1
|
L'Abbate D, Prescott K, Geraghty B, Kearns VR, Steel DHW. BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OPTIMISING SUBRETINAL INJECTIONS. Surv Ophthalmol 2024:S0039-6257(24)00053-5. [PMID: 38797394 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Subretinal injection is the preferred delivery technique for various novel ocular therapies and is widely used because of its precision and efficient delivery of gene and cell therapies; however, choosing an injection point and defining delivery parameters to target a specified retinal location and area is an inexact science. We provide an overview of the key factors that play important roles during subretinal injections to refine the technique, enhance patient outcomes, and minimise risks. We describe the role of anatomical and physical variables that affect subretinal bleb propagation and shape and their impact on retinal integrity. We highlight the risks associated with subretinal injections and consider strategies to mitigate reflux and retinal trauma. Finally, we explore the emerging field of robotic assistance in improving intraocular manouvrability and precision to facilitate the injection procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario L'Abbate
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kia Prescott
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brendan Geraghty
- Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Victoria R Kearns
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - David H W Steel
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Sunderland, UK; Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boyd RF, Petersen-Jones SM. Techniques for subretinal injections in animals. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38700998 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Subretinal injections are not commonly performed during clinical treatment of animals but are frequently used in laboratory animal models to assess therapeutic efficacy and safety of gene and cell therapy products. Veterinary ophthalmologists are often employed to perform the injections in the laboratory animal setting, due to knowledge of comparative ocular anatomy between species and familiarity with operating on non-human eyes. Understanding the different approaches used for subretinal injection in each species and potential complications that may be encountered is vital to achieving successful and reproducible results. This manuscript provides a summary of different approaches to subretinal injections in the most common animal model species, along with information from published literature and experience of the authors to educate novice or experienced surgeons tasked with performing these injections for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Boyd
- Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fischer MD, Simonelli F, Sahni J, Holz FG, Maier R, Fasser C, Suhner A, Stiehl DP, Chen B, Audo I, Leroy BP. Real-World Safety and Effectiveness of Voretigene Neparvovec: Results up to 2 Years from the Prospective, Registry-Based PERCEIVE Study. Biomolecules 2024; 14:122. [PMID: 38254722 PMCID: PMC10813228 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Voretigene neparvovec (VN) is the first available gene therapy for patients with biallelic RPE65-mediated inherited retinal dystrophy who have sufficient viable retinal cells. PERCEIVE is an ongoing, post-authorization, prospective, multicenter, registry-based observational study and is the largest study assessing the real-world, long-term safety and effectiveness of VN. Here, we present the outcomes of 103 patients treated with VN according to local prescribing information. The mean (SD) age was 19.5 (10.85) years, 52 (50.5%) were female, and the mean (SD) duration of the follow up was 0.8 (0.64) years (maximum: 2.3 years). Thirty-five patients (34%) experienced ocular treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), most frequently related to chorioretinal atrophy (n = 13 [12.6%]). Eighteen patients (17.5%; 24 eyes [13.1%]) experienced ocular TEAEs of special interest, including intraocular inflammation and/or infection related to the procedure (n = 7). The mean (SD) changes from baseline in full-field light-sensitivity threshold testing (white light) at month 1, month 6, year 1, and year 2 were -16.59 (13.48) dB (51 eyes), -18.24 (14.62) dB (42 eyes), -15.84 (14.10) dB (10 eyes), and -13.67 (22.62) dB (13 eyes), respectively. The change in visual acuity from baseline was not clinically significant. Overall, the outcomes of the PERCEIVE study are consistent with the findings of VN pivotal clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dominik Fischer
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Jayashree Sahni
- Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (J.S.); (A.S.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Frank G. Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Rainer Maier
- Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (J.S.); (A.S.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Christina Fasser
- Retina International, D02 TW98 Dublin, Ireland; Retina Suisse, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Andrea Suhner
- Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (J.S.); (A.S.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Daniel P. Stiehl
- Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (J.S.); (A.S.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Bee Chen
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ 7936, USA;
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France;
- 15–20 Hôpital National de la Vision, National Rare Disease Center REFERET, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Bart P. Leroy
- Department of Ophthalmology & Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University & Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reichel FF, Seitz I, Wozar F, Dimopoulos S, Jung R, Kempf M, Kohl S, Kortüm FC, Ott S, Pohl L, Stingl K, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Stingl K, Fischer MD. Development of retinal atrophy after subretinal gene therapy with voretigene neparvovec. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1331-1335. [PMID: 35609955 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-321023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Voretigene neparvovec (VN) is the first and only subretinal gene therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Real-world application has started in 2018 in patients with vision impairment due to biallelic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 65 mutation-associated inherited retinal degenerations. Herein, we evaluated the development of retinal atrophy within in a single-centre patient cohort treated with VN. METHODS 13 eyes of eight patients treated with VN were retrospectively analysed for areas of retinal atrophy over a period of 6-24 months following surgery. Ultrawide field images were used to measure the area of atrophy. Fundus autofluorescence imaging is presented as an instrument for early detection of signs of retinal atrophy in these patients. RESULTS Atrophic changes beyond the retinotomy site were observed in all eyes. Areas of atrophy developed within the area of detachment (bleb) in all eight patients and outside the bleb in three patients. Changes in autofluorescence preceded the development of retinal atrophy and were already evident 2 weeks after surgery in the majority of patients. The areas of atrophy increase with time and progression continued over year 1. Functional outcomes remained stable (VA, FST, visual field). CONCLUSION Subretinal injection of VN can lead to RPE atrophy with consequent photoreceptor loss in and outside of the bleb area. Fundus autofluorescence is an important tool to monitor atrophic changes in patients after gene therapy. Interestingly, while areas of atrophy also included central areas, the functional benefits of the treatment did not appear to be affected and remained stable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Immanuel Seitz
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Wozar
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Ronja Jung
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Kempf
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Saskia Ott
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Pohl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Krunoslav Stingl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Katarina Stingl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Dominik Fischer
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wood EH, Kreymerman A, Kowal T, Buickians D, Sun Y, Muscat S, Mercola M, Moshfeghi DM, Goldberg JL. Cellular and subcellular optogenetic approaches towards neuroprotection and vision restoration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101153. [PMID: 36503723 PMCID: PMC10247900 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics is defined as the combination of genetic and optical methods to induce or inhibit well-defined events in isolated cells, tissues, or animals. While optogenetics within ophthalmology has been primarily applied towards treating inherited retinal disease, there are a myriad of other applications that hold great promise for a variety of eye diseases including cellular regeneration, modulation of mitochondria and metabolism, regulation of intraocular pressure, and pain control. Supported by primary data from the authors' work with in vitro and in vivo applications, we introduce a novel approach to metabolic regulation, Opsins to Restore Cellular ATP (ORCA). We review the fundamental constructs for ophthalmic optogenetics, present current therapeutic approaches and clinical trials, and discuss the future of subcellular and signaling pathway applications for neuroprotection and vision restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Wood
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kreymerman
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tia Kowal
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David Buickians
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Muscat
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Darius M Moshfeghi
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hanna K, Nieves J, Dowd C, Bender KO, Sharma P, Singh B, Renz M, Ver Hoeve JN, Cepeda D, Gelfman CM, Riley BE, Grishanin RN. Preclinical evaluation of ADVM-062, a novel intravitreal gene therapy vector for the treatment of blue cone monochromacy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2014-2027. [PMID: 36932675 PMCID: PMC10362383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue cone monochromacy (BCM) is a rare X-linked retinal disease characterized by the absence of L- and M-opsin in cone photoreceptors, considered a potential gene therapy candidate. However, most experimental ocular gene therapies utilize subretinal vector injection which would pose a risk to the fragile central retinal structure of BCM patients. Here we describe the use of ADVM-062, a vector optimized for cone-specific expression of human L-opsin and administered using a single intravitreal (IVT) injection. Pharmacological activity of ADVM-062 was established in gerbils, whose cone-rich retina naturally lacks L-opsin. A single IVT administration dose of ADVM-062 effectively transduced gerbil cone photoreceptors and produced a de novo response to long-wavelength stimuli. To identify potential first-in-human doses we evaluated ADVM-062 in non-human primates. Cone-specific expression of ADVM-062 in primates was confirmed using ADVM-062.myc, a vector engineered with the same regulatory elements as ADVM-062. Enumeration of human OPN1LW.myc-positive cones demonstrated that doses ≥3 × 1010 vg/eye resulted in transduction of 18%-85% of foveal cones. A Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) toxicology study established that IVT administration of ADVM-062 was well tolerated at doses that could potentially achieve clinically meaningful effect, thus supporting the potential of ADVM-062 as a one-time IVT gene therapy for BCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hanna
- Adverum Biotechnologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Julio Nieves
- Adverum Biotechnologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Christine Dowd
- Adverum Biotechnologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - Pallavi Sharma
- Adverum Biotechnologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Baljit Singh
- Adverum Biotechnologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Mark Renz
- Adverum Biotechnologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - Diana Cepeda
- Adverum Biotechnologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - Brigit E Riley
- Adverum Biotechnologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boye SL, O’Riordan C, Morris J, Lukason M, Compton D, Baek R, Elmore DM, Peterson J, Fajardo D, McCullough KT, Scaria A, McVie-Wylie A, Boye SE. Preclinical studies in support of phase I/II clinical trials to treat GUCY2D-associated Leber congenital amaurosis. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:129-145. [PMID: 36654798 PMCID: PMC9830033 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in GUCY2D are associated with severe early-onset retinal dystrophy, Leber congenital amaurosis type 1 (LCA1), a leading cause of blindness in children. Despite a high degree of visual disturbance stemming from photoreceptor dysfunction, patients with LCA1 largely retain normal photoreceptor structure, suggesting that they are good candidates for gene replacement therapy. The purpose of this study was to conduct the preclinical and IND-enabling experiments required to support clinical application of AAV5-hGRK1-GUCY2D in patients harboring biallelic recessive mutations in GUCY2D. Preclinical studies were conducted in mice to evaluate the effect of vector manufacturing platforms and transgene species on the therapeutic response. Dose-ranging studies were conducted in cynomolgus monkeys to establish the minimum dose required for efficient photoreceptor transduction. Good laboratory practice (GLP) studies evaluated systemic biodistribution in rats and toxicology in non-human primates (NHPs). These results expanded our knowledge of dose response for an AAV5-vectored transgene under control of the human rhodopsin kinase (hGRK1) promoter in NHPs with respect to photoreceptor transduction and safety and, in combination with the rat biodistribution and mouse efficacy studies, informed the design of a first-in-human clinical study in patients with LCA1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanford L. Boye
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shannon E. Boye
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, PO Box 100296, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jacobson SG, Cideciyan AV, Ho AC, Roman AJ, Wu V, Garafalo AV, Sumaroka A, Krishnan AK, Swider M, Mascio AA, Kay CN, Yoon D, Fujita KP, Boye SL, Peshenko IV, Dizhoor AM, Boye SE. Night vision restored in days after decades of congenital blindness. iScience 2022; 25:105274. [PMID: 36274938 PMCID: PMC9579015 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling of vision to the brain starts with the retinal phototransduction cascade which converts visible light from the environment into chemical changes. Vision impairment results when mutations inactivate proteins of the phototransduction cascade. A severe monogenically inherited blindness, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), is caused by mutations in the GUCY2D gene, leading to a molecular defect in the production of cyclic GMP, the second messenger of phototransduction. We studied two patients with GUCY2D-LCA who were undergoing gene augmentation therapy. Both patients had large deficits in rod photoreceptor-based night vision before intervention. Within days of therapy, rod vision in both patients changed dramatically; improvements in visual function and functional vision in these hyper-responding patients reached more than 3 log10 units (1000-fold), nearing healthy rod vision. Quick activation of the complex molecular pathways from retinal photoreceptor to visual cortex and behavior is thus possible in patients even after being disabled and dormant for decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G. Jacobson
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Artur V. Cideciyan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allen C. Ho
- Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alejandro J. Roman
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vivian Wu
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra V. Garafalo
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Sumaroka
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arun K. Krishnan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Malgorzata Swider
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Abraham A. Mascio
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Dan Yoon
- Atsena Therapeutics, Inc., Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Sanford L. Boye
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Igor V. Peshenko
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA
| | | | - Shannon E. Boye
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bensinger E, Wang Y, Roorda A. Patches of Dysflective Cones in Eyes With No Known Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:29. [PMID: 35072690 PMCID: PMC8802026 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize the structure and function of patches of dysflective cones in the foveal region of subjects with normal vision and no known pathology. Dysflective cones are cones that have little or no reflective properties in optical coherence tomography (OCT) or adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) images yet exhibit measurable function. Methods AOSLO images were surveyed for the presence of hyporeflective cone patches, and subjects were brought back for imaging to determine the changes in the hyporeflective region. Adaptive optics microperimetry (AOMP) was used to assess the function of hyporeflective patches in four subjects to determine that they did, in fact, contain dysflective cones. AOMP utilized a stimulus size of less than 1 arcmin to measure thresholds inside and outside the hyporeflective region. Results Nineteen out of 47 individuals retrospectively reviewed had one or more regions with hyporeflective cone patches in one or both eyes. Ten subjects with hyporeflective cone patches were brought back for imaging. Seven of the 10 had resolved at follow up, and in three subjects new hyporeflective patches appeared in a different location. All AOMP-measured subjects had measurable function in the dysflective cone region. Three out of four subjects showed no difference in light sensitivity in the dysflective region compared to adjacent areas, and one subject showed a 3× reduction in sensitivity in the area. Conclusions Patches of dysflective cone have been identified in subjects with normal vision and no known pathology, and we have observed instances where dysflective cones in these subjects regain normal reflective properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Bensinger
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Austin Roorda
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luo Z, Xian B, Li K, Li K, Yang R, Chen M, Xu C, Tang M, Rong H, Hu D, Ye M, Yang S, Lu S, Zhang H, Ge J. Biodegradable scaffolds facilitate epiretinal transplantation of hiPSC-Derived retinal neurons in nonhuman primates. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:289-301. [PMID: 34314890 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of stem cell-derived retinal neurons is a promising regenerative therapy for optic neuropathy. However, significant anatomic differences compromise its efficacy in large animal models. The present study describes the procedure and outcomes of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived retinal sheet transplantation in primate models using biodegradable materials. Stem cell-derived retinal organoids were seeded on polylactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA) scaffolds and directed toward a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) fate. The seeded tissues showed active proliferation, typical neuronal morphology, and electrical excitability. The cellular scaffolds were then epiretinally transplanted onto the inner surface of rhesus monkey retinas. With sufficient graft-host contact provided by the scaffold, the transplanted tissues survived for up to 1 year without tumorigenesis. Histological examinations indicated survival, further maturation, and migration. Moreover, green fluorescent protein-labeled axonal projections toward the host optic nerve were observed. Cryopreserved organoids were also able to survive and migrate after transplantation. Our results suggest the potential efficacy of RGC replacement therapy in the repair of optic neuropathy for the restoration of visual function. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In the present study, we generated a human retinal sheet by seeding hiPSC-retinal organoid-derived RGCs on a biodegradable PLGA scaffold. We transplanted this retinal sheet onto the inner surface of the rhesus monkey retina. With scaffold support, donor cells survive, migrate and project their axons into the host optic nerve. Furthermore, an effective cryopreservation strategy for retinal organoids was developed, and the thawed organoids were also observed to survive and show cell migration after transplantation.
Collapse
|
11
|
A ROCK Inhibitor Promotes Graft Survival during Transplantation of iPS-Cell-Derived Retinal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063237. [PMID: 33810153 PMCID: PMC8004718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation includes sheet and single-cell transplantation, the latter of which includes cell death and may be highly immunogenic, and there are some issues to be improved in single-cell transplantation. Y-27632 is an inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), the downstream kinase of Rho. We herein investigated the effect of Y-27632 in vitro on retinal pigment epithelium derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS-RPE cells), and also its effects in vivo on the transplantation of iPS-RPE cell suspensions. As a result, the addition of Y-27632 in vitro showed suppression of apoptosis, promotion of cell adhesion, and higher proliferation and pigmentation of iPS-RPE cells. Y-27632 also increased the viability of the transplant without showing obvious retinal toxicity in human iPS-RPE transplantation into monkey subretinal space in vivo. Therefore, it is possible that ROCK inhibitors can improve the engraftment of iPS-RPE cell suspensions after transplantation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wei Z, Liu X, Li T, Li X, Zhou Q, Wu J, Zhang C. Transduction of mouse retina by insect cell packaged recombinant adeno-associated viruses and their mutants via intravitreal injection. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the most preferred gene therapy vector. The purpose of our research is to compare the infection tropism and gene expression efficiency of vitreous injection of recombinant AAVs (rAAVs) and their capsid mutants in mouse retina. Materials & methods: We packaged wild-type rAAV2/2,6,8,9 and their capsid mutants carrying EGFP expression cassette using insect cells. The gene expression profiles of rAAVs and their mutants in mouse retina were evaluated by optical imaging of retinal tissue flat mount and cryosections. Results & conclusion: The results showed that rAAV2 and rAAV2-Y444F mainly targeted retinal ganglion cell; rAAV8, rAAV8-Y733F, rAAV9 and mutants had obvious EGFP expression in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Compared with the wild-type rAAVs, capsid mutants have an improved transduction efficiency in mouse retina cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wei
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Taiming Li
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qungang Zhou
- Department of Blood Collection, Suzhou Red Cross Blood Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- Department of Blood Collection, Suzhou Red Cross Blood Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maguire AM, Bennett J, Aleman EM, Leroy BP, Aleman TS. Clinical Perspective: Treating RPE65-Associated Retinal Dystrophy. Mol Ther 2021; 29:442-463. [PMID: 33278565 PMCID: PMC7854308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, there was no approved treatment for a retinal degenerative disease. Subretinal injection of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivering the normal copy of the human RPE65 cDNA led to reversal of blindness first in animal models and then in humans. This led to the first US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved gene therapy product for a genetic disease, voretigene neparvovec-rzyl (Luxturna). Luxturna was then approved by the European Medicines Association and is now available in the US through Spark Therapeutics and worldwide through Novartis. Not only has treatment with Luxturna changed the lives of people previously destined to live a life of blindness, but it has fueled interest in developing additional gene therapy reagents targeting numerous other genetic forms of inherited retinal disease. This review describes many of the considerations for administration of Luxturna and describes how lessons from experience with Luxturna could lead to additional gene-based treatments of blindness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Maguire
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Bennett
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena M Aleman
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tomas S Aleman
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sheremet NL, Mikaelyan AA, Andreev AY, Plyukhova AA, Andreeva NA, Kiselev SL. Possibilities of an experimental damaging effect on the retinal pigment epithelium. Vestn Oftalmol 2021; 137:5-12. [PMID: 33610143 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma20211370115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To simulate the damaging effect on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in an experiment studying the effect of human neuronal precursors (NPs). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was carried out on 31 rabbits (31 eyes) of the Chinchilla breed, which were divided into 3 groups: the 1st group received a subretinal injection of balanced saline solution (BSS); the 2nd group - subretinal injection of BSS with vitrectomy, displacement of the injection bladder away from the injection site using a perfluororganic compound (PFOC) and laser coagulation; the 3rd group - subretinal injection of a culture of NPs using the same method as in the group 2. All rabbits were observed for 21 days using ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and autofluorescence (AF). RESULTS In the 1st group, 4 out of 5 rabbits were observed to have total retinal detachment and vitreoretinal proliferative processes in the early postoperative period after subretinal injection of the BSS. In the 2nd group, OCT and AF revealed atrophy of the outer and inner layers of the retina as well as disorganization of the photoreceptors-RPE-Bruch's membrane complex in the area of injection on the 21 day after the operation. In the 3rd group, the OCT data obtained during the 21 days of observation showed that a hyperreflective zone at the level of the RPE-Bruch's membrane complex corresponding to the NPs injection site was preserved, while there was a partial loss of the outer retinal layers - but of a smaller volume compared to the BSS injection. The suggested method of subretinal injection led to a reduced number of complications: in the 1st group, postoperative complications amounted to 80%, while in the 2nd and 3rd groups - 45%. CONCLUSION The study proposes a new method for retinal injection of BSS, which can help reduce RPE degeneration patterns and possible postoperative complications, thus increasing research efficiency. Subretinal injection of a culture of neuronal precursors derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an experiment can serve as a universal model for studying the survival and integration of stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N L Sheremet
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A Yu Andreev
- Krasnogorsk City Hospital No 1, Krasnogorsk, Russia
- Imtek LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - N A Andreeva
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - S L Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sorden SD, Larsen T, McPherson LE, Turner OC, Carroll EE, Sharma AK. Spontaneous Background and Procedure-Related Microscopic Findings and Common Artifacts in Ocular Tissues of Laboratory Animals in Ocular Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:569-580. [PMID: 33205704 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320966244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Identification of test article-related microscopic findings in ocular toxicology studies requires a working knowledge of the artifacts and procedure-related or background findings commonly encountered in such studies. The objective of this article is to provide a mini-atlas of the artifacts and procedure-related or spontaneous background findings commonly observed in ocular tissues from animals in toxicology studies of ocular drug candidates. Artifacts in the eye are often related to collection or fixation procedures and include swelling and vacuolation of lens fibers, separation of the neuroretina from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and vacuolation of the optic nerve. Common in-life procedure-related findings include intravitreal injection needle tracks in the sclera and ciliary body pars plana and foci of RPE hypertrophy and/or hyperpigmentation at subretinal injection sites. Common background findings include corneal mineralization, uveal mononuclear cell infiltrates, and peripheral displacement of photoreceptor nuclei in the retina. A few uncommon spontaneous background findings that may be confused with test article-related findings, such as bilateral optic atrophy in macaques, are also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Sorden
- 201915Covance Laboratories Inc, Madison, WI, USA. Sorden is now with SDS Pathology, LLC, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Leslie E McPherson
- 201915Covance Laboratories Inc, Madison, WI, USA. Sorden is now with SDS Pathology, LLC, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Oliver C Turner
- Novartis, 98557Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | - Alok K Sharma
- 201915Covance Laboratories Inc, Madison, WI, USA. Sorden is now with SDS Pathology, LLC, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Short B. Selected Aspects of Ocular Toxicity Studies With a Focus on High-Quality Pathology Reports: A Pathology/Toxicology Consultant's Perspective. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:673-699. [PMID: 32815474 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320946712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ocular toxicity studies are the bedrock of nonclinical ocular drug and drug-device development, and there has been an evolution in experience, technologies, and challenges to address that ensures safe clinical trials and marketing authorization. The expectations of a well-designed ocular toxicity study and the generation of a coherent, integrative ocular toxicology report and subreports are high, and this article provides a pathology/toxicology consultant's perspective on achieving that goal. The first objective is to cover selected aspects of study designs for ocular toxicity studies including considerations for contract research organization selection, minipig species selection, unilateral versus bilateral dosing, and in-life parameters based on fit-for-purpose study objectives. The main objective is a focus on a high-quality ocular pathology report that includes ocular histology procedures to meet regulatory expectations and a report narrative and tables that correlate microscopic findings with key ophthalmic findings and presents a clear interpretation of test article-, vehicle-, and procedure-related ocular and extraocular findings with identification of adversity and a pathology peer review. The last objective covers considerations for a high-quality ophthalmology report, which in concert with a high-quality pathology report, will pave the way for a best quality toxicology report for an ocular toxicity study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Short
- Brian Short Consulting, LLC, Laguna Beach, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sher I, Bubis E, Ketter-Katz H, Goldberg Z, Saeed R, Rotenstreich Y. Efficacy and safety of injecting increasing volumes into the extravascular spaces of the choroid using a blunt adjustable depth injector. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:2865-2874. [PMID: 32617801 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of injecting increasing volumes into the extravascular spaces of the choroid (EVSC) in rabbit eyes in vivo using a blunt adjustable depth injector. METHODS Indocyanine green (ICG) was injected in the superior-temporal quadrant, 2 mm posterior to the limbus at increasing volumes (0.1-0.3 ml) into the EVSC of New Zealand rabbit eyes in vivo. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fundus imaging and histology analysis were performed to assess the safety and efficacy of the injection. RESULTS Volumes up to 0.3 ml were administered consistently. ICG injection was successfully monitored in vivo using infrared fundus imaging and SD-OCT. ICG was detected across the EVSC compartment, reaching the retinal pigment epithelium, optic nerve head and visual streak. Injection of 0.3 ml yielded maximal dye distribution with a coverage area of 61.8% ± 6.7% (mean ± standard error, SE) of the posterior segment. Maximal IOP elevation was recorded 5 min following injection of 0.2 and 0.3 ml ICG (+ 20.0 mmHg, + 19.4 mmHg, respectively). Twenty minutes post-injection, the IOP was < 15 mmHg in all injection volumes. No retinal detachment or hemorrhages were detected in any of the injected eyes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates consistent and safe delivery of large volumes within the EVSC using a blunt adjustable depth injector that distributes the dye over 60% of the retinal surface. This injection system may offer a minimally invasive and easy way to deliver large volumes of pharmaceuticals into the posterior segment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ifat Sher
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ettel Bubis
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadas Ketter-Katz
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zehavit Goldberg
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rawan Saeed
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ygal Rotenstreich
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel. .,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Weed L, Ammar MJ, Zhou S, Wei Z, Serrano LW, Sun J, Lee V, Maguire AM, Bennett J, Aleman TS. Safety of Same-Eye Subretinal Sequential Readministration of AAV2-hRPE65v2 in Non-human Primates. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2019; 15:133-148. [PMID: 31660416 PMCID: PMC6807311 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated safe and effective subretinal readministration of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype (rAAV) to the contralateral eye in large animals and humans even in the setting of preexisting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Readministration of AAV to the same retina may be desirable in order to treat additional areas of the retina not targeted initially or to boost transgene expression levels at a later time point. To better understand the immune and structural consequences of subretinal rAAV readministration to the same eye, we administered bilateral subretinal injections of rAAV2-hRPE65v2 to three unaffected non-human primates (NHPs) and repeated the injections in those same eyes 2 months later. Ophthalmic exams and retinal imaging were performed after the first and second injections. Peripheral blood monocytes, serum, and intraocular fluids were collected at baseline and post-injection time points to characterize the cellular and humoral immune responses. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies were carried out on the treated retinas. Ipsilateral readministration of AAV2-hRPE65v2 in NHPs did not threaten the ocular or systemic health through the time span of the study. The repeat injections were immunologically and structurally well tolerated, even in the setting of preexisting serum NAbs. Localized structural abnormalities confined to the outer retina and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) after readministration of the treatment do not differ from those observed after single or contralateral administration of an AAV carrying a non-therapeutic transgene in NHPs and were not observed in a patient treated with the nearly identical, FDA-approved, AAV2-hRPE65v2 vector (voretigene neparvovec-rzyl), suggesting NHP-specific abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Weed
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J. Ammar
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shangzhen Zhou
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhangyong Wei
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leona W. Serrano
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Junwei Sun
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivian Lee
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albert M. Maguire
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Bennett
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tomas S. Aleman
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sørensen NB. Subretinal surgery: functional and histological consequences of entry into the subretinal space. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97 Suppl A114:1-23. [PMID: 31709751 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Gene-therapy, stem-cell transplantation and surgical robots hold the potential for treatment of currently untreatable retinal degenerative diseases. All of the techniques require entry into the subretinal space, which is a potential space located between the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Knowledge about obstacles and critical steps in relation to subretinal procedures is therefore needed. This thesis explores the functional and histological consequences of separation of the retina from the RPE, extensive RPE damage, a large cut in the retina (retinotomy) and RPE phagocytosis in a porcine model. METHODS Experiments were performed in 106 female domestic pigs of Danish landrace distributed over five studies. Under general anesthesia, different procedures for expansion of the subretinal space were conducted. Outcomes were visual function measured electrophysiologically with multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and retinal morphology examined histologically. Study I: The effect of anesthesia on mfERG was examined by repeated recordings for 3 hr in isoflurane or propofol anesthesia. Outcome was mfERG amplitude. Study II: Consequences of a large separation of the photoreceptors from the RPE were examined by injecting a perfluorocarbon-liquid (decalin) into the subretinal space. Two weeks after, in a second surgery, decalin was withdrawn. Outcomes were mfERG and histology 4 weeks after decalin injection. Study III: Extensive RPE damage was examined by expanding the subretinal space with saline and removing large sheets of RPE-cells through a retinotomy. Outcomes were mfERG and histology 2, 4 and 6 weeks after the procedure. Study IV: Consequences of a large retinotomy were examined by similar procedures as in Study III, but in study IV only a few RPE cells were removed. Outcomes were mfERG and histology 2 and 6 weeks after surgery. Study V: Clearance of the subretinal space was examined by injecting fluorescent latex beads of various sizes into the subretinal space. Outcome was histologic location of the beads at different time intervals after the procedure. RESULTS Study I: MfERG amplitudes decreased linearly as a function of time in propofol or isoflurane anesthesia. Duration of mfERG recording could be decreased without compromising quality, and thereby could time in anesthesia be reduced. Study II: MfERG and histology remained normal after reattachment of a large and 2-week long separation of the photoreceptors and RPE. Repeated entry into the subretinal space was well tolerated. Fluid injection into the subretinal space constitutes a risk of RPE-damage. Study III: Removal of large sheets of retinal pigment epithelial cells triggered a widespread rhegmatogenous-like retinal detachment resulting in visual loss. Study IV: A large retinotomy with limited damage of the RPE was well tolerated, and visual function was preserved. Study V: Subretinal latex beads up to 4 μm were phagocytosed by the RPE and passed into the sub-RPE space. Beads up to 2 μm travelled further through the Bruch's membrane and were found in the choroid, sclera and inside blood vessels. CONCLUSION A large expansion of the subretinal space, repeated entry, a large retinotomy and limited RPE damage is well tolerated and retinal function is preserved. Subretinal injection of fluid can damage the RPE and extensive RPE damage can induce a rhegmatogenous-like retinal detachment with loss of visual function. Foreign substances exit the subretinal space and can reach the systemic circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Buus Sørensen
- Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet København Denmark
- Department of Neurology Zealand University Hospital Køge Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ofri R, Ekesten B. Baseline retinal OCT measurements in normal female beagles: The effects of eccentricity, meridian, and age on retinal layer thickness. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:52-60. [PMID: 31192536 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to generate baseline optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of retinal thickness in female Beagles and to determine how these are affected by meridian, eccentricity, and age. METHODS Twenty-three female Beagles, including six puppies (<6 months old), six mature (1.8-8.2 years old), and 11 elderly dogs (>11 years old) were studied. Both retinas of each dog were scanned (in 4 principal meridians) using the Heidelberg Spectralis following ophthalmic examination, refraction, and sedation. In each eye and each meridian, total retinal, outer retinal, and nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness were measured from the disc rim up to 6 mm peripherally. RESULTS The canine retina is thickest dorsally and thinnest ventrally. Total retinal, outer retinal, and NFL thickness decrease progressively and significantly as a function of eccentricity. The greatest eccentricity-dependent thinning occurs dorsally. This thinning is due mostly to NFL tapering, while the eccentricity-dependent change in outer retinal thickness is more moderate, especially in the lateral meridian, possibly due to the presence of the visual streak. The retina is thickest in puppies, but there were no significant differences between mature and elderly dogs. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide normative values for total, outer, and inner retinal thickness in female dogs and may facilitate OCT use in the diagnosis of canine glaucoma and inherited retinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Björn Ekesten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tobias P, Philipp SI, Stylianos M, Martin B, Barbara W, Felix R, Alexander OG, Eberhart Z, Marius U, Birgit K, Sven K, Ulrich BSK, Dominik FM, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Bolz S, Fischer D, Kohl S, Kühlewein L, Mühlfriedel R, Neubauer J, Ochakovski A, Paquet-Durand F, Seeliger M, Sothilingam V, Ueffing M, Weisschuh N, Wissinger B, Zhour A, Zobor D, Zrenner E, Biel M, Michalakis S, Schön C, Kahle N, Peters T, Wilhelm B, Tsang S, Glöckner CJ. Safety and Toxicology of Ocular Gene Therapy with Recombinant AAV Vector rAAV.hCNGA3 in Nonhuman Primates. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2019; 30:50-56. [DOI: 10.1089/humc.2018.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peters Tobias
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- STZ Eyetrial, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michalakis Stylianos
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Pharmacy – Center for Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Biel Martin
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Pharmacy – Center for Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Reichel Felix
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Zrenner Eberhart
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ueffing Marius
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Korte Sven
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tzameret A, Ketter-Katz H, Edelshtain V, Sher I, Corem-Salkmon E, Levy I, Last D, Guez D, Mardor Y, Margel S, Rotenstrich Y. In vivo MRI assessment of bioactive magnetic iron oxide/human serum albumin nanoparticle delivery into the posterior segment of the eye in a rat model of retinal degeneration. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:3. [PMID: 30630490 PMCID: PMC6327435 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal degeneration diseases affect millions of patients worldwide and lead to incurable vision loss. These diseases are caused by pathologies in the retina and underlying choroid, located in the back of the eye. One of the major challenges in the development of treatments for these blinding diseases is the safe and efficient delivery of therapeutics into the back of the eye. Previous studies demonstrated that narrow size distribution core–shell near infra-red fluorescent iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles (NPs) coated with human serum albumin (HSA, IO/HSA NPs) increase the half-life of conjugated therapeutic factors, suggesting they may be used for sustained release of therapeutics. In the present study, the in vivo tracking by MRI and the long term safety of IO/HSA NPs delivery into the suprachoroid of a rat model of retinal degeneration were assessed. Results Twenty-five Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) pigmented rats received suprachoroidal injection of 20-nm IO/HSA NPs into the right eye. The left eye was not injected and used as control. Animals were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroretinogram (ERG) and histology up to 30 weeks following injection. IO/HSA NPs were detected in the back part of the rats’ eyes up to 30 weeks following injection by MRI, and up to 6 weeks by histology. No significant differences in retinal structure and function were observed between injected and non-injected eyes. There was no significant difference in the weight of IO/HSA NP-injected animals compared to non-injected rats. Conclusions MRI could track the nanoparticles in the posterior segment of the injected eyes demonstrating their long-term persistence, and highlighting the possible use of MRI for translational studies in animals and in future clinical studies. Suprachoroidal injection of IO/HSA NPs showed no sign of adverse effects on retinal structure and function in a rat model of retinal degeneration, suggesting that suprachoroidal delivery of IO/HSA NPs is safe and that these NPs may be used in future translational and clinical studies for extended release drug delivery at the back of the eye. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-018-0438-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Tzameret
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadas Ketter-Katz
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Victoria Edelshtain
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ifat Sher
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Enav Corem-Salkmon
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Itay Levy
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - David Last
- Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - David Guez
- Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Mardor
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ygal Rotenstrich
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Takahashi K, Morizane Y, Hisatomi T, Tachibana T, Kimura S, Hosokawa MM, Shiode Y, Hirano M, Doi S, Toshima S, Araki R, Matsumae H, Kanzaki Y, Hosogi M, Yoshida A, Sonoda KH, Shiraga F. The influence of subretinal injection pressure on the microstructure of the monkey retina. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209996. [PMID: 30596769 PMCID: PMC6312337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the influence of subretinal injection pressure on the microstructure of the retina in a monkey model. Methods After vitrectomy, balanced salt solution was injected subretinally into one eye each of four cynomolgus monkeys while controlling the injection pressure. Initially, a pressure of 2 psi was used, and this was gradually increased to determine the minimum required pressure. Subsequent injections were performed at two pressures: minimum (n = 13) and high (n = 6). To compare the influence of these injection pressures on retinal structure, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed before surgery and every week afterwards. The monkeys were euthanized and their eyes were enucleated at 1 or 6 weeks after the injections. The eyes were processed for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as for TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Results The minimum pressure required to perform subretinal injection was 6 psi. After injection at this pressure, both OCT and microscopy showed that the retinal structure was well-preserved throughout the experimental period at all injection sites. Conversely, after injection at high pressure (20 psi) OCT images at all injection sites showed disruption of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) after 1 week. Microscopy indicated damage to the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) and stratification of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). After 6 weeks, OCT demonstrated that the EZ had become continuous and TEM confirmed that the OS and RPE had recovered. Photoreceptor apoptosis was absent after subretinal injection at both pressures. Conclusions The retinal damage caused by subretinal injection increases depending on pressure, indicating that clinicians should perform subretinal injection at pressures as low as possible to ensure safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Morizane
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Tachibana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mio Morizane Hosokawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shiode
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Doi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinji Toshima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Araki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsumae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanzaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mika Hosogi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Shiraga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Song H, Bush RA, Zeng Y, Qian H, Wu Z, Sieving PA. Trans-ocular Electric Current In Vivo Enhances AAV-Mediated Retinal Gene Transduction after Intravitreal Vector Administration. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 13:77-85. [PMID: 30719486 PMCID: PMC6350231 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated gene delivery is a promising approach for therapy, but implementation in the eye currently is hampered by the need for delivering the vector underneath the retina, using surgical application into the subretinal space. This limits the extent of the retina that is treated and may cause surgical injury. Vector delivery into the vitreous cavity would be preferable because it is surgically less invasive and would reach more of the retina. Unfortunately, most conventional, non-modified AAV vector serotypes penetrate the retina poorly from the vitreous; this limits efficient transduction and expression by target cells (retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors). We developed a method of applying a small and safe electric current across the intact eye in vivo for a brief period following intravitreal vector administration. This significantly improved AAV-mediated transduction of retinal cells in wild-type mice following intravitreal delivery, with gene expression in retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells. The low-level current had no adverse effects on retinal structure and function. This method should be generally applicable for other AAV serotypes and may have broad application in both basic research and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongman Song
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald A Bush
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong Zeng
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haohua Qian
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhijian Wu
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Section for Translational Research on Retinal and Macular Degeneration, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Teo KYC, Lee SY, Barathi AV, Tun SBB, Tan L, Constable IJ. Surgical Removal of Internal Limiting Membrane and Layering of AAV Vector on the Retina Under Air Enhances Gene Transfection in a Nonhuman Primate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:3574-3583. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yi Chong Teo
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Yen Lee
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amutha Veluchamy Barathi
- Translational Pre-clinical Model Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sai Bo Bo Tun
- Translational Pre-clinical Model Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Licia Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian Jeffery Constable
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hsu ST, Gabr H, Viehland C, Sleiman K, Ngo HT, Carrasco-Zevallos OM, Vajzovic L, McNabb RP, Stinnett SS, Izatt JA, Kuo AN, Toth CA. Volumetric Measurement of Subretinal Blebs Using Microscope-Integrated Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:19. [PMID: 29651361 PMCID: PMC5894912 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We advance studies of subretinal treatments by developing a microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography (MIOCT) image-based method for measuring the volume of therapeutics delivered into the subretinal space. METHODS A MIOCT image-based volume measurement method was developed and assessed for accuracy and reproducibility by imaging an object of known size in model eyes. This method then was applied to subretinal blebs created by injection of diluted triamcinolone. Bleb volumes obtained from MIOCT were compared to the intended injection volume and the surgeon's estimation of leakage. RESULTS Validation of the image-based volume measurement method showed accuracy to ±1.0 μL (6.0% of measured volume) with no statistically significant variation under different imaging settings. When this method was applied to subretinal blebs, four of 11 blebs without surgeon-observed leakage yielded a mean volume of 32 ± 12.5 μL, in contrast to the intended 50 μL volume injected from the delivery device. This constituted a mean difference of -18 μL (mean percent error, 36 ± 25%). For all 11 blebs, the surgeon's estimations of leakage were significantly different from and showed no correlation with the volume loss based on image-based volume measurements (P < 0.001, paired t-test; intraclass correlation = 0). CONCLUSIONS We validated an accurate and reproducible method for measuring subretinal volumes using MIOCT. Use of this method revealed that the intended volume might not be delivered into the subretinal space. MIOCT can allow for accurate assessment of subretinal dose delivered, which may have therapeutic implications in evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of subretinal therapies. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Use of MIOCT can provide feedback on the accuracy of subretinal injection volumes delivered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Tammy Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hesham Gabr
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Karim Sleiman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hoan T. Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Lejla Vajzovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ryan P. McNabb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sandra S. Stinnett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anthony N. Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Toth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Petrus-Reurer S, Bartuma H, Aronsson M, Westman S, Lanner F, Kvanta A. Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived-retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into a Large-eyed Model of Geographic Atrophy. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29443034 DOI: 10.3791/56702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA), the late stage of dry age-related macular degeneration is characterized by loss of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer, which leads to subsequent degeneration of vital retinal structures (e.g., photoreceptors) causing severe vision impairment. Similarly, RPE-loss and decrease in visual acuity is seen in long-term follow up of patients with advanced wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) receiving intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment. Therefore, on the one hand, it is fundamental to efficiently derive RPE cells from an unlimited source that could serve as replacement therapy. On the other hand, it is important to assess the behavior and integration of the derived cells in a model of the disease entailing surgical and imaging methods as close as possible to those applied in humans. Here, we provide a detailed protocol based on our previous publications that describes the generation of a preclinical model of GA using the albino rabbit eye, for evaluation of the human embryonic stem cell derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (hESC-RPE) in a clinically relevant setting. Differentiated hESC-RPE are transplanted into naive eyes or eyes with NaIO3-induced GA-like retinal degeneration using a 25 G transvitreal pars plana technique. Evaluation of degenerated and transplanted areas is performed by multimodal high-resolution non-invasive real-time imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Petrus-Reurer
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet; Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet;
| | - Hammurabi Bartuma
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Monica Aronsson
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Sofie Westman
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Fredrik Lanner
- Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Anders Kvanta
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Ocular anatomy and physiology in cynomolgus monkeys (Macacca fascicularis) are very similar to that found in the human visual system. Therefore and despite significant ethical and economical implications, these animals constitute an excellent model system for toxicology and biodistribution studies in the development of new and meaningful treatment strategies for ocular disorders. The methods for delivery of investigational new drugs (INDs) to the ocular tissue are virtually identical to the methods used in clinical practice. This protocol explains in detail the method of applying INDs to the vitreous cavity or the subretinal space in monkeys.
Collapse
|
29
|
MacLachlan TK, Milton MN, Turner O, Tukov F, Choi VW, Penraat J, Delmotte MH, Michaut L, Jaffee BD, Bigelow CE. Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of scAAV8- RLBP1 for Treatment of RLBP1 Retinitis Pigmentosa. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 8:105-120. [PMID: 29359172 PMCID: PMC5772508 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is a form of retinal degeneration usually caused by genetic mutations affecting key functional proteins. We have previously demonstrated efficacy in a mouse model of RLBP1 deficiency with a self-complementary AAV8 vector carrying the gene for human RLBP1 under control of a short RLBP1 promoter (CPK850).1 In this article, we describe the nonclinical safety profile of this construct as well as updated efficacy data in the intended clinical formulation. In Rlbp1−/− mice dosed at a range of CPK850 levels, a minimum efficacious dose of 3 × 107 vg in a volume of 1 μL was observed. For safety assessment in these and Rlbp1+/+ mice, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and histopathological analysis indicated retinal thinning that appeared to be dose-dependent for both Rlbp1 genotypes, with no qualitative difference noted between Rlbp1+/+ and Rlbp1−/− mice. In a non-human primate study, RLBP1 mRNA expression was detected and dose dependent intraocular inflammation and retinal thinning were observed. Inflammation resolved slowly over time and did not appear to be exacerbated in the presence of anti-AAV8 antibodies. Biodistribution was evaluated in rats and satellite animals in the non-human primate study. The vector was largely detected in ocular tissues and low levels in the optic nerve, superior colliculus, and lateral geniculate nucleus, with limited distribution outside of these tissues. These data suggest that an initial subretinal dose of ∼3 × 107 vg/μL CPK850 can safely be used in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K MacLachlan
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark N Milton
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Turner
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Francis Tukov
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Vivian W Choi
- Ophthalmology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jan Penraat
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | - Lydia Michaut
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruce D Jaffee
- Ophthalmology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chad E Bigelow
- Ophthalmology Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Efficacy and Safety of Glycosidic Enzymes for Improved Gene Delivery to the Retina following Intravitreal Injection in Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 9:192-202. [PMID: 29766027 PMCID: PMC5948313 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Viral gene delivery is showing great promise for treating retinal disease. Although subretinal vector delivery has mainly been used to date, intravitreal delivery has potential advantages if low retinal transduction efficiency can be overcome. To this end, we investigated the effects of co-injection of glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes, singly or in combination, with AAV2 as a method of increasing retinal transduction. Experiments using healthy mice demonstrated that these enzymes enhance retinal transduction. We found that heparinase III produced the greatest individual effect, and this was enhanced further by combination with hyaluronan lyase. In addition, this optimized AAV2-enzyme combination led to a marked improvement in transduction in retinas with advanced retinal degeneration compared with AAV2 alone. Safety studies measuring retinal function by flash electroretinography indicated that retinal function was unaffected in the acute period and at least 12 months after enzyme treatment, whereas pupillometry confirmed that retinal ganglion cell activity was unaffected. Retinal morphology was not altered by the enzyme injection. Collectively these data confirm the efficacy and safety of this intravitreal approach in enhancing retinal transduction efficiency by AAV in rodents. Translating this method into other species, such as non-human primates, or for clinical applications will have challenges and require further studies.
Collapse
|
31
|
Becker S, Wang H, Stoddard GJ, Hartnett ME. Effect of subretinal injection on retinal structure and function in a rat oxygen-induced retinopathy model. Mol Vis 2017; 23:832-843. [PMID: 29259390 PMCID: PMC5723151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Subretinal injections are used to deliver agents in experimental studies of retinal diseases, often through viral vectors. However, few studies have investigated the effects of subretinal injections alone on the structure and function of the healthy or diseased retina, particularly in models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). We report on the effects of subretinal injections in a rat OIR model, which is used to study mechanisms of retinopathy of prematurity. METHODS Within 6 h of birth, neonatal rat pups were exposed to repeated cycles of oxygen between 50% and 10% O2 every 24 h for 14 days and subsequently moved to room air. On postnatal day 8 (P8), animals were treated in both eyes with advancement of the injection needle into the vitreous (pilot-treated) or with a subretinal PBS injection (sPBS-treated) or were left untreated (untreated). Additional control animals were exposed to microscope light after eyelid opening only (light-treated). Retinal fundus images were recorded on P26. Areas of the avascular retina and intravitreal neovascularization were determined in flat mounted retinas stained with isolectin B4 on P32. Retinal function of the respective eyes was assessed with the Ganzfeld electroretinogram (ERG) on P31 or P32 and with focal ERG in the central retina on P28 or P29. The thickness of the retinal layers was measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) on P30 and in opsin- and TO-PRO 3-stained retinal cryosections from pups euthanized on P32. Two sections were analyzed in each pup. For each section, three images of three different locations were analyzed accounting for 18 thickness measurements per pup. RESULTS Compared to untreated animals, the avascular area of the retina was greater in the pilot-treated (p<0.05) and sPBS-treated eyes (p<0.01), and the sPBS-treated eyes had a greater avascular retinal area compared to the pilot-treated eyes (p<0.01). The intravitreal neovascular area was larger in the sPBS-treated eyes compared to the untreated eyes (p<0.01). The outer nuclear and outer segment layers were thinner in the pilot- (p<0.01) and sPBS-treated eyes (p<0.05) compared to the untreated eyes as measured with OCT and immunohistochemical staining of the retinal cryosections. Compared to the untreated eyes, the amplitudes of the scotopic a- and b-waves in the Ganzfeld ERG were reduced in the pilot-treated eyes (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively), but only the a-wave was reduced in the sPBS-treated eyes (p<0.001). The a-wave amplitude in the focal ERG was reduced in the pilot- and sPBS-treated eyes, and no difference was seen in the b-wave amplitude between any of the groups. There was no difference between the light-treated and untreated eyes in the areas of the avascular retina or intravitreal neovascularization or Ganzfeld or focal ERG. CONCLUSIONS Pilot injections alone without injection into the subretinal space resulted in an increased avascular retinal area, reduced thickness of the photoreceptors, and reduced ERG function compared to the untreated animals. Although subretinal PBS injections further increased the areas of avascular retina and intravitreal neovascularization and resulted in similar retinal thinning compared to the pilot treatment, inner retinal function was improved, as evidenced by higher Ganzfeld b-wave amplitudes. Differences in the Ganzfeld and focal ERGs may indicate that the peripheral retina is more susceptible to remote beneficial effects from potential protective mechanisms induced by subretinal injection. This study stresses the importance of appropriate controls in experiments with subretinal delivery of agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Becker
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Haibo Wang
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cuenca N, Ortuño-Lizarán I, Pinilla I. Cellular Characterization of OCT and Outer Retinal Bands Using Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers and Clinical Implications. Ophthalmology 2017; 125:407-422. [PMID: 29037595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OCT has been a technological breakthrough in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of many ocular diseases, especially retinal and neuro-ophthalmologic pathologic conditions. Until now, several controversies have arisen over the specific cell types that the bands observed in the OCT represent, especially over the 4 outer retinal bands. DESIGN To correlate the 4 outer hyperreflective bands observed in the OCT with the histologic structures using human retinal sections and immunocytochemistry at the fovea level. PARTICIPANTS Eyes from human donors. METHODS Vertical cryosections of human retinas were immunostained with antibodies specific for cones photoreceptors, bipolar cells, mitochondria, Müller cells, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and were visualized using confocal microscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morphological correlation between histology and OCT at the fovea level. RESULTS Triple immunolabeling allowed distinguishing between cells types and different cell compartments. Immunostaining with guanine nucleotide-binding protein β 3 (GNB3) and cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) antibodies showed all retinal layers at the foveola, especially the separation between the outer nuclear layer and the Henle fiber layer. CRALBP and cytochrome C (Cyt C) immunolabeling revealed that hyperreflective bands 1 and 2, observed in the OCT, correspond to the outer limiting membrane and the cone ellipsoids, respectively, separated by the cone myoids. CRALBP, cytochrome C, and GNB3 showed that the RPE interdigitations extend along the entire external segment of the cones, we do not believe them to be the structure responsible for forming the third band. However, the identification of small fragments of cone outer segments within the RPE led us to characterize the third band as the cone phagosomes located in the top of the RPE. Finally, we propose that the fourth band corresponds to the accumulation of mitochondria at the basal portion of the RPE, as identified by cytochrome C immunoreactivity, and that the hyporeflective band between bands 3 and 4 corresponds to the RPE nuclei and melanosomes zone. CONCLUSIONS This study proposes a new interpretation of the outer retinal bands that leads to a more accurate interpretation of OCT images, providing information about the health of cones and their relationship with the RPE, and could help to form a better understanding of retinal disease diagnosis and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, Alicante University, Alicante, Spain; Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies "Ramón Margalef," University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Isabel Ortuño-Lizarán
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, Alicante University, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Science Institute, Aragon, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Reichel FF, Dauletbekov DL, Klein R, Peters T, Ochakovski GA, Seitz IP, Wilhelm B, Ueffing M, Biel M, Wissinger B, Michalakis S, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Fischer MD. AAV8 Can Induce Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in the Primate Eye. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2648-2660. [PMID: 28970046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular gene therapy has evolved rapidly into the clinical realm due to promising pre-clinical proof-of-concept studies, recognition of the high unmet medical need of blinding disorders, and the excellent safety profile of the most commonly used vector system, the adeno-associated virus (AAV). With several trials exposing subjects to AAV, investigators independently report about cases with clinically evident inflammation in treated eyes despite the concept of ocular immune privilege. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of innate and adaptive immune response to clinical-grade AAV8 in non-human primates and compare this to preliminary clinical data from a retinal gene therapy trial for CNGA3-based achromatopsia (ClinicalTrials.gov: 02610582).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix F Reichel
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniyar L Dauletbekov
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhild Klein
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Peters
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; STZ eyetrial at the Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Alex Ochakovski
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Immanuel P Seitz
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Wilhelm
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; STZ eyetrial at the Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - M Dominik Fischer
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; STZ eyetrial at the Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Long-Term Safety of Transplanting Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells into the Extravascular Spaces of the Choroid of Rabbits. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4061975. [PMID: 28698719 PMCID: PMC5494107 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4061975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Incurable neuroretinal degeneration diseases cause severe vision loss and blindness in millions of patients worldwide. In previous studies, we demonstrated that transplanting human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) in the extravascular spaces of the choroid (EVSC) of the Royal College of Surgeon rats ameliorated retinal degeneration for up to 5 months. Assessing the safety of hBMSC treatment and graft survival in a large animal is a crucial step before initiating clinical trials. Here, we transplanted hBMSCs into the EVSC compartment of New Zealand White rabbits. No immunosuppressants were used. Transplanted cells were spread across the EVSC covering over 80 percent of the subretinal surface. No cells were detected in the sclera. Cells were retained in the EVSC compartment 10 weeks following transplantation. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and histopathology analysis demonstrated no choroidal hemorrhages, retinal detachment, inflammation, or any untoward pathological reactions in any of transplanted eyes or in the control noninjected contralateral eyes. No reduction in retinal function was recorded by electroretinogram up to 10 weeks following transplantation. This study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of transplanting hBMSCs in the EVSC compartment in a large eye model of rabbits.
Collapse
|
35
|
Rotenstreich Y, Tzameret A, Kalish SE, Bubis E, Belkin M, Moroz I, Rosner M, Levy I, Margel S, Sher I. A minimally invasive adjustable-depth blunt injector for delivery of pharmaceuticals into the posterior pole. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:e197-e205. [PMID: 27778476 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility and safety of a novel minimally invasive adjustable-depth blunt injector for pharmaceuticals delivery into the posterior segment. METHODS Indocyanine green (ICG), sodium fluorescein and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were injected using the new injector into the extravascular spaces of the choroid (EVSC) compartment of rabbits and cadaver pig eyes. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fundus imaging and histology analysis were performed for assessment of injection safety and efficacy. RESULTS Indocyanine green, fluorescein and IONPs were detected across the EVSC in rabbit eyes, covering over 80 per cent of the posterior eye surface. Injected IONPs were retained in the EVSC for at least 2 weeks following injection. No retinal detachment, choroidal haemorrhage or inflammation was detected in any of the injected eyes. In cadaver pig eyes, ICG was detected across the EVSC. CONCLUSIONS This novel minimally invasive delivery system may be used to safely deliver large volumes of pharmaceuticals into a new treatment reservoir compartment - the EVSC which can serve as a depot, in close proximity to the retina, covering most of the surface of the back of the eye without insertion of surgical instruments under the central retina. This system is predicted to enhance the therapeutic effect of treatments for posterior eye disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ygal Rotenstreich
- Sheba Medical Center; The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Institute; Tel Hashomer Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Adi Tzameret
- Sheba Medical Center; The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Institute; Tel Hashomer Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Sapir E. Kalish
- Sheba Medical Center; The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Institute; Tel Hashomer Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ettel Bubis
- Sheba Medical Center; The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Institute; Tel Hashomer Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Michael Belkin
- Sheba Medical Center; The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Institute; Tel Hashomer Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Iris Moroz
- Sheba Medical Center; The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Institute; Tel Hashomer Israel
| | - Mordechai Rosner
- Sheba Medical Center; The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Institute; Tel Hashomer Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Itay Levy
- Department of Chemistry; Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Department of Chemistry; Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Ifat Sher
- Sheba Medical Center; The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Institute; Tel Hashomer Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sørensen NB, Christiansen AT, Kjær TW, Klemp K, la Cour M, Kiilgaard JF. Time-Dependent Decline in Multifocal Electroretinogram Requires Faster Recording Procedures in Anesthetized Pigs. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017; 6:6. [PMID: 28377845 PMCID: PMC5374880 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.6.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The time-dependent effect of anesthetics on the retinal function is debated. We hypothesize that in anesthetized animals there is a time-dependent decline that requires optimized multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) recording procedures. Methods Conventional and four-frame global-flash mfERG recordings were obtained approximately 15, 60, and 150 minutes after the induction of propofol anesthesia (20 pigs) and isoflurane anesthesia (nine pigs). In six of the propofol-anesthetized pigs, the mfERG recordings were split in 3-minute segments. Two to 4 weeks after initial recordings, an intraocular injection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) was given and the mfERG was rerecorded as described above. Data were analyzed using mixed models in SAS statistical software. Results Propofol significantly decreases the conventional and global-flash amplitudes over time. The only significant effect of isoflurane is a decrease in the global-flash amplitudes. At 15 minutes after TTX injection several of the mfERG amplitudes are significantly decreased. There is a linear correlation between the conventional P1 and the global-flash DR mfERG-amplitude (R2 = 0.82, slope = 0.72, P < 0.0001). There is no significant difference between the 3-minute and the prolonged mfERG recordings for conventional amplitudes and the global-flash direct response. The global flash–induced component significantly decreases with prolonged mfERG recordings. Conclusions A 3-minute mfERG recording and a single stimulation protocol is sufficient in anesthetized pigs. Recordings should be obtained immediately after the induction of anesthesia. The effect of TTX is significant 15 minutes after injection, but is contaminated by the effect of anesthesia 90 minutes after injection. Therefore, the quality of mfERG recordings can be further improved by determining the necessary time-of-delay from intraocular injection of a drug to full effect. Translational Relevance General anesthesia is a possible source of error in mfERG recordings. Therefore, it is important to investigate the translational relevance of the results to mfERG recordings in children in general anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Buus Sørensen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kristian Klemp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten la Cour
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Folke Kiilgaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ye GJ, Budzynski E, Sonnentag P, Nork TM, Miller PE, Sharma AK, Ver Hoeve JN, Smith LM, Arndt T, Calcedo R, Gaskin C, Robinson PM, Knop DR, Hauswirth WW, Chulay JD. Safety and Biodistribution Evaluation in Cynomolgus Macaques of rAAV2tYF-PR1.7-hCNGB3, a Recombinant AAV Vector for Treatment of Achromatopsia. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2016; 27:37-48. [PMID: 27003753 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2015.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation (AGTC) is developing rAAV2tYF-PR1.7-hCNGB3, a recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector expressing the human CNGB3 gene, for treatment of achromatopsia, an inherited retinal disorder characterized by markedly reduced visual acuity, extreme light sensitivity, and absence of color discrimination. We report here results of a study evaluating the safety and biodistribution of rAAV2tYF-PR1.7-hCNGB3 in cynomolgus macaques. Three groups of animals (n = 2 males and 2 females per group) received a subretinal injection in one eye of 300 μl containing either vehicle or rAAV2tYF-PR1.7-hCNGB3 at one of two concentrations (4 × 10(11) or 4 × 10(12) vector genomes/ml) and were evaluated over a 3-month period before being euthanized. Administration of rAAV2tYF-PR1.7-hCNGB3 was associated with a dose-related anterior and posterior segment inflammatory response that was greater than that observed in eyes injected with the vehicle control. Most manifestations of inflammation improved over time except that vitreous cells persisted in vector-treated eyes until the end of the study. One animal in the lower vector dose group was euthanized on study day 5, based on a clinical diagnosis of endophthalmitis. There were no test article-related effects on intraocular pressure, visual evoked potential responses, hematology or clinical chemistry parameters, or gross necropsy observations. Histopathological examination demonstrated minimal mononuclear infiltrates in all vector-injected eyes. Serum anti-AAV antibodies developed in all vector-injected animals. No animals developed antibodies to CNGB3. Biodistribution studies demonstrated high levels of vector DNA in the injected eye but minimal or no vector DNA in any other tissue. These results support the use of rAAV2tYF-PR1.7-hCNGB3 in clinical studies in patients with achromatopsia caused by CNGB3 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-jie Ye
- 1 Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation (AGTC) , Alachua, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leia M Smith
- 4 Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings , Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | | - David R Knop
- 1 Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation (AGTC) , Alachua, FL
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Parikh S, Le A, Davenport J, Gorin MB, Nusinowitz S, Matynia A. An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060316 DOI: 10.3791/54808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Subretinal injections have been successfully used in both humans and rodents to deliver therapeutic interventions of proteins, viral agents, and cells to the interphotoreceptor/subretinal compartment that has direct exposure to photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Subretinal injections of plasminogen as well as recent preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated safety and/or efficacy of delivering viral vectors and stem cells to individuals with advanced retinal disease. Mouse models of retinal disease, particularly hereditary retinal dystrophies, are essential for testing these therapies. The most common injection procedure in rodents is to use small transcorneal or transcleral incisions with an anterior approach to the retina. With this approach, the injection needle penetrates the neurosensory retina disrupting the underlying RPE and on insertion can easily nick the lens, causing lens opacification and impairment of noninvasive imaging. Accessing the subretinal space via a transcleral, posterior approach avoids these problems: the needle crosses the sclera approximately 0.5 mm from the optic nerve, without retinal penetration and avoids disrupting the vitreous. Collateral damage is limited to that associated with the focal sclerotomy and the effects of a transient, serous retinal detachment. The simplicity of the method minimizes ocular injury, ensures rapid retinal reattachment and recovery, and has a low failure rate. The minimal damage to the retina and RPE allows for clear assessment of the efficacy and direct effects of the therapeutic agents themselves. This manuscript describes a novel subretinal injection technique that can be used to target viral vectors, pharmacological agents, stem cells or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to the subretinal space in mice with high efficacy, minimal damage, and fast recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Parikh
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Andrew Le
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Julian Davenport
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Michael B Gorin
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Anna Matynia
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
iPSC-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium Allografts Do Not Elicit Detrimental Effects in Rats: A Follow-Up Study. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8470263. [PMID: 26880994 PMCID: PMC4736415 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8470263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phototransduction is accomplished in the retina by photoreceptor neurons and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Photoreceptors rely heavily on the RPE, and death or dysfunction of RPE is characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a very common neurodegenerative disease for which no cure exists. RPE replacement is a promising therapeutic intervention for AMD, and large numbers of RPE cells can be generated from pluripotent stem cells. However, questions persist regarding iPSC-derived RPE (iPS-RPE) viability, immunogenicity, and tumorigenesis potential. We showed previously that iPS-RPE prevent photoreceptor atrophy in dystrophic rats up until 24 weeks after implantation. In this follow-up study, we longitudinally monitored the same implanted iPS-RPE, in the same animals. We observed no gross abnormalities in the eyes, livers, spleens, brains, and blood in aging rats with iPSC-RPE grafts. iPS-RPE cells that integrated into the subretinal space outlived the photoreceptors and survived for as long as 2 1/2 years while nonintegrating RPE cells were ingested by host macrophages. Both populations could be distinguished using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. iPSC-RPE could be isolated from the grafts and maintained in culture; these cells also phagocytosed isolated photoreceptor outer segments. We conclude that iPS-RPE grafts remain viable and do not induce any obvious associated pathological changes.
Collapse
|
40
|
Photoreceptor-targeted gene delivery using intravitreally administered AAV vectors in dogs. Gene Ther 2015; 23:223-30. [PMID: 26467396 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic transgenes to retinal photoreceptors using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors has traditionally required subretinal injection. Recently, photoreceptor transduction efficiency following intravitreal injection (IVT) has improved in rodent models through use of capsid-mutant AAV vectors; but remains limited in large animal models. Thickness of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) in large animals is thought to impair retinal penetration by AAV. Our study compared two newly developed AAV vectors containing multiple capsid amino acid substitutions following IVT in dogs. The ability of two promoter constructs to restrict reporter transgene expression to photoreceptors was also evaluated. AAV vectors containing the interphotoreceptor-binding protein (IRBP) promoter drove expression exclusively in rod and cone photoreceptors, with transduction efficiencies of ~4% of cones and 2% of rods. Notably, in the central region containing the cone-rich visual streak, 15.6% of cones were transduced. Significant regional variation existed, with lower transduction efficiencies in the temporal regions of all eyes. This variation did not correlate with ILM thickness. Vectors carrying a cone-specific promoter failed to transduce a quantifiable percentage of cone photoreceptors. The newly developed AAV vectors containing the IRBP promoter were capable of producing photoreceptor-specific transgene expression following IVT in the dog.
Collapse
|
41
|
Tzameret A, Sher I, Belkin M, Treves AJ, Meir A, Nagler A, Levkovitch-Verbin H, Rotenstreich Y, Solomon AS. Epiretinal transplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells rescues retinal and vision function in a rat model of retinal degeneration. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:387-94. [PMID: 26322852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision incapacitation and blindness associated with incurable retinal degeneration affect millions of people worldwide. In this study, 0.25×10(6) human bone marrow stem cells (hBM-MSCs) were transplanted epiretinally in the right eye of Royal College Surgeons (RCS) rats at the age of 28 days. Epiretinally transplanted cells were identified as a thin layer of cells along vitreous cavity, in close proximity to the retina or attached to the lens capsule, up to 6 weeks following transplantation. Epiretinal transplantation delayed photoreceptor degeneration and rescued retinal function up to 20 weeks following cell transplantation. Visual functions remained close to normal levels in epiretinal transplantation rats. No inflammation or any other adverse effects were observed in transplanted eyes. Our findings suggest that transplantation of hBM-MSCs as a thin epiretinal layer is effective for treatment of retinal degeneration in RCS rats, and that transplanting the cells in close proximity to the retina enhances hBM-MSC therapeutic effect compared with intravitreal injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Tzameret
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ifat Sher
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michael Belkin
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Avraham J Treves
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Amilia Meir
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Hematology Division, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hani Levkovitch-Verbin
- Rothberg Ophthalmic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ygal Rotenstreich
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Arieh S Solomon
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Choi VW, Bigelow CE, McGee TL, Gujar AN, Li H, Hanks SM, Vrouvlianis J, Maker M, Leehy B, Zhang Y, Aranda J, Bounoutas G, Demirs JT, Yang J, Ornberg R, Wang Y, Martin W, Stout KR, Argentieri G, Grosenstein P, Diaz D, Turner O, Jaffee BD, Police SR, Dryja TP. AAV-mediated RLBP1 gene therapy improves the rate of dark adaptation in Rlbp1 knockout mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015. [PMID: 26199951 PMCID: PMC4495722 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recessive mutations in RLBP1 cause a form of retinitis pigmentosa in which the retina, before its degeneration leads to blindness, abnormally slowly recovers sensitivity after exposure to light. To develop a potential gene therapy for this condition, we tested multiple recombinant adeno-associated vectors (rAAVs) composed of different promoters, capsid serotypes, and genome conformations. We generated rAAVs in which sequences from the promoters of the human RLBP1, RPE65, or BEST1 genes drove the expression of a reporter gene (green fluorescent protein). A promoter derived from the RLBP1 gene mediated expression in the retinal pigment epithelium and Müller cells (the intended target cell types) at qualitatively higher levels than in other retinal cell types in wild-type mice and monkeys. With this promoter upstream of the coding sequence of the human RLBP1 gene, we compared the potencies of vectors with an AAV2 versus an AAV8 capsid in transducing mouse retinas, and we compared vectors with a self-complementary versus a single-stranded genome. The optimal vector (scAAV8-pRLBP1-hRLBP1) had serotype 8 capsid and a self-complementary genome. Subretinal injection of scAAV8-pRLBP1-hRLBP1 in Rlbp1 nullizygous mice improved the rate of dark adaptation based on scotopic (rod-plus-cone) and photopic (cone) electroretinograms (ERGs). The effect was still present after 1 year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Choi
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chad E Bigelow
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terri L McGee
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akshata N Gujar
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shawn M Hanks
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joanna Vrouvlianis
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Maker
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barrett Leehy
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yiqin Zhang
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jorge Aranda
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Bounoutas
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John T Demirs
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Junzheng Yang
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Ornberg
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Wendy Martin
- Preclinical Safety, Alcon , Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | | | - Gregory Argentieri
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul Grosenstein
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Danielle Diaz
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Oliver Turner
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bruce D Jaffee
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seshidhar R Police
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thaddeus P Dryja
- Ophthalmology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rasmussen CA, Kaufman PL. Exciting directions in glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol 2015; 49:534-43. [PMID: 25433744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex, life-long disease that requires an individualized, multifaceted approach to treatment. Most patients will be started on topical ocular hypotensive eyedrop therapy, and over time multiple classes of drugs will be needed to control their intraocular pressure. The search for drugs with novel mechanisms of action, to treat those who do not achieve adequate intraocular pressure control with, or become refractory to, current therapeutics, is ongoing, as is the search for more efficient, targeted drug delivery methods. Gene-transfer and stem-cell applications for glaucoma therapeutics are moving forward. Advances in imaging technologies improve our understanding of glaucoma pathophysiology and enable more refined patient evaluation and monitoring, improving patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rasmussen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA..
| | - Paul L Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
It has been possible to use viral-mediated gene therapy to transform dichromatic (red-green color-blind) primates to trichromatic. Even though the third cone type was added after the end of developmental critical periods, treated animals acquired red-green color vision. What happened in the treated animals may represent a recapitulation of the evolution of trichromacy, which seems to have evolved with the acquisition of a third cone type without the need for subsequent modification to the circuitry. Some transgenic mice in which a third cone type was added also acquired trichromacy. However, compared with treated primates, red-green color vision in mice is poor, indicating large differences between mice and monkeys in their ability to take advantage of the new input. These results have implications for understanding the limits and opportunities for using gene therapy to treat vision disorders caused by defects in cone function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dalkara D, Byrne LC, Klimczak RR, Visel M, Yin L, Merigan WH, Flannery JG, Schaffer DV. In vivo-directed evolution of a new adeno-associated virus for therapeutic outer retinal gene delivery from the vitreous. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:189ra76. [PMID: 23761039 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerative diseases are a clinically promising focus of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy. These diseases arise from pathogenic mutations in mRNA transcripts expressed in the eye's photoreceptor cells or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), leading to cell death and structural deterioration. Because current gene delivery methods require an injurious subretinal injection to reach the photoreceptors or RPE and transduce just a fraction of the retina, they are suitable only for the treatment of rare degenerative diseases in which retinal structures remain intact. To address the need for broadly applicable gene delivery approaches, we implemented in vivo-directed evolution to engineer AAV variants that deliver the gene cargo to the outer retina after injection into the eye's easily accessible vitreous humor. This approach has general implications for situations in which dense tissue penetration poses a barrier for gene delivery. A resulting AAV variant mediated widespread delivery to the outer retina and rescued the disease phenotypes of X-linked retinoschisis and Leber's congenital amaurosis in corresponding mouse models. Furthermore, it enabled transduction of primate photoreceptors from the vitreous, expanding its therapeutic promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Dalkara
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1462, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yang X, Bi Y, Chen E, Feng D. Overexpression of Wnt3a facilitates the proliferation and neural differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro and after transplantation into an injured rat retina. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:148-61. [PMID: 24254835 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi‐Tao Yang
- Department of NeurosurgeryNo. 3 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai China
| | - Yong‐Yan Bi
- Department of NeurosurgeryNo. 3 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai China
| | - Er‐Tao Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryNo. 3 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai China
| | - Dong‐Fu Feng
- Department of NeurosurgeryNo. 3 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai China
- Institute of Traumatic MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dashek RJ, Kim CBY, Rasmussen CA, Hennes-Beean EA, Ver Hoeve JN, Nork TM. Structural and functional effects of hemiretinal endodiathermy axotomy in cynomolgus macaques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:3479-92. [PMID: 23620427 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Outer retinal injury has been well described in glaucoma. To better understand the source of this injury, we wanted to develop a reliable model of partial retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axotomy. METHODS Endodiathermy spots were placed along the inferior 180° adjacent to the optic nerve margin in the right eyes of four cynomolgus monkeys. Fluorescein angiography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) were performed at various intervals. Two animals were sacrificed at 3 months. Two animals were sacrificed at 4 months, at which time they underwent an injection of fluorescent microspheres to measure regional choroidal blood flow. Retinal immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), rhodopsin, S-cone opsin, and M/L-cone opsin were performed, as were axon counts of the optic nerves. RESULTS At 3 months, there was marked thinning of the inferior nerve fiber layer on SD-OCT. The mfERG waveforms were consistent with inner but not outer retinal injury. Greater than 95% reduction in axons was seen in the inferior optic nerves but no secondary degeneration superiorly. There was marked thinning of the nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers in the inferior retinas. However, the photoreceptor histology was similar in the axotomized and nonaxotomized areas. Regional choroidal blood flow was not affected by the axotomy. CONCLUSIONS Unlike experimental glaucoma, hemiretinal endodiathermy axotomy (HEA) of the RGCs produces no apparent anatomic, functional, or blood flow effects on the outer retina and choroid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Dashek
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792-3220, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Binley K, Widdowson PS, Kelleher M, de Belin J, Loader J, Ferrige G, Carlucci M, Esapa M, Chipchase D, Angell-Manning D, Ellis S, Mitrophanous K, Miskin J, Bantseev V, Nork TM, Miller P, Naylor S. Safety and Biodistribution of an Equine Infectious Anemia Virus-Based Gene Therapy, RetinoStat®, for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:980-91. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Binley
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S. Widdowson
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Kelleher
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie de Belin
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Loader
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Ferrige
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Carlucci
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Esapa
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Chipchase
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Scott Ellis
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Miskin
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Vlad Bantseev
- Covance Laboratories, Madison, WI 53704
- Present address: Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - T. Michael Nork
- Comparative Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Paul Miller
- Comparative Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Stuart Naylor
- Oxford BioMedica (UK) Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
McLellan GJ, Rasmussen CA. Optical coherence tomography for the evaluation of retinal and optic nerve morphology in animal subjects: practical considerations. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 15 Suppl 2:13-28. [PMID: 22805095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, noncontact imaging technique capable of producing high-resolution images of the retina and optic nerve. These images provide information that is useful for following the progression and/or resolution of posterior segment disease. Rapid advances in OCT technology allow the acquisition of increasingly detailed images, approaching the original goal of providing in vivo histopathology. Increases in scan acquisition speeds and axial resolution enhance the clinical diagnostic value of this modality. Adapting instrumentation designed for use in human patients for use in animals can be challenging. Each species has a unique set of adjustments that need to be made but it is possible to obtain reproducible, high-quality OCT images in a variety of animals, including rodents, dogs, cats, pigs, and monkeys. Deriving quantitative measurements from OCT instruments is hindered by software algorithm errors in detecting the edges of the distinct retinal layers. These segmentation errors occur in scans of human eyes as well in other species and arise with similar frequency with each of the different OCT instruments. Manual segmentation methods to derive optic nerve head and other structural indices have been developed for several species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|