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Qian Y, Cheng Y, Cai J, Zhao X, Ouyang Y, Yuan WE, Fan C. Advances in electrical and magnetic stimulation on nerve regeneration. Regen Med 2019; 14:969-979. [PMID: 31583954 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central and peripheral nerve injuries pose a great threat to people. Complications such as inflammation, muscle atrophy, traumatic neuromas and delayed reinnervation can bring huge challenges to clinical practices and barriers to complete nerve regrowth. Physical interventions such as electrical and magnetic stimulation show satisfactory results with varying parameters for acute and chronic nerve damages. The biological basis of electrical and magnetic stimulation mainly relies on protein synthesis, ion channel regulation and growth factor secretion. This review focuses on the various paradigms used in different models of electrical and magnetic stimulation and their regenerative potentials and underlying mechanisms in nerve injuries. The combination of physical stimulation and conductive biomaterial scaffolds displays an infinite potentiality in translational application in nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, & School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jiangyu Cai
- Department of Sports Medicine & Arthroscopic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, & School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yuanming Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, PR China
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, & School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, PR China
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201306, PR China
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Téglás T, Dörnyei G, Bretz K, Nyakas C. Whole-body pulsed EMF stimulation improves cognitive and psychomotor activity in senescent rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 349:163-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Singh P, Singh VP. Mime therapy for Ramsay Hunt syndrome: A case study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2016.23.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aim: There are limited physiotherapy interventions and lack of significant outcome for Ramsay Hunt syndrome. This case report is the first to our knowledge that uses mime therapy as physiotherapy treatment for Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Method: A 53-year-old male patient received mime therapy along with electrical stimulation at two and half months post-diagnosis. The patient received electrical stimulation at the first week intervention as 30 minutes per session for 5 days a week and was discontinued at the third week intervention because the patient could not continue with facial muscle stimulation at home. Mime therapy was given three times a week for 13 weeks, with a total of 24 visits spread over 3 months. Findings: Facial symmetry was measured using the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System and severity of paresis was measured using the House-Brackmann scale throughout the course of treatment. House-Brackmann grades improved from grade V to grade II. Facial symmetry and synkinesis also improved. The facial disability index also showed improvement in both the physical function and social/wellbeing subscale components (Initial scores: physical subscale = 35/100; social/wellbeing subscale = 55/100. The final scores: physical subscale = 75/100; social/wellbeing subscale = 85/100). Conclusions: Overall, mime therapy was effective and benefits are stable for the short term. Therefore, mime therapy can be a good treatment choice for patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Further research should include randomised controlled trials with a large sample size to prove its long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Assistant professor, Physiotherapy Department of Physiotherapy, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Associate professor Department of Physiotherapy, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim, India
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Controversies related to electromagnetic field exposure on peripheral nerves. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:70-6. [PMID: 26718608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic field (EMF) is a pervasive environmental presence in modern society. In recent years, mobile phone usage has increased rapidly throughout the world. As mobile phones are generally held close to the head while talking, studies have mostly focused on the central and peripheral nervous system. There is a need for further research to ascertain the real effect of EMF exposure on the nervous system. Several studies have clearly demonstrated that EMF emitted by cell phones could affect the systems of the body as well as functions. However, the adverse effects of EMF emitted by mobile phones on the peripheral nerves are still controversial. Therefore, this review summarizes current knowledge on the possible positive or negative effects of electromagnetic field on peripheral nerves.
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Yu L, Dyer JW, Scherlag BJ, Stavrakis S, Sha Y, Sheng X, Garabelli P, Jacobson J, Po SS. The use of low-level electromagnetic fields to suppress atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2014; 12:809-17. [PMID: 25533588 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremely low-level electromagnetic fields have been proposed to cause significant changes in neural networks. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether low-level electromagnetic fields can suppress atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS In 17 pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, bilateral thoracotomies allowed the placement of multielectrode catheters in both atria and at all pulmonary veins. AF was induced by rapid atrial pacing (RAP) or programmed atrial extrastimulation. At baseline and end of each hour of RAP, during sinus rhythm, atrial programmed stimulation gave both the effective refractory period (ERP) and the width of the window of vulnerability. The latter was a measure of AF inducibility. Microelectrodes inserted into the anterior right ganglionated plexi recorded neural firing. Helmholtz coils were powered by a function generator inducing an electromagnetic field (EMF; 0.034 μG, 0.952 Hz). The study sample was divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 7)-application of EMF to both cervical vagal trunks; group 2 (n = 10)-application of EMF across the chest so that the heart was located in the center of the coil. RESULTS In group 1, EMF induced a progressive increase in AF threshold at all pulmonary vein and atrial sites (all P < .05). In group 2, the atrial ERP progressively shortened and ERP dispersion and window of vulnerability progressively increased (P < .05 compared to baseline values) during 3 hours of RAP and then returned to baseline values during 3 hours of combined application of RAP and EMF (P < .05 compared to the end of the third hour of RAP). The frequency and amplitude of the neural activity recorded from the anterior right ganglionated plexi were markedly suppressed by EMF in both groups. CONCLUSION Pulsed EMF applied to the vagal trunks or noninvasively across the chest can significantly reverse AF inducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilei Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - John W Dyer
- Heart Rhythm Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Benjamin J Scherlag
- Heart Rhythm Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Heart Rhythm Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Yong Sha
- Heart Rhythm Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Xia Sheng
- Heart Rhythm Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Paul Garabelli
- Heart Rhythm Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Sunny S Po
- Heart Rhythm Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
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Kaya Y, Ozsoy U, Turhan M, Angelov DN, Sarikcioglu L. Hypoglossal-facial nerve reconstruction using a Y-tube-conduit reduces aberrant synkinetic movements of the orbicularis oculi and vibrissal muscles in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:543020. [PMID: 25574468 PMCID: PMC4276326 DOI: 10.1155/2014/543020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The facial nerve is the most frequently damaged nerve in head and neck trauma. Patients undergoing facial nerve reconstruction often complain about disturbing abnormal synkinetic movements of the facial muscles (mass movements, synkinesis) which are thought to result from misguided collateral branching of regenerating motor axons and reinnervation of inappropriate muscles. Here, we examined whether use of an aorta Y-tube conduit during reconstructive surgery after facial nerve injury reduces synkinesis of orbicularis oris (blink reflex) and vibrissal (whisking) musculature. The abdominal aorta plus its bifurcation was harvested (N = 12) for Y-tube conduits. Animal groups comprised intact animals (Group 1), those receiving hypoglossal-facial nerve end-to-end coaptation alone (HFA; Group 2), and those receiving hypoglossal-facial nerve reconstruction using a Y-tube (HFA-Y-tube, Group 3). Videotape motion analysis at 4 months showed that HFA-Y-tube group showed a reduced synkinesis of eyelid and whisker movements compared to HFA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Kaya
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Umut Ozsoy
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Murat Turhan
- Department of Ear Nose Throat, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
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James R, Nagarale RK, Sachan VK, Badalucco C, Bhattacharya PK, Kumbar SG. Synthesis and characterization of electrically conducting polymers for regenerative engineering applications: sulfonated ionic membranes. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan James
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering; University of Connecticut Health Center; CT 06030 USA
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical; Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences; CT 06030 USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Connecticut Health Center; CT 06030 USA
| | - Rajaram K. Nagarale
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; UP 208016 India
| | - Vinay K. Sachan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; UP 208016 India
| | - Christopher Badalucco
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering; University of Connecticut Health Center; CT 06030 USA
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical; Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences; CT 06030 USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Connecticut Health Center; CT 06030 USA
| | | | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering; University of Connecticut Health Center; CT 06030 USA
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical; Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences; CT 06030 USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Connecticut Health Center; CT 06030 USA
- Departments of Materials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Connecticut; CT 06269 USA
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Does pulsed magnetic field therapy influence nerve regeneration in the median nerve model of the rat? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:401760. [PMID: 25143937 PMCID: PMC4131097 DOI: 10.1155/2014/401760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of pulsed magnetic field therapy on peripheral nerve regeneration after median nerve injury and primary coaptation in the rat. Both median nerves were surgically exposed and denervated in 24 female Wistar rats. A microsurgical coaptation was performed on the right side, whereas on the left side a spontaneous healing was prevented. The study group underwent a daily pulsed magnetic field therapy; the other group served as a control group. The grasping force was recorded 2 weeks after the surgical intervention for a period of 12 weeks. The right median nerve was excised and histologically examined. The histomorphometric data and the functional assessments were analyzed by t-test statistics and one-way ANOVA. One-way ANOVA indicated a statistically significant influence of group affiliation and grasping force (P = 0.0078). Grasping strength was higher on a significant level in the experimental group compared to the control group permanently from the 9th week to the end of the study. T-test statistics revealed a significantly higher weight of the flexor digitorum sublimis muscle (P = 0.0385) in the experimental group. The histological evaluation did not reveal any statistically significant differences concerning the histomorphometric parameters. Our results suggest that the pulsed magnetic field therapy has a positive influence on the functional aspects of neural regeneration. More studies are needed to precisely evaluate and optimize the intensity and duration of the application.
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Zhu N, Zhang C, Li Z, Meng Y, Feng B, Wang X, Yang M, Wan L, Ning B, Li S. Experimental study on the effect of electrostimulation on neural regeneration after oculomotor nerve injury. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:639-52. [PMID: 25022883 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The oculomotor nerve can regenerate anatomically and histologically after injury; however, the degree of functional recovery of extraocular muscles and the pupil sphincter muscle was not satisfactory. Electrostimulation was one potential intervention that was increasingly being studied for use in nerve injury settings. However, the effect of electrostimulation on regeneration of the injured oculomotor nerve was still obscure. In this study, we studied the effects of electrostimulation on neural regeneration in terms of neurofunction, myoelectrophysiology, neuroanatomy, and neurohistology after oculomotor nerve injury and found that electrostimulation on the injured oculomotor nerve enhanced the speed and final level of its functional and electrophysiological recovery, promoted neural regeneration, and enhanced the selectivity and specificity of reinnervation of the regenerated neuron, the conformity among the electrophysiological and functional recovery of extraocular muscles, and neural regeneration, and that the function of extraocular muscles recovered slower than electrophysiology. Thus, we speculated that electrostimulation on the injured oculomotor nerve produced a marked effect on all phases of neural regeneration including neuronal survival, sprout formation, axonal elongation, target reconnection, and synaptogenesis. We think that neural electrostimulation can be used in oculomotor nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxi Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Tai'an, No. 29 Longtan Road, 271000, Tai'an, China,
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Suszyński K, Marcol W, Szajkowski S, Pietrucha-Dutczak M, Cieślar G, Sieroń A, Lewin-Kowalik J. Variable spatial magnetic field influences peripheral nerves regeneration in rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:198-205. [PMID: 23781984 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.801351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Generator of spatial magnetic field is one of most recent achievements among the magnetostimulators. This apparatus allows to obtain the rotating magnetic field. This new method may be more effective than other widely used techniques of magnetostimulation and magnetotherapy. We investigated the influence of alternating, spatial magnetic field on the regeneration of the crushed rat sciatic nerves. Functional and morphological evaluations were used. After crush injury of the right sciatic nerve, Wistar C rats (n = 80) were randomly divided into four groups (control and three experimental). The experimental groups (A, B, C) were exposed (20 min/day, 5 d/week, 4 weeks) to alternating spatial magnetic field of three different intensities. Sciatic Functional Index (SFI) and tensometric assessments were performed every week after nerve crush. Forty-eight hours before the sacrificing of animals, DiI (1,1'-di-octadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyloindocarbocyanine perchlorate) was applied 5 mm distally to the crush site. Collected nerves and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were subjected to histological and immunohistochemical staining. The survival rate of DRG neurons was estimated. Regrowth and myelination of the nerves was examined. The results of SFI and tensometric assessment showed improvement in all experimental groups as compared to control, with best outcome observed in group C, exposed to the strongest magnetic field. In addition, DRG survival rate and nerve regeneration intensity were significantly higher in the C group. Above results indicate that strong spatial alternating magnetic field exerts positive effect on peripheral nerve regeneration and its application could be taken under consideration in the therapy of injured peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Suszyński
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Silesia , Katowice , Poland and
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Heaton JT, Knox CJ, Malo JS, Kobler JB, Hadlock TA. A system for delivering mechanical stimulation and robot-assisted therapy to the rat whisker pad during facial nerve regeneration. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2013; 21:928-37. [PMID: 23475376 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2013.2244911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Functional recovery is typically poor after facial nerve transection and surgical repair. In rats, whisking amplitude remains greatly diminished after facial nerve regeneration, but can recover more completely if the whiskers are periodically mechanically stimulated during recovery. Here we present a robotic "whisk assist" system for mechanically driving whisker movement after facial nerve injury. Movement patterns were either preprogrammed to reflect natural amplitudes and frequencies, or movements of the contralateral (healthy) side of the face were detected and used to control real-time mirror-like motion on the denervated side. In a pilot study, 20 rats were divided into nine groups and administered one of eight different whisk assist driving patterns (or control) for 5-20 minutes, five days per week, across eight weeks of recovery after unilateral facial nerve cut and suture repair. All rats tolerated the mechanical stimulation well. Seven of the eight treatment groups recovered average whisking amplitudes that exceeded controls, although small group sizes precluded statistical confirmation of group differences. The potential to substantially improve facial nerve recovery through mechanical stimulation has important clinical implications, and we have developed a system to control the pattern and dose of stimulation in the rat facial nerve model.
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Alakram P, Puckree T. Effects of electrical stimulation on House-Brackmann scores in early Bell's palsy. Physiother Theory Pract 2010; 26:160-6. [PMID: 20331372 DOI: 10.3109/09593980902886339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Limited evidence may support the application of electrical stimulation in the subacute and chronic stages of facial palsy, yet some physiotherapists in South Africa have been applying this modality in the acute stage in the absence of published evidence of clinical efficacy. This preliminary study's aim was to determine the safety and potential efficacy of applying electrical stimulation to the facial muscles during the early phase of Bells palsy. A pretest posttest control vs. experimental groups design composed of 16 patients with Bell's palsy of less than 30 days' duration. Adult patients with clinical diagnosis of Bell's palsy were systematically (every second patient) allocated to the control and experimental groups. Each group (n = 8) was pretested and posttested using the House-Brackmann index. Both groups were treated with heat, massage, exercises, and a home program. The experimental group also received electrical stimulation. The House-Brackmann Scale of the control group improved between 17% and 50% with a mean of 30%. The scores of the experimental group ranged between 17% and 75% with a mean of 37%. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (two-tailed p = 0.36). Electrical stimulation as used in this study during the acute phase of Bell's palsy is safe but may not have added value over spontaneous recovery and multimodal physiotherapy. A larger sample size or longer stimulation time or both should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisha Alakram
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
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Borin A, Toledo RN, Ho PL, Testa JRG, Cruz OLM, Fukuda Y. Influence of cyclic AMP on facial nerve regeneration in rats. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 74:675-683. [PMID: 19082348 PMCID: PMC9445902 DOI: 10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting facial nerve regeneration is a significant challenge. Aim To evaluate the possible neurotrophic influence of cyclic AMP on facial nerve regeneration of Wistar rats. Method The right facial nerve of thirty-two animals were completely transected and immediately sutured, followed by exposure or not to topical cyclic AMP. Behavioral and histometric analyses were done at 14 and 28 days. Results Statistical differences (p<0.05) were found in the behavioral and histometric analyses on the 14th day, suggesting an early regenerative response of the facial nerve to cAMP exposure. Conclusion This study demonstrates a possible neurotrophic effect of cAMP on facial nerve regeneration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Borin
- Master's degree in otorhinolaryngology; doctoral student.
| | - Ronaldo Nunes Toledo
- Biologist and doctorate in biochemistry; researcher at the Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Doctorate in otorhinolaryngology, adjunct professor, otorhinolaryngology discipline, UNIFESP/EPM
| | - José Ricardo Gurgel Testa
- Livre-docente (habilitation) professor, affiliated professor, otorhinolaryngology discipline, UNIFESP/EPM
| | - Oswaldo Laércio Mendonça Cruz
- Livre-docente (habilitation) professor, otorhinolaryngology discipline, UNIFESP/EPM. Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo
| | - Yotaka Fukuda
- Livre-docente (habilitation) professor, otorhinolaryngology discipline, UNIFESP/EPM. Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo
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15
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Eaton DA, Hirsch BE, Mansour OI. Recovery of facial nerve function after repair or grafting: our experience with 24 patients. Am J Otolaryngol 2007; 28:37-41. [PMID: 17162130 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the outcomes of facial nerve repair and attempt to identify predictors of recovery time. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective chart review was conducted. SETTING The study was done in a single, tertiary care, otologic referral center. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-one patients underwent facial nerve repair or grafting between 1990 and 2003. Twenty-four patients were found to have complete data sets with at least 11-month follow-up. The following data were noted: patient age and sex, preoperative diagnosis and facial nerve status, administration of radiation, surgical procedure performed (including type and length of graft), proximal and distal sites of anastomosis, time interval to first recovery of clinical facial nerve function, and facial nerve status at most recent follow-up. RESULTS Nineteen patients had some return of function within 12 months postoperatively. Five patients were lost to follow-up but had no documented facial function at a minimum of 11 months postoperatively. Mean follow-up was 8 months, with a range from 3 to 25 months. Overall mean time to recovery of function was 7 months. Mean times to recovery for each anastomotic site were calculated and found to correlate with recovery times, with an R(2) value of 0.86. A more proximal anastomosis was associated with a longer recovery period. When the data were analyzed individually, no statistical correlation was found between time to recovery of function and patient age, radiation status, length of graft, or site of anastomosis. CONCLUSIONS Intuitively, because of technical difficulty and the proximity of injury to the cell body, a more proximal repair would seem to result in slower recovery. In our series of patients undergoing repair or grafting, neither the site of injury and repair nor the length of graft were statistically predictive of recovery intervals. A trend toward longer recovery time with a more proximal anastomosis is likely, however, based on the relationship identified between average recovery times and site of injury. A larger series is needed to identify a significant correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Eaton
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Borin A, Toledo RN, Faria SDD, Testa JRG, Cruz OLM. Modelo experimental comportamental e histológico da regeneração do nervo facial em ratos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-72992006000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O estabelecimento de modelos experimentais é o passo inicial para estudos de regeneração neural. OBJETIVO: Estabelecer modelo experimental de regeneração do nervo facial. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar com secção completa e sutura do tronco do nervo facial extratemporal, com análise comportamental e histológica até 9 semanas. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo prospectivo experimental. RESULTADOS: Progressiva recuperação clínica e histológica dos animais. CONCLUSÃO: Estabelecemos um método aceitável para o estudo de regeneração do nervo facial em ratos.
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Borin A, Toledo RN, de Faria SD, Testa JRG, Cruz OLM. Behavioral and histologic experimental model of facial nerve regeneration in rats. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Kelleher MO, Al-Abri RK, Lenihan DV, Glasby MA. Use of a static magnetic field to promote recovery after peripheral nerve injury. J Neurosurg 2006; 105:610-5. [PMID: 17044566 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2006.105.4.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
While pulsed electromagnetic stimulation has been shown to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration, the effect of a static magnetic field on nerve repair is less clear. The aim of this study was to establish what effect an imposed exogenous static magnetic field has on peripheral nerve regeneration after transection and repair.
Methods
Three groups of six adult sheep were used. The first group acted as normal controls. In the second group, the median nerve was divided and immediately repaired by entubulation within a “controlled-release” biodegradable glass tube. In the third group, small magnets were applied to the sides of the biodegradable glass tubes before the median nerve was repaired using these magnetic tubes. The sheep were allowed to recover and were reexamined 10 months later. The animals underwent comprehensive morphometric (cross-sectional morphometry and measurement of internodal lengths), electrophysiological (determinations of stimulated jitter, maximum conduction velocity, refractory period, and F waves), and isometric tension (isometric twitch and tetanic tension) assessments.
Conclusions
Exogenously applied static electromagnetic fields do not enhance peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Kelleher
- National Neurosurgical Unit, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
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Faria SDD, Testa JRG, Borin A, Toledo RN. Padronização das técnicas de secção do nervo facial e de avaliação da mímica facial em ratos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-72992006000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVOS: Padronização da técnica de secção do nervo facial extratemporal em ratos e elaboração de uma escala de avaliação da mímica facial desses animais antes e após essa secção. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Experimental. MÉTODO: Vinte ratos Wistar foram anestesiados com xilasina e ketamina e submetidos à secção do nervo facial próximo à sua emergência pelo forame mastóideo na pele. Todos os animais foram avaliados. Foram observados: fechamento ocular, reflexo de piscamento, movimentação e posicionamento das vibrissas, e foi elaborada uma escala de avaliação e graduação destes parâmetros. RESULTADOS: O tronco do nervo facial foi encontrado entre a margem tendinosa do músculo clavotrapézio e a cartilagem auricular. O tronco foi seccionado proximal à sua saída pelo forame mastóideo e os cotos foram suturados com nylon 9-0. Foi elaborada uma escala de avaliação e graduação da mímica facial independente para olho e vibrissa e a somatória dos parâmetros, como forma de avaliar a face paralisada. A ausência de piscamento e de fechamento ocular recebeu valor 1; a presença de contração do músculo orbicular, sem reflexo de piscamento, valor 2; fechamento ocular de 50% através de reflexo de piscamento, valor 3, o fechamento de 75%, valor 4. A presença de reflexo de piscamento com fechamento ocular completo recebeu valor 5. A ausência de movimento e posição posterior das vibrissas recebeu pontuação 1; tremor leve e posição posterior, pontuação 2; tremor maior e posição posterior, pontuação 3 e movimento normal com posição posterior, pontuação 4. A movimentação simétrica das vibrissas, com posição anterior recebeu pontuação 5. CONCLUSÃO: O rato apresenta anatomia que permite fácil acesso ao nervo facial extratemporal, possibilitando secção e sutura desse nervo de forma padronizada. Também foi possível estabelecer uma escala de avaliação e graduação da mímica facial dos ratos com paralisia facial a partir da observação clínica desses animais.
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de Faria SD, Testa JRG, Borin A, Toledo RN. Standardization of techniques used in facial nerve section and facial movement evaluation in rats. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 72:341-7. [PMID: 17119769 PMCID: PMC9443532 DOI: 10.1016/s1808-8694(15)30966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim standardization of the technique to section the extratemporal facial nerve in rats and creation of a scale to evaluate facial movements in these animals before and after surgery. Study design Experimental. Method twenty Wistar rats were anesthetized with ketamine xylazine and submitted to sectioning of the facial nerve near its emergence through the mastoid foramen. Eye closure and blinking reflex, vibrissae movement and positioning were observed in all animals and a scale to evaluate these parameters was then created. Results The facial nerve trunk was found between the tendinous margin of the clavotrapezius muscle and the auricular cartilage. The trunk was proximally sectioned as it exits the mastoid foramen and the stumps were sutured with a 9-0-nylon thread. An evaluation and graduation scale of facial movements, independent for eye and vibrissae, was elaborated, together with a sum of the parameters, as a means to evaluate facial palsy. Absence of eye blinking and closure scored 1; the presence of orbicular muscle contraction, without blinking reflex, scored 2; 50% of eye closure through blinking reflex, scored 3, 75% of closure scored 4. The presence of complete eye closure and blinking reflex scored 5. The absence of movement and posterior position of the vibrissae scored 1; slight shivering and posterior position scored 2; greater shivering and posterior position, scored 3 and normal movement with posterior position, scored 4; symmetrical movement of he vibrissae, with anterior position, scored 5. Conclusion The rat anatomy allows easy access to the extratemporal facial nerve, allowing its sectioning and standardized suture. It was also possible to establish an evaluation and graduation scale of the rat facial movements with facial palsy based on the clinical observation of these animals.
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De Pedro JA, Pérez-Caballer AJ, Dominguez J, Collía F, Blanco J, Salvado M. Pulsed electromagnetic fields induce peripheral nerve regeneration and endplate enzymatic changes. Bioelectromagnetics 2004; 26:20-7. [PMID: 15605398 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study was carried out in rats with the purpose of demonstrating the capacity of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) to stimulate regeneration of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Wistar and Brown Norway (BN) rats were used. Direct sciatic nerve anastomoses were performed after section or allograft interposition. Treatment groups then received 4 weeks of PEMFs. Control groups received no stimulation. The evaluation of the results was carried out by quantitative morphometric analysis, demonstrating a statistically significant increase in regeneration indices (P < 0.05) in the stimulated groups (9000 +/- 5000 and 4000 +/- 6000) compared to the non-stimulated groups (2000 +/- 4000 and 700 +/- 200). An increase of NAD specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) activity was found along with an increase in the activity of acetyl cholinesterase at the motor plate. The present study might lead to the search for new alternatives in the stimulation of axonal regenerative processes in the PNS and other possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A De Pedro
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Choi D, Raisman G. Somatotopic organization of the facial nucleus is disrupted after lesioning and regeneration of the facial nerve: the histological representation of synkinesis. Neurosurgery 2002; 50:355-62; discussion 362-3. [PMID: 11844271 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200202000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After facial nerve repair, involuntary movement of part of the face during voluntary movement of another part of the face is common. We describe an animal model of facial nerve lesion, repair, and regeneration that demonstrates abnormal organization of the facial nucleus; this model may be used to study synkinesis. METHODS In 18 rats, the facial nerve was cut completely, proximal to the parotid gland, and immediately sutured end-to-end. After a period of regeneration of 1 to 10 months, retrograde fluorescence labeling of the distal branches of the facial nerve was performed. The distribution of the tracers in the facial nucleus was assessed in both the lesioned animals and in a nonlesioned group (n = 20). RESULTS In the control animals, muscle groups were somatotopically represented in the facial nucleus. After lesioning, repair, and regeneration, the somatotopy of the facial nucleus was disrupted. Axons projected from the facial nucleus to incorrect peripheral muscle groups, and aberrant branches were observed to simultaneously innervate different subdivisions of the facial nerve. The numbers of aberrant axons and branches did not change significantly during periods of regeneration ranging from 1 to 10 months. CONCLUSION Our model provides a clear demonstration of the failure of adult facial nerve axons to make correct connections with their distal targets during regeneration. This model may be used to assess strategies aimed at minimizing synkinesis and, by assessing histology together with behavior, provides a more robust model than those previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Choi
- Division of Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, England.
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Choi D, Raisman G. Somatotopic Organization of the Facial Nucleus Is Disrupted after Lesioning and Regeneration of the Facial Nerve: The Histological Representation of Synkinesis. Neurosurgery 2002. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200202000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Heiduschka P, Romann I, Stieglitz T, Thanos S. Perforated microelectrode arrays implanted in the regenerating adult central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2001; 171:1-10. [PMID: 11520116 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult mammalian optic nerve axons are able to regenerate, when provided with the permissive environment of an autologous peripheral nerve graft, which is usually the sciatic nerve. This study demonstrates the ability of adult rat optic nerve axons to regenerate through the preformed perforations of a polyimide electrode carrier implanted at the interface between the proximal stump of the cut optic nerve and the stump of the peripheral nerve piece used for grafting. Evidence that retinal ganglion cells regenerated their axons through the perforated electrode carrier was obtained by retrograde labeling with a fluorescent dye deposited into the sciatic nerve graft beyond the nerve-carrier-nerve junction. The number of regenerating cells could be enhanced by injecting neuroprotective drugs like aurintricarboxylic acid and cortisol intravitreally. A second line of evidence was obtained by immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to neurofilament. Third, electrical activity of the regenerating nerves was recorded after stimulating the retina with a flash of light. The results suggest that a regenerating central nerve tract may serve as an experimental model to implant artificial microdevices to monitor the physiological and topographical properties of neurites passing through the device or to stimulate them, thus interfering with their potential to grow. This study reports for the first time that the optic nerve has unique properties, which aids in the realization of these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Heiduschka
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Münster Eye Hospital, Domagkstrasse 15, Münster, D-48149, Germany
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Harte TM, Black DL, Hollinshead MT. MESA: a new configuration for measuring electromagnetic field fluctuations. BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS, INSTRUMENTS, & COMPUTERS : A JOURNAL OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY, INC 1999; 31:680-3. [PMID: 10633984 DOI: 10.3758/bf03200745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes how the multi-energy sensor array has been refitted to meet the needs of measuring geomagnetic and other types of electromagnetic phenomena in an environment. This portable laptop computer system was designed to measure the interaction of multiple frequencies with the psychological and physiological processes that underlie human exposure to electromagnetic fields across the spectra. New sensors and analytical software have been implemented in the new configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Harte
- ResCare, Inc., Evansville, Indiana, USA.
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