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Kim OY, Song J. Important roles of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in regulating cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric issues in metabolic-related dementia. Life Sci 2024; 337:122356. [PMID: 38123015 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterized by insulin resistance, high blood glucose, obesity, and dyslipidemia, is known to increase the risk of dementia accompanied by memory loss and depression. The direct pathways and specific mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) for addressing fatty acid imbalances in MetS have not yet been fully elucidated. Among polyunsaturated acids, linoleic acid (LA, n6-PUFA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, n3-PUFA), which are two essential fatty acids that should be provided by food sources (e.g., vegetable oils and seeds), have been reported to regulate various cellular mechanisms including apoptosis, inflammatory responses, mitochondrial biogenesis, and insulin signaling. Furthermore, inadequate intake of LA and ALA is reported to be involved in neuropathology and neuropsychiatric diseases as well as imbalanced metabolic conditions. Herein, we review the roles of LA and ALA on metabolic-related dementia focusing on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and neuropsychiatric issues. This review suggests that LA and ALA are important fatty acids for concurrent treatment of both MetS and neurological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong A University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Charney M, Foster S, Shukla V, Zhao W, Jiang SH, Kozlowska K, Lin A. Neurometabolic alterations in children and adolescents with functional neurological disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 41:103557. [PMID: 38219534 PMCID: PMC10825645 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to investigate neurometabolic homeostasis in children with functional neurological disorder (FND) in three regions of interest: supplementary motor area (SMA), anterior default mode network (aDMN), and posterior default mode network (dDMN). Metabolites assessed included N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a marker of neuron function; myo-inositol (mI), a glial-cell marker; choline (Cho), a membrane marker; glutamate plus glutamine (Glx), a marker of excitatory neurotransmission; γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a marker of inhibitor neurotransmission; and creatine (Cr), an energy marker. The relationship between excitatory (glutamate and glutamine) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitter (E/I) balance was also examined. METHODS MRS data were acquired for 32 children with mixed FND (25 girls, 7 boys, aged 10.00 to 16.08 years) and 41 healthy controls of similar age using both short echo point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy (MEGAPRESS) sequences in the three regions of interest. RESULTS In the SMA, children with FND had lower NAA/Cr, mI/Cr (trend level), and GABA/Cr ratios. In the aDMN, no group differences in metabolite ratios were found. In the pDMN, children with FND had lower NAA/Cr and mI/Cr (trend level) ratios. While no group differences in E/I balance were found (FND vs. controls), E/I balance in the aDMN was lower in children with functional seizures-a subgroup within the FND group. Pearson correlations found that increased arousal (indexed by higher heart rate) was associated with lower mI/Cr in the SMA and pDMN. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of multiple differences in neurometabolites in children with FND suggest dysfunction on multiple levels of the biological system: the neuron (lower NAA), the glial cell (lower mI), and inhibitory neurotransmission (lower GABA), as well as dysfunction in energy regulation in the subgroup with functional seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Charney
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA; Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheryl Foster
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Vishwa Shukla
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wufan Zhao
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sam H Jiang
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kasia Kozlowska
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Alexander Lin
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Azargoonjahromi A. The role of epigenetics in anxiety disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9625-9636. [PMID: 37804465 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders (ADs) are extremely common psychiatric conditions that frequently co-occur with other physical and mental disorders. The pathophysiology of ADs is multifaceted and involves intricate connections among biological elements, environmental stimuli, and psychological mechanisms. Recent discoveries have highlighted the significance of epigenetics in bridging the gap between multiple risk factors that contribute to ADs and expanding our understanding of the pathomechanisms underlying ADs. Epigenetics is the study of how changes in the environment and behavior can have an impact on gene function. Indeed, researchers have found that epigenetic mechanisms can affect how genes are activated or inactivated, as well as whether they are expressed. Such mechanisms may also affect how ADs form and are protected. That is, the bulk of pharmacological trials evaluating epigenetic treatments for the treatment of ADs have used histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), yielding promising outcomes in both preclinical and clinical studies. This review will provide an outline of how epigenetic pathways can be used to treat ADs or lessen their risk. It will also present the findings from preclinical and clinical trials that are currently available on the use of epigenetic drugs to treat ADs.
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Savage K, Sarris J, Hughes M, Bousman CA, Rossell S, Scholey A, Stough C, Suo C. Neuroimaging Insights: Kava's ( Piper methysticum) Effect on Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex GABA in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Nutrients 2023; 15:4586. [PMID: 37960239 PMCID: PMC10649338 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a prevalent, chronic mental health disorder. The measurement of regional brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) offers insight into its role in anxiety and is a potential biomarker for treatment response. Research literature suggests Piper methysticum (Kava) is efficacious as an anxiety treatment, but no study has assessed its effects on central GABA levels. This study investigated dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) GABA levels in 37 adult participants with GAD. GABA was measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at baseline and following an eight-week administration of Kava (standardised to 120 mg kavalactones twice daily) (n = 20) or placebo (n = 17). This study was part of the Kava for the Treatment of GAD (KGAD; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02219880), a 16-week intervention study. Compared with the placebo group, the Kava group had a significant reduction in dACC GABA (p = 0.049) at eight weeks. Baseline anxiety scores on the HAM-A were positively correlated with GABA levels but were not significantly related to treatment. Central GABA reductions following Kava treatment may signal an inhibitory effect, which, if considered efficacious, suggests that GABA levels are modulated by Kava, independent of reported anxiety symptoms. dACC GABA patterns suggest a functional role of higher levels in clinical anxiety but warrants further research for symptom benefit. Findings suggest that dACC GABA levels previously un-examined in GAD could serve as a biomarker for diagnosis and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Savage
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, 427-451 Burwood Road, Melbourne 3122, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne 3121, Australia
| | - Jerome Sarris
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne 3121, Australia
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney 2751, Australia
| | - Matthew Hughes
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
| | - Chad A. Bousman
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, Physiology & Pharmacology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susan Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
- Mental Health, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne 3065, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, 427-451 Burwood Road, Melbourne 3122, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, 427-451 Burwood Road, Melbourne 3122, Australia
| | - Chao Suo
- Brain Park, Turner Institute of Brain and Mind, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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Brændholt M, Kluger DS, Varga S, Heck DH, Gross J, Allen MG. Breathing in waves: Understanding respiratory-brain coupling as a gradient of predictive oscillations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105262. [PMID: 37271298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Breathing plays a crucial role in shaping perceptual and cognitive processes by regulating the strength and synchronisation of neural oscillations. Numerous studies have demonstrated that respiratory rhythms govern a wide range of behavioural effects across cognitive, affective, and perceptual domains. Additionally, respiratory-modulated brain oscillations have been observed in various mammalian models and across diverse frequency spectra. However, a comprehensive framework to elucidate these disparate phenomena remains elusive. In this review, we synthesise existing findings to propose a neural gradient of respiratory-modulated brain oscillations and examine recent computational models of neural oscillations to map this gradient onto a hierarchical cascade of precision-weighted prediction errors. By deciphering the computational mechanisms underlying respiratory control of these processes, we can potentially uncover new pathways for understanding the link between respiratory-brain coupling and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malthe Brændholt
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Daniel S Kluger
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Germany.
| | - Somogy Varga
- School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Centre for Philosophy of Epidemiology, Medicine and Public Health, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Micah G Allen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Denmark; Cambridge Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
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6
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Zou ZL, Qiu J, Zhou XB, Huang YL, Wang JY, Zhou B, Zhang Y. Glutamate decarboxylase 1 gene polymorphisms are associated with respiratory symptoms in panic disorder. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:435-443. [PMID: 37547739 PMCID: PMC10401499 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i7.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of panic disorder (PD). However, the effect of genetic variants on PD remains controversial.
AIM To evaluate the associations between glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) gene polymorphisms and PD risk and assess the effect of GAD1 gene polymorphisms on the severity of clinical symptoms in PD.
METHODS We recruited 230 PD patients and 224 healthy controls in this study. All participants were assessed for anxiety and panic symptom severity using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS). GAD1 gene polymorphisms (rs1978340 and rs3749034) were genotyped and assessed for allele frequencies.
RESULTS There were no significant differences between cases and controls in the genotype distributions or allele frequencies of GAD1 (rs1978340 and rs3749034). In addition, the effect of GAD1 (rs1978340 and rs3749034) on PD severity was not significant. However, regarding respiratory symptoms, patients with the GAD1 rs1978340 A/A genotype had significantly higher scores than those with the A/G or G/G genotype.
CONCLUSION Here, we showed that the A/A genotype of GAD1 rs1978340 was associated with increased severity of respiratory symptoms in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Zou
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jian Qiu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhou
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Lan Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jin-Yu Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
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7
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Sharmin D, Mian MY, Marcotte M, Prevot TD, Sibille E, Witkin JM, Cook JM. Synthesis and Receptor Binding Studies of α5 GABA AR Selective Novel Imidazodiazepines Targeted for Psychiatric and Cognitive Disorders. Molecules 2023; 28:4771. [PMID: 37375326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA mediates inhibitory actions through various GABAA receptor subtypes, including 19 subunits in human GABAAR. Dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission is associated with several psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Selective targeting of α2/3 GABAARs can treat mood and anxiety, while α5 GABAA-Rs can treat anxiety, depression, and cognitive performance. GL-II-73 and MP-III-022, α5-positive allosteric modulators have shown promising results in animal models of chronic stress, aging, and cognitive disorders, including MDD, schizophrenia, autism, and Alzheimer's disease. Described in this article is how small changes in the structure of imidazodiazepine substituents can greatly impact the subtype selectivity of benzodiazepine GABAAR. To investigate alternate and potentially more effective therapeutic compounds, modifications were made to the structure of imidazodiazepine 1 to synthesize different amide analogs. The novel ligands were screened at the NIMH PDSP against a panel of 47 receptors, ion channels, including hERG, and transporters to identify on- and off-target interactions. Any ligands with significant inhibition in primary binding were subjected to secondary binding assays to determine their Ki values. The newly synthesized imidazodiazepines were found to have variable affinities for the benzodiazepine site and negligible or no binding to any off-target profile receptors that could cause other physiological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Michael Marcotte
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Thomas D Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension, St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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8
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Tongta S, Daendee S, Kalandakanond-Thongsong S. Anxiety-like behavior and GABAergic system in ovariectomized rats exposed to chronic mild stress. Physiol Behav 2023; 258:114014. [PMID: 36328075 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Stress or low level of estrogen could promote anxiety and depression; thus, it is of interest to investigate the combined effect of mild stress and the lack of estrogen on mental disorders by utilizing an animal model. This study was conducted to assess anxiety- and depressive- like behaviors in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) and determine the alteration in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-related transmission. Ovx rats were randomly assigned into four groups: (1) estrogen replacement (E2-NoCMS), (2) estrogen replacement and exposure to CMS (E2-CMS), (3) vehicle (VEH-NoCMS), and (4) vehicle and exposure to CMS (VEH-CMS). Following 4-week CMS, VEH groups (VEH-NoCMS and VEH-CMS) showed a similar level of anxiety-like behavior in elevated T-maze, whereas E2-CMS, VEH-NoCMS and VEH-CMS showed anxiety-like behavior in open field. The depressive-like behavior in the force swimming test tended to be affected by estrogen deprivation than CMS. The alteration of the GABAergic system as determined from the GABA level and mRNA expression of GABA-related transmission (i.e., glutamic acid decarboxylase, GABA transporter and GABAA subunits) showed that the GABA level in the amygdala and frontal cortex was affected by CMS. For mRNA expression, the mRNA profile in the amygdala and hippocampus of VEH-NoCMS and E2-CMS was the same but different from those of VEH-NoCMS and E2-CMS. In addition, compared with E2-NoCMS, the mRNA profile in the frontal cortex was similar in VEH-NoCMS, E2-CMS, and VEH-CMS. These findings indicated that the underlying mechanism of the GABAergic system was differently modified, although VEH-NoCMS and VEH-CMS showed anxiety-like behavior. The findings of this study may provide a comprehensive understanding of the modulation of the GABAergic system during estrogen deprivation under CMS, as observed in menopausal women who were daily exposed to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushawadee Tongta
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suwaporn Daendee
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
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9
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Bernardo A, Lee P, Marcotte M, Mian MY, Rezvanian S, Sharmin D, Kovačević A, Savić MM, Cook JM, Sibille E, Prevot TD. Symptomatic and neurotrophic effects of GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulation in a mouse model of chronic stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1608-1619. [PMID: 35701547 PMCID: PMC9283409 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a risk factor for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and in rodents, it recapitulates human behavioral, cellular and molecular changes. In MDD and after chronic stress, neuronal dysfunctions and deficits in GABAergic signaling are observed and responsible for symptom severity. GABA signals predominantly through GABAA receptors (GABAA-R) composed of various subunit types that relate to downstream outcomes. Activity at α2-GABAA-Rs contributes to anxiolytic properties, α5-GABAA-Rs to cognitive functions, and α1-GABAA-Rs to sedation. Therefore, a therapy aiming at increasing α2- and α5-GABAA-Rs activity, but devoid of α1-GABAA-R activity, has potential to address several symptomologies of depression while avoiding side-effects. This study investigated the activity profiles and behavioral efficacy of two enantiomers of each other (GL-II-73 and GL-I-54), separately and as a racemic mixture (GL-RM), and potential disease-modifying effects on neuronal morphology. Results confirm GL-I-54 and GL-II-73 exert positive allosteric modulation at the α2-, α3-, α5-GABAA-Rs and α5-containing GABAA-Rs, respectively, and separately reduces immobility in the forced swim test and improves stress-induced spatial working memory deficits. Using unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS), we show that acute and chronic administration of GL-RM provide pro-cognitive effects, with mild efficacy on mood symptoms, although at lower doses avoiding sedation. Morphology studies showed reversal of spine density loss caused by UCMS after chronic GL-RM treatment at apical and basal dendrites of the PFC and CA1. Together, these results support using a racemic mixture with combined α2-, α3-, α5-GABAA-R profile to reverse chronic stress-induced mood symptoms, cognitive deficits, and with anti-stress neurotrophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bernardo
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip Lee
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Marcotte
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Sepideh Rezvanian
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Aleksandra Kovačević
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav M. Savić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James M. Cook
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Thomas D. Prevot
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Barnett JA, Bandy ML, Gibson DL. Is the Use of Glyphosate in Modern Agriculture Resulting in Increased Neuropsychiatric Conditions Through Modulation of the Gut-brain-microbiome Axis? Front Nutr 2022; 9:827384. [PMID: 35356729 PMCID: PMC8959108 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides has the potential to negatively influence neurodevelopment and behavior across generations indirectly through the gut-brain-microbiome axis. Potential mechanisms by which glyphosate may elicit these effects are through the disruption of the normally symbiotic relationship of the host and the gut microbiome. Given glyphosate can kill commensal members of the microbiome like Lactobacillus spp., Ruminococaeae and Butyricoccus spp., resulting in reductions in key microbial metabolites that act through the gut-brain-microbiome axis including indoles, L-glutamate and SCFAs. Glyphosate- resistant microbes in the gut have the potential to increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species which may result in increased HPA activation, resulting in increased production of glucocorticoids which have implications on neurodevelopment. In addition, maternal transfer of the gut microbiome can affect immune and neurodevelopment, across generations. This perspective article weighs the evidence for chronic glyphosate exposure on the gut microbiome and the potential consequences on the gut-brain axis correlated with increased incidence of neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya L. Bandy
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Deanna L. Gibson
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Deanna L. Gibson
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Seney ML, Glausier J, Sibille E. Large-Scale Transcriptomics Studies Provide Insight Into Sex Differences in Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:14-24. [PMID: 33648716 PMCID: PMC8263802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability, affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. We first review the well-known sex difference in incidence of MDD, with women being twice as likely to be diagnosed as men, and briefly summarize how the impact of MDD varies between men and women, with sex differences in symptoms, severity, and antidepressant drug response. We then attempt to deconstruct the biological bases for MDD and discuss implications for sex differences research. Next, we review findings from human postmortem studies, both from selected candidate gene studies and from well-powered, unbiased transcriptomics studies, which suggest distinct, and possibly opposite, molecular changes in the brains of depressed men and women. We then discuss inherent challenges of research on the human postmortem brain and suggest paths forward that rely on thoughtful cohort design. Although studies indicate that circulating gonadal hormones might underlie the observed sex differences in MDD, we discuss how additional sex-specific factors, such as genetic sex and developmental exposure to gonadal hormones, may also contribute to altered vulnerability, and we highlight various nuances that we believe should be considered when determining mechanisms underlying observed sex differences. Altogether, this review highlights not only how various sex-specific factors might influence susceptibility or resilience to depression, but also how those sex-specific factors might result in divergent pathology in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne L Seney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Jill Glausier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Cheng CH, Liu CY, Hsu SC, Tseng YJ. Reduced coupling of somatosensory gating and gamma oscillation in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 307:111227. [PMID: 33248324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that patients with panic disorder (PD) exhibited an aberrant level of GABA concentration, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain. However, it remains substantially unclear whether the inhibitory function regarding the neurophysiological characteristics is altered in this disease. Sensory gating (SG) is considered as an automatic inhibitory function in the sensory cortex. In addition, brain's gamma oscillation within the sensory cortex is another index to reflect inhibitory function. Here we aimed to investigate whether the patients with PD showed altered inhibitory function in the somatosensory system, including the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortices. A total of 20 healthy controls and 21 patients with PD underwent magnetoencephalographic recordings. Paired-pulse and single-pulse paradigms were used to study SG and gamma oscillations, respectively. There were no significant between-group differences in the SG function in the SI and SII. However, patients with PD demonstrated a reduced gamma power in the SI. Among the healthy individuals, strong associations between SG ratios and gamma frequency values were observed in the SI. However, such a functional relationship disappeared among the patients with PD. We suggested the reduced coupling of SG and gamma oscillation as one of the neural signatures in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics (BIND Lab), Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yih Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhan Tseng
- Department of Medical Research, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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13
