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Virtanen S, Aaltonen M, Latvala A, Forsman M, Lichtenstein P, Chang Z. Effectiveness of substance use disorder treatment as an alternative to imprisonment. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:260. [PMID: 38589822 PMCID: PMC11003076 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug courts are criminal justice programs to divert people with substance use disorders from incarceration into treatment. Drug courts have become increasingly popular in the US and other countries. However, their effectiveness in reducing important public health outcomes such as recidivism and substance-related health harms remains ambiguous and contested. We used nationwide register data from Sweden to evaluate the effectiveness of contract treatment sanction, the Swedish version of drug court, in reducing substance misuse, adverse somatic and mental health outcomes, and recidivism. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, two quasi-experimental designs were used: difference-in-differences and the within-individual design. In the latter, we compared the risk of outcomes during time on contract treatment to, 1) parole after imprisonment and, 2) probation. RESULTS The cohort included 11,893 individuals (13% women) who underwent contract treatment. Contract treatment was associated with a reduction of 7 percentage points (95% CI: -.088, -.055) in substance misuse, 5 percentage points (-.064, -.034) in adverse mental health events, 9 percentage points (-.113, -.076) in adverse somatic health events, and 3 fewer charges (-3.16, -2.85) for crime in difference-in-differences analyses. Within-individual associations suggested that the same individual had longer times-to-event for all outcomes during contract treatment than on parole or on probation. CONCLUSIONS Contract treatment is an effective intervention from both public health and criminal justice perspective. Our findings suggest that it is a superior alternative to incarceration in its target group. Further, we find that an implementation approach that is less punitive and more inclusive than what is typical in the US can be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Virtanen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Mikko Aaltonen
- UEF Law School, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mats Forsman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zheng Chang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Köppen K, Rydzewski K, Doellinger J, Myrtennäs K, Forsman M, Appelt S, Scholz H, Heuner K. Phenotypic and genotypic discrimination of Francisella tularensis ssp. holarctica clades. Int J Med Microbiol 2023; 313:151583. [PMID: 37331050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2023.151583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia, a zoonotic disease with a wide host range. F. tularensis ssp. holarctica (Fth) is of clinical relevance for European countries, including Germany. Whole genome sequencing methods, including canonical Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (canSNP) typing and whole genome SNP typing, have revealed that European Fth strains belong to a few monophyletic populations. The majority of German Fth isolates belong to two basal phylogenetic clades B.6 (biovar I) and B.12 (biovar II). Strains of B.6 and B.12 seem to differ in their pathogenicity, and it has been shown that strains of biovar II are resistant against erythromycin. In this study, we present data corroborating our previous data demonstrating that basal clade B.12 can be divided into clades B.71 and B.72. By applying phylogenetic whole genome analysis as well as proteome analysis, we could verify that strains of these two clades are distinct from one another. This was confirmed by measuring the intensity of backscatter light on bacteria grown in liquid media. Strains belonging to clades B.6, B.71 or B.72 showed clade-specific backscatter growth curves. Furthermore, we present the whole genome sequence of strain A-1341, as a reference genome of clade B.71, and whole proteomes comparison of Fth strains belonging to clades B.6, B.71 and B.72. Further research is necessary to investigate phenotypes and putative differences in pathogenicity of the investigated different clades of Fth to better understand the relationship between observed phenotypes, pathogenicity and distribution of Fth strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Köppen
- Working group: Cellular Interactions of Bacterial Pathogens, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rydzewski
- Working group: Cellular Interactions of Bacterial Pathogens, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Doellinger
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Proteomics and Spectroscopy (ZBS 6), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sandra Appelt
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Scholz
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Heuner
- Working group: Cellular Interactions of Bacterial Pathogens, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Wagner DM, Birdsell DN, McDonough RF, Nottingham R, Kocos K, Celona K, Özsürekci Y, Öhrman C, Karlsson L, Myrtennäs K, Sjödin A, Johansson A, Keim PS, Forsman M, Sahl JW. Genomic characterization of Francisella tularensis and other diverse Francisella species from complex samples. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273273. [PMID: 36223396 PMCID: PMC9555625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, the bacterium that causes the zoonosis tularemia, and its genetic near neighbor species, can be difficult or impossible to cultivate from complex samples. Thus, there is a lack of genomic information for these species that has, among other things, limited the development of robust detection assays for F. tularensis that are both specific and sensitive. The objective of this study was to develop and validate approaches to capture, enrich, sequence, and analyze Francisella DNA present in DNA extracts generated from complex samples. RNA capture probes were designed based upon the known pan genome of F. tularensis and other diverse species in the family Francisellaceae. Probes that targeted genomic regions also present in non-Francisellaceae species were excluded, and probes specific to particular Francisella species or phylogenetic clades were identified. The capture-enrichment system was then applied to diverse, complex DNA extracts containing low-level Francisella DNA, including human clinical tularemia samples, environmental samples (i.e., animal tissue and air filters), and whole ticks/tick cell lines, which was followed by sequencing of the enriched samples. Analysis of the resulting data facilitated rigorous and unambiguous confirmation of the detection of F. tularensis or other Francisella species in complex samples, identification of mixtures of different Francisella species in the same sample, analysis of gene content (e.g., known virulence and antimicrobial resistance loci), and high-resolution whole genome-based genotyping. The benefits of this capture-enrichment system include: even very low target DNA can be amplified; it is culture-independent, reducing exposure for research and/or clinical personnel and allowing genomic information to be obtained from samples that do not yield isolates; and the resulting comprehensive data not only provide robust means to confirm the presence of a target species in a sample, but also can provide data useful for source attribution, which is important from a genomic epidemiology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Wagner
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dawn N. Birdsell
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ryelan F. McDonough
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Nottingham
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Karisma Kocos
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Celona
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yasemin Özsürekci
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Caroline Öhrman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Karlsson
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul S. Keim
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mats Forsman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jason W. Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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4
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Brindefalk B, Brolin H, Säve‐Söderbergh M, Karlsson E, Sundell D, Wikström P, Jacobsson K, Toljander J, Stenberg P, Sjödin A, Dryselius R, Forsman M, Ahlinder J. Bacterial composition in Swedish raw drinking water reveals three major interacting ubiquitous metacommunities. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1320. [PMCID: PMC9511821 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Brindefalk
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency Umeå Sweden
| | - Harald Brolin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Melle Säve‐Söderbergh
- Science Division Swedish Food Agency Uppsala Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Edvin Karlsson
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency Umeå Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science (EMG) Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - David Sundell
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency Umeå Sweden
| | - Per Wikström
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency Umeå Sweden
| | - Karin Jacobsson
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Per Stenberg
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency Umeå Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science (EMG) Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Mats Forsman
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency Umeå Sweden
| | - Jon Ahlinder
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency Umeå Sweden
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5
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Mazaheri A, Forsman M, Haettel R, Rose LM. Reaction force exposure for tightening tool users: A psychophysical based experimental study of electric right-angle nutrunners. Appl Ergon 2022; 103:103776. [PMID: 35483120 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reaction forces from nutrunner tools constitute a risk of developing MSDs. However, recommendations for sustainable reaction force levels are lacking. The aim of this study was to inform recommendations regarding reaction load exposures from right-angle nutrunners. Through a psychophysics approach, experienced assembly workers subjectively assessed reaction loads when using a nutrunner in six combinations of tool tightening strategy, work-pace and screw-joint stiffness. Electromyography, tool and joint parameters were measured. Regardless of tightening strategy, joint stiffness and work-pace combinations, no large differences in acceptable tightening torque, peak reaction force, and handle displacement were observed. However, acceptable jerk and impulse differed substantially between the TurboTight® (high-acceleration) and QuickStep® (conventional) tightening strategies. Although the TurboTight® strategy overall showed reduced peak muscular activities compared to the QuickStep®, the participant-rated acceptable torque levels were similar, plausibly due to TurboTights' high jerk levels. Jerk and impulse are hypothesized to influence the perception of reaction loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazaheri
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Division of Ergonomics, Hälsovägen 11C, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden; Atlas Copco Industrial Technique AB, Sickla Industriväg 19, 105 23, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - M Forsman
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Division of Ergonomics, Hälsovägen 11C, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Haettel
- Atlas Copco Industrial Technique AB, Sickla Industriväg 19, 105 23, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L M Rose
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Division of Ergonomics, Hälsovägen 11C, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
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6
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Yu R, Långström N, Forsman M, Sjölander A, Fazel S, Molero Y. Associations between prisons and recidivism: A nationwide longitudinal study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267941. [PMID: 35580122 PMCID: PMC9113604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine differences in recidivism rates between different prisons using two designs—between-individual and within-individual—to account for confounding factors. Methods We examined recidivism rates among 37,891 individuals released from 44 Swedish prisons in three security levels, and who were followed from 2006 to 2013. We used longitudinal data from nationwide registers, including all convictions from district courts. First, we applied a between-individual design (Cox proportional hazards regression), comparing reconviction rates between individuals released from prisons within the same security level, while adjusting for a range of individual-level covariates. Second, we applied a within-individual design (stratified Cox proportional hazards regression), comparing rates of reconviction within the same individuals, i.e., we compared rates after release from one prison to the rates in the same individual after release from another prison, thus adjusting for all time-invariant confounders within each individual (e.g. genetics and early environment). We also adjusted for a range of time-varying individual-level covariates. Results Results showed differences in the hazard of recidivism between different prisons in between-individual analyses, with hazards ranging from 1.22 (1.05–1.43) to 4.99 (2.44–10.21). Results from within-individual analyses, which further adjusted for all time-invariant confounders, showed minimal differences between prisons, with hazards ranging from 0.95 (0.87–1.05) to 1.05 (0.95–1.16). Only small differences were found when violent and non-violent crimes were analyzed separately. Conclusions The study highlights the importance of research designs that more fully adjust for individual-level confounding factors to avoid over-interpretation of the variability in comparisons across prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqin Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Niklas Långström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Board of Health and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arvid Sjölander
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SF); (YM)
| | - Yasmina Molero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (SF); (YM)
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7
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Ahlinder J, Svedberg AL, Nystedt A, Dryselius R, Jacobsson K, Hägglund M, Brindefalk B, Forsman M, Ottoson J, Troell K. Use of metagenomic microbial source tracking to investigate the source of a foodborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 26:e00142. [PMID: 35024477 PMCID: PMC8728467 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of global public health importance that causes gastroenteritis in a variety of vertebrate hosts, with many human outbreaks reported yearly, often from ingestion of contaminated water or food. Despite the major public health implications, little is typically known about sources of contamination of disease outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium. Here, we study a national foodborne outbreak resulted from infection with Cryptosporidium parvum via romaine lettuce, with the main goal to trace the source of the parasite. To do so, we combined traditional outbreak investigation methods with molecular detection and characterization methods (i.e. PCR based typing, amplicon and shotgun sequencing) of romaine lettuce samples collected at the same farm from which the contaminated food was produced. Using 18S rRNA typing, we detected C. parvum in two out of three lettuce samples, which was supported by detections in the metagenome analysis. Microbial source tracking analysis of the lettuce samples suggested sewage water as a likely source of the contamination, albeit with some uncertainty. In addition, the high degree of overlap in bacterial species content with a public human gut microbial database corroborated the source tracking results. The combination of traditional and molecular based methods applied here is a promising tool for future source tracking investigations of food- and waterborne outbreaks of Cryptosporidium spp. and can help to control and mitigate contamination risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ahlinder
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A.-L. Svedberg
- Department of Infection control, Region Norrbotten, Luleå, Sweden
| | - A. Nystedt
- Department of Infection control, Region Norrbotten, Luleå, Sweden
| | - R. Dryselius
- Department of Biology, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K. Jacobsson
- Department of Biology, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Hägglund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Clinical Genomics Facility, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B. Brindefalk
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M. Forsman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J. Ottoson
- Department of Risk and benefit assessment, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K. Troell
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala university, Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Deatherage Kaiser BL, Birdsell DN, Hutchison JR, Thelaus J, Jenson SC, Andrianaivoarimanana V, Byström M, Myrtennäs K, McDonough RF, Nottingham RD, Sahl JW, Schweizer HP, Rajerison M, Forsman M, Wunschel DS, Wagner DM. Proteomic Signatures of Antimicrobial Resistance in Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:821071. [PMID: 35223919 PMCID: PMC8866660 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.821071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a well-recognized, widespread, and growing issue of concern. With increasing incidence of AMR, the ability to respond quickly to infection with or exposure to an AMR pathogen is critical. Approaches that could accurately and more quickly identify whether a pathogen is AMR also are needed to more rapidly respond to existing and emerging biological threats. We examined proteins associated with paired AMR and antimicrobial susceptible (AMS) strains of Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis, causative agents of the diseases plague and tularemia, respectively, to identify whether potential existed to use proteins as signatures of AMR. We found that protein expression was significantly impacted by AMR status. Antimicrobial resistance-conferring proteins were expressed even in the absence of antibiotics in growth media, and the abundance of 10–20% of cellular proteins beyond those that directly confer AMR also were significantly changed in both Y. pestis and F. tularensis. Most strikingly, the abundance of proteins involved in specific metabolic pathways and biological functions was altered in all AMR strains examined, independent of species, resistance mechanism, and affected cellular antimicrobial target. We have identified features that distinguish between AMR and AMS strains, including a subset of features shared across species with different resistance mechanisms, which suggest shared biological signatures of resistance. These features could form the basis of novel approaches to identify AMR phenotypes in unknown strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Deatherage Kaiser
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Dawn N Birdsell
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Janine R Hutchison
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Johanna Thelaus
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Chemical, Biological, Radioactive, and Nuclear (CBRN) - Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sarah C Jenson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, United States
| | | | - Mona Byström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Chemical, Biological, Radioactive, and Nuclear (CBRN) - Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Chemical, Biological, Radioactive, and Nuclear (CBRN) - Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ryelan F McDonough
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Roxanne D Nottingham
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Jason W Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Minoarisoa Rajerison
- Plague Unit, Central Laboratory for Plague, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Mats Forsman
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Chemical, Biological, Radioactive, and Nuclear (CBRN) - Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David S Wunschel
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, United States
| | - David M Wagner
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
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De Santis R, Luca V, Näslund J, Ehmann RK, De Angelis M, Lundmark E, Nencioni L, Faggioni G, Fillo S, Amatore D, Regalbuto E, Molinari F, Petralito G, Wölfel R, Stefanelli P, Rezza G, Palamara AT, Antwerpen M, Forsman M, Lista F. Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with LED irradiation of visible spectrum wavelengths. J Photochem Photobiol 2021; 8:100082. [PMID: 34729540 PMCID: PMC8552801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulty in controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission made the ability to inactivate viruses in aerosols and fomites to be an important and attractive risk reduction measure. Evidence that light frequencies have the ability to inhibit microorganisms has already been reported by many studies which, however, focused on ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, which are known to induce potential injury in humans. In the present study, the effect on suspensions of SARS-CoV-2 of a Light Emitting Diode (LED) device capable of radiating frequencies in the non-hazardous visible light spectrum (VIS) was investigated. In order to evaluate the efficiency of viral inactivation, plaque assay and western blot of viral proteins were performed. The observed results showed a significant reduction in infectious particles that had been exposed to the LED irradiation of visible light. Furthermore, the analysis of the intracellular expression of viral proteins confirmed the inactivating effect of this irradiation technology. This in vitro study revealed for the first time the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 through LED irradiation with multiple wavelengths of the visible spectrum. However additional and more in-depth studies can aim to demonstrate the data obtained during these experiments in different matrices, in mutable environmental conditions and on other respiratory viruses such as the influenza virus. The type of LED technology can decisively contribute on reducing virus transmission through the continuous sanitation of common environments without risks for humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Luca
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy.,7th CBRN Defence Regiment "Cremona", Civitavecchia, Italy
| | - Jonas Näslund
- Department of CBRN Protection and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rosina K Ehmann
- Section Viral and Intracellular Pathogens, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Lundmark
- Department of CBRN Protection and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Fillo
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roman Wölfel
- Section Viral and Intracellular Pathogens, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Rezza
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Markus Antwerpen
- Section Viral and Intracellular Pathogens, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Mats Forsman
- Department of CBRN Protection and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Sundell D, Öhrman C, Svensson D, Karlsson E, Brindefalk B, Myrtennäs K, Ahlinder J, Antwerpen MH, Walter MC, Forsman M, Stenberg P, Sjödin A. FlexTaxD: flexible modification of taxonomy databases for improved sequence classification. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:3932-3933. [PMID: 34469515 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The Flexible Taxonomy Database (FlexTaxD) framework provides a method for modification and merging official and custom taxonomic databases to create improved databases. Using such databases will increase accuracy and precision of existing methods to classify sequence reads. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Source code is freely available at https://github.com/FOI-Bioinformatics/flextaxd and installable through Bioconda.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sundell
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhrman
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel Svensson
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden.,Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Swedenand
| | - Edvin Karlsson
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden.,Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Swedenand
| | - Björn Brindefalk
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon Ahlinder
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Markus H Antwerpen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Dept Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias C Walter
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Dept Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics, Munich, Germany
| | - Mats Forsman
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Stenberg
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden.,Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Swedenand
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Golovliov I, Bäckman S, Granberg M, Salomonsson E, Lundmark E, Näslund J, Busch JD, Birdsell D, Sahl JW, Wagner DM, Johansson A, Forsman M, Thelaus J. Long-Term Survival of Virulent Tularemia Pathogens outside a Host in Conditions That Mimic Natural Aquatic Environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e02713-20. [PMID: 33397692 PMCID: PMC8104992 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02713-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia, can cause seasonal outbreaks of acute febrile illness in humans with disease peaks in late summer to autumn. Interestingly, its mechanisms for environmental persistence between outbreaks are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that F. tularensis forms biofilms in aquatic environments. We utilized two fully virulent wild-type strains: FSC200 (Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica) and Schu S4 (Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis) and three control strains, the attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS; F. tularensis subsp. holarctica), a Schu S4 ΔwbtI mutant that is documented to form biofilms, and the low-virulence strain U112 of the closely related species Francisella novicida Strains were incubated in saline solution (0.9% NaCl) microcosms for 24 weeks at both 4°C and 20°C, whereupon viability and biofilm formation were measured. These temperatures were selected to approximate winter and summer temperatures of fresh water in Scandinavia, respectively. U112 and Schu S4 ΔwbtI formed biofilms, but F. tularensis strains FSC200 and Schu S4 and the LVS did not. All strains exhibited prolonged viability at 4°C compared to 20°C. U112 and FSC200 displayed remarkable long-term persistence at 4°C, with only 1- and 2-fold log reductions, respectively, of viable cells after 24 weeks. Schu S4 exhibited lower survival, yielding no viable cells by week 20. At 24 weeks, cells from FSC200, but not from Schu S4, were still fully virulent in mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate biofilm-independent, long-term survival of pathogenic F. tularensis subsp. holarctica in conditions that mimic overwinter survival in aquatic environments.IMPORTANCE Tularemia, a disease caused by the environmental bacterium Francisella tularensis, is characterized by acute febrile illness. F. tularensis is highly infectious: as few as 10 organisms can cause human disease. Tularemia is not known to be spread from person to person. Rather, all human infections are independently acquired from the environment via the bite of blood-feeding arthropods, ingestion of infected food or water, or inhalation of aerosolized bacteria. Despite the environmental origins of human disease events, the ecological factors governing the long-term persistence of F. tularensis in nature between seasonal human outbreaks are poorly understood. The significance of our research is in identifying conditions that promote long-term survival of fully virulent F. tularensis outside a mammalian host or insect vector. These conditions are similar to those found in natural aquatic environments in winter and provide important new insights on how F. tularensis may persist long-term in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Golovliov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina Bäckman
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Malin Granberg
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emelie Salomonsson
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Lundmark
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Näslund
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joseph D Busch
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Dawn Birdsell
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Jason W Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - David M Wagner
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johanna Thelaus
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Öhrman C, Sahl JW, Sjödin A, Uneklint I, Ballard R, Karlsson L, McDonough RF, Sundell D, Soria K, Bäckman S, Chase K, Brindefalk B, Sozhamannan S, Vallesi A, Hägglund E, Ramirez-Paredes JG, Thelaus J, Colquhoun D, Myrtennäs K, Birdsell D, Johansson A, Wagner DM, Forsman M. Reorganized Genomic Taxonomy of Francisellaceae Enables Design of Robust Environmental PCR Assays for Detection of Francisella tularensis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:146. [PMID: 33440900 PMCID: PMC7826819 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing diversity of species has been recognized within the family Francisellaceae. Unfortunately, novel isolates are sometimes misnamed in initial publications or multiple sources propose different nomenclature for genetically highly similar isolates. Thus, unstructured and occasionally incorrect information can lead to confusion in the scientific community. Historically, detection of Francisella tularensis in environmental samples has been challenging due to the considerable and unknown genetic diversity within the family, which can result in false positive results. We have assembled a comprehensive collection of genome sequences representing most known Francisellaceae species/strains and restructured them according to a taxonomy that is based on phylogenetic structure. From this structured dataset, we identified a small number of genomic regions unique to F. tularensis that are putatively suitable for specific detection of this pathogen in environmental samples. We designed and validated specific PCR assays based on these genetic regions that can be used for the detection of F. tularensis in environmental samples, such as water and air filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Öhrman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Jason W. Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (J.W.S.); (R.B.); (R.F.M.); (K.S.); (D.B.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Ingrid Uneklint
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Rebecca Ballard
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (J.W.S.); (R.B.); (R.F.M.); (K.S.); (D.B.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Linda Karlsson
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Ryelan F. McDonough
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (J.W.S.); (R.B.); (R.F.M.); (K.S.); (D.B.); (D.M.W.)
| | - David Sundell
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Kathleen Soria
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (J.W.S.); (R.B.); (R.F.M.); (K.S.); (D.B.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Stina Bäckman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Kitty Chase
- US Army Medical Research Institute, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Björn Brindefalk
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Shanmuga Sozhamannan
- Logistics Management Institute supporting Defense Biological Product Assurance Office (DBPAO) Joint Project Lead, CBRND Enabling Biotechnologies (JPL CBRND EB), Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Adriana Vallesi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Emil Hägglund
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Jose Gustavo Ramirez-Paredes
- Ridgeway Biologicals Limited a Ceva Santé Animale Company, Units 1-3 Old Station Business Park, Compton, Berkshire, England RG20 6NE, UK;
| | - Johanna Thelaus
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Duncan Colquhoun
- Fish Health Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Pb 750 Sentrum, 23 N-0106 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Dawn Birdsell
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (J.W.S.); (R.B.); (R.F.M.); (K.S.); (D.B.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - David M. Wagner
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (J.W.S.); (R.B.); (R.F.M.); (K.S.); (D.B.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Mats Forsman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI, SE 901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (C.Ö.); (A.S.); (I.U.); (L.K.); (D.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (E.H.); (J.T.); (K.M.)
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13
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Linde J, Homeier-Bachmann T, Dangel A, Riehm JM, Sundell D, Öhrman C, Forsman M, Tomaso H. Genotyping of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica from Hares in Germany. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121932. [PMID: 33291395 PMCID: PMC7761992 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. In Germany, most human infections are caused by contact with infected hares. The aim of this study was to characterize Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica strains isolated from hares in Germany and to develop bioinformatics tools to analyze their genetic relatedness. In total, 257 German isolates-obtained mainly from hares (n = 233), other vertebrate animals, and ticks, but also from humans (n = 3)-were analyzed within this study. Publically available sequence data from 49 isolates were used to put our isolates into an epidemiological context and to compare isolates from natural foci and humans. Whole-genome sequences were analyzed using core-genome Multi-Locus-Sequence-Typing, canonical Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) typing and whole-genome SNP typing. An overall conformity of genotype clustering between the typing methods was found, albeit with a lower resolution for canonical single SNP typing. The subclade distribution, both on local and national levels, among strains from humans and hares was similar, suggesting circulation of the same genotypes both in animals and humans. Whilst close to identical isolates of the same subclade were found distributed over large areas, small geographical foci often harbored members of different subclades. In conclusion, although genomic high-resolution typing was shown to be robust, reproducible and allowed the identification of highly closely related strains, genetic profiling alone is not always conclusive for epidemiological linkage of F. tularensis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Linde
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-804-2320
| | - Timo Homeier-Bachmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Alexandra Dangel
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (A.D.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Julia M. Riehm
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (A.D.); (J.M.R.)
| | - David Sundell
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (D.S.); (C.Ö.); (M.F.)
| | - Caroline Öhrman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (D.S.); (C.Ö.); (M.F.)
| | - Mats Forsman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden; (D.S.); (C.Ö.); (M.F.)
| | - Herbert Tomaso
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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14
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Höiseth G, Nilsson GH, Lundberg R, Forsman M, Kronstrand C, Nyström I, Oscarsson C, Ericsson E, Cherma MD, Ahlner J, Kugelberg FC, Kronstrand R. Evaluating the hip-flask defence using analytical data from ethanol and ethyl glucuronide. A comparison of two models. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 316:110409. [PMID: 32871451 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Claimed intake of alcohol after a traffic incident, called the hip-flask defence, can be objectively assessed by different methods. One of them is the use of two consecutive ethanol concentrations in urine and the ratio between ethanol concentrations in urine and blood. Another one is the concentrations of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) in blood and their ratio to ethanol. The experimental basis for both these models is from single dose studies only. The aim of this study was therefore to describe the kinetics of ethanol, EtG and EtS after ingestion of two repeated doses of ethanol and to investigate the usefulness of the different models for the assessment of the hip-flask defence. METHODS Thirty-five subjects ingested a first dose of 0.51 g of ethanol per kilo body weight, and two hours later a second dose (the hip-flask drink) of 0.25, 0.51 or 0.85 g of ethanol per kilo body weight. Ten urine and 17 blood samples were collected and analysed for ethanol, EtG and EtS using fully validated methods. It was investigated if all subjects fulfilled the criteria for recent drinking, according to the two different models, when using the samples collected 180-240 minutes after start of first dose drinking. According to the first model, increase in urinary ethanol concentrations and a ratio UAC/BAC below 1.3 indicated recent drinking. According to the second model, increase in blood EtG concentrations and a ratio ethanol (g/kg)/EtG (mg/L) above 1 indicated recent drinking. RESULTS All subjects in the high dose group fulfilled all criteria for recent drinking. One subject in the medium dose group and nine subjects in the low dose group failed to show increasing UAC and/or a UAC/BAC ratio below 1.3. One subject in the low dose group failed to show increasing concentrations of blood EtG, but all subjects showed a ratio ethanol/EtG above 1. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed, by the use of experimental data, that both two models used to investigate the hip-flask defence can be used, but only when the hip-flask dose is sufficiently high.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Höiseth
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
| | - G H Nilsson
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden
| | - R Lundberg
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden
| | - M Forsman
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden
| | - C Kronstrand
- Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden
| | - I Nyström
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden
| | - C Oscarsson
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden
| | - E Ericsson
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden
| | - M D Cherma
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden
| | - J Ahlner
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden; Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Drug Research, Linköping, Sweden
| | - F C Kugelberg
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden; Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Drug Research, Linköping, Sweden
| | - R Kronstrand
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden; Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Drug Research, Linköping, Sweden
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15
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Ecke F, Johansson A, Forsman M, Khalil H, Magnusson M, Hörnfeldt B. Selective Predation by Owls on Infected Bank Voles ( Myodes glareolus) as a Possible Sentinel of Tularemia Outbreaks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:630-632. [PMID: 32349636 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tularemia is a widely spread zoonotic disease in the northern hemisphere, caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. In humans, tularemia is an acute febrile illness with incidence peaks in late summer to early autumn of outbreak years, but there is no early warning system in place that can reduce the impact of disease by providing timely risk information. In this study, we revisit previously unpublished data on F. tularensis in water, sediment, soil, and small mammals from 1984 in northern Sweden. In addition, we used human case data from the national surveillance system for tularemia in the same year. In the environmental and small mammal material, bank vole (Myodes glareolus) samples from urine and bladder were the only samples that tested positive for F. tularensis. The prevalence of F. tularensis among trapped bank voles was 13.5%, although all six bank voles that were retrieved from owl nest boxes in early May tested positive. Forty-two human tularemia cases were reported from August to December in 1984. Based on these results, we encourage investigating the potential role of tularemia-infected bank voles retrieved from owl nest boxes in spring as an early warning for outbreaks of tularemia among humans in summer and autumn of the same year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Department of Biological Agents, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Karlsson E, Johansson AM, Ahlinder J, Lundkvist MJ, Singh NJ, Brodin T, Forsman M, Stenberg P. Airborne microbial biodiversity and seasonality in Northern and Southern Sweden. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8424. [PMID: 32025374 PMCID: PMC6991134 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are essential constituents of ecosystems. To improve our understanding of how various factors shape microbial diversity and composition in nature it is important to study how microorganisms vary in space and time. Factors shaping microbial communities in ground level air have been surveyed in a limited number of studies, indicating that geographic location, season and local climate influence the microbial communities. However, few have surveyed more than one location, at high latitude or continuously over more than a year. We surveyed the airborne microbial communities over two full consecutive years in Kiruna, in the Arctic boreal zone, and Ljungbyhed, in the Southern nemoral zone of Sweden, by using a unique collection of archived air filters. We mapped both geographic and seasonal differences in bacterial and fungal communities and evaluated environmental factors that may contribute to these differences and found that location, season and weather influence the airborne communities. Location had stronger influence on the bacterial community composition compared to season, while location and season had equal influence on the fungal community composition. However, the airborne bacterial and fungal diversity showed overall the same trend over the seasons, regardless of location, with a peak during the warmer parts of the year, except for the fungal seasonal trend in Ljungbyhed, which fluctuated more within season. Interestingly, the diversity and evenness of the airborne communities were generally lower in Ljungbyhed. In addition, both bacterial and fungal communities varied significantly within and between locations, where orders like Rhizobiales, Rhodospirillales and Agaricales dominated in Kiruna, whereas Bacillales, Clostridiales and Sordariales dominated in Ljungbyhed. These differences are a likely reflection of the landscape surrounding the sampling sites where the landscape in Ljungbyhed is more homogenous and predominantly characterized by artificial and agricultural surroundings. Our results further indicate that local landscape, as well as seasonal variation, shapes microbial communities in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Karlsson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jon Ahlinder
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Moa J Lundkvist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Navinder J Singh
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Stenberg
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defense and Security, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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17
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Lindgren P, Myrtennäs K, Forsman M, Johansson A, Stenberg P, Nordgaard A, Ahlinder J. A likelihood ratio-based approach for improved source attribution in microbiological forensic investigations. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109869. [PMID: 31302416 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A common objective in microbial forensic investigations is to identify the origin of a recovered pathogenic bacterium by DNA sequencing. However, there is currently no consensus about how degrees of belief in such origin hypotheses should be quantified, interpreted, and communicated to wider audiences. To fill this gap, we have developed a concept based on calculating probabilistic evidential values for microbial forensic hypotheses. The likelihood-ratio method underpinning this concept is widely used in other forensic fields, such as human DNA matching, where results are readily interpretable and have been successfully communicated in juridical hearings. The concept was applied to two case scenarios of interest in microbial forensics: (1) identifying source cultures among series of very similar cultures generated by parallel serial passage of the Tier 1 pathogen Francisella tularensis, and (2) finding the production facilities of strains isolated in a real disease outbreak caused by the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Evidence values for the studied hypotheses were computed based on signatures derived from whole genome sequencing data, including deep-sequenced low-frequency variants and structural variants such as duplications and deletions acquired during serial passages. In the F. tularensis case study, we were able to correctly assign fictive evidence samples to the correct culture batches of origin on the basis of structural variant data. By setting up relevant hypotheses and using data on cultivated batch sources to define the reference populations under each hypothesis, evidential values could be calculated. The results show that extremely similar strains can be separated on the basis of amplified mutational patterns identified by high-throughput sequencing. In the L. monocytogenes scenario, analyses of whole genome sequence data conclusively assigned the clinical samples to specific sources of origin, and conclusions were formulated to facilitate communication of the findings. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the potential of using bacterial whole genome sequencing data, including data on both low frequency SNP signatures and structural variants, to calculate evidence values that facilitate interpretation and communication of the results. The concept could be applied in diverse scenarios, including both epidemiological and forensic source tracking of bacterial infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Lindgren
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Mats Forsman
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Per Stenberg
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Ecology and Environmental Science (EMG), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anders Nordgaard
- Swedish Police, Swedish National Forensic Centre (NFC), SE-581 94 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Jon Ahlinder
- Department of Biological Agents, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
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18
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Koene M, Rijks J, Maas M, Ruuls R, Engelsma M, van Tulden P, Kik M, IJzer J, Notermans D, de Vries M, Fanoy E, Pijnacker R, Spierenburg M, Bavelaar H, Berkhout H, Sankatsing S, Diepersloot R, Myrtennas K, Granberg M, Forsman M, Roest HJ, Gröne A. Phylogeographic Distribution of Human and Hare Francisella Tularensis Subsp. Holarctica Strains in the Netherlands and Its Pathology in European Brown Hares (Lepus Europaeus). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:11. [PMID: 30805312 PMCID: PMC6378916 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence-based typing of Francisella tularensis has led to insights in the evolutionary developments of tularemia. In Europe, two major basal clades of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica exist, with a distinct geographical distribution. Basal clade B.6 is primarily found in Western Europe, while basal clade B.12 occurs predominantly in the central and eastern parts of Europe. There are indications that tularemia is geographically expanding and that strains from the two clades might differ in pathogenicity, with basal clade B.6 strains being potentially more virulent than basal clade B.12. This study provides information on genotypes detected in the Netherlands during 2011–2017. Data are presented for seven autochthonous human cases and for 29 European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) with laboratory confirmed tularemia. Associated disease patterns are described for 25 European brown hares which underwent post-mortem examination. The basal clades B.6 and B.12 are present both in humans and in European brown hares in the Netherlands, with a patchy geographical distribution. For both genotypes the main pathological findings in hares associated with tularemia were severe (sub)acute necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis as well as necrotizing lesions and hemorrhages in several other organs. Pneumonia was significantly more common in the B.6 than in the B.12 cases. In conclusion, the two major basal clades present in different parts in Europe are both present in the Netherlands. In hares found dead, both genotypes were associated with severe acute disease affecting multiple organs. Hepatitis and splenitis were common pathological findings in hares infected with either genotype, but pneumonia occurred significantly more frequently in hares infected with the B.6 genotype compared to hares infected with the B.12 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Koene
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Jolianne Rijks
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Miriam Maas
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Robin Ruuls
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelsma
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Peter van Tulden
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Marja Kik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jooske IJzer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daan Notermans
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Maaike de Vries
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ewout Fanoy
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.,GGD Rotterdam Rijnmond, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roan Pijnacker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Spierenburg
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Herjan Bavelaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Berkhout
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Sankatsing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rob Diepersloot
- Department of Medical Microbiology en Immunology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Hendrik-Jan Roest
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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19
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Lardén M, Nordén E, Forsman M, Långström N. Effectiveness of aggression replacement training in reducing criminal recidivism among convicted adult offenders. Crim Behav Ment Health 2018; 28:476-491. [PMID: 30328151 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggression replacement training (ART) is a widely used cognitive behavioural intervention for reducing aggression-related recidivism among criminal offenders. Its effectiveness in reducing offending, however, remains uncertain. AIM To examine the effect of ART on adult offenders' criminal recidivism rates. METHOD We compared 1,124 convicted adult offenders who began ART in the Swedish Prison and Probation Services 2003-2009 with 3,372 offenders in the system at the same time who did not participate in ART. Linkage with nationwide, longitudinal registries allowed extensive propensity score-matched controlling for baseline differences (e.g. sociodemographics, criminal history, psychiatric morbidity, and substance misuse) between groups. RESULTS Intent-to-treat analyses suggested similar 1-year general reconviction rates (according to the National Crime Register) between the two groups (ART participants 50% [n = 465]: comparison participants 51% [n = 1,492]; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.97, 95% CI [0.88, 1.07]) and similar one-year violent recidivism (ART participants 19% [n = 174]: comparison participants 18% [n = 547]; HR = 1.02, 95% CI [0.89, 1.17]). For ART completers, findings suggested a marginal decrease in reconvictions for any recidivism, but not for violent recidivism specifically. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings add to the emerging literature suggesting no effect of ART on reoffending among adult offenders. Originally designed for adolescents, it may be that the programme should include components for more adult-specific needs. Further, although group differences in reoffending did not emerge, research with a wider range of outcomes may be worthwhile before abandoning this approach with offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lardén
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Nordén
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Norrköping, Sweden
- National Council for Crime Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Långström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Richter HO, Forsman M, Elcadi GH, Brautaset R, Marsh JE, Zetterberg C. Corrigendum: Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation Evoked by Convergence Load Under Conflicting Stimulus-to-Accommodation and Stimulus-to-Vergence Eye-Movements Measured by NIRS. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:384. [PMID: 30271336 PMCID: PMC6156517 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Richter
- Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden
| | - M Forsman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G H Elcadi
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden
| | - R Brautaset
- School of Optometry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John E Marsh
- Environmental Psychology, Department of Building, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.,School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - C Zetterberg
- Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.,Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Hägglund M, Bäckman S, Macellaro A, Lindgren P, Borgmästars E, Jacobsson K, Dryselius R, Stenberg P, Sjödin A, Forsman M, Ahlinder J. Accounting for Bacterial Overlap Between Raw Water Communities and Contaminating Sources Improves the Accuracy of Signature-Based Microbial Source Tracking. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2364. [PMID: 30356843 PMCID: PMC6190859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial source tracking (MST) analysis is essential to identifying and mitigating the fecal pollution of water resources. The signature-based MST method uses a library of sequences to identify contaminants based on operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that are unique to a certain source. However, no clear guidelines for how to incorporate OTU overlap or natural variation in the raw water bacterial community into MST analyses exist. We investigated how the inclusion of bacterial overlap between sources in the library affects source prediction accuracy. To achieve this, large-scale sampling - including feces from seven species, raw sewage, and raw water samples from water treatment plants - was followed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The MST library was defined using three settings: (i) no raw water communities represented; (ii) raw water communities selected through clustering analysis; and (iii) local water communities collected across consecutive years. The results suggest that incorporating either the local background or representative bacterial composition improves MST analyses, as the results were positively correlated to measured levels of fecal indicator bacteria and the accuracy at which OTUs were assigned to the correct contamination source increased fourfold. Using the proportion of OTUs with high source origin probability, underpinning a contaminating signal, is a solid foundation in a framework for further deciphering and comparing contaminating signals derived in signature-based MST approaches. In conclusion, incorporating background bacterial composition of water in MST can improve mitigation efforts for minimizing the spread of pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria into essential freshwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Hägglund
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina Bäckman
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Macellaro
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Petter Lindgren
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emmy Borgmästars
- Surgery Section, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Per Stenberg
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science (EMG), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon Ahlinder
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
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22
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Richter HO, Forsman M, Elcadi GH, Brautaset R, Marsh JE, Zetterberg C. Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation Evoked by Convergence Load Under Conflicting Stimulus-to-Accommodation and Stimulus-to-Vergence Eye-Movements Measured by NIRS. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:298. [PMID: 30104967 PMCID: PMC6077206 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To extend our knowledge of the functional linkages between visual fatigue and regional cerebral prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation, we measured time related hemodynamic changes over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during convergence load under conflicting stimulus-to-accommodation and stimulus-to-vergence eye movements with and without concurrent mental load. Methods: Twenty healthy participants with a median age of 28 years (range: 18–44 years) fixated upon a vertical bar presented separately to the left and right eyes, using polarized filters, during four counterbalanced 10-min periods: (i) no accommodation/vergence conflict (Control, Ctrl); (ii) added convergence load and accommodation/vergence conflict (Conv); (iii) added cognitive load only (Cog) and; (iv) a combination of added cognitive and convergence load and accommodation/vergence conflict (Cc). Viewing distance was 65 cm. Non-invasive measurements of hemodynamic activity over the dlPFC were quantified by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). During the two-convergence load conditions, the horizontal disparity of the two bars varied dynamically from no disparity to a disparity set 20% below the individual threshold for diplopia. Cognitive load was induced by the n-back-2 test which required the subject to memorize and recall the changing colors of the horizontal bars and decide when a given color was the same as that occurring two colors previously. fNIRS data were averaged over 10-s windows centered at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min of each task, subtracted from a 20-s baseline window immediately preceding the visual task, and then represented as changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (ΔHbO2), deoxygenated hemoglobin (ΔHHb) and total hemoglobin (ΔtHb). Results: Linear mixed model analyses showed that hemodynamic activity was systematically influenced by time (p < 0.001). The group-averaged time-related level of change across the viewing conditions did not differ when compared with one another (p > 0.05). Larger convergence eye-movement responses under conflicting stimulus-to-accommodation, and stimulus-to-vergence over time, increased ΔHbO2 and ΔtHb only in condition Cc and after 8 min of task time (p < 0.10 for min-6 and min-8: p < 0.05 for min-10). Discussion: Collectively, our data suggest that HbO2, HHb, and tHb, recorded over the dlPFC with fNIRS, can be used to assay the degree to which supervisory oculomotor control processes are activated during visually deficient near work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Richter
- Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden
| | - M Forsman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G H Elcadi
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden
| | - R Brautaset
- School of Optometry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John E Marsh
- Environmental Psychology, Department of Building, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.,School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - C Zetterberg
- Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.,Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Qin DL, Jin XN, Wang SJ, Wang JJ, Mamat N, Wang FJ, Wang Y, Shen ZA, Sheng LG, Forsman M, Yang LY, Wang S, Zhang ZB, He LH. [Research on the reliability and validity of postural workload assessment method and the relation to work-related musculoskeletal disorders of workers]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2018; 50:488-494. [PMID: 29930418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To form a new assessment method to evaluate postural workload comprehensively analyzing the dynamic and static postural workload for workers during their work process to analyze the reliability and validity, and to study the relation between workers' postural workload and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). METHODS In the study, 844 workers from electronic and railway vehicle manufacturing factories were selected as subjects investigated by using the China Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (CMQ) to form the postural workload comprehensive assessment method. The Cronbach's α, cluster analysis and factor analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the new assessment method. Non-conditional Logistic regression was used to analyze the relation between workers' postural workload and WMSDs. RESULTS Reliability of the assessment method for postural workload: internal consistency analysis results showed that Cronbach's α was 0.934 and the results of split-half reliability indicated that Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.881 and the correlation coefficient between the first part and the second was 0.787. Validity of the assessment method for postural workload: the results of cluster analysis indicated that square Euclidean distance between dynamic and static postural workload assessment in the same part or work posture was the shortest. The results of factor analysis showed that 2 components were extracted and the cumulative percentage of variance achieved 65.604%. The postural workload score of the different occupational workers showed significant difference (P<0.05) by covariance analysis. The results of nonconditional Logistic regression indicated that alcohol intake (OR=2.141, 95%CI 1.337-3.428) and obesity (OR=3.408, 95%CI 1.629-7.130) were risk factors for WMSDs. The risk for WMSDs would rise as workers' postural workload rose (OR=1.035, 95%CI 1.022-1.048). There was significant different risk for WMSDs in the different groups of workers distinguished by work type, gender and age. Female workers exhibited a higher prevalence for WMSDs (OR=2.626, 95%CI 1.414-4.879) and workers between 30-40 years of age (OR=1.909, 95%CI 1.237-2.946) as compared with those under 30. CONCLUSION This method for comprehensively assessing postural workload is reliable and effective when used in assembling workers, and there is certain relation between the postural workload and WMSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - X N Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - S J Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - J J Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - N Mamat
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - F J Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Y Wang
- CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles CO., LTD., Changchun 130062, China
| | - Z A Shen
- CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles CO., LTD., Changchun 130062, China
| | - L G Sheng
- CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles CO., LTD., Changchun 130062, China
| | - M Forsman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE17177, Sweden
| | - L Y Yang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE17177, Sweden
| | - S Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Z B Zhang
- China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - L H He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
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24
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Thelaus J, Lundmark E, Lindgren P, Sjödin A, Forsman M. Galleria mellonella Reveals Niche Differences Between Highly Pathogenic and Closely Related Strains of Francisella spp. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:188. [PMID: 29922601 PMCID: PMC5996057 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, a highly virulent bacteria that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia, is considered a potential agent of biological warfare and bioterrorism. Although the host range for several species within the Francisella is known, little is known about the natural reservoirs of various Francisella species. The lack of knowledge regarding the environmental fates of these pathogens greatly reduces the possibilities for microbial risk assessments. The greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) is an insect of the order Lepidoptera that has been used as an alternative model to study microbial infection during recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate G. mellonella as a model system for studies of human pathogenic and closely related opportunistic and non-pathogenic strains within the Francisella genus. The employed G. mellonella larvae model demonstrated differences in lethality between human pathogenic and human non-pathogenic or opportunistic Francisella species. The F. novicida, F. hispaniensis and F. philomiragia strains were significantly more virulent in the G. mellonella model than the strains of human pathogens F. t. holarctica and F. t. tularensis. Our data show that G. mellonella is a possible in vivo model of insect immunity for studies of both opportunistic and virulent lineages of Francisella spp., that produces inverse results regarding lethality in G. mellonella and incapacitating disease in humans. The results provide insight into the potential host specificity of F. tularensis and closely related members of the same genus, thus increasing our present understanding of Francisella spp. ecology.
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25
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Tomaso H, Hotzel H, Otto P, Myrtennäs K, Forsman M. Antibiotic susceptibility in vitro of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica isolates from Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2539-2543. [PMID: 28605439 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. In Germany, the disease is still rare (e.g. 34 human cases reported in 2015). There is a lack of data about the susceptibility of F. tularensis strains to antibiotics, because many cases are diagnosed using serological assays only. Objectives The antibiotic susceptibility in vitro of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strains isolated in Germany was assessed to determine whether the currently recommended empirical therapy is still adequate. Methods A total of 128 F. tularensis strains were investigated that were collected between 2005 and 2014 in Germany from wild animals, ticks and humans. