannan AU. Expansion of mutation spectrum, determination of mutation cluster regions and predictive structural classification of SPAST mutations in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:187-94. [PMID: 18701882 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The SPAST gene encoding for spastin plays a central role in the genetically heterogeneous group of diseases termed hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). In this study, we attempted to expand and refine the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of SPAST associated HSP by examining a large cohort of HSP patients/families. Screening of 200 unrelated HSP cases for mutations in the SPAST gene led to detection of 57 mutations (28.5%), of which 47 were distinct and 29 were novel mutations. The distribution analysis of known SPAST mutations over the structural domains of spastin led to the identification of several regions where the mutations were clustered. Mainly, the clustering was observed in the AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) domain; however, significant clustering was also observed in the MIT (microtubule interacting and trafficking), MTBD (microtubule-binding domain) and an N-terminal region (228-269 residues). Furthermore, we used a previously generated structural model of spastin as a framework to classify the missense mutations in the AAA domain from the HSP patients into different structural/functional groups. Our data also suggest a tentative genotype-phenotype correlation and indicate that the missense mutations could cause an earlier onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneef Shoukier
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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32
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Schickel J, Pamminger T, Ehrsam A, Münch S, Huang X, Klopstock T, Kurlemann G, Hemmerich P, Dubiel W, Deufel T, Beetz C. Isoform-specific increase of spastin stability by N-terminal missense variants including intragenic modifiers ofSPG4hereditary spastic paraplegia. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14:1322-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Erichsen AK, Inderhaug E, Mattingsdal M, Eiklid K, Tallaksen CME. Seven novel mutations and four exon deletions in a collection of Norwegian patients with SPG4 hereditary spastic paraplegia. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14:809-14. [PMID: 17594340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To establish the phenotypic variation and frequency of SPAST mutations or deletions in Norwegian patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), we examined 59 unrelated patients with HSP and screened for DNA point mutations and microdeletions in SPG4. Forty-one had a familial history, 35 had a clear dominant inheritance, six had other affected sibs and 18 were sporadic. We found 12 mutations in SPG4, seven of them novel, and four different heterozygous exon deletions, two of them novel. Mutations were found in 16 families showing autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance, and in one sporadic case. In two non-SPG4 families the S44L polymorphism/modifier was found in both affected and unaffected individuals. This is the first study of Norwegian patients with HSP since the 1970s, and the first report on SPG4 in Norway. Our results show that SPG4 mutations and deletions are a significant cause of HSP in our population and warrant SPG4 screening in AD families and selected sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Erichsen
- Department of Neurology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Meijer IA, Dupré N, Brais B, Cossette P, St-Onge J, Rioux MF, Benard M, Rouleau GA. SPG4 founder effect in French Canadians with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Can J Neurol Sci 2007; 34:211-4. [PMID: 17598600 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100006065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common cause of autosomal dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) is mutations in the SPG4 gene. We have previously identified novel SPG4 mutations in a collection of North American families including the c.G1801A mutation present in two families from Quebec. The aim of this study is to estimate the frequency of the c.G1801A mutation in the French Canadian (FC) population and to determine whether this mutation originates from a common ancestor. METHODS We collected and sequenced exon 15 in probands of 37 families. Genotypes of markers flanking the SPG4 gene were used to construct haplotypes in five families. Clinical information was reviewed by a neurologist with expertise in HSP. RESULTS We have identified three additional unrelated families with the c.G1801A mutation and haplotype analysis revealed that all five families share a common ancestor. The mutation is present in 7% of all our FC families and explains half of our spastin linked FC families. The phenotype associated with the c.G1801A genotype is pure HSP with bladder involvement. CONCLUSION In this study we have determined that the relative frequency of the c.G1801A mutation in our FC collection is 7%, and approximately 50% in the spastin positive FC group. This mutation is the most common HSP mutation identified in this population to date and is suggestive of a founder effect in Quebec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge A Meijer
- Center for the Study of Brain Diseases, CHUM Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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