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Proteomic Analysis of Human Immune Responses to Live-Attenuated Tularemia Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030413. [PMID: 32722207 PMCID: PMC7564149 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis) is an intracellular pathogen that causes a potentially debilitating febrile illness known as tularemia. F. tularensis can be spread by aerosol transmission and cause fatal pneumonic tularemia. If untreated, mortality rates can be as high as 30%. To study the host responses to a live-attenuated tularemia vaccine, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were assayed from 10 subjects collected pre- and post-vaccination, using both the 2D-DIGE/MALDI-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS approaches. Protein expression related to antigen processing and presentation, inflammation (PPARγ nuclear receptor), phagocytosis, and gram-negative bacterial infection was enriched at Day 7 and/or Day 14. Protein candidates that could be used to predict human immune responses were identified by evaluating the correlation between proteome changes and humoral and cellular immune responses. Consistent with the proteomics data, parallel transcriptomics data showed that MHC class I and class II-related signals important for protein processing and antigen presentation were up-regulated, further confirming the proteomic results. These findings provide new biological insights that can be built upon in future clinical studies, using live attenuated strains as immunogens, including their potential use as surrogates of protection.
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Mulligan MJ, Stapleton JT, Keitel WA, Frey SE, Chen WH, Rouphael N, Edupuganti S, Beck A, Winokur PL, El Sahly HM, Patel SM, Atmar RL, Graham I, Anderson E, El-Kamary SS, Pasetti MF, Sztein MB, Hill H, Goll JB. Tularemia vaccine: Safety, reactogenicity, "Take" skin reactions, and antibody responses following vaccination with a new lot of the Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain - A phase 2 randomized clinical Trial. Vaccine 2017; 35:4730-4737. [PMID: 28750854 PMCID: PMC5800773 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tularemia is caused by Francisella tularensis, a gram-negative bacterium that has been weaponized as an aerosol. For protection of personnel conducting biodefense research, the United States Army required clinical evaluation of a new lot of tularemia live vaccine strain manufactured in accordance with Current Good Manufacturing Practices. METHODS A phase 2 randomized clinical trial compared the new lot (DVC-LVS) to the existing vaccine that has been in use for decades (USAMRIID-LVS). The vaccines were delivered by scarification to 228 participants. Safety, reactogenicity, take and/or antibody levels were assessed on days 0, 1, 2, 8, 14, 28, 56, and 180. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Both vaccines were safe and had acceptable reactogenicity profiles during six months of follow-up. There were no serious or grade 3 and 4 laboratory adverse events. Moderate systemic reactogenicity (mostly headache or feeling tired) was reported by ∼23% of participants receiving either vaccine. Injection site reactogenicity was mostly mild itchiness and pain. The frequencies of vaccine take skin reactions were 73% (95% CI, 64, 81) for DVC-LVS and 80% (95% CI, 71, 87) for USAMRIID-LVS. The 90% CI for the difference in proportions was -6.9% (-16.4, 2.6). The rates of seroconversion measured by microagglutination assay on days 28 or 56 were 94% (95% CI, 88, 98; n=98/104) for DVC-LVS and 94% (95% CI, 87, 97; n=103/110) for USAMRIID-LVS (p=1.00). Day 14 sera revealed more rapid seroconversion for DVC-LVS relative to USAMRIID-LVS: 82% (95% CI, 73, 89) versus 55% (95% CI, 45, 65), respectively (p<0.0001). MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The DVC-LVS vaccine had similar safety, reactogenicity, take and antibody responses compared to the older USAMRIID vaccine, and was superior for early (day 14) antibody production. Vaccination take was not a sensitive surrogate for seroconversion in a multi-center study where personnel at five research clinics performed assessments. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01150695.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Mulligan
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030, USA.
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- University of Iowa, SW54-4, GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wendy A Keitel
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, BCM MS 280, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sharon E Frey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, DRC-8, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Allison Beck
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Patricia L Winokur
- University of Iowa, SW54-4, GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, BCM MS 280, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shital M Patel
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, BCM MS 280, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, BCM MS 280, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Irene Graham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, DRC-8, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Edwin Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, DRC-8, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Samer S El-Kamary
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Heather Hill
- The Emmes Corporation, 401 North Washington Street, Suite 700, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Johannes B Goll
- The Emmes Corporation, 401 North Washington Street, Suite 700, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Clinton SR, Bina JE, Hatch TP, Whitt MA, Miller MA. Binding and activation of host plasminogen on the surface of Francisella tularensis. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:76. [PMID: 20226053 PMCID: PMC2848021 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Francisella tularensis (FT) is a gram-negative facultative intracellular coccobacillus and is the causal agent of a life-threatening zoonotic disease known as tularemia. Although FT preferentially infects phagocytic cells of the host, recent evidence suggests that a significant number of bacteria can be found extracellularly in the plasma fraction of the blood during active infection. This observation suggests that the interaction between FT and host plasma components may play an important role in survival and dissemination of the bacterium during the course of infection. Plasminogen (PLG) is a protein zymogen that is found in abundance in the blood of mammalian hosts. A number of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens have the ability to bind to PLG, giving them a survival advantage by increasing their ability to penetrate extracellular matrices and cross tissue barriers. Results We show that PLG binds to the surface of FT and that surface-bound PLG can be activated to plasmin in the presence of tissue PLG activator in vitro. In addition, using Far-Western blotting assays coupled with proteomic analyses of FT outer membrane preparations, we have identified several putative PLG-binding proteins of FT. Conclusions The ability of FT to acquire surface bound PLG that can be activated on its surface may be an important virulence mechanism that results in an increase in initial infectivity, survival, and/or dissemination of this bacterium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R Clinton
- Department of Molecular Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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