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Guida A, Mosillo C, Mammone G, Caserta C, Sirgiovanni G, Conteduca V, Bracarda S. The 5-WS of targeting DNA-damage repair (DDR) pathways in prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 128:102766. [PMID: 38763054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
DNA-damage repair (DDR) pathways alterations, a growing area of interest in oncology, are detected in about 20% of patient with prostate cancer and are associated with improved sensitivity to poly(ADP ribose) polymerases (PARP) inhibitors. In May 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two PARP inhibitors (olaparib and rucaparib) for prostate cancer treatment. Moreover, germline aberrations in DDR pathways genes have also been related to familial or hereditary prostate cancer, requiring tailored health-care programs. These emerging scenarios are rapidly changing diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches in prostate cancer management. The aim of this review is to highlight the five W-points of DDR pathways in prostate cancer: why targeting DDR pathways in prostate cancer; what we should test for genomic profiling in prostate cancer; "where" testing genetic assessment in prostate cancer (germline or somatic, solid or liquid biopsy); when genetic testing is appropriate in prostate cancer; who could get benefit from PARP inhibitors; how improve patients outcome with combinations strategies.
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Hahn E, Mighton C, Fisher Y, Wong A, Di Gioacchino V, Watkins N, Mayers J, Bombard Y, Charames GS, Lerner-Ellis J. Variant classification changes over time in the clinical molecular diagnostic laboratory setting. J Med Genet 2024:jmg-2023-109772. [PMID: 38806232 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variant classification in the setting of germline genetic testing is necessary for patients and their families to receive proper care. Variants are classified as pathogenic (P), likely pathogenic (LP), uncertain significance (VUS), likely benign (LB) and benign (B) using the standards and guidelines recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics and the Association for Molecular Pathology, with modifications for specific genes. As the literature continues to rapidly expand, and evidence continues to accumulate, prior classifications can be updated accordingly. In this study, we aim to characterise variant reclassifications in Ontario. METHODS DNA samples from patients seen at hereditary cancer clinics in Ontario from January 2012 to April 2022 were submitted for testing. Patients met provincial eligibility criteria for testing for hereditary cancer syndromes or polycystic kidney disease. Reclassification events were determined to be within their broader category of significance (B to LB or vice versa, or P to LP or vice versa) or outside of their broader category as significance (ie, significant reclassifications from B/LB or VUS or P/LP, from P/LP to VUS or B/LB, or from VUS to any other category). RESULTS Of the 8075 unique variants included in this study, 23.7% (1912) of variants were reassessed, and 7.2% (578) of variants were reclassified. Of these, 351 (60.7%) variants were reclassified outside of their broader category of significance. Overall, the final classification was significantly different for 336 (58.1%) variants. Importantly, most reclassified variants were downgraded to a more benign classification (n=245; 72.9%). Of note, most reclassified VUS was downgraded to B/LB (n=233; 84.7%). CONCLUSIONS The likelihood for reclassification of variants on reassessment is high. Most reclassified variants were downgraded to a more benign classification. Our findings highlight the importance of periodic variant reassessment to ensure timely and appropriate care for patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan Hahn
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chloe Mighton
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St Michael's Hospital Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yael Fisher
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Wong
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa Di Gioacchino
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Watkins
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Mayers
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yvonne Bombard
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St Michael's Hospital Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George S Charames
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Lerner-Ellis
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Capalbo A, de Wert G, Mertes H, Klausner L, Coonen E, Spinella F, Van de Velde H, Viville S, Sermon K, Vermeulen N, Lencz T, Carmi S. Screening embryos for polygenic disease risk: a review of epidemiological, clinical, and ethical considerations. Hum Reprod Update 2024:dmae012. [PMID: 38805697 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic composition of embryos generated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be examined with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Until recently, PGT was limited to detecting single-gene, high-risk pathogenic variants, large structural variants, and aneuploidy. Recent advances have made genome-wide genotyping of IVF embryos feasible and affordable, raising the possibility of screening embryos for their risk of polygenic diseases such as breast cancer, hypertension, diabetes, or schizophrenia. Despite a heated debate around this new technology, called polygenic embryo screening (PES; also PGT-P), it is already available to IVF patients in some countries. Several articles have studied epidemiological, clinical, and ethical perspectives on PES; however, a comprehensive, principled review of this emerging field is missing. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review has four main goals. First, given the interdisciplinary nature of PES studies, we aim to provide a self-contained educational background about PES to reproductive specialists interested in the subject. Second, we provide a comprehensive and critical review of arguments for and against the introduction of PES, crystallizing and prioritizing the key issues. We also cover the attitudes of IVF patients, clinicians, and the public towards PES. Third, we distinguish between possible future groups of PES patients, highlighting the benefits and harms pertaining to each group. Finally, our review, which is supported by ESHRE, is intended to aid healthcare professionals and policymakers in decision-making regarding whether to introduce PES in the clinic, and if so, how, and to whom. SEARCH METHODS We searched for PubMed-indexed articles published between 1/1/2003 and 1/3/2024 using the terms 'polygenic embryo screening', 'polygenic preimplantation', and 'PGT-P'. We limited the review to primary research papers in English whose main focus was PES for medical conditions. We also included papers that did not appear in the search but were deemed relevant. OUTCOMES The main theoretical benefit of PES is a reduction in lifetime polygenic disease risk for children born after screening. The magnitude of the risk reduction has been predicted based on statistical modelling, simulations, and sibling pair analyses. Results based on all methods suggest that under the best-case scenario, large relative risk reductions are possible for one or more diseases. However, as these models abstract several practical limitations, the realized benefits may be smaller, particularly due to a limited number of embryos and unclear future accuracy of the risk estimates. PES may negatively impact patients and their future children, as well as society. The main personal harms are an unindicated IVF treatment, a possible reduction in IVF success rates, and patient confusion, incomplete counselling, and choice overload. The main possible societal harms include discarded embryos, an increasing demand for 'designer babies', overemphasis of the genetic determinants of disease, unequal access, and lower utility in people of non-European ancestries. Benefits and harms will vary across the main potential patient groups, comprising patients already requiring IVF, fertile people with a history of a severe polygenic disease, and fertile healthy people. In the United States, the attitudes of IVF patients and the public towards PES seem positive, while healthcare professionals are cautious, sceptical about clinical utility, and concerned about patient counselling. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The theoretical potential of PES to reduce risk across multiple polygenic diseases requires further research into its benefits and harms. Given the large number of practical limitations and possible harms, particularly unnecessary IVF treatments and discarded viable embryos, PES should be offered only within a research context before further clarity is achieved regarding its balance of benefits and harms. The gap in attitudes between healthcare professionals and the public needs to be narrowed by expanding public and patient education and providing resources for informative and unbiased genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Capalbo
- Juno Genetics, Department of Reproductive Genetics, Rome, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medical Genetics, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Guido de Wert
- Department of Health, Ethics & Society, CAPHRI-School for Public Health and Primary Care and GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Mertes
- Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liraz Klausner
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Edith Coonen
- Departments of Clinical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Spinella
- Eurofins GENOMA Group Srl, Molecular Genetics Laboratories, Department of Scientific Communication, Rome, Italy
| | - Hilde Van de Velde
- Research Group Genetics Reproduction and Development (GRAD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
- Brussels IVF, UZ Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Stephane Viville
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale LGM, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace IGMA, INSERM UMR 1112, Université de Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Unité de Génétique de l'infertilité (UF3472), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen Sermon
- Research Group Genetics Reproduction and Development (GRAD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | | | - Todd Lencz
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Shai Carmi
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Tung N, Ricker C, Messersmith H, Balmaña J, Domchek S, Stoffel EM, Almhanna K, Arun B, Chavarri-Guerra Y, Cohen SA, Cragun D, Crew KD, Hall MJ, Idos G, Lopez G, Pal T, Pirzadeh-Miller S, Pritchard C, Rana HQ, Swami U, Vidal GA. Selection of Germline Genetic Testing Panels in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2024:JCO2400662. [PMID: 38759122 DOI: 10.1200/jco.24.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To guide use of multigene panels for germline genetic testing for patients with cancer. METHODS An ASCO Expert Panel convened to develop recommendations on the basis of a systematic review of guidelines, consensus statements, and studies of germline and somatic genetic testing. RESULTS Fifty-two guidelines and consensus statements met eligibility criteria for the primary search; 14 studies were identified for Clinical Question 4. RECOMMENDATIONS Patients should have a family history taken and recorded that includes details of cancers in first- and second-degree relatives and the patient's ethnicity. When more than one gene is relevant based on personal and/or family history, multigene panel testing should be offered. When considering what genes to include in the panel, the minimal panel should include the more strongly recommended genes from Table 1 and may include those less strongly recommended. A broader panel may be ordered when the potential benefits are clearly identified, and the potential harms from uncertain results should be mitigated. Patients who meet criteria for germline genetic testing should be offered germline testing regardless of results from tumor testing. Patients who would not normally be offered germline genetic testing based on personal and/or family history criteria but who have a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant identified by tumor testing in a gene listed in Table 2 under the outlined circumstances should be offered germline testing.Additional information is available at www.asco.org/molecular-testing-and-biomarkers-guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Tung
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Sharon, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Banu Arun
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yanin Chavarri-Guerra
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Gregory Idos
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Ghecemy Lopez
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tuya Pal
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sara Pirzadeh-Miller
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | | | - Umang Swami
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Gregory A Vidal
- The West Cancer Center and Research Institute and The University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Germantown, TN
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Ricker C, Arun B, Pirzadeh-Miller S, Stoffel EM, Messersmith H, Tung N. Selection of Germline Genetic Testing Panels in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Guideline Clinical Insights. JCO Oncol Pract 2024:OP2400278. [PMID: 38759126 DOI: 10.1200/op.24.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Banu Arun
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sara Pirzadeh-Miller
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | | | - Nadine Tung
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Sharon, MA
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Laguna JC, Pastor B, Nalda I, Hijazo-Pechero S, Teixido C, Potrony M, Puig-Butillé JA, Mezquita L. Incidental pathogenic germline alterations detected through liquid biopsy in patients with solid tumors: prevalence, clinical utility and implications. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1420-1431. [PMID: 38532104 PMCID: PMC11059286 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive approach for detecting tumor biomarkers in blood, has emerged as a leading-edge technique in cancer precision medicine. New evidence has shown that liquid biopsies can incidentally detect pathogenic germline variants (PGVs) associated with cancer predisposition, including in patients with a cancer for which genetic testing is not recommended. The ability to detect these incidental PGV in cancer patients through liquid biopsy raises important questions regarding the management of this information and its clinical implications. This incidental identification of PGVs raises concerns about cancer predisposition and the potential impact on patient management, not only in terms of providing access to treatment based on the tumor molecular profiling, but also the management of revealing genetic predisposition in patients and families. Understanding how to interpret this information is essential to ensure proper decision-making and to optimize cancer treatment and prevention strategies. In this review we provide a comprehensive summary of current evidence of incidental PGVs in cancer predisposition genes identified by liquid biopsy in patients with cancer. We critically review the methodological considerations of liquid biopsy as a tool for germline diagnosis, clinical utility and potential implications for cancer prevention, treatment, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Laguna
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pastor
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Nalda
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Hijazo-Pechero
- Preclinical and Experimental Research in Thoracic Tumors (PRETT), Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Teixido
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Antón Puig-Butillé
- CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Biology CORE, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lim E, Borden C, Mehta S, Roberts MB, Mazzola S, Zhao F, Wang X. Reclassification of Variants Following Renal Genetics Testing: Uncommon Yet Impactful for Diagnosis and Management. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:1441-1450. [PMID: 38707809 PMCID: PMC11068948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Genetic testing is increasingly utilized in nephrology practice, but limited real-world data exist on variant reclassification following renal genetics testing. Methods A cohort of patients at the Cleveland Clinic Renal Genetics Clinic who underwent genetic testing through clinical laboratories was assessed with their clinical and laboratory data analyzed. Results Between January 2019 and June 2023, 425 new patients with variable kidney disorders from 413 pedigrees completed genetic testing through 10 clinical laboratories, including 255 (60%) females with median (25th, 75th percentiles) age of 36 (22-54) years. Multigene panel was the most frequently used modality followed by single-gene testing, exome sequencing (ES), chromosomal microarray (CMA), and genome sequencing (GS). At initial report, 52% of patients had ≥1 variants of uncertain significance (VUS) with or without concurrent pathogenic variant(s). Twenty amendments were issued across 19 pedigrees involving 19 variants in 17 genes. The overall variant reclassification rate was 5%, with 63% being upgrades and 32% downgrades. Of the reclassified variants, 79% were initially reported as VUS. The median time-to-amendments from initial reports was 8.4 (4-27) months. Following the variant reclassifications, 60% of the patients received a new diagnosis or a change in diagnosis. Among these, 67% of patients received significant changes in clinical management. Conclusion Variant reclassification following genetic testing is infrequent but important for diagnosis and management of patients with suspected genetic kidney disease. The majority of variant reclassifications involve VUS and are upgrades in clinically issued amended reports. Further studies are needed to investigate the predictors of such events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euyn Lim
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chloe Borden
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Seysha Mehta
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary-Beth Roberts
- Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Medical Specialties Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah Mazzola
- Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Medical Specialties Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiangling Wang
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Medical Specialties Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Kidney Medicine, Medical Specialties Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Fernandez-Falgueras A, Coll M, Iglesias A, Tiron C, Campuzano O, Brugada R. The importance of variant reinterpretation in inherited cardiovascular diseases: Establishing the optimal timeframe. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297914. [PMID: 38691546 PMCID: PMC11062523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited cardiovascular diseases are rare diseases that are difficult to diagnose by non-expert professionals. Genetic analyses play a key role in the diagnosis of these diseases, in which the identification of a pathogenic genetic variant is often a diagnostic criterion. Therefore, genetic variant classification and routine reinterpretation as data become available represent one of the main challenges associated with genetic analyses. Using the genetic variants identified in an inherited cardiovascular diseases unit during a 10-year period, the objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the impact of genetic variant reinterpretation, 2) to compare the reclassification rates between different cohorts of cardiac channelopathies and cardiomyopathies, and 3) to establish the most appropriate periodicity for genetic variant reinterpretation. All the evaluated cohorts (full cohort of inherited cardiovascular diseases, cardiomyopathies, cardiac channelopathies, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia) showed reclassification rates above 25%, showing even higher reclassification rates when there is definitive evidence of the association between the gene and the disease in the cardiac channelopathies. Evaluation of genetic variant reclassification rates based on the year of the initial classification showed that the most appropriate frequency for the reinterpretation would be 2 years, with the possibility of a more frequent reinterpretation if deemed convenient. To keep genetic variant classifications up to date, genetic counsellors play a critical role in the reinterpretation process, providing clinical evidence that genetic diagnostic laboratories often do not have at their disposal and communicating changes in classification and the potential implications of these reclassifications to patients and relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fernandez-Falgueras
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine Unit, Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Coll
- Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine Unit, Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Iglesias
- Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine Unit, Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coloma Tiron
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Medicine Unit, Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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9
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Takahashi K, Yachida N, Tamura R, Adachi S, Kondo S, Abé T, Umezu H, Nyuzuki H, Okuda S, Nakaoka H, Yoshihara K. Clonal origin and genomic diversity in Lynch syndrome-associated endometrial cancer with multiple synchronous tumors: Identification of the pathogenicity of MLH1 p.L582H. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2024; 63:e23231. [PMID: 38459936 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome-associated endometrial cancer patients often present multiple synchronous tumors and this assessment can affect treatment strategies. We present a case of a 27-year-old woman with tumors in the uterine corpus, cervix, and ovaries who was diagnosed with endometrial cancer and exhibited cervical invasion and ovarian metastasis. Her family history suggested Lynch syndrome, and genetic testing identified a variant of uncertain significance, MLH1 p.L582H. We conducted immunohistochemical staining, microsatellite instability analysis, and Sanger sequencing for Lynch syndrome-associated cancers in three generations of the family and identified consistent MLH1 loss. Whole-exome sequencing for the corpus, cervical, and ovarian tumors of the proband identified a copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH) occurring at the MLH1 position in all tumors. This indicated that the germline variant and the copy-neutral LOH led to biallelic loss of MLH1 and was the cause of cancer initiation. All tumors shared a portion of somatic mutations with high mutant allele frequencies, suggesting a common clonal origin. There were no mutations shared only between the cervix and ovary samples. The profiles of mutant allele frequencies shared between the corpus and cervix or ovary indicated that two different subclones originating from the corpus independently metastasized to the cervix or ovary. Additionally, all tumors presented unique mutations in endometrial cancer-associated genes such as ARID1A and PIK3CA. In conclusion, we demonstrated clonal origin and genomic diversity in a Lynch syndrome-associated endometrial cancer, suggesting the importance of evaluating multiple sites in Lynch syndrome patients with synchronous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Yachida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryo Tamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sosuke Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kondo
- Division of Pathology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Abé
- Division of Oral Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hajime Umezu
- Division of Pathology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nyuzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Division of bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakaoka
- Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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10
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SoRelle JA, Funke BH, Eno CC, Ji J, Santani A, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Wachsmann M, Wain KE, Mao R. Slice Testing-Considerations from Ordering to Reporting: A Joint Report of the Association for Molecular Pathology, College of American Pathologists, and National Society of Genetic Counselors. J Mol Diagn 2024; 26:159-167. [PMID: 38103592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As the number of genes associated with various germline disorders continues to grow, it is becoming more difficult for clinical laboratories to maintain separate assays for interrogating disease-focused gene panels. One solution to this challenge is termed slice testing, where capture backbone is used to analyze data specific to a set of genes, and for this article, we will focus on exome. A key advantage to this strategy is greater flexibility by adding genes as they become associated with disease or the ability to accommodate specific provider requests. Here, we provide expert consensus recommendations and results from an Association for Molecular Pathology-sponsored survey of clinical laboratories performing exome sequencing to compare a slice testing approach with traditional static gene panels and comprehensive exome analysis. We explore specific considerations for slices, including gene selection, analytic performance, coverage, quality, and interpretation. Our goal is to provide comprehensive guidance for clinical laboratories interested in designing and using slice tests as a diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A SoRelle
- Whole Exome Sequencing Standards Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Birgit H Funke
- Whole Exome Sequencing Standards Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Sema4, Stamford, Connecticut; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Celeste C Eno
- Whole Exome Sequencing Standards Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jianling Ji
- Whole Exome Sequencing Standards Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Avni Santani
- Whole Exome Sequencing Standards Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pinar Bayrak-Toydemir
- Whole Exome Sequencing Standards Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Megan Wachsmann
- Whole Exome Sequencing Standards Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Karen E Wain
- Whole Exome Sequencing Standards Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; GeneDx, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Rong Mao
- Whole Exome Sequencing Standards Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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11
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Walsh N, Cooper A, Dockery A, O'Byrne JJ. Variant reclassification and clinical implications. J Med Genet 2024; 61:207-211. [PMID: 38296635 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Genomic technologies have transformed clinical genetic testing, underlining the importance of accurate molecular genetic diagnoses. Variant classification, ranging from benign to pathogenic, is fundamental to these tests. However, variant reclassification, the process of reassigning the pathogenicity of variants over time, poses challenges to diagnostic legitimacy. This review explores the medical and scientific literature available on variant reclassification, focusing on its clinical implications.Variant reclassification is driven by accruing evidence from diverse sources, leading to variant reclassification frequency ranging from 3.6% to 58.8%. Recent studies have shown that significant changes can occur when reviewing variant classifications within 1 year after initial classification, illustrating the importance of early, accurate variant assignation for clinical care.Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are particularly problematic. They lack clear categorisation but have influenced patient treatment despite recommendations against it. Addressing VUS reclassification is essential to enhance the credibility of genetic testing and the clinical impact. Factors affecting reclassification include standardised guidelines, clinical phenotype-genotype correlations through deep phenotyping and ancestry studies, large-scale databases and bioinformatics tools. As genomic databases grow and knowledge advances, reclassification rates are expected to change, reducing discordance in future classifications.Variant reclassification affects patient diagnosis, precision therapy and family screening. The exact patient impact is yet unknown. Understanding influencing factors and adopting standardised guidelines are vital for precise molecular genetic diagnoses, ensuring optimal patient care and minimising clinical risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Walsh
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aislinn Cooper
- Next Generation Sequencing Lab, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian Dockery
- Next Generation Sequencing Lab, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James J O'Byrne
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Agaoglu NB, Unal B, Hayes CP, Walker M, Ng OH, Doganay L, Can ND, Rana HQ, Ghazani AA. Genomic disparity impacts variant classification of cancer susceptibility genes in Turkish breast cancer patients. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6852. [PMID: 38308423 PMCID: PMC10905328 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Turkish genome is underrepresented in large genomic databases. This study aims to evaluate the effect of allele frequency in the Turkish population in determining the clinical utility of germline findings in breast cancer, including invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), mixed invasive ductal and lobular carcinoma (IDC-L), and ductal carcinoma (DC). METHODS Two clinic-based cohorts from the Umraniye Research and Training Hospital (URTH) were used in this study: a cohort consisting of 132 women with breast cancer and a non-cancer cohort consisting of 492 participants. The evaluation of the germline landscape was performed by analysis of 27 cancer genes. The frequency and type of variants in the breast cancer cohort were compared to those in the non-cancer cohort to investigate the effect of population genetics. The variant allele frequencies in Turkish Variome and gnomAD were statistically evaluated. RESULTS The genetic analysis identified 121 variants in the breast cancer cohort (actionable = 32, VUS = 89) and 223 variants in the non-cancer cohort (actionable = 25, VUS = 188). The occurrence of 21 variants in both suggested a possible genetic population effect. Evaluation of allele frequency of 121 variants from the breast cancer cohort showed 22% had a significantly higher value in Turkish Variome compared to gnomAD (p < 0.0001, 95% CI) with a mean difference of 60 times (ranging from 1.37-354.4). After adjusting for variant allele frequency using the ancestry-appropriate database, 6.7% (5/75) of VUS was reclassified to likely benign. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study of population genetic effects in breast cancer subtypes in Turkish women. Our findings underscore the need for a large genomic database representing Turkish population-specific variants. It further highlights the significance of the ancestry-appropriate population database for accurate variant assessment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihat B. Agaoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Cancer GeneticsUmraniye Training and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkey
| | - Busra Unal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Cancer GeneticsUmraniye Training and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkey
- Division of GeneticsBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Connor P. Hayes
- Division of GeneticsBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - McKenzie Walker
- Division of GeneticsBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ozden Hatirnaz Ng
- Department of Medical Biology, School of MedicineAcibadem UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Levent Doganay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Cancer GeneticsUmraniye Training and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkey
| | - Nisan D. Can
- Department of Molecular Biology Genetics and BiotechnologyIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Huma Q. Rana
- Division of Cancer Genetics and PreventionDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Arezou A. Ghazani
- Division of GeneticsBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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13
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Asatryan B, Murray B, Gasperetti A, McClellan R, Barth AS. Unraveling Complexities in Genetically Elusive Long QT Syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2024; 17:e012356. [PMID: 38264885 DOI: 10.1161/circep.123.012356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Genetic testing has become standard of care for patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS), providing diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic information for both probands and their family members. However, up to a quarter of patients with LQTS do not have identifiable Mendelian pathogenic variants in the currently known LQTS-associated genes. This absence of genetic confirmation, intriguingly, does not lessen the severity of LQTS, with the prognosis in these gene-elusive patients with unequivocal LQTS mirroring genotype-positive patients in the limited data available. Such a conundrum instigates an exploration into the causes of corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation in these cases, unveiling a broad spectrum of potential scenarios and mechanisms. These include multiple environmental influences on QTc prolongation, exercise-induced repolarization abnormalities, and the profound implications of the constantly evolving nature of genetic testing and variant interpretation. In addition, the rapid advances in genetics have the potential to uncover new causal genes, and polygenic risk factors may aid in the diagnosis of high-risk patients. Navigating this multifaceted landscape requires a systematic approach and expert knowledge, integrating the dynamic nature of genetics and patient-specific influences for accurate diagnosis, management, and counseling of patients. The role of a subspecialized expert cardiogenetic clinic is paramount in evaluation to navigate this complexity. Amid these intricate aspects, this review outlines potential causes of gene-elusive LQTS. It also provides an outline for the evaluation of patients with negative and inconclusive genetic test results and underscores the need for ongoing adaptation and reassessment in our understanding of LQTS, as the complexities of gene-elusive LQTS are increasingly deciphered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babken Asatryan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brittney Murray
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alessio Gasperetti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rebecca McClellan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andreas S Barth
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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14
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LaRose M, Manji GA, Bates SE. Beyond BRCA: Diagnosis and management of homologous recombination repair deficient pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol 2024; 51:36-44. [PMID: 38171988 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Approximately 4%-7% of patients diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are found to harbor deleterious germline mutations in BRCA1 and/or BRCA2. Loss of function of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 results in deficiency in homologous recombination repair (HRR), a critical DNA repair pathway, and confers sensitivity to certain DNA damaging agents, including platinum chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors. The PARP inhibitor olaparib is food and drug administration (FDA) approved for use in pancreatic cancer based on the POLO trial, which found that maintenance olaparib significantly prolonged progression free survival compared to placebo among patients with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and metastatic PDAC that had not progressed following frontline platinum-based chemotherapy. Recently, there has been considerable interest in identifying patients without BRCA inactivation whose tumors also exhibit properties of HRR deficiency and thus may be susceptible to therapies with proven benefit in cancers harboring BRCA mutations. Here, we discuss methods for identification of HRR-deficiency and review the management of HRR-deficient cancers with a focus on HRR-deficient PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith LaRose
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York NY, USA.
| | - Gulam A Manji
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York NY, USA
| | - Susan E Bates
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York NY, USA
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15
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Dratch L, Azage M, Baldwin A, Johnson K, Paul RA, Bardakjian TM, Michon SC, Amado DA, Baer M, Deik AF, Elman LB, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Guo MH, Hamedani AG, Irwin DJ, Lasker A, Orthmann-Murphy J, Quinn C, Tropea TF, Scherer SS, Ellis CA. Genetic testing in adults with neurologic disorders: indications, approach, and clinical impacts. J Neurol 2024; 271:733-747. [PMID: 37891417 PMCID: PMC11095966 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of genetic testing in neurologic clinical practice has increased dramatically in recent years, driven by research on genetic causes of neurologic disease and increased availability of genetic sequencing technology. Genetic testing is now indicated for adults with a wide range of common neurologic conditions. The potential clinical impacts of a genetic diagnosis are also rapidly expanding, with a growing list of gene-specific treatments and clinical trials, in addition to important implications for prognosis, surveillance, family planning, and diagnostic closure. The goals of this review are to provide practical guidance for clinicians about the role of genetics in their practice and to provide the neuroscience research community with a broad survey of current progress in this field. We aim to answer three questions for the neurologist in practice: Which of my patients need genetic testing? What testing should I order? And how will genetic testing help my patient? We focus on common neurologic disorders and presentations to the neurology clinic. For each condition, we review the most current guidelines and evidence regarding indications for genetic testing, expected diagnostic yield, and recommended testing approach. We also focus on clinical impacts of genetic diagnoses, highlighting a number of gene-specific therapies recently approved for clinical use, and a rapidly expanding landscape of gene-specific clinical trials, many using novel nucleotide-based therapeutic modalities like antisense oligonucleotides and gene transfer. We anticipate that more widespread use of genetic testing will help advance therapeutic development and improve the care, and outcomes, of patients with neurologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laynie Dratch
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Meron Azage
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aaron Baldwin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kelsey Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rachel A Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tanya M Bardakjian
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sara-Claude Michon
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Defne A Amado
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael Baer
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andres F Deik
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lauren B Elman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Spark Therapeutics Inc, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael H Guo
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ali G Hamedani
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aaron Lasker
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Orthmann-Murphy
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Colin Quinn
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thomas F Tropea
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Colin A Ellis
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, 3 West Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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16
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Rosamilia MB, Markunas AM, Kishnani PS, Landstrom AP. Underrepresentation of Diverse Ancestries Drives Uncertainty in Genetic Variants Found in Cardiomyopathy-Associated Genes. JACC. ADVANCES 2024; 3:100767. [PMID: 38464909 PMCID: PMC10922016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thousands of genetic variants have been identified in cardiomyopathy-associated genes. Diagnostic genetic testing is key for evaluation of individuals with suspected cardiomyopathy. While accurate variant pathogenicity assignment is important for diagnosis, the frequency of and factors associated with clinically relevant assessment changes are unclear. OBJECTIVES The authors aimed to characterize pathogenicity assignment change in cardiomyopathy-associated genes and to identify factors associated with this change. METHODS We identified 10 sarcomeric and 6 desmosomal genetic cardiomyopathy-associated genes along with comparison gene sets. We analyzed clinically meaningful changes in pathogenicity assignment between any of the following: pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP), conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity or variant of unknown significance (C/VUS), and benign/likely benign. We explored association of minor allele frequency (MAF) differences between well, and traditionally poorly, represented ancestries in genetic studies with assessment stability. Analyses were performed using ClinVar and GnomAD data. RESULTS Of the 30,975 cardiomyopathy-associated gene variants in ClinVar, 2,276 of them (7.3%) had a clinically meaningful change in pathogenicity assignment over the study period, 2011 to 2021. Sixty-seven percent of variants that underwent a clinically significant change moved from P/LP or benign/likely benign to C/VUS. Among cardiomyopathy variants downgraded from P/LP, 35% had a MAF above 1 × 10 -4 in non-Europeans and below 1 × 10 -4 in Europeans. CONCLUSIONS Over the past 10 years, 7.3% of cardiomyopathy gene variants underwent a clinically meaningful change in pathogenicity assignment. Over 30% of downgrades from P/LP may be attributable to higher MAF in Non-Europeans than Europeans. This finding suggests that low ancestral diversity in genetic studies has increased diagnostic uncertainty in cardiomyopathy gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Rosamilia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Markunas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Priya S. Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew P. Landstrom
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Lascurain S, Thull D, Durst A, Bear T, Mai PL. Release of reclassified VUS results of now deceased patients to family members: Practices and opinions. J Genet Couns 2024. [PMID: 38189571 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are commonly identified in genetic testing. The rate at which a VUS is reclassified depends on multiple factors. However, as the amount of time it might take for a VUS to be reclassified varies, some patients with a VUS genetic testing result might have passed away before the VUS is reclassified. A VUS that is reclassified after the patient's death has clinical implications for the deceased patient's family members. The disclosure of reclassified VUS results for a deceased patient has complex legal and ethical implications. There are no established guidelines on how the reclassified VUS result for a deceased patient should be disclosed to at-risk relatives. An online survey was sent to members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGCs) to elicit practices and opinions regarding this issue. A total of 153 (4%) NSGC members completed the survey. Thirty-seven (24.2%) respondents reported having received a reclassified VUS for a deceased patient. Respondents were more likely to attempt disclosure if the variant was reclassified as pathogenic (93.5%) versus benign (76.5%), although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.06). Respondents more often reported the impact on family members (85.5%) than the decedent's right to privacy (15.0%) as extremely important when considering disclosure to family members. A legal mechanism to allow disclosure to relatives was supported by 70.6% of respondents and 97.4% felt the issue was important enough to pursue if such a process was in place. Only 9.8% of respondents supported a legal requirement of consent before disclosing to family members when a VUS is reclassified after the patient has passed away. Our results indicate that there is no consensus for how these results should be handled and a mechanism for disclosure of reclassified results to family members is supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Lascurain
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Darcy Thull
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Cancer Genetics Program, Magee Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea Durst
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd Bear
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Phuong L Mai
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Cancer Genetics Program, Magee Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Yoon E, Lee JK, Park TK, Chang SA, Huh J, Kim JW, Kim DK, Jang JH. Experience of reassessing FBN1 variants of uncertain significance by gene-specific guidelines. J Med Genet 2023; 61:57-60. [PMID: 37558401 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the 2015 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and Association of Molecular Pathology (AMP) guideline, many variants of FBN1 gene remain inconclusive. In line with publication of the FBN1-specific variant interpretation guideline by ClinGen in 2022, we reassessed variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in FBN1 gene found in our institution. METHODS VUS found in the course of FBN1 sequencing between December 2015 and April 2022 were reassessed based on FBN1-specific variant interpretation guideline, review of updated literatures and additional genetic tests including family study and/or RNA study if available. RESULTS Out of 695 patients who underwent FBN1 sequencing, 61 VUS were found in 69 patients. Among them, 38 VUS in 43 patients (62.3%) were reclassified as pathogenic and likely pathogenic variant ((L)PV), including 20 novel (L)PV. Major causes of reclassification were: (1) gene-specific modification of ACMG/AMP criteria, (2) updated literatures and (3) additional genetic tests. The most important evidence for reclassification was clarification of critical amino acid residues. CONCLUSIONS After reassessing FBN1 variants according to FBN1-specific guideline and up-to-date database, a significant number of VUS was reclassified. Clinical laboratories are encouraged to perform variant reassessment at regular intervals or when there is a major change in the principle of variant interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eungjun Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Kyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-A Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Adult Congenital Heart Disease Clinic, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Kyung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Basho R, Chase MC. Genetic Testing in Metastatic Breast Cancer in the USA: A Podcast. Oncol Ther 2023; 11:433-443. [PMID: 37707712 PMCID: PMC10673788 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-023-00243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This podcast highlights the importance of genetic testing in patients with metastatic breast cancer, with a specific focus on germline or inherited breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutations. In the USA, national guidelines recommend that all patients with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer should be offered genetic testing for germline breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 (BRCA1 or 2) mutations to identify patients potentially suitable for treatment with a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor. However, a retrospective study indicated that only 43% of patients with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer who may be eligible for genetic testing have undergone germline BRCA1 or 2 testing. Therefore, a large national effort is required to offer genetic testing to more patients with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. The aim of this podcast is to provide physicians with information to support the early engagement of patients in discussions about genetic testing, and guidance on how to manage patient concerns about the potential implications of testing. Here, a healthcare professional discusses germline genetic testing with a patient advocate and answers questions regarding the importance of testing in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Furthermore, the authors discuss what it means to receive a positive or negative result for a germline BRCA mutation and the impact this may have on the patient and their family members. Overall, the authors emphasize the importance of healthcare professionals providing every patient with metastatic breast cancer with the relevant information about genetic testing so that patients can make informed decisions. Podcast Audio and Infographic available for this article.Podcast Audio and Infographic available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reva Basho
- The Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, 12414 Exposition Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA.
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20
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Sukpan P, Sangkhathat S, Sriplung H, Laochareonsuk W, Choochuen P, Auseng N, Khoonjan W, Salaeh R, Thangnaphadol K, Wanawanakorn K, Kanokwiroon K. Exome Sequencing Reveals Novel Germline Variants in Breast Cancer Patients in the Southernmost Region of Thailand. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1587. [PMID: 38003901 PMCID: PMC10672121 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13111587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline carriers of pathogenic variants in cancer susceptibility genes are at an increased risk of breast cancer (BC). We characterized germline variants in a cohort of 151 patients diagnosed with epithelial BC in the southernmost region of Thailand, where the predominant ethnicity differs from that of the rest of the country. Whole exome sequencing was used to identify and subsequently filter variants present in 26 genes known to be associated with cancer predisposition. Of the 151 individuals assessed, 23, corresponding to 15.2% of the sample, exhibited the presence of one or more pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants associated with BC susceptibility. We identified novel germline truncating variants in BRIP1, CHEK2, MSH6, PALB2, and PTEN and annotated variants of uncertain significance (VUSs), both novel and previously documented. Therefore, it is advisable to use genetic testing as an additional risk screening method for BC in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panupong Sukpan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (P.S.); (S.S.); (W.L.); (P.C.)
- Medical Education Center, Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra Hospital, Narathiwat 96000, Thailand; (N.A.); (W.K.)
| | - Surasak Sangkhathat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (P.S.); (S.S.); (W.L.); (P.C.)
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Hutcha Sriplung
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Wison Laochareonsuk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (P.S.); (S.S.); (W.L.); (P.C.)
| | - Pongsakorn Choochuen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (P.S.); (S.S.); (W.L.); (P.C.)
| | - Nasuha Auseng
- Medical Education Center, Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra Hospital, Narathiwat 96000, Thailand; (N.A.); (W.K.)
| | - Weerawan Khoonjan
- Medical Education Center, Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra Hospital, Narathiwat 96000, Thailand; (N.A.); (W.K.)
| | - Rusta Salaeh
- Department of Surgery, Pattani Hospital, Pattani 94000, Thailand;
| | | | | | - Kanyanatt Kanokwiroon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (P.S.); (S.S.); (W.L.); (P.C.)
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21
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Fillman C, Anantharajah A, Marmelstein B, Dillon M, Horton C, Peterson C, Lopez J, Tondon R, Brannan T, Katona BW. Combining clinical and molecular characterization of CDH1: a multidisciplinary approach to reclassification of a splicing variant. Fam Cancer 2023; 22:521-526. [PMID: 37540482 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-023-00346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic germline variants (PGVs) in the CDH1 gene are associated with diffuse gastric and lobular breast cancer syndrome (DGLBC) and can increase the lifetime risk for both diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast cancer. Given the risk for diffuse gastric cancer among individuals with CDH1 PGVs is up to 30-40%, prophylactic total gastrectomy is often recommended to affected individuals. Therefore, accurate interpretation of CDH1 variants is of the utmost importance for proper clinical decision-making. Herein we present a 45-year-old female, with lobular breast cancer and a father with gastric cancer of unknown pathology at age 48, who was identified to have an intronic variant of uncertain significance in the CDH1 gene, specifically c.833-9 C > G. Although the proband did not meet the International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium (IGCLC) criteria for gastric surveillance, she elected to pursue an upper endoscopy where non-targeted gastric biopsies identified a focus of signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC). The proband then underwent a total gastrectomy, revealing numerous SRCC foci, but no invasive diffuse gastric cancer. Simultaneously, a genetic testing laboratory performed RNA sequencing to further analyze the CDH1 intronic variant, identifying an abnormal transcript from a novel acceptor splice site. The RNA analysis in conjunction with the patient's gastric foci of SRCC and family history was sufficient evidence for reclassification of the variant from uncertain significance to likely pathogenic. In conclusion, we report the first case of the CDH1 c.833-9 C > G intronic variant being associated with DGLBC and illustrate how collaboration among clinicians, laboratory personnel, and patients is crucial for variant resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Fillman
- Cancer Risk and Genetics Program, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | - Briana Marmelstein
- Cancer Risk and Genetics Program, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Monica Dillon
- Cancer Risk and Genetics Program, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Lopez
- Cancer Risk and Genetics Program, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Rashmi Tondon
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Bryson W Katona
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Blvd. 751 South Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Shore N, Gazi M, Pieczonka C, Heron S, Modh R, Cahn D, Belkoff LH, Berger A, Mazzarella B, Veys J, Idom C, Morris D, Jayram G, Engelman A, Bukkapatnam R, Dato P, Bevan-Thomas R, Cornell R, Wise DR, Hardwick MK, Hernandez RD, Rojahn S, Layman P, Hatchell KE, Heald B, Nussbaum RL, Nielsen SM, Esplin ED. Efficacy of National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines in Identifying Pathogenic Germline Variants Among Unselected Patients with Prostate Cancer: The PROCLAIM Trial. Eur Urol Oncol 2023; 6:477-483. [PMID: 37574391 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variants (PGVs) in cancer predisposition genes may be eligible for U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved targeted therapies, clinical trials, or enhanced screening. Studies suggest that eligible patients are missing genetics-informed care due to restrictive testing criteria. OBJECTIVE To establish the prevalence of actionable PGVs among prospectively accrued, unselected PCa patients, stratified by their guideline eligibility. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Consecutive, unselected PCa patients were enrolled at 15 sites in the USA from October 2019 to August 2021, and had multigene cancer panel testing. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Correlates between the prevalence of PGVs and clinician-reported demographic and clinical characteristics were examined. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Among 958 patients (median [quartiles] age at diagnosis 65 [60, 71] yr), 627 (65%) had low- or intermediate-risk disease (grade group 1, 2, or 3). A total of 77 PGVs in 17 genes were identified in 74 patients (7.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.2-9.6%). No significant difference was found in the prevalence of PGVs among patients who met the 2019 National Comprehensive Cancer Network Prostate criteria (8.8%, 43/486, 95% CI 6.6-12%) versus those who did not (6.6%, 31/472, 95% CI 4.6-9.2%; odds ratio 1.38, 95% CI 0.85-2.23), indicating that these criteria would miss 42% of patients (31/74, 95% CI 31-53%) with PGVs. The criteria were less effective at predicting PGVs in patients from under-represented populations. Most PGVs (81%, 60/74) were potentially clinically actionable. Limitations include the inability to stratify analyses based on individual ethnicity due to low numbers of non-White patients with PGVs. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that almost half of PCa patients with PGVs are missed by current testing guidelines. Comprehensive germline genetic testing should be offered to all patients with PCa. PATIENT SUMMARY One in 13 patients with prostate cancer carries an inherited variant that may be actionable for the patient's current care or prevention of future cancer, and could benefit from expanded testing criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Shore
- Carolina Urologic Research Center, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA.
| | - Mukaram Gazi
- University Urology Associates of New Jersey, Hamilton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Sean Heron
- Advanced Urology Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Rishi Modh
- Advanced Urology Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Aaron Berger
- Associated Urological Specialists, Chicago Ridge, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Dato
- Genesis Healthcare Partners, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David R Wise
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ryan D Hernandez
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert L Nussbaum
- Invitae Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA; Volunteer Faculty, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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23
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Luetke Lanfer H, Reifegerste D, Berg A, Memenga P, Baumann E, Weber W, Geulen J, Müller A, Hahne A, Weg-Remers S. Understanding Trust Determinants in a Live Chat Service on Familial Cancer: Qualitative Triangulation Study With Focus Groups and Interviews in Germany. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e44707. [PMID: 37610815 PMCID: PMC10483292 DOI: 10.2196/44707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dealing with familial cancer risk, seeking web-based health information can be a coping strategy for different stakeholder groups (ie, patients, relatives, and those suspecting an elevated familial cancer risk). In the vast digital landscape marked by a varied quality of web-based information and evolving technologies, trust emerges as a pivotal factor, guiding the process of health information seeking and interacting with digital health services. This trust formation in health information can be conceptualized as context dependent and multidimensional, involving 3 key dimensions: information seeker (trustor), information provider (trustee), and medium or platform (application). Owing to the rapid changes in the digital context, it is critical to understand how seekers form trust in new services, given the interplay among these different dimensions. An example of such a new service is a live chat operated by physicians for the general public with personalized cancer-related information and a focus on familial cancer risk. OBJECTIVE To gain a comprehensive picture of trust formation in a cancer-related live chat service, this study investigates the 3 dimensions of trust-trustor, trustee, and application-and their respective relevant characteristics based on a model of trust in web-based health information. In addition, the study aims to compare these characteristics across the 3 different stakeholder groups, with the goal to enhance the service's trustworthiness for each group. METHODS This qualitative study triangulated the different perspectives of medical cancer advisers, advisers from cancer support groups, and members of the public in interviews and focus group discussions to explore the 3 dimensions of trust-trustor, trustee, and application-and their determinants for a new live chat service for familial cancer risk to be implemented at the German Cancer Information Service. RESULTS The results indicate that experience with familial cancer risk is the key trustor characteristic to using, and trusting information provided by, the live chat service. The live chat might also be particularly valuable for people from minority groups who have unmet needs from physician-patient interactions. Participants highlighted trustee characteristics such as ability, benevolence, integrity, and humanness (ie, not a chatbot) as pivotal in a trustworthy cancer live chat service. Application-related characteristics, including the reputation of the institution, user-centric design, modern technology, and visual appeal, were also deemed essential. Despite the different backgrounds and sociodemographics of the 3 stakeholder groups, many overlaps were found among the 3 trust dimensions and their respective characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Trust in a live chat for cancer information is formed by different dimensions and characteristics of trust. This study underscores the importance of understanding trust formation in digital health services and suggests potential enhancements for effective, trustworthy interactions in live chat services (eg, by providing biographies of the human medical experts to differentiate them from artificial intelligence chatbots).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annika Berg
- School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Paula Memenga
- Department of Journalism and Communication Research, Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Baumann
- Department of Journalism and Communication Research, Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Winja Weber
- Krebsinformationsdienst, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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McCarthy RL, Copson E, Tapper W, Bolton H, Mirnezami AH, O'Neill JR, Patel NN, Tischkowitz M, Cutress RI. Risk-reducing surgery for individuals with cancer-predisposing germline pathogenic variants and no personal cancer history: a review of current UK guidelines. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:383-392. [PMID: 37258796 PMCID: PMC10403612 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02296-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying healthy carriers of germline pathogenic variants in high penetrance cancer susceptibility genes offers the potential for risk-reducing surgery. The NHS England National Genomic Test Directory offers germline and somatic testing to patients with certain cancers or rare and inherited diseases, or, in some cases, to their relatives. This review summarises current UK guidelines for risk-reducing surgical interventions available for individuals with no personal history of cancer, who are determined to carry germline pathogenic variants. An electronic literature search of NICE guidelines and PubMed citable articles was performed. NICE guidelines are available for bilateral mastectomy and are currently in development for risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Guidelines developed with affiliation to, or through relevant British Surgical Societies or international consensus, are available for risk-reducing hysterectomy, polypectomy, gastrectomy, and thyroidectomy. There is a disparity in the development and distribution of national guidelines for interventions amongst tumour types. Whilst we are focusing on UK guidelines, we anticipate they will be relevant much more generally and so of interest to a wider audience including where there are no national guidelines to refer to. We suggest that, as genetic testing becomes rapidly more accessible, guideline development for interventions should be more closely aligned to those for testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L McCarthy
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Ellen Copson
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - William Tapper
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine Health and Life Sciences, Southampton, UK
| | - Helen Bolton
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Alex H Mirnezami
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J Robert O'Neill
- Cambridge Oesophagogastric Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Nimesh N Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ramsey I Cutress
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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25
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Lee NY, Hum M, Zihara S, Wang L, Myint MK, Lim DWT, Toh CK, Skanderup A, Samol J, Tan MH, Ang P, Lee SC, Tan EH, Lai GGY, Tan DSW, Yap YS, Lee ASG. Landscape of germline pathogenic variants in patients with dual primary breast and lung cancer. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:66. [PMID: 37461096 PMCID: PMC10353088 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer predisposition is most often studied in the context of single cancers. However, inherited cancer predispositions can also give rise to multiple primary cancers. Yet, there is a paucity of studies on genetic predisposition in multiple primary cancers, especially those outside of well-defined cancer predisposition syndromes. This study aimed to identify germline variants associated with dual primary cancers of the breast and lung. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed on germline DNA from 55 Singapore patients (52 [95%] never-smokers) with dual primaries in the breast and lung, confirmed by histopathology. Using two large control cohorts: the local SG10K_Health (n = 9770) and gnomAD non-cancer East Asians (n = 9626); and two additional local case cohorts of early-onset or familial breast cancer (n = 290), and lung cancer (n = 209), variants were assessed for pathogenicity in accordance with ACMG/AMP guidelines. In particular, comparisons were made with known pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the ClinVar database, pathogenicity predictions were obtained from in silico prediction software, and case-control association analyses were performed. RESULTS Altogether, we identified 19 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants from 16 genes, detected in 17 of 55 (31%) patients. Six of the 19 variants were identified using ClinVar, while 13 variants were classified pathogenic or likely pathogenic using ACMG/AMP guidelines. The 16 genes include well-known cancer predisposition genes such as BRCA2, TP53, and RAD51D; but also lesser known cancer genes EXT2, WWOX, GATA2, and GPC3. Most of these genes are involved in DNA damage repair, reaffirming the role of impaired DNA repair mechanisms in the development of multiple malignancies. These variants warrant further investigations in additional populations. CONCLUSIONS We have identified both known and novel variants significantly enriched in patients with primary breast and lung malignancies, expanding the body of known cancer predisposition variants for both breast and lung cancer. These variants are mostly from genes involved in DNA repair, affirming the role of impaired DNA repair in the predisposition and development of multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yuan Lee
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
| | - Melissa Hum
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
| | - Sabna Zihara
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
| | - Lanying Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
| | - Matthew K Myint
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
| | - Darren Wan-Teck Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme (ONCO ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chee-Keong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
| | - Anders Skanderup
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Jens Samol
- Medical Oncology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Min-Han Tan
- Lucence Diagnostics Pte Ltd, 211 Henderson Road, Singapore, 159552, Singapore
| | - Peter Ang
- Oncocare Cancer Centre, Gleneagles Medical Centre, 6 Napier Road, Singapore, 258499, Singapore
| | - Soo-Chin Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore (NCIS), National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute, Singapore (CSI), National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Eng-Huat Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
- Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
| | - Gillianne G Y Lai
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme (ONCO ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme (ONCO ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
- Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
| | - Yoon-Sim Yap
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme (ONCO ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Ann S G Lee
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 30 Hospital Boulevard, Singapore, 168583, Singapore.
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme (ONCO ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.
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26
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Diquigiovanni C, Rizzardi N, Kampmeier A, Liparulo I, Bianco F, De Nicolo B, Cataldi-Stagetti E, Cuna E, Severi G, Seri M, Bertrand M, Haack TB, Marina AD, Braun F, Fato R, Kuechler A, Bergamini C, Bonora E. Mutant SPART causes defects in mitochondrial protein import and bioenergetics reversed by Coenzyme Q. Open Biol 2023; 13:230040. [PMID: 37433330 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in SPART cause Troyer syndrome, characterized by lower extremity spasticity and weakness, short stature and cognitive impairment, and a severe mitochondrial impairment. Herein, we report the identification of a role of Spartin in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. SPART biallelic missense variants were detected in a 5-year-old boy with short stature, developmental delay and muscle weakness with impaired walking distance. Patient-derived fibroblasts showed an altered mitochondrial network, decreased mitochondrial respiration, increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and altered Ca2+ versus control cells. We investigated the mitochondrial import of nuclear-encoded proteins in these fibroblasts and in another cell model carrying a SPART loss-of-function mutation. In both cell models the mitochondrial import was impaired, leading to a significant decrease in different proteins, including two key enzymes involved in CoQ10 (CoQ) synthesis, COQ7 and COQ9, with a severe reduction in CoQ content, versus control cells. CoQ supplementation restored cellular ATP levels to the same extent shown by the re-expression of wild-type SPART, suggesting CoQ treatment as a promising therapeutic approach for patients carrying mutations in SPART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Diquigiovanni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Nicola Rizzardi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Antje Kampmeier
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Irene Liparulo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Bianca De Nicolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Erica Cataldi-Stagetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cuna
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Giulia Severi
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Marco Seri
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Miriam Bertrand
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Adela Della Marina
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Frederik Braun
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Romana Fato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
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Zukin E, Culver JO, Liu Y, Yang Y, Ricker CN, Hodan R, Sturgeon D, Kingham K, Chun NM, Rowe-Teeter C, Singh K, Zell JA, Ladabaum U, McDonnell KJ, Ford JM, Parmigiani G, Braun D, Kurian AW, Gruber SB, Idos GE. Clinical implications of conflicting variant interpretations in the cancer genetics clinic. Genet Med 2023; 25:100837. [PMID: 37057674 PMCID: PMC10416421 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe the clinical impact of commercial laboratories issuing conflicting classifications of genetic variants. METHODS Results from 2000 patients undergoing a multigene hereditary cancer panel by a single laboratory were analyzed. Clinically significant discrepancies between the laboratory-provided test reports and other major commercial laboratories were identified, including differences between pathogenic/likely pathogenic and variant of uncertain significance (VUS) classifications, via review of ClinVar archives. For patients carrying a VUS, clinical documentation was assessed for evidence of provider awareness of the conflict. RESULTS Fifty of 975 (5.1%) patients with non-negative results carried a variant with a clinically significant conflict, 19 with a pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant reported in APC or MUTYH, and 31 with a VUS reported in CDKN2A, CHEK2, MLH1, MSH2, MUTYH, RAD51C, or TP53. Only 10 of 28 (36%) patients with a VUS with a clinically significant conflict had a documented discussion by a provider about the conflict. Discrepant counseling strategies were used for different patients with the same variant. Among patients with a CDKN2A variant or a monoallelic MUTYH variant, providers were significantly more likely to make recommendations based on the laboratory-reported classification. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the frequency of variant interpretation discrepancies and importance of clinician awareness. Guidance is needed on managing patients with discrepant variants to support accurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssa Zukin
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Center for Precision Medicine, Duarte, CA; University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Julie O Culver
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yuxi Liu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yunqi Yang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Charité N Ricker
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rachel Hodan
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Duveen Sturgeon
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Center for Precision Medicine, Duarte, CA
| | - Kerry Kingham
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Uri Ladabaum
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Kevin J McDonnell
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Center for Precision Medicine, Duarte, CA
| | - James M Ford
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Giovanni Parmigiani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Danielle Braun
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Stephen B Gruber
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Center for Precision Medicine, Duarte, CA
| | - Gregory E Idos
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Center for Precision Medicine, Duarte, CA.
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28
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Farag CM, Johnston EK, Antar RM, Issa SG, Gadiwalla Q, Tariq Z, Kim SA, Whalen MJ. Unveiling the genomic landscape of possible metastatic malignant transformation of teratoma secondary to cisplatin-chemotherapy: a Tempus gene analysis-based case report literature review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1192843. [PMID: 37427132 PMCID: PMC10324607 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1192843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this case report, we describe a patient who developed metastatic liver cancer of unknown primary origin one year following the surgical removal of a retroperitoneal adenocarcinoma. The retroperitoneal adenocarcinoma is considered a malignant transformation of teratoma (MTT), given the patient's distant history of testicular tumor excised 25 years prior and treated with chemotherapy. Despite no primary tumor being identified, the leading primary hypothesis is that the liver metastasis stemmed from the resected retroperitoneal adenocarcinoma from one year prior. We theorize that the patient's cisplatin-based chemotherapy 25 years ago may have triggered the MTT, as documented in the existing literature. Using TEMPUS gene testing on both the retroperitoneal adenocarcinoma and the recently discovered liver metastasis, we identified several genes with variants of unknown significance (VUS) that could potentially be linked to cisplatin chemotherapy resistance. While we cannot conclude that this patient definitively underwent MTT, it remains the most plausible explanation. Future research should investigate both the validity of the genes we have uncovered with respect to cisplatin resistance, as well as other genes associated with cisplatin resistance to further understand the pathogenesis of cisplatin resistance for better prediction of treatment response. As the world of medicine shifts towards individualized therapies and precision medicine, reporting and analyzing genetic mutations derived from tumors remains imperative. Our case report aims to contribute to the growing database of defined mutations and underscores the immense potential of genetic analysis in directing personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Farag
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Elena K. Johnston
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ryan M. Antar
- Department of Urology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Shaher G. Issa
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Qasim Gadiwalla
- Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Zoon Tariq
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sun A. Kim
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Michael J. Whalen
- Department of Urology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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29
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Makhnoon S, Davidson E, Shirts B, Arun B, Shete S. Practices and Views of US Oncologists and Genetic Counselors Regarding Patient Recontact After Variant Reclassification: Results of a Nationwide Survey. JCO Precis Oncol 2023; 7:e2300079. [PMID: 37384863 PMCID: PMC10581618 DOI: 10.1200/po.23.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Over a 5-year or 10-year period, between 6% and 15% of germline cancer genetic variants undergo reclassification. Up-to-date interpretation can clarify a variant's clinical significance and guide patient management. As the frequency of reclassifications increase, the issue of whether, how, when, and which providers should recontact patients with information about reclassification becomes important. However, the field lacks research evidence and definitive guidance from professional organizations about how providers should recontact patients. We compared the perspectives of US oncologists and cancer genetic counselors (GCs) to describe their practices and views regarding recontact. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a survey using themes identified from semistructured interviews with oncologists and GCs and administered it in a national sample of oncologists and GCs between July and September 2022. RESULTS In total, 634 respondents completed the survey including 349 oncologists and 285 GCs. On frequency of recontacting patients with reclassified results, 40% of GCs reported recontacting often compared with 12.5% of oncologists. Neither group reported recording patient preference for recontact on electronic medical record (EMR). Both groups agreed that all reclassified variants, even those that do not affect clinical management, should be returned to patients. They also reported that recontact via EMR messages, mailed letters, and phone calls from GC assistants were more suitable for downgrades. By contrast, face-to-face meetings and phone calls were preferred for upgrades. Remarkably, oncologists were more likely to endorse face-to-face return of results and were more likely to endorse return through a nongenetics provider compared to GCs. CONCLUSION These data on current recontact practices and opinions provide a foundation for developing guidelines with explicit recommendations on patient recontact that can help maximize clinical effect while considering provider preferences for recontact within resource-constrained genomic practice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukh Makhnoon
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Elenita Davidson
- Department of Behavioral Science, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TTX
| | - Brian Shirts
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Banu Arun
- Clinical Cancer Genetics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Epidemiology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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30
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Appelbaum PS, Berger SM, Brokamp E, Brown HS, Burke W, Clayton EW, Evans BJ, Hamid R, Marchant GE, Martin DM, O'Connor BC, Pagán JA, Parens E, Roberts JL, Rowe J, Schneider J, Siegel K, Veenstra DL, Chung WK. Practical considerations for reinterpretation of individual genetic variants. Genet Med 2023; 25:100801. [PMID: 36748709 PMCID: PMC10408279 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing use of genetic testing in medicine, the question of when genetic findings should be reinterpreted in light of new data has become inescapable. The generation of population and disease-specific data, development of computational tools, and new understandings of the relationship of specific genes to disorders can all trigger changes in variant classification that may have important implications for patients and the clinicians caring for them. This is a particular concern for patients from groups underrepresented in current reference datasets, since they have higher rates of uncertain findings. Here we identify the challenges to implementing a systematic approach to variant reinterpretation and propose solutions. In particular, we address (a) the infrastructure needed to support implementation of systematic variant reinterpretation, (b) the issues around obtaining consent from patients for reinterpretation, (c) the process for triggering reinterpretation, (d) pathways for the flow of reinterpreted data, (e) considerations for how to cover the costs of reinterpretation, and (f) practical issues related to implementation of processes and policies that address these issues, including the importance of a fixed duration during which there is an expectation that variants will be reinterpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sara M Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Elly Brokamp
- Vanderbilt Genomics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Henry Shelton Brown
- Management, Policy and Community Health, UT Health School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin Regional Campus, Austin, TX
| | - Wylie Burke
- Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ellen Wright Clayton
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, School of Law, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Barbara J Evans
- Levin College of Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Rizwan Hamid
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Gary E Marchant
- Center for Law, Science & Innovation, Sandra Day O'Connor School of Law, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Donna M Martin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - José A Pagán
- Department of Public Health Policy and Management, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Erik Parens
- Hastings Center Initiative in Bioethics, The Hastings Center, Garrison, NY
| | - Jessica L Roberts
- Health Law & Policy Institute Humanities, University of Houston Law Center, Houston, TX; College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - John Rowe
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Karolynn Siegel
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - David L Veenstra
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY.
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31
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De Silva DL, Stafford L, Skandarajah AR, Sinclair M, Devereux L, Hogg K, Kentwell M, Park A, Lal L, Zethoven M, Jayawardana MW, Chan F, Butow PN, James PA, Mann GB, Campbell IG, Lindeman GJ. Universal genetic testing for women with newly diagnosed breast cancer in the context of multidisciplinary team care. Med J Aust 2023; 218:368-373. [PMID: 37005005 PMCID: PMC10952347 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility of universal genetic testing of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, to estimate the incidence of pathogenic gene variants and their impact on patient management, and to evaluate patient and clinician acceptance of universal testing. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS Prospective study of women with invasive or high grade in situ breast cancer and unknown germline status discussed at the Parkville Breast Service (Melbourne) multidisciplinary team meeting. Women were recruited to the pilot (12 June 2020 - 22 March 2021) and expansion phases (17 October 2021 - 8 November 2022) of the Mutational Assessment of newly diagnosed breast cancer using Germline and tumour genomICs (MAGIC) study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Germline testing by DNA sequencing, filtered for nineteen hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genes that could be classified as actionable; only pathogenic variants were reported. Surveys before and after genetic testing assessed pilot phase participants' perceptions of genetic testing, and psychological distress and cancer-specific worry. A separate survey assessed clinicians' views on universal testing. RESULTS Pathogenic germline variants were identified in 31 of 474 expanded study phase participants (6.5%), including 28 of 429 women with invasive breast cancer (6.5%). Eighteen of the 31 did not meet current genetic testing eligibility guidelines (probability of a germline pathogenic variant ≥ 10%, based on CanRisk, or Manchester score ≥ 15). Clinical management was changed for 24 of 31 women after identification of a pathogenic variant. Including 68 further women who underwent genetic testing outside the study, 44 of 542 women carried pathogenic variants (8.1%). Acceptance of universal testing was high among both patients (90 of 103, 87%) and clinicians; no decision regret or adverse impact on psychological distress or cancer-specific worry were reported. CONCLUSION Universal genetic testing following the diagnosis of breast cancer detects clinically significant germline pathogenic variants that might otherwise be missed because of testing guidelines. Routine testing and reporting of pathogenic variants is feasible and acceptable for both patients and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilanka L De Silva
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- Parkville Familial Cancer CentrePeter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVIC
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUnited States of America
| | - Lesley Stafford
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- The Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVIC
| | - Anita R Skandarajah
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- The Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVIC
| | | | - Lisa Devereux
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVIC
| | - Kirsten Hogg
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVIC
| | - Maira Kentwell
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- Parkville Familial Cancer CentrePeter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVIC
| | - Allan Park
- The Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVIC
| | - Luxi Lal
- The Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVIC
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVIC
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVIC
| | | | - Madawa W Jayawardana
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVIC
| | - Fiona Chan
- The Royal Children's Hospital MelbourneMelbourneVIC
| | - Phyllis N Butow
- Centre for Medical Psychology and Evidence‐based Decision Making, the University of SydneySydneyNSW
| | - Paul A James
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- Parkville Familial Cancer CentrePeter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVIC
- The Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVIC
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVIC
| | - G Bruce Mann
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- The Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVIC
- Royal Women's HospitalMelbourneVIC
| | - Ian G Campbell
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVIC
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- The University of MelbourneMelbourneVIC
- Parkville Familial Cancer CentrePeter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVIC
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVIC
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVIC
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32
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Andreis TF, de Souza KIW, Vieira IA, Alemar B, Sinigaglia M, de Araújo Rocha YM, Artigalás O, Bittar C, Oliveira Netto CB, Ashton-Prolla P, Rosset C. Challenges in periodic revision of genetic testing results: Comparison of the main classification guidelines and report of a retrospective analysis involving BRCA1/BRCA2 variants of uncertain significance. Gene 2023; 862:147281. [PMID: 36775216 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In the context of cancer predisposition syndromes, it is widely known that the correct interpretation of germline variants identified in multigene panel testing is essential for adequate genetic counseling and clinical decision making, in which variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are not considered actionable findings. Thus, their periodic re-evaluation using appropriate guidelines is notably important. In the present study, we compared the performance of the main variant classification guidelines (ACMG, Sherloc and ENIGMA) in variant reassessment, using as input a BRCA1/2 VUS case series (retrospective analysis) from Brazil, an ethnically diverse and admixed country with substantial challenges in VUS reclassification. As main findings, two of the 15 VUS analyzed were reclassified as likely pathogenic by the 3 guidelines, BRCA1 c.4987-3C > G (rs397509213) and BRCA2 c.7868A > G (rs80359012). Moreover, challenges in variant classification and reassessment are described and additional in silico data about structural impact of the variant BRCA2 c.7868A > G are provided. We hypothesize that the establishment of a framework to reassess VUS could improve this process in health centers that have not yet implemented this practice. Results of this study underscore that periodic monitoring of the functional, clinical, and bioinformatics data of a VUS by a multidisciplinary team are of utmost importance in clinical practice. When there is a specific guideline for a given gene, such as ENIGMA for BRCA1/2, it should be considered the first option for variant assessment. Finally, recruitment of VUS carriers and their relatives to participate in variant segregation studies and publication of VUS reclassification results in the international scientific literature should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Finger Andreis
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kayana Isabel Weber de Souza
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas: Medicina (PPGCM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Igor Araujo Vieira
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Escola de Saúde, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Alemar
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Yasminne Marinho de Araújo Rocha
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Artigalás
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Bittar
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Hospital Moinhos de Vento (HMV), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas: Medicina (PPGCM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clévia Rosset
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas: Medicina (PPGCM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Unidade de Pesquisa Laboratorial (UPL) - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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33
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Sakaguchi T, Tokutomi T, Yoshida A, Yamamoto K, Obata K, Carrieri D, Kelly SE, Fukushima A. Recontact: a survey of current practices and BRCA1/2 testing in Japan. J Hum Genet 2023:10.1038/s10038-023-01149-x. [PMID: 37072622 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetic testing advances have enabled the provision of previously unavailable information on the pathogenicity of genetic variants, frequently necessitating the recontact of former patients by clinicians. In Japan, national health insurance coverage was extended to BRCA1/2 testing for the diagnosis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer for patients who meet certain criteria in 2020, and conditions necessitating recontact were expected to increase. Studies and discussions regarding recontact have been conducted in the U.S. and Europe; however, in Japan, the national discussion around recontact remains undeveloped. We conducted a cross-sectional study by interviewing 73 facilities accredited by the Japanese Organization of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer regarding the practice of recontacting patients at these facilities. Sixty-six facilities responded that they recontact patients, but only 17 facilities had a protocol for this. The most common reason for recontact was that it could benefit the patient. Facilities that did not recontact stated that they lacked the necessary personnel or services. Most facilities indicated that a recontact system should be implemented in their practice. The increased burden on too few medical personnel, unestablished systems, patient confusion, and the right not to know were cited as barriers to implementing recontact. Although developing recommendations on recontact would be useful for providing equitable healthcare in Japan, there is an urgent need to deepen the discussion on recontacting, as negative opinions about recontacting patients were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Sakaguchi
- Genetic Counseling Program, Applied Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Tokutomi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan.
| | - Akiko Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Kayono Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Keiko Obata
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Daniele Carrieri
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Susan E Kelly
- Egenis, The Centre for the Study of Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Akimune Fukushima
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
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Wedd L, Gleeson M, Meiser B, O'Shea R, Barlow-Stewart K, Spurdle AB, James P, Fleming J, Nichols C, Austin R, Cops E, Monnik M, Do J, Kaur R. Exploring the impact of the reclassification of a hereditary cancer syndrome gene variant: emerging themes from a qualitative study. J Community Genet 2023:10.1007/s12687-023-00644-0. [PMID: 37012465 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-023-00644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of genetic variant interpretation means that a proportion of individuals who undergo genetic testing for a hereditary cancer syndrome will have their test result reclassified over time. Such a reclassification may involve a clinically significant upgrade or downgrade in pathogenicity, which may have significant implications for medical management. To date, few studies have examined the psychosocial impact of a reclassification in a hereditary cancer syndrome context. To address this gap, semi-structured telephone interviews were performed with eighteen individuals who had a BRCA1, BRCA2 or Lynch syndrome-related (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2) gene variant reclassified. The interviews were analysed utilising an inductive, qualitative approach and emergent themes were identified by thematic analysis. Variable levels of recall amongst participants were found. Common motivations for initial testing included a significant personal and/or family history of cancer and a desire to "find an answer". No individual whose uncertain result was upgraded reported negative psychosocial outcomes; most reported adapting to their reclassified result and appraised their genetic testing experience positively. However, individuals whose likely pathogenic/pathogenic results were downgraded reported feelings of anger, shock and sadness post reclassification, highlighting that additional psychosocial support may be required for some. Genetic counselling issues and recommendations for clinical practice are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wedd
- School of Clinical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | | | - Bettina Meiser
- School of Clinical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Rosie O'Shea
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul James
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane Fleming
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cassandra Nichols
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Rachel Austin
- Genetic Health Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elisa Cops
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa Monnik
- Adult Genetics Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Judy Do
- School of Clinical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Rajneesh Kaur
- School of Clinical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Appelbaum PS, Burke W, Parens E, Roberts J, Berger S, Chung WK. Cases in Precision Medicine: Is There an Obligation to Return Reinterpreted Genetic Results to Former Patients? Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:563-567. [PMID: 36972543 PMCID: PMC10413009 DOI: 10.7326/m22-3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of many genetic test results can change over time as new data accumulate. Hence, physicians who order genetic tests may subsequently receive revised reports with important implications for patients' medical treatment-even for patients who are no longer in their care. Several of the ethical principles underlying medical practice suggest an obligation to reach out to former patients with this information. Discharging that obligation can be accomplished, at a minimum, by attempting to contact the former patient with their last known contact information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and NY State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Wylie Burke
- Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Jessica Roberts
- Health Law & Policy Institute, University of Houston Law Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sara Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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Abdelrazek AS, Ghoniem K, Ahmed ME, Joshi V, Mahmoud AM, Saeed N, Khater N, Elsharkawy MS, Gamal A, Kwon E, Kendi AT. Prostate Cancer: Advances in Genetic Testing and Clinical Implications. URO 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/uro3020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The demand for genetic testing (GT) for prostate cancer (PCa) is expanding, but there is limited knowledge about the genetic counseling (GC) needs of men. A strong-to-moderate inherited genetic predisposition causes approximately 5–20% of prostate cancer (PCa). In men with prostate cancer, germline testing may benefit the patient by informing treatment options, and if a mutation is noticed, it may also guide screening for other cancers and have family implications for cascade genetic testing (testing of close relatives for the same germline mutation). Relatives with the same germline mutations may be eligible for early cancer detection strategies and preventive measures. Cascade family testing can be favorable for family members, but it is currently unutilized, and strategies to overcome obstacles like knowledge deficiency, family communication, lack of access to genetic services, and testing expenses are needed. In this review, we will look at the genetic factors that have been linked to prostate cancer, as well as the role of genetic counseling and testing in the early detection of advanced prostate cancer.
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Lampson BL, Gupta A, Tyekucheva S, Mashima K, Petráčková A, Wang Z, Wojciechowska N, Shaughnessy CJ, Baker PO, Fernandes SM, Shupe S, Machado JH, Fardoun R, Kim AS, Brown JR. Rare Germline ATM Variants Influence the Development of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:1116-1128. [PMID: 36315919 PMCID: PMC9928739 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Germline missense variants of unknown significance in cancer-related genes are increasingly being identified with the expanding use of next-generation sequencing. The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) gene on chromosome 11 has more than 1,000 germline missense variants of unknown significance and is a tumor suppressor. We aimed to determine if rare germline ATM variants are more frequent in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) compared with other hematologic malignancies and if they influence the clinical characteristics of CLL. METHODS We identified 3,128 patients (including 825 patients with CLL) in our hematologic malignancy clinic who had received clinical-grade sequencing of the entire coding region of ATM. We ascertained the comparative frequencies of germline ATM variants in categories of hematologic neoplasms, and, in patients with CLL, we determined whether these variants affected CLL-associated characteristics such as somatic 11q deletion. RESULTS Rare germline ATM variants are present in 24% of patients with CLL, significantly greater than that in patients with other lymphoid malignancies (16% prevalence), myeloid disease (15%), or no hematologic neoplasm (14%). Patients with CLL with germline ATM variants are younger at diagnosis and twice as likely to have 11q deletion. The ATM variant p.L2307F is present in 3% of patients with CLL, is associated with a three-fold increase in rates of somatic 11q deletion, and is a hypomorph in cell-based assays. CONCLUSION Germline ATM variants cluster within CLL and affect the phenotype of CLL that develops, implying that some of these variants (such as ATM p.L2307F) have functional significance and should not be ignored. Further studies are needed to determine whether these variants affect the response to therapy or account for some of the inherited risk of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Lampson
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Aditi Gupta
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | - Kiyomi Mashima
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Anna Petráčková
- Department of Immunology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zixu Wang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Natalia Wojciechowska
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Current Address: Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Conner J. Shaughnessy
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Peter O. Baker
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Stacey M. Fernandes
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Samantha Shupe
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - John-Hanson Machado
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Rayan Fardoun
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Annette S. Kim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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Chang EY, Solomon I, Culver JO, Gorman N, Comeaux JG, Lerman C, Quinn EA, Ekstein T. Clinical and laboratory genetic counselor attitudes on the reporting of variants of uncertain significance for multigene cancer panels. J Genet Couns 2023. [PMID: 36747331 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) present a variety of challenges for genetic counselors (GCs), nongenetics clinicians, and patients. Multigene cancer panels reveal more VUSs than single gene testing as a result of the increase in the number of genes being tested. This study surveyed 87 clinical cancer GCs involved with direct patient care and 19 laboratory GCs who provide guidance to clinicians regarding genetic test results about their attitudes on various options for the reporting of VUSs by laboratories for broad multigene cancer panels. Independent samples t-tests were utilized to compare the two groups. Based on a six-point Likert-type scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 6 = Strongly Agree), clinical cancer GCs (M = 5.4; SD = 0.8) and laboratory GCs (M = 5.2; SD = 0.9) agreed overall that VUSs should be reported (p = 0.44; Cohen's d = 0.21). When asked about specific reporting options, both clinical cancer GCs (M = 1.9; SD = 1.1) and laboratory GCs (M = 2.1; SD = 1.4) disagreed that VUSs should be reported only for genes related to the indication for testing (p = 0.50; Cohen's d = 0.17). Overall, most GCs felt clinicians should not choose whether VUSs should be reported on genetic test results, with clinical cancer GCs (M = 1.9; SD = 1.3) feeling more strongly against it than laboratory GCs (M = 3.1; SD = 1.4; p = 0.002; Cohen's d = 0.88). Generally, GCs were more in favor of VUSs not being reported for population-based screening, with laboratory GCs (M = 4.7; SD = 0.8) agreeing more with that practice than clinical cancer GCs (M = 3.7; SD = 1.4; p = 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.80). Both clinical cancer GCs (M = 4.1; SD = 1.2) and laboratory GCs (M = 3.9; SD = 1.2) agreed additional guidelines on how to approach VUSs in clinical practice should be developed (p = 0.54; Cohen's d = 0.17). While most GCs supported the reporting of VUSs overall, our analyses suggest clinical cancer and laboratory GCs may have different attitudes toward specific VUS-related reporting options. Further research is needed to elucidate GC preferences to help inform best practices for the reporting of VUSs. The development of additional standardized guidelines on how to approach VUSs would further support clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline Y Chang
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Human Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Ilana Solomon
- Center for Precision Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Julie O Culver
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Gorman
- Department of Human Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Jacob G Comeaux
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Caryn Lerman
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily A Quinn
- Department of Human Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, USA
| | - Tali Ekstein
- Clinical Consultation Services, Invitae, San Francisco, California, USA
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Makhnoon S, Levin B, Ensinger M, Mattie K, Volk RJ, Zhao Z, Mendoza T, Shete S, Samiian L, Grana G, Grainger A, Arun B, Shirts BH, Peterson SK. A multicenter study of clinical impact of variant of uncertain significance reclassification in breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer susceptibility genes. Cancer Med 2023; 12:2875-2884. [PMID: 36426404 PMCID: PMC9939195 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical interpretation of genetic test results is complicated by variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that have an unknown impact on health but can be clarified through reclassification. There is little empirical evidence regarding VUS reclassification in oncology care settings, including the prevalence and outcomes of reclassification, and racial/ethnic differences. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of persons with and without a personal history of cancer carrying VUS (with or without an accompanying pathogenic or likely pathogenic [P/LP] variant) in breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancer predisposition genes seen at four cancer care settings (in Texas, Florida, Ohio, and New Jersey) between 2013 and 2019. RESULTS In 2715 individuals included in the study, 3261 VUS and 313 P/LP variants were reported; 8.1% of all individuals with VUS experienced reclassifications and rates varied significantly among cancer care settings from 4.81% to 20.19% (overall p < 0.001). Compared to their prevalence in the overall sample, reclassification rates for Black individuals were higher (13.6% vs. 19.0%), whereas the rates for Asian individuals were lower (6.3% vs. 3.5%) and rates for White and Hispanic individuals were proportional. Two-year prevalence of VUS reclassification remained steady between 2014 and 2019. Overall, 11.3% of all reclassified VUS resulted in clinically actionable findings and 4.6% subsequently changed individuals' clinical managements. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this large multisite study suggest that VUS reclassification alters clinical management, has implications for precision cancer prevention, and highlights the need for implementing practices and solutions for efficiently returning reinterpreted genetic test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukh Makhnoon
- Department of Behavioral ScienceUT MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Brooke Levin
- William G. Rohrer Cancer Genetics Program, Division of Hematology and Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper University Health CareCamdenNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Kristin Mattie
- William G. Rohrer Cancer Genetics Program, Division of Hematology and Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper University Health CareCamdenNew JerseyUSA
| | - Robert J. Volk
- Department of Health Services ResearchUT MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical InformaticsThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Tito Mendoza
- Department of Symptoms researchUT MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population SciencesUT MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Generosa Grana
- William G. Rohrer Cancer Genetics Program, Division of Hematology and Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper University Health CareCamdenNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Banu Arun
- Clinical Cancer GeneticsUT MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Susan K. Peterson
- Department of Behavioral ScienceUT MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
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Rashkin M, Kingham K, Lara-Otero K, Mckenna M, Villiers J, Worthington MM, Prince A. How should we address the inevitable harms from non-negligent variant reclassification in predictive genetic testing? J Genet Couns 2023; 32:18-30. [PMID: 36260514 PMCID: PMC10092710 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The process of interpreting genetic variants, in which experts use all available evidence to determine whether an identified variant is associated with a current or future disease, is both scientific and nevertheless subjective. In this paper, we summarize the existing evidence that any given variant could be reclassified and that such a reclassification could lead to harm. Furthermore, the racial gap in genetic databases could lead to a higher likelihood of harm for non-white patients. We also review recent legal analyses indicating it is unlikely that an individual who sues for restitution would be successful, especially in the absence of evidence of lab negligence. We then propose a compensation program for medical genetic tests to ensure that individuals who experience demonstrable harm due to a variant reclassification can be made whole financially. We conclude by discussing outstanding questions that must be answered for such a program to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anya Prince
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Lahiri S, Reys B, Wunder J, Pirzadeh-Miller S. Genetic variants with discordant classifications: An assessment of genetic counselor attitudes and practices. J Genet Couns 2023; 32:100-110. [PMID: 35978490 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Discordant variant classifications (DVCs) can impact patient care and pose challenges for clinicians. A survey-based study was conducted to examine genetic counselor (GC) attitudes and practices related to DVCs. Most GCs (202/229, 88%) in the study provide direct patient care across clinical specialties; review patients' genetic test results to determine if reported genetic variants have DVCs (176/202, 88%); and inform patients of known DVCs that impact medical management (165/202, 82%). DVC review, which takes 41 min (range: 5-240) on average per week, is typically prompted by the identification of a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) (160/176, 90%) and is primarily conducted using public databases (176/176, 100%). While most GCs felt it would not be ethical to knowingly provide different medical management recommendations to patients with the same genetic variant (152/229, 66%), they also stated they would rely on the variant classification on the test report (141/229, 61%) and/or the patient's personal/family history (188/229, 82%) to determine which classification to follow if a DVC is identified. Both factors are patient-specific and, inherently, could lead to differing recommendations. When posed with a hypothetical scenario in which two patients have the same genetic variant, but test reports show a DVC (pathogenic vs VUS), most GCs (179/229, 78.2%) stated they would make the same recommendation for both patients regardless of management guidelines. One-third (52/179, 29.1%) cited patient-specific factors, such as personal/family history, would impact their recommendations. Disagreements about whether the pathogenic or VUS classification should be used to make medical management recommendations were noted. Differing practices and opinions on how to manage patients with DVCs, as well as the fact that most GCs (209/229, 91.3%) have consulted with colleagues on this matter, highlight the need for more professional guidance to ensure equitable patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoni Lahiri
- Cancer Genetics Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Brian Reys
- Cancer Genetics Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Julia Wunder
- Oncology-Abstraction, Tempus Labs, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA
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McCann EP, Grima N, Fifita JA, Chan Moi Fat S, Lehnert K, Henden L, Blair IP, Williams KL. Characterising the Genetic Landscape of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Catalogue and Assessment of Over 1,000 Published Genetic Variants. J Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 10:1127-1141. [PMID: 37638449 PMCID: PMC10657717 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-230148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Pathogenic genetic variants remain the only validated cause of disease, the majority of which were discovered in familial ALS patients. While causal gene variants are a lesser contributor to sporadic ALS, an increasing number of risk alleles (low penetrance genetic variants associated with a small increase in disease risk) and variants of uncertain significance have been reported. OBJECTIVE To examine the pathogenic potential of genetic variation in ALS, we sought to characterise variant- and gene-level attributes of previously reported ALS-implicated variants. METHODS A list of 1,087 genetic variants reported in ALS to March 2021 was compiled through comprehensive literature review. Individual variants were annotated using in silico tools and databases across variant features including pathogenicity scores, localisation to protein domains, evolutionary conservation, and minor allele frequencies. Gene level attributes of genic tolerance, gene expression in ALS-relevant tissues and gene ontology terms were assessed for 33 ALS genes. Statistical analysis was performed for each characteristic, and we compared the most penetrant variants found in familial cases with risk alleles exclusive to sporadic cases, to explore genetic variant features that associate with disease penetrance. RESULTS We provide spreadsheet (hg19 and GRCh38) and variant call format (GRCh38) resources for all 1,087 reported ALS-implicated variants, including detailed summaries for each attribute. We demonstrate that the characteristics of variants found exclusively in sporadic ALS cases are less severe than those observed in familial ALS. CONCLUSIONS We provide a comprehensive, literature-derived catalogue of genetic variation in ALS thus far and reveal crucial attributes that contribute to ALS pathogenicity. Our variant- and gene-level observations highlight the complexity of genetic variation in ALS, and we discuss important implications and considerations for novel variant interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P. McCann
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalie Grima
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Fifita
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandrine Chan Moi Fat
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Klaus Lehnert
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lyndal Henden
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian P. Blair
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelly L. Williams
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Wu R, Dou W, Zhou H, Shi M. A novel compound heterozygous mutation of COL6A3 in Chinese patients with isolated cervical dystonia. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1105760. [PMID: 37082441 PMCID: PMC10110855 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic dystonia remain obscure. Recent studies revealed that compound heterozygous mutations in collagen type VI alpha-3 gene COL6A3 may cause recessive isolated dystonia (DYT)-27. However, whether COL6A3 mutations are associated with Chinese patients with isolated dystonia is not yet reported. Methods In this study, 45 Chinese patients with isolated cervical dystonia were recruited, and their blood DNA samples were subjected to whole-exome sequencing. The potential causal variants of COL6A3 were identified based on the criteria of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and by prediction software. Results Among 45 isolated cervical dystonia patients, 18 patients (10 female patients and eight male patients) were found to have seven potential causal variants in the COL6A3 gene. Among these variants, a compound heterozygous mutation was found in one patient. One allele had a c.1264G>A mutation in exon 4 that resulted in an amino acid substitution of methionine for valine at codon 422 (p.Val422Met) and the other a c.8965+9G>A mutation involving a splicing change in exon 40. In addition, other five missense variants, including c.958G>A (p.Ala320Thr), c.1478T>C (p.Val493Ala), c.1597C>T (p.Arg533Cys), c.1762G>A (p.Asp588Asn), and c.4912G>A (p.Ala1638Thr), were identified as well. Conclusion We identified a novel deleterious compound heterozygous mutation as well as five missense variants in the COL6A3 gene of Chinese patients with cervical dystonia. These findings may expand the spectrum of the COL6A3 genotype in isolated dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weikang Dou
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Shi
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Scott A, Hernandez F, Chamberlin A, Smith C, Karam R, Kitzman JO. Saturation-scale functional evidence supports clinical variant interpretation in Lynch syndrome. Genome Biol 2022; 23:266. [PMID: 36550560 PMCID: PMC9773515 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lynch syndrome (LS) is a cancer predisposition syndrome affecting more than 1 in every 300 individuals worldwide. Clinical genetic testing for LS can be life-saving but is complicated by the heavy burden of variants of uncertain significance (VUS), especially missense changes. RESULT To address this challenge, we leverage a multiplexed analysis of variant effect (MAVE) map covering >94% of the 17,746 possible missense variants in the key LS gene MSH2. To establish this map's utility in large-scale variant reclassification, we overlay it on clinical databases of >15,000 individuals with LS gene variants uncovered during clinical genetic testing. We validate these functional measurements in a cohort of individuals with paired tumor-normal test results and find that MAVE-based function scores agree with the clinical interpretation for every one of the MSH2 missense variants with an available classification. We use these scores to attempt reclassification for 682 unique missense VUS, among which 34 scored as deleterious by our function map, in line with previously published rates for other cancer predisposition genes. Combining functional data and other evidence, ten missense VUS are reclassified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic, and another 497 could be moved to benign/likely benign. Finally, we apply these functional scores to paired tumor-normal genetic tests and identify a subset of patients with biallelic somatic loss of function, reflecting a sporadic Lynch-like Syndrome with distinct implications for treatment and relatives' risk. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates how high-throughput functional assays can empower scalable VUS resolution and prospectively generate strong evidence for variant classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Scott
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Felicia Hernandez
- grid.465138.d0000 0004 0455 211XAmbry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656 USA
| | - Adam Chamberlin
- grid.465138.d0000 0004 0455 211XAmbry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656 USA
| | - Cathy Smith
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Rachid Karam
- grid.465138.d0000 0004 0455 211XAmbry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Jacob O. Kitzman
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Atluri H, Gerstein YS, DiNardo CD. Approach Toward Germline Predisposition Syndromes in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2022; 17:275-285. [PMID: 36279069 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-022-00684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hematologic malignancies were previously thought to be primarily sporadic cancers without germline predispositions. However, over the last two decades, with the widespread use of next generation sequencing (NGS), there have been several genes have been identified that carry a risk of inheriting hematologic malignancies. Identification of individuals with hereditary hematologic malignancies (HHM) involves a high index of suspicion and careful attention to family history, clinical features, and variant allele frequency on somatic NGS panels. RECENT FINDINGS Over the last several years, many genetic predisposition syndromes have been recognized to have unique features with both hematologic and non-hematologic co-morbidities. Multidisciplinary evaluation, including genetic counseling, is critical to optimizing diagnostic testing of individuals and at-risk family members. Prompt recognition of affected patients is imperative not only for personalized surveillance strategies but also for proper donor selection for those undergoing stem cell transplantation to avoid familial donors who also may share the same germline mutation. Herein, we describe our approach to recognizing patients suspected to carry a germline predisposition to hematologic malignancies and evaluation within a hereditary hematologic malignancies clinic (HHMC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Himachandana Atluri
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yoheved S Gerstein
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Muir SM, Reagle R. Characterization of variant reclassification and patient re-contact in a cancer genetics clinic. J Genet Couns 2022; 31:1261-1272. [PMID: 35763673 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Expanded genetic testing guidelines for hereditary cancers, increased utilization of large multigene panels, and improved methods for reclassifying variants have led to a greater need to understand how variant reclassification and patient re-contact are managed. This study aimed to describe the process of variant reclassification and subsequent patient re-contact at a comprehensive cancer genetic counseling service in a large metropolitan medical center with several statewide satellite locations. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify reclassified variants between 1/1/1997 and 12/1/2020. In total, 8.4% (211/2503) of variants were reclassified over the 24-year period, which includes multiple cases involving the same unique variant. Several variants underwent more than one reclassification, resulting in 232 total reclassifications among 194 individuals. Nearly all reclassifications were prompted by the laboratory (99.1%; 230/232) rather than the genetics clinic staff. Overall, 10.3% (24/232) of all reclassifications were upgrades, but only 9.1% (21/232) led to a change in management recommendations. The median time for variant reclassification was 1.7 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.8-3.2 years). There was no statistically significant difference in the time to reclassification for White patients (median = 1.6 years; IQR = 0.8-2.8 years) compared to non-White patients (median = 2.0 years; IQR = 0.9-3.7 years; Mann-Whitney U = 4,764.0, p = 0.066). Patient re-contact was attempted for 97.4% (226/232) of variants and was always performed by a genetic counselor, most often through a mailed letter (85.8%, 194/226). Specifically for reclassifications that led to a change in management recommendations, re-contact was always attempted, most often through combined telephone and mailed letter (95.2%; 20/21). Overall, the median time from reclassification to attempted patient re-contact was 13 days (range: 0-589 days). The characterization of this clinic's reclassification and re-contact procedures can serve as an example for other genetics clinics trying to incorporate re-contact into their workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Muir
- Genetic Counseling Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Davidson AL, Kondrashova O, Leonard C, Wood S, Tudini E, Hollway GE, Pearson JV, Newell F, Spurdle AB, Waddell N. Analysis of hereditary cancer gene variant classifications from ClinVar indicates a need for regular reassessment of clinical assertions. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:2054-2062. [PMID: 36095262 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The clinical classification of variants may change with new information, however, there is limited guidance on how often significant changes in variant classification occur. We used ClinVar to examine how variant classification changes over time. We developed a custom parser and accessed variant data from ClinVar between January 2015 and July 2021. The ClinVar-assigned "aggregate" classification of variants in 121 hereditary cancer genes was harmonized across releases to align to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology terms. Aggregate classification categories were grouped as: benign/likely benign (B/LB); likely pathogenic/pathogenic (LP/P); variant of uncertain significance (VUS); conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity (Conflicting); or Other. We profiled changes in aggregate variant classification between consecutive semi-annual ClinVar releases. The proportion of variants that changed aggregate classification between semi-annual ClinVar releases ranged from 0.6% to 6.4%. The most frequent changes were "VUS to conflicting," "other to LP/P," and "B/LB to Conflicting." A limited number of variants changed aggregate classification from "LP/P to B/LB," or vice versa. Our analysis indicates need for regular reassessment of clinical variant interpretations. The parser developed for this project will facilitate extraction of relevant interpretation data from ClinVar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Davidson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olga Kondrashova
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Conrad Leonard
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott Wood
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma Tudini
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Genomics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgina E Hollway
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John V Pearson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felicity Newell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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García S. A, Costa M, Leon A, Pastor O. The challenge of managing the evolution of genomics data over time: a conceptual model-based approach. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:472. [PMID: 36352353 PMCID: PMC9648044 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision medicine is a promising approach that has revolutionized disease prevention and individualized treatment. The DELFOS oracle is a model-driven genomics platform that aids clinicians in identifying relevant variations that are associated with diseases. In its previous version, the DELFOS oracle did not consider the high degree of variability of genomics data over time. However, changes in genomics data have had a profound impact on clinicians' work and pose the need for changing past, present, and future clinical actions. Therefore, our objective in this work is to consider changes in genomics data over time in the DELFOS oracle. METHODS Our objective has been achieved through three steps. First, we studied the characteristics of each database from which the DELFOS oracle extracts data. Second, we characterized which genomics concepts of the conceptual schema that supports the DELFOS oracle change over time. Third, we updated the DELFOS Oracle so that it can manage the temporal dimension. To validate our approach, we carried out a use case to illustrate how the new version of the DELFOS oracle handles the temporal dimension. RESULTS Three events can change genomics data, namely, the addition of a new variation, the addition of a new link between a variation and a phenotype, and the update of a link between a variation and a phenotype. These events have been linked to the entities of the conceptual model that are affected by them. Finally, a new version of the DELFOS oracle that can deal with the temporal dimension has been implemented. CONCLUSION Huge amounts of genomics data that is associated with diseases change over time, impacting patients' diagnosis and treatment. Including this information in the DELFOS oracle added an extra layer of complexity, but using a model-driven based approach mitigated the cost of implementing the needed changes. The new version handles the temporal dimension appropriately and eases clinicians' work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto García S.
- PROS Research Center, VRAIN Research Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mireia Costa
- PROS Research Center, VRAIN Research Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Leon
- PROS Research Center, VRAIN Research Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar Pastor
- PROS Research Center, VRAIN Research Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, Valencia, Spain
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Mighton C, Shickh S, Aguda V, Krishnapillai S, Adi-Wauran E, Bombard Y. From the patient to the population: Use of genomics for population screening. Front Genet 2022; 13:893832. [PMID: 36353115 PMCID: PMC9637971 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.893832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic medicine is expanding from a focus on diagnosis at the patient level to prevention at the population level given the ongoing under-ascertainment of high-risk and actionable genetic conditions using current strategies, particularly hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), Lynch Syndrome (LS) and familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The availability of large-scale next-generation sequencing strategies and preventive options for these conditions makes it increasingly feasible to screen pre-symptomatic individuals through public health-based approaches, rather than restricting testing to high-risk groups. This raises anew, and with urgency, questions about the limits of screening as well as the moral authority and capacity to screen for genetic conditions at a population level. We aimed to answer some of these critical questions by using the WHO Wilson and Jungner criteria to guide a synthesis of current evidence on population genomic screening for HBOC, LS, and FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Mighton
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Salma Shickh
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vernie Aguda
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Medical Education, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Suvetha Krishnapillai
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ella Adi-Wauran
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yvonne Bombard
- Genomics Health Services Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Chauhan W, Fatma R, Zaka-Ur-Rab Z, Afzal M. Direct sequencing of β-globin gene reveals a rare combination of two exonic and two intronic variants in a β-thalassemia major patient: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:362. [PMID: 36209112 PMCID: PMC9548154 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to indels in the β-globin gene, patients with β-thalassemia major exhibit a range of severity, with genotype β0β0 > β0β+ > β+β+, according to the production level of the β-globin chain. More than 300 mutations have been identified in the β-globin gene. Case presentation In this case study, we report a compound heterozygous condition with a rare concoction of four different variants (CD 3(T > C), CD41/42 (-CTTT), IVS II-16 (G > C), and IVS II-666 (C > T) in a single β-globin gene. A regular transfusion-dependent 4-year-old male patient from India was included in the study. Augmented direct sequencing of the β-globin gene helped reveal the presence of an unusual combination of different variants in a single gene. This patient clinically presented as β-thalassemia major and was genotypically considered as β0β+, although CD41/42(-CTTT) was the only causative/pathogenic mutation in the disease severity. Conclusion Although CD41/42-(CTTT) is the only pathogenic variant among the four variants, the clinical complications of such a combination of variants (pathogenic and benign) is not well understood. Intronic mutations may have the ability to modify clinical characteristics. The variants must therefore be reclassified using additional mRNA splicing and expression-based studies. Additionally, these types of combinations may have significance in studying population migration around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Chauhan
- Human Genetics and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Rafat Fatma
- Human Genetics and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Zeeba Zaka-Ur-Rab
- Department to Paediatrics, JNMC, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Human Genetics and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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