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Altered GABA-mediated information processing and cognitive dysfunctions in depression and other brain disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:151-167. [PMID: 32346158 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunctions, including impaired attention, learning, memory, planning and problem solving, occur in depressive episodes, often persist during remission, predict relapse, worsen with recurrent episodes, and are not treated by current antidepressants or other medications. Cognitive symptoms are also present in other psychiatric disorders, are a hallmark of aging, and define several late-life disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. This pervasive occurrence suggests either a non-specific outcome of a diseased brain, or a shared underlying pathology contributing to this symptom dimension. Recent findings suggest a role for altered GABAergic inhibition in cognitive symptoms. Cellular, molecular and biochemical studies in human subjects report changes affecting the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) system, specifically somatostatin-expressing (SST+) GABAergic interneurons, across brain disorders and during aging. SST+ neurons gate excitatory input onto pyramidal neurons within cortical microcircuits. Experimentally reducing the function of these neurons affects excitatory signal-to-noise ratio, reduces synchronized cellular and neural activity, and leads to cognitive dysfunctions. Conversely, augmenting SST+ cell post-synaptic α5-GABA-A receptor activity has pro-cognitive efficacy in stress and aging models. Together, this suggests that reduced signaling of the SST+ neuron/α5-GABA-A receptor pathway contributes to cognitive dysfunctions, and that it represents a novel therapeutic target for remediating mood and cognitive symptoms in depression, other psychiatric disorders and during aging.
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14
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Strawn JR, Levine A. Treatment Response Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders: From Neuroimaging to Neuronally-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Beyond. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2020; 3:100024. [PMID: 32974615 PMCID: PMC7508464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple and diverse psychotherapeutic or psychopharmacologic treatments effectively reduce symptoms for many patients with anxiety disorders, but the trajectory and magnitude of response vary considerably. This heterogeneity of treatment response has invigorated the search for biomarkers of treatment response in anxiety disorders, across the lifespan. In this review, we summarize evidence for biomarkers of treatment response in children, adolescents and adults with generalized, separation and social anxiety disorders as well as panic disorder. We then discuss the relationship between these biomarkers of treatment response and the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Finally, we provide context for treatment response biomarkers of the future, including neuronally-derived extracellular vesicles in anxiety disorders and discuss challenges that must be overcome prior to the debut of treatment response biomarkers in the clinic. A number of promising treatment response biomarkers have been identified, although there is an urgent need to replicate findings and to identify which biomarkers might guide clinicians in selecting from available treatments rather than just simply identifying patients who may be less likely to respond to a given intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience; Anxiety Disorders Research Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amir Levine
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
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15
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Seo HS, Jeong EK, Choi S, Kwon Y, Park HJ, Kim I. Changes of Neurotransmitters in Youth with Internet and Smartphone Addiction: A Comparison with Healthy Controls and Changes after Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:1293-1301. [PMID: 32616578 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurotransmitter changes in youth addicted to the Internet and smartphone were compared with normal controls and in subjects after cognitive behavioral therapy. In addition, the correlations between neurotransmitters and affective factors were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nineteen young people with Internet and smartphone addiction and 19 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (male/female ratio, 9:10; mean age, 15.47 ± 3.06 years) were included. Twelve teenagers with Internet and smartphone addiction (male/female ratio, 8:4; mean age, 14.99 ± 1.95 years) participated in 9 weeks of cognitive behavioral therapy. Meshcher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy was used to measure γ-aminobutyric acid and Glx levels in the anterior cingulate cortex. The γ-aminobutyric acid and Glx levels in the addicted group were compared with those in controls and after cognitive behavioral therapy. The γ-aminobutyric acid and Glx levels correlated with clinical scales of Internet and smartphone addiction, impulsiveness, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and sleep quality. RESULTS Brain parenchymal and gray matter volume-adjusted γ-aminobutyric acid-to-creatine ratios were higher in subjects with Internet and smartphone addiction (P = .028 and .016). After therapy, brain parenchymal- and gray matter volume-adjusted γ-aminobutyric acid-to-creatine ratios were decreased (P = .034 and .026). The Glx level was not statistically significant in subjects with Internet and smartphone addiction compared with controls and posttherapy status. Brain parenchymal- and gray matter volume-adjusted γ-aminobutyric acid-to-creatine ratios correlated with clinical scales of Internet and smartphone addictions, depression, and anxiety. Glx/Cr was negatively correlated with insomnia and sleep quality scales. CONCLUSIONS The high γ-aminobutyric acid levels and disrupted balance of γ-aminobutyric acid-to-Glx including glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex may contribute to understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of Internet and smartphone addiction and associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Seo
- From the Department of Radiology (H.S.S.), Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - E-K Jeong
- Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research (E.-K.J.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - S Choi
- Department of Psychology (S.C., Y.K.), Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Kwon
- Department of Psychology (S.C., Y.K.), Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-J Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (H.-J.P.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - I Kim
- Siemens Healthcare (I.K.), Seoul, Korea
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16
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Peedicayil J. The Potential Role of Epigenetic Drugs in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:597-606. [PMID: 32184601 PMCID: PMC7060022 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s242040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that abnormalities in epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression contribute to the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders (ADs). This article discusses the role of epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression in the pathogenesis of ADs. It also discusses the data so far obtained from preclinical and clinical trials on the use of epigenetic drugs for treating ADs. Most drug trials investigating the use of epigenetic drugs for treating ADs have used histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). HDACi are showing favorable results in both preclinical and clinical drug trials for treating ADs. However, at present the mode of action of HDACi in ADs is not clear. More work needs to be done to elucidate how epigenetic dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of ADs. More work also needs to be done on the mode of action of HDACi in alleviating the signs and symptoms of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Peedicayil
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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17
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Yakovlev A, Manzhurtsev A, Menshchikov P, Ublinskiy M, Bozhko O, Akhadov T, Semenova N. The Effect of Visual Stimulation on GABA and Macromolecule Levels in the Human Brain in vivo. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Neville V, Nakagawa S, Zidar J, Paul ES, Lagisz M, Bateson M, Løvlie H, Mendl M. Pharmacological manipulations of judgement bias: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:269-286. [PMID: 31747552 PMCID: PMC6966323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Validated measures of animal affect are crucial to research spanning numerous disciplines. Judgement bias, which assesses decision-making under ambiguity, is a promising measure of animal affect. One way of validating this measure is to administer drugs with affect-altering properties in humans to non-human animals and determine whether the predicted judgement biases are observed. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using data from 20 published research articles that use this approach, from which 557 effect sizes were extracted. Pharmacological manipulations overall altered judgement bias at the probe cues as predicted. However, there were several moderating factors including the neurobiological target of the drug, whether the drug induced a relatively positive or negative affective state in humans, dosage, and the presented cue. This may partially reflect interference from adverse effects of the drug which should be considered when interpreting results. Thus, the overall pattern of change in animal judgement bias appears to reflect the affect-altering properties of drugs in humans, and hence may be a valuable measure of animal affective valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki Neville
- Centre for Behavioural Biology, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Josefina Zidar
- The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth S Paul
- Centre for Behavioural Biology, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Melissa Bateson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Hanne Løvlie
- The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Mendl
- Centre for Behavioural Biology, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
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19
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Rothman DL, de Graaf RA, Hyder F, Mason GF, Behar KL, De Feyter HM. In vivo 13 C and 1 H-[ 13 C] MRS studies of neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling, applications to neurological and psychiatric disease and brain cancer. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4172. [PMID: 31478594 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last 25 years 13 C MRS has been established as the only noninvasive method for measuring glutamate neurotransmission and cell specific neuroenergetics. Although technically and experimentally challenging 13 C MRS has already provided important new information on the relationship between neuroenergetics and neuronal function, the high energy cost of brain function in the resting state and the role of altered neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling in disease. In this paper we review the metabolic and neurotransmitter pathways that can be measured by 13 C MRS and key findings on the linkage between neuroenergetics, neurotransmitter cycling, and brain function. Applications of 13 C MRS to neurological and psychiatric disease as well as brain cancer are reviewed. Recent technological developments that may help to overcome spatial resolution and brain coverage limitations of 13 C MRS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Rothman
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, and Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin L Behar
- Department of Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Henk M De Feyter
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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20
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Lin Y, Zeng Q, Lin L, Chen Z. High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy on Biological Tissue and Metabolomics. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2190-2207. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190312130155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a universal
analytical tool. It can provide detailed information on chemical shifts, J coupling constants,
multiplet patterns, and relative peak areas. It plays an important role in the fields of chemistry,
biology, medicine, and pharmacy. A highly homogeneous magnetic field is a prerequisite for
excellent spectral resolution. However, in some cases, such as in vivo and ex vivo biological
tissues, the magnetic field inhomogeneity due to magnetic susceptibility variation in samples
is unavoidable and hard to eliminate by conventional methods. The techniques based on intermolecular
multiple quantum coherences and conventional single quantum coherence can
remove the influence of the field inhomogeneity effects and be applied to obtain highresolution
NMR spectra of biological tissues, including in vivo animal and human tissues.
Broadband 1H homo-decoupled NMR spectroscopy displays J coupled resonances as collapsed
singlets, resulting in highly resolved spectra. It can be used to acquire high-resolution
spectra of some pharmaceuticals. The J-difference edited spectra can be used to detect J coupled
metabolites, such as γ-aminobutyric acid, the detection of which is interfered by intense
neighboring peaks. High-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy has been widely utilized for the
identification and characterization of biological fluids, constituting an important tool in drug
discovery, drug development, and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liangjie Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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21
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Nicholson JR, Sommer B. The research domain criteria framework in drug discovery for neuropsychiatric diseases: focus on negative valence. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2:2398212818804030. [PMID: 32166151 PMCID: PMC7058263 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818804030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery, particularly in the field of central nervous system, has had very limited success in the last few decades. A likely contributor is the poor translation between preclinical and clinical phases. The Research Domain Criteria of the National Institutes of Mental Health is a framework which aims to identify new ways of classifying mental illnesses that are based on observable behaviour and neurobiological measures, and to provide a guiding and evolving framework to improve the translation from preclinical to clinical research. At the core of the Research Domain Criteria approach is the assumption that the dimensional constructs described can be assessed across different units of analysis, thus enabling a more precise quantitative understanding of their neurobiological underpinnings, increasing the likelihood of identifying new and effective therapeutic approaches. In the present review, we discuss how the Research Domain Criteria can be applied to drug discovery with the domain Negative Valence, construct Potential Threat (‘Anxiety’) as an example. We will discuss the evidence supporting the utility of the Research Domain Criteria approach and evaluate how close we are to achieving a common thread of translational research from gene to self-report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Nicholson
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Bernd Sommer
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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22
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Leming M, Su L, Chattopadhyay S, Suckling J. Normative pathways in the functional connectome. Neuroimage 2018; 184:317-334. [PMID: 30223061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity is frequently derived from fMRI data to reduce a complex image of the brain to a graph, or "functional connectome". Often shortest-path algorithms are used to characterize and compare functional connectomes. Previous work on the identification and measurement of semi-metric (shortest circuitous) pathways in the functional connectome has discovered cross-sectional differences in major depressive disorder (MDD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and Alzheimer's disease. However, while measurements of shortest path length have been analyzed in functional connectomes, less work has been done to investigate the composition of the pathways themselves, or whether the edges composing pathways differ between individuals. Developments in this area would help us understand how pathways might be organized in mental disorders, and if a consistent pattern can be found. Furthermore, studies in structural brain connectivity and other real-world graphs suggest that shortest pathways may not be as important in functional connectivity studies as previously assumed. In light of this, we present a novel measurement of the consistency of pathways across functional connectomes, and an algorithm for improvement by selecting the most frequently occurring "normative pathways" from the k shortest paths, instead of just the shortest path. We also look at this algorithm's effect on various graph measurements, using randomized matrix simulations to support the efficacy of this method and demonstrate our algorithm on the resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) of a group of 34 adolescent control participants. Additionally, a comparison of normative pathways is made with a group of 82 age-matched participants, diagnosed with MDD, and in doing so we find the normative pathways that are most disrupted. Our results, which are carried out with estimates of connectivity derived from correlation, partial correlation, and normalized mutual information connectomes, suggest disruption to the default mode, affective, and ventral attention networks. Normative pathways, especially with partial correlation, make greater use of critical anatomical pathways through the striatum, cingulum, and the cerebellum. In summary, MDD is characterized by a disruption of normative pathways of the ventral attention network, increases in alternative pathways in the frontoparietal network in MDD, and a mixture of both in the default mode network. Additionally, within- and between-groups findings depend on the estimate of connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Leming
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Li Su
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; China-UK Centre for Cognition and Ageing Research, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Quagliato LA, Nardi AE. Cytokine alterations in panic disorder: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2018; 228:91-96. [PMID: 29241050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panic disorder (PD) occurs in 3.4-4.7% of the general population. Although accumulating evidence suggests that some inflammatory processes play a role in the pathophysiology of mental disorders, very few studies have evaluated cytokine levels in patients with PD. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the characteristic cytokine profile of PD patients and discuss some possibilities for future trials on this common and disabling disorder. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was carried out in PubMed and Web of Science databases (search terms: "panic disorder" or "panic attacks" and IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, TNF-alpha and INF-gamma). RESULTS Eleven studies involving measurements of cytokines in PD patients were included in this review article. Increased serum levels of some inflammatory markers such as IL-6, IL-1β and IL-5 were reported in PD patients compared with control subjects. There are some conflicting results regarding IL-2, IL-12, and INF-γ in association with PD. LIMITATIONS There are discrepant findings in the existing literature regarding PD and cytokines. A significant portion of the recognized heterogeneity may be attributable to variability in assay procedures. The discrepant findings may also have been due to differences in the study populations. CONCLUSIONS Cytokines induce the production of acute-phase proteins and are linked to neurogenesis, modification of the HPA axis, microglial activation, tryptophan metabolism and an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Investigation of inflammatory biomarkers in PD could contribute to understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms in this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiana Azevedo Quagliato
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Antonio E Nardi
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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Nyer M, Nauphal M, Roberg R, Streeter C. Applications of Yoga in Psychiatry: What We Know. FOCUS: JOURNAL OF LIFE LONG LEARNING IN PSYCHIATRY 2018; 16:12-18. [PMID: 31975895 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Yoga has been in use for thousands of years in the East as a healing modality. Western practitioners are now starting to recognize the potential of yoga-based treatments. The purpose of this article is to explore the evidence-base of yoga-based treatments for depression and anxiety with the purpose of furthering the integration of yoga into conventional Western mental health treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Nyer
- Dr. Nyer is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Ms. Nauphal and Ms. Roberg are with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Dr. Streeter is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Maya Nauphal
- Dr. Nyer is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Ms. Nauphal and Ms. Roberg are with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Dr. Streeter is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Regina Roberg
- Dr. Nyer is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Ms. Nauphal and Ms. Roberg are with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Dr. Streeter is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Chris Streeter
- Dr. Nyer is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Ms. Nauphal and Ms. Roberg are with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Dr. Streeter is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Quagliato LA, Freire RC, Nardi AE. Risks and benefits of medications for panic disorder: a comparison of SSRIs and benzodiazepines. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2018; 17:315-324. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1429403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laiana A. Quagliato
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael C. Freire
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio E. Nardi
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Besteher B, Squarcina L, Spalthoff R, Bellani M, Gaser C, Nenadić I, Brambilla P. Subclinical Agoraphobia Symptoms and Regional Brain Volumes in Non-clinical Subjects: Between Compensation and Resilience? Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:541. [PMID: 30546323 PMCID: PMC6279873 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Symptoms of anxiety are present not only in panic disorder or other anxiety disorders, but are highly prevalent in the general population. Despite increasing biological research on anxiety disorders, there is little research on understanding subclinical or sub-threshold symptoms relating to anxiety in non-clinical community samples, which could give clues to factors relating to resilience or compensatory changes. Aims:This study focused on brain structural correlates of subclinical anxiety/agoraphobia symptoms from a multi-center imaging study. Methods: We obtained high-resolution structural T1 MRI scans of 409 healthy young participants and used the CAT12 toolbox for voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis. Subjects provided self-ratings of anxiety using the SCL-90-R, from which we used the phobia subscale, covering anxiety symptoms related to those of panic and agoraphobia spectrum. Results: We found significant (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected) correlations (mostly positive) of cortical volume with symptom severity, including the right lingual gyrus and calcarine sulcus, as well as left calcarine sulcus, superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri. Uncorrected exploratory analysis also revealed positive correlations with GMV in orbitofrontal cortex, precuneus, and insula. Conclusions: Our findings show brain structural associations of subclinical symptoms of anxiety, which overlap with those seen in panic disorder or agoraphobia. This is consistent with a dimensional model of anxiety, which is reflected not only functionally but also on the structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Besteher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Robert Spalthoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcella Bellani
- Department of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMMB), Marburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
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27
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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and its Clinical Applications: A Review. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2017; 48:233-253. [PMID: 31047406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In vivo NMR spectroscopy is known as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MRS has been applied as both a research and a clinical tool in order to detect visible or nonvisible abnormalities. The adaptability of MRS allows a technique that can probe a wide variety of metabolic uses across different tissues. Although MRS is mostly applied for brain tissue, it can be used for detection, localization, staging, tumour aggressiveness evaluation, and tumour response assessment of breast, prostate, hepatic, and other cancers. In this article, the medical applications of MRS in the brain, including tumours, neural and psychiatric disorder studies, breast, prostate, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary investigations have been reviewed.
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Kelmendi B, Adams TG, Southwick S, Abdallah CG, Krystal JH. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: an integrated overview and neurobiological rationale for pharmacology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:281-297. [PMID: 31404451 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years of research on the biology of posttraumatic stress disorder now provides a foundation for hypotheses related to the mechanisms underlying the pharmacotherapy of this disorder. Only two medications, sertraline and paroxetine, are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of PTSD. While these medications are somewhat effective, other treatment mechanisms must be explored to address the unmet need for effective treatment. This article provides a concise summary of advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of PTSD that suggest novel approaches to pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kelmendi
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Thomas G Adams
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Steven Southwick
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Chadi G Abdallah
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - John H Krystal
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Psychiatry Services, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT
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29
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Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:254-270. [PMID: 27510423 PMCID: PMC5143487 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of inflammation in fear- and anxiety-based disorders has gained interest as growing literature indicates that pro-inflammatory markers can directly modulate affective behavior. Indeed, heightened concentrations of inflammatory signals, including cytokines and C-reactive protein, have been described in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), and phobias (agoraphobia, social phobia, etc.). However, not all reports indicate a positive association between inflammation and fear- and anxiety-based symptoms, suggesting that other factors are important in future assessments of inflammation's role in the maintenance of these disorders (ie, sex, co-morbid conditions, types of trauma exposure, and behavioral sources of inflammation). The most parsimonious explanation of increased inflammation in PTSD, GAD, PD, and phobias is via the activation of the stress response and central and peripheral immune cells to release cytokines. Dysregulation of the stress axis in the face of increased sympathetic tone and decreased parasympathetic activity characteristic of anxiety disorders could further augment inflammation and contribute to increased symptoms by having direct effects on brain regions critical for the regulation of fear and anxiety (such as the prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala, and hippocampus). Taken together, the available data suggest that targeting inflammation may serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating these fear- and anxiety-based disorders in the future. However, the field must continue to characterize the specific role pro-inflammatory signaling in the maintenance of these unique psychiatric conditions.
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Lai CH, Wu YT. The changes in the low-frequency fluctuations of cingulate cortex and postcentral gyrus in the treatment of panic disorder: The MRI study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:58-65. [PMID: 25789962 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1017604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The default brain activities in the treatment of panic disorder (PD) have not been studied well. Therefore we designed this longitudinal study to survey the accompanying changes in the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) when panic disorder (PD) patients achieved remission. METHODS We enrolled 21 medicine-naive patients who finished a 6-week therapy of antidepressant. The trial antidepressant was escitalopram. The acquisitions of fALFF in the patients and controls were assessed at baseline and the sixth week. The treatment-related effects and group-related differences (baseline versus sixth week) were obtained by the comparisons of the fALFF data of each group. RESULTS The treatment-related effects showed increases in the fALFF values of the right middle cingulate cortex (MCC) and left postcentral gyrus (PCG) after remission in PD patients. The improvements in panic severity and antidepressant dose also correlated positively with the increases in the fALFF values of the right middle cingulate cortex. There were still residual group-related differences of fALFF in the occipital lobe and thalamus after remission. CONCLUSIONS The results probably revealed the treatment-related effects of fALFF in the MCC-PCG regions and group-related differences of fALFF in the occipito-thalamic regions for the antidepressant treatment and remission in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Han Lai
- a Department of Psychiatry , Cheng Hsin General Hospital , Taipei City , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Yu-Te Wu
- b Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC.,c Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC.,d Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
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Edited Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Detects an Age-Related Decline in Nonhuman Primate Brain GABA Levels. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6523909. [PMID: 27660760 PMCID: PMC5021867 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6523909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent research had shown a correlation between aging and decreasing Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. However, how GABA level varies with age in the medial portion of the brain has not yet been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the GABA level variation with age focusing on the posterior cingulate cortex, which is the “core hub” of the default mode network. In this study, 14 monkeys between 4 and 21 years were recruited, and MEGA-PRESS MRS was performed to measure GABA levels, in order to explore a potential link between aging and GABA. Our results showed that a correlation between age and GABA+/Creatine ratio was at the edge of significance (r = −0.523, p = 0.081). There was also a near-significant trend between gray matter/white matter ratio and the GABA+/Creatine ratio (r = −0.518, p = 0.0848). Meanwhile, the correlation between age and grey matter showed no significance (r = −0.028, p = 0.93). Therefore, age and gray matter/white matter ratio account for different part of R-squared (adjusted R-squared = 0.5187) as independent variables for predicting GABA levels. Adjusted R-squared is about 0.5 for two independent variables. These findings suggest that there is internal neurochemical variation of GABA levels in the nonhuman primates associated with normal aging and structural brain decline.
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Bandelow B, Baldwin D, Abelli M, Altamura C, Dell'Osso B, Domschke K, Fineberg NA, Grünblatt E, Jarema M, Maron E, Nutt D, Pini S, Vaghi MM, Wichniak A, Zai G, Riederer P. Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD - a consensus statement. Part I: Neuroimaging and genetics. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:321-65. [PMID: 27403679 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1181783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Anxiety Disorders Research Network. RESULTS The present article (Part I) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neuroimaging studies, including structural brain morphology, functional magnetic resonance imaging and techniques for measuring metabolic changes, including positron emission tomography and others. Furthermore, this review reports on the clinical and molecular genetic findings of family, twin, linkage, association and genome-wide association studies. Part II of the review focuses on neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition. CONCLUSIONS Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a diagnostic tool, an abundance of high-quality research has accumulated that will improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borwin Bandelow
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Göttingen , Germany
| | - David Baldwin
- b Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Marianna Abelli
- c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Carlo Altamura
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Katharina Domschke
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Germany
| | - Naomi A Fineberg
- f Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire , Rosanne House, Parkway , Welwyn Garden City , UK
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Germany ;,g Neuroscience Center Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland ;,h Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland ;,i Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology , University of Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Marek Jarema
- j Third Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology , Warszawa , Poland
| | - Eduard Maron
- k North Estonia Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry , Tallinn , Estonia ;,l Department of Psychiatry , University of Tartu , Estonia ;,m Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , UK
| | - David Nutt
- m Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , UK
| | - Stefano Pini
- c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Matilde M Vaghi
- n Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute , University of Cambridge , UK
| | - Adam Wichniak
- j Third Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology , Warszawa , Poland
| | - Gwyneth Zai
- n Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute , University of Cambridge , UK ;,o Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health , Toronto , Canada ;,p Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , Canada ;,q Institute of Medical Science and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Peter Riederer
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Germany ;,g Neuroscience Center Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland ;,h Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland
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Shungu DC, Mao X, Gonzales R, Soones TN, Dyke JP, van der Veen JW, Kegeles LS. Brain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) detection in vivo with the J-editing (1) H MRS technique: a comprehensive methodological evaluation of sensitivity enhancement, macromolecule contamination and test-retest reliability. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:932-42. [PMID: 27173449 PMCID: PMC4909570 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in brain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. However, in vivo GABA detection by (1) H MRS presents significant challenges arising from the low brain concentration, overlap by much stronger resonances and contamination by mobile macromolecule (MM) signals. This study addresses these impediments to reliable brain GABA detection with the J-editing difference technique on a 3-T MR system in healthy human subjects by: (i) assessing the sensitivity gains attainable with an eight-channel phased-array head coil; (ii) determining the magnitude and anatomic variation of the contamination of GABA by MM; and (iii) estimating the test-retest reliability of the measurement of GABA with this method. Sensitivity gains and test-retest reliability were examined in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), whereas MM levels were compared across three cortical regions: DLPFC, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the occipital cortex (OCC). A three-fold higher GABA detection sensitivity was attained with the eight-channel head coil compared with the standard single-channel head coil in DLPFC. Despite significant anatomical variation in GABA + MM and MM across the three brain regions (p < 0.05), the contribution of MM to GABA + MM was relatively stable across the three voxels, ranging from 41% to 49%, a non-significant regional variation (p = 0.58). The test-retest reliability of GABA measurement, expressed as either the ratio to voxel tissue water (W) or to total creatine, was found to be very high for both the single-channel coil and the eight-channel phased-array coil. For the eight-channel coil, for example, Pearson's correlation coefficient of test vs. retest for GABA/W was 0.98 (R(2) = 0.96, p = 0.0007), the percentage coefficient of variation (CV) was 1.25% and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.98. Similar reliability was also found for the co-edited resonance of combined glutamate and glutamine (Glx) for both coils. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikoma C. Shungu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Xiangling Mao
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Robyn Gonzales
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Jonathan P. Dyke
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | - Lawrence S. Kegeles
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Schür RR, Draisma LWR, Wijnen JP, Boks MP, Koevoets MGJC, Joëls M, Klomp DW, Kahn RS, Vinkers CH. Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of (1) H-MRS studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3337-52. [PMID: 27145016 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system is involved in the etiology of most psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). It is therefore not surprising that proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H-MRS) is increasingly used to investigate in vivo brain GABA levels. However, integration of the evidence for altered in vivo GABA levels across psychiatric disorders is lacking. We therefore systematically searched the clinical (1) H-MRS literature and performed a meta-analysis. A total of 40 studies (N = 1,591) in seven different psychiatric disorders were included in the meta-analysis: MDD (N = 437), schizophrenia (N = 517), ASD (N = 150), bipolar disorder (N = 129), panic disorder (N = 81), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (N = 104), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (N = 173). Brain GABA levels were lower in ASD (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.74, P = 0.001) and in depressed MDD patients (SMD = -0.52, P = 0.005), but not in remitted MDD patients (SMD = -0.24, P = 0.310) compared with controls. In schizophrenia this finding did not reach statistical significance (SMD = -0.23, P = 0.089). No significant differences in GABA levels were found in bipolar disorder, panic disorder, PTSD, and ADHD compared with controls. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provided evidence for lower brain GABA levels in ASD and in depressed (but not remitted) MDD patients compared with healthy controls. Findings in schizophrenia were more equivocal. Even though future (1) H-MRS studies could greatly benefit from a longitudinal design and consensus on the preferred analytical approach, it is apparent that (1) H-MRS studies have great potential in advancing our understanding of the role of the GABA system in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3337-3352, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remmelt R Schür
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc W R Draisma
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jannie P Wijnen
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn G J C Koevoets
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis W Klomp
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jerath R, Crawford MW, Barnes VA, Harden K. Self-regulation of breathing as a primary treatment for anxiety. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2016; 40:107-15. [PMID: 25869930 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-015-9279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the autonomic nervous system and homeostatic changes associated with emotions remains a major challenge for neuroscientists and a fundamental prerequisite to treat anxiety, stress, and emotional disorders. Based on recent publications, the inter-relationship between respiration and emotions and the influence of respiration on autonomic changes, and subsequent widespread membrane potential changes resulting from changes in homeostasis are discussed. We hypothesize that reversing homeostatic alterations with meditation and breathing techniques rather than targeting neurotransmitters with medication may be a superior method to address the whole body changes that occur in stress, anxiety, and depression. Detrimental effects of stress, negative emotions, and sympathetic dominance of the autonomic nervous system have been shown to be counteracted by different forms of meditation, relaxation, and breathing techniques. We propose that these breathing techniques could be used as first-line and supplemental treatments for stress, anxiety, depression, and some emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Jerath
- Augusta Women's Center, 2100 Central Ave., Suite #7, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA,
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36
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Lu DL, Lin XL. Development of psychotic symptoms following ingestion of small quantities of alcohol. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2449-2454. [PMID: 27703363 PMCID: PMC5036588 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s112825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms can occur in some clinical conditions related to alcohol, such as intoxication, withdrawal, and other alcohol-induced neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we present a case report of a 24-year-old man, without a known psychiatric history, who developed brief psychotic symptoms following ingestion of small quantities of alcohol repeatedly. To our knowledge, no related previous literature regarding this has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Li Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Lin
- School of Nursing, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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37
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Farb DH, Ratner MH. Targeting the modulation of neural circuitry for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:1002-32. [PMID: 25237115 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are a major public health concern. Here, we examine the familiar area of anxiolysis in the context of a systems-level understanding that will hopefully lead to revealing an underlying pharmacological connectome. The introduction of benzodiazepines nearly half a century ago markedly improved the treatment of anxiety disorders. These agents reduce anxiety rapidly by allosterically enhancing the postsynaptic actions of GABA at inhibitory type A GABA receptors but side effects limit their use in chronic anxiety disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors have emerged as an effective first-line alternative treatment of such anxiety disorders. However, many individuals are not responsive and side effects can be limiting. Research into a relatively new class of agents known as neurosteroids has revealed novel modulatory sites and mechanisms of action that are providing insights into the pathophysiology of certain anxiety disorders, potentially bridging the gap between the GABAergic and serotonergic circuits underlying anxiety. However, translating the pharmacological activity of compounds targeted to specific receptor subtypes in rodent models of anxiety to effective therapeutics in human anxiety has not been entirely successful. Since modulating any one of several broad classes of receptor targets can produce anxiolysis, we posit that a systems-level discovery platform combined with an individualized medicine approach based on noninvasive brain imaging would substantially advance the development of more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Farb
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcia H Ratner
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ruland T, Domschke K, Schütte V, Zavorotnyy M, Kugel H, Notzon S, Vennewald N, Ohrmann P, Arolt V, Pfleiderer B, Zwanzger P. Neuropeptide S receptor gene variation modulates anterior cingulate cortex Glx levels during CCK-4 induced panic. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1677-82. [PMID: 26235955 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmitter dysbalance has been suggested in pathogenesis of panic disorder. The neuropeptide S (NPS) system has been implicated in modulating GABA and glutamate neurotransmission in animal models and to genetically drive altered fear circuit function and an increased risk of panic disorder in humans. Probing a multi-level imaging genetic risk model of panic, in the present magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study brain glutamate+glutamine (Glx) levels in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during a pharmacological cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) panic challenge were assessed depending on the functional neuropeptide S receptor gene (NPSR1) rs324981 A/T variant in a final sample of 35 healthy male subjects. The subjective panic response (Panic Symptom Scale; PSS) as well as cortisol and ACTH levels were ascertained throughout the experiment. CCK-4 injection was followed by a strong panic response. A significant time×genotype interaction was detected (p=.008), with significantly lower ACC Glx/Cr levels in T allele carriers as compared to AA homozygotes 5min after injection (p=.003). CCK-4 induced significant HPA axis stimulation, but no effect of genotype was discerned. The present pilot data suggests NPSR1 gene variation to modulate Glx levels in the ACC during acute states of stress and anxiety, with blunted, i.e. possibly maladaptive ACC glutamatergic reactivity in T risk allele carriers. Our results underline the notion of a genetically driven rapid and dynamic response mechanism in the neural regulation of human anxiety and further strengthen the emerging role of the NPS system in anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Ruland
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Valerie Schütte
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Maxim Zavorotnyy
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Swantje Notzon
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadja Vennewald
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Patricia Ohrmann
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Peter Zwanzger
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Germany; kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Hassan W, Silva CEB, Rocha JBTD, Landeira-Fernandez J. Modulatory effect of diphenyl diselenide in Carioca High- and Low-conditioned Freezing rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:341-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sharma A, Newberg AB. Mind-Body Practices and the Adolescent Brain: Clinical Neuroimaging Studies. ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY 2015; 5:116-124. [PMID: 27347478 DOI: 10.2174/2210676605666150311223728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mind-Body practices constitute a large and diverse group of practices that can substantially affect neurophysiology in both healthy individuals and those with various psychiatric disorders. In spite of the growing literature on the clinical and physiological effects of mind-body practices, very little is known about their impact on central nervous system (CNS) structure and function in adolescents with psychiatric disorders. METHOD This overview highlights findings in a select group of mind-body practices including yoga postures, yoga breathing techniques and meditation practices. RESULTS Mind-body practices offer novel therapeutic approaches for adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Findings from these studies provide insights into the design and implementation of neuroimaging studies for adolescents with psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS Clinical neuroimaging studies will be critical in understanding how different practices affect disease pathogenesis and symptomatology in adolescents. Neuroimaging of mind-body practices on adolescents with psychiatric disorders will certainly be an open and exciting area of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Sharma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA
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Lipp I, Evans CJ, Lewis C, Murphy K, Wise RG, Caseras X. The relationship between fearfulness, GABA+, and fear-related BOLD responses in the insula. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120101. [PMID: 25811453 PMCID: PMC4374765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA plays a crucial role in anxiety and fear, but its relationship to brain activation during fear reactions is not clear. Previous studies suggest that GABA agonists lead to an attenuation of emotion-processing related BOLD signals in the insula. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between GABA concentration and fear-related BOLD responses in this region. In 44 female participants with different levels of fearfulness, GABA concentration in the left insula was measured using a GABA+ MRS acquisition during rest; additionally, BOLD signals were obtained during performance of a fear provocation paradigm. Fearfulness was not associated with GABA+ in the left insula, but could predict fear-related BOLD responses in a cluster in the left anterior insula. The BOLD signal change in this cluster did not correlate with GABA+ concentration. However, we found a significant positive correlation between GABA+ concentration and fear-related BOLD responses in a different cluster that included parts of the left insula, amygdala and putamen. Our findings indicate that low insular GABA concentration is not a predisposition for fearfulness, and that several factors influence whether a correlation between GABA and BOLD can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Lipp
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - C. John Evans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Lewis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Santos M, D'Amico D, Dierssen M. From neural to genetic substrates of panic disorder: Insights from human and mouse studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:127-41. [PMID: 25818748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fear is an ancestral emotion, an intrinsic defensive response present in every organism. Although fear is an evolutionarily advantageous emotion, under certain pathologies such as panic disorder it might become exaggerated and non-adaptive. Clinical and preclinical work pinpoints that changes in cognitive processes, such as perception and interpretation of environmental stimuli that rely on brain regions responsible for high-level function, are essential for the development of fear-related disorders. This review focuses on the involvement of cognitive function to fear circuitry disorders. Moreover, we address how animal models are contributing to understand the involvement of human candidate genes to pathological fear and helping achieve progress in this field. Multidisciplinary approaches that integrate human genetic findings with state of the art genetic mouse models will allow to elucidate the mechanisms underlying pathology and to develop new strategies for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Santos
- Cellular & Systems Neurobiology, Systems Biology Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Davide D'Amico
- Cellular & Systems Neurobiology, Systems Biology Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; ZeClinics SL, E-08001 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Cellular & Systems Neurobiology, Systems Biology Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Meguid NA, Atta HM, Rashed LA, Gouda AS, Khalil RO, Hashish AF. Autism and Fragile X: Is There a Neurochemical Link? Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2014.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND:Autism and Fragile X syndrome are intertwined. This study aimed at assessing Serotonin, Glutamate, and Gama Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) in autism and Fragile X syndrome patients and to detect possible neurochemical similarities between the 2 disorders that can be used as metabolic biomarkers.DESIGN AND METHODS: Eighty subjects divided into four groups, two diseased groups (20 male patients with Autism and 20 males with Fragile X syndrome) and two control groups (20 neurotypical male controls and 20 Down syndrome male patients) were included. Estimation of Serotonin, Glutamate and GABA were done using Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Tandem Mass Spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively.RESULTS: Serotonin was, exclusively, significantly low in autistic children. GABA was significantly high in both autistic and Fragile X children only, but not in Down syndrome children. Glutamate was significantly high in children with autism, Fragile X and Down syndrome Children.CONCLUSIONS: Autism and Fragile X syndrome share some neurochemical similarities with regards of high Glutamate and GABA levels while Serotonin was significantly different in the 2 disorders and may be used a unique biomarker for autism.
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Lonstein JS, Maguire J, Meinlschmidt G, Neumann ID. Emotion and mood adaptations in the peripartum female:complementary contributions of GABA and oxytocin. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:649-64. [PMID: 25074620 PMCID: PMC5487494 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Peripartum hormones and sensory cues from young modify the maternal brain in ways that can render females either at risk for, or resilient to, elevated anxiety and depression. The neurochemical systems underlying these aspects of maternal emotional and mood states include the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT). Data from laboratory rodents indicate that increased activity at the GABA(A) receptor contributes to the postpartum suppression of anxiety-related behaviour that is mediated by physical contact with offspring, whereas dysregulation in GABAergic signalling results in deficits in maternal care, as well as anxiety- and depression-like behaviours during the postpartum period. Similarly, activation of the brain OXT system accompanied by increased OXT release within numerous brain sites in response to reproductive stimuli also reduces postpartum anxiety- and depression-like behaviours. Studies of peripartum women are consistent with these findings in rodents. Given the similar consequences of elevated central GABA and OXT activity on maternal anxiety and depression, balanced and partly reciprocal interactions between these two systems may be essential for their effects on maternal emotional and mood states, in addition to other aspects of postpartum behaviour and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lonstein
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Mann JJ, Oquendo MA, Watson KT, Boldrini M, Malone KM, Ellis SP, Sullivan G, Cooper TB, Xie S, Currier D. Anxiety in major depression and cerebrospinal fluid free gamma-aminobutyric acid. Depress Anxiety 2014; 31:814-21. [PMID: 24865448 PMCID: PMC4797625 DOI: 10.1002/da.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is implicated in both anxiety and depression pathophysiology. They are often comorbid, but most clinical studies have not examined these relationships separately. We investigated the relationship of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) free GABA to the anxiety and depression components of a major depressive episode (MDE) and to monoamine systems. METHODS AND MATERIALS Patients with a DSM-IV major depressive episode (N = 167: 130 major depressive disorder; 37 bipolar disorder) and healthy volunteers (N = 38) had CSF free GABA measured by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Monoamine metabolites were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. Symptomatology was assessed by Hamilton depression rating scale. RESULTS Psychic anxiety severity increased with age and correlated with lower CSF free GABA, controlling for age. CSF free GABA declined with age but was not related to depression severity. Other monoamine metabolites correlated positively with CSF GABA but not with psychic anxiety or depression severity. CSF free GABA was lower in MDD compared with bipolar disorder and healthy volunteers. GABA levels did not differ based on a suicide attempt history in mood disorders. Recent exposure to benzodiazepines, but not alcohol or past alcoholism, was associated with a statistical trend for more severe anxiety and lower CSF GABA. CONCLUSIONS Lower CSF GABA may explain increasing severity of psychic anxiety in major depression with increasing age. This relationship is not seen with monoamine metabolites, suggesting treatments targeting the GABAergic system should be evaluated in treatment-resistant anxious major depression and in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. John Mann
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,Department of Radiology, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,Correspondence to: J. John Mann M.D., Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Box 42, New York, NY 10032.
| | - Maria A. Oquendo
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York
| | - Kalycia Trishana Watson
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York
| | - Maura Boldrini
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York
| | - Kevin M. Malone
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York
| | - Steven P. Ellis
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York
| | - Gregory Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York
| | - Thomas B. Cooper
- Department of Analytical Psychopharmacology, the Nathan Klein Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York
| | - Shan Xie
- Department of Analytical Psychopharmacology, the Nathan Klein Institute, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York
| | - Dianne Currier
- The Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Johnson PL, Federici LM, Shekhar A. Etiology, triggers and neurochemical circuits associated with unexpected, expected, and laboratory-induced panic attacks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 3:429-54. [PMID: 25130976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is a severe anxiety disorder that is characterized by recurrent panic attacks (PA), which can be unexpected (uPA, i.e., no clear identifiable trigger) or expected (ePA). Panic typically involves an abrupt feeling of catastrophic fear or distress accompanied by physiological symptoms such as palpitations, racing heart, thermal sensations, and sweating. Recurrent uPA and ePA can also lead to agoraphobia, where subjects with PD avoid situations that were associated with PA. Here we will review recent developments in our understanding of PD, which includes discussions on: symptoms and signs associated with uPA and ePAs; Diagnosis of PD and the new DSM-V; biological etiology such as heritability and gene×environment and gene×hormonal development interactions; comparisons between laboratory and naturally occurring uPAs and ePAs; neurochemical systems that are associated with clinical PAs (e.g. gene associations; targets for triggering or treating PAs), adaptive fear and panic response concepts in the context of new NIH RDoc approach; and finally strengths and weaknesses of translational animal models of adaptive and pathological panic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Johnson
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Lauren M Federici
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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47
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Mullally M, Cayer C, Kramp K, Otárola Rojas M, Sanchez Vindas P, Garcia M, Poveda Alvarez L, Durst T, Merali Z, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT. Souroubea sympetala (Marcgraviaceae): a medicinal plant that exerts anxiolysis through interaction with the GABAA benzodiazepine receptor. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:758-64. [PMID: 25140794 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mode of action of the anxiolytic medicinal plant Souroubea sympetala was investigated to test the hypothesis that extracts and the active principle act at the pharmacologically important GABAA-benzodiazepine (GABAA-BZD) receptor. Leaf extracts prepared by ethyl acetate extraction or supercritical extraction, previously determined to have 5.54 mg/g and 6.78 mg/g of the active principle, betulinic acid, respectively, reduced behavioural parameters associated with anxiety in a rat model. When animals were pretreated with the GABAA-BZD receptor antagonist flumazenil, followed by the plant extracts, or a more soluble derivative of the active principle, the methyl ester of betulinic acid (MeBA), flumazenil eliminated the anxiety-reducing effect of plant extracts and MeBA, demonstrating that S. sympetala acts via an agonist action on the GABAA-BZD receptor. An in vitro GABAA-BZD competitive receptor binding assay also demonstrated that S. sympetala extracts have an affinity for the GABAA-BZD receptor, with an EC50 value of 123 μg/mL (EtOAc leaf extract) and 154 μg/mL (supercritical CO2 extract). These experiments indicate that S. sympetala acts at the GABAA-BZD receptor to elicit anxiolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Mullally
- a Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Myers JFM, Evans CJ, Kalk NJ, Edden RAE, Lingford-Hughes AR. Measurement of GABA using J-difference edited 1H-MRS following modulation of synaptic GABA concentration with tiagabine. Synapse 2014; 68:355-62. [PMID: 24756906 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Though GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, involved in a wide variety of brain functions and many neuropsychiatric disorders, its intracellular and metabolic presence provides uncertainty in the interpretation of the GABA signal measured by (1)H-MRS. Previous studies demonstrating the sensitivity of this technique to pharmacological manipulations of GABA have used nonspecific challenges that make it difficult to infer the exact source of the changes. In this study, the synaptic GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine, which selectively blocks GAT1, was used to test the sensitivity of J-difference edited (1)H-MRS to changes in extracellular GABA concentrations. MEGA-PRESS was used to obtain GABA-edited spectra in 10 male individuals, before and after a 15-mg oral dose of tiagabine. In the three voxels measured, no significant changes were found in GABA+ concentration after the challenge compared to baseline. This dose of tiagabine is known to modulate synaptic GABA and neurotransmission through studies using other imaging modalities, and significant increases in self-reported sleepiness scales were observed. Therefore, it is concluded that recompartmentalization of GABA through transport block does not have a significant impact on total GABA concentration. Furthermore, it is likely that the majority of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-derived GABA signal is intracellular. It should be considered, in individual interpretation of GABA MRS studies, whether it is appropriate to attribute observed effects to changes in neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F M Myers
- Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
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Meyerhoff DJ, Mon A, Metzler T, Neylan TC. Cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in posttraumatic stress disorder and their relationships to self-reported sleep quality. Sleep 2014; 37:893-900. [PMID: 24790267 PMCID: PMC3985106 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To test if posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with low brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and if reduced GABA is mediated by poor sleep quality. DESIGN Laboratory study using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) and behavioral testing. SETTING VA Medical Center Research Service, Psychiatry and Radiology. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Twenty-seven patients with PTSD (PTSD+) and 18 trauma-exposed controls without PTSD (PTSD-), recruited from United States Army reservists, Army National Guard, and mental health clinics. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS 1H MRS at 4 Tesla yielded spectra from three cortical brain regions. In parieto-occipital and temporal cortices, PTSD+ had lower GABA concentrations than PTSD-. As expected, PTSD+ had higher depressive and anxiety symptom scores and a higher Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score. Higher ISI correlated with lower GABA and higher glutamate levels in parieto-occipital cortex and tended to correlate with lower GABA in the anterior cingulate. The relationship between parieto-occipital GABA and PTSD diagnosis was fully mediated through insomnia severity. Lower N-acetylaspartate and glutamate concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex correlated with higher arousal scores, whereas depressive and anxiety symptoms did generally not influence metabolite concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Low brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is consistent with most findings in panic and social anxiety disorders. Low GABA associated with poor sleep quality is consistent with the hyperarousal theory of both primary insomnia and PTSD. Our data demonstrate that poor sleep quality mediates low parieto-occipital GABA in PTSD. The findings have implications for PTSD treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter J. Meyerhoff
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, DVA Medical Center, and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anderson Mon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, DVA Medical Center, and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas Metzler
- Psychiatry Research Service VAMC, and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas C. Neylan
- Psychiatry Research Service VAMC, and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Silveri MM. GABAergic contributions to alcohol responsivity during adolescence: insights from preclinical and clinical studies. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:197-216. [PMID: 24631274 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable body of literature demonstrating that adolescence is a unique age period, which includes rapid and dramatic maturation of behavioral, cognitive, hormonal and neurobiological systems. Most notably, adolescence is also a period of unique responsiveness to alcohol effects, with both hyposensitivity and hypersensitivity observed to the various effects of alcohol. Multiple neurotransmitter systems are undergoing fine-tuning during this critical period of brain development, including those that contribute to the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. The role of developmental maturation of the γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) system, however, has received less attention in contributing to age-specific alcohol sensitivities. This review integrates GABA findings from human magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies as they may translate to understanding adolescent-specific responsiveness to alcohol effects. Better understanding of the vulnerability of the GABA system both during adolescent development, and in psychiatric conditions that include alcohol dependence, could point to a putative mechanism, boosting brain GABA, that may have increased effectiveness for treating alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M Silveri
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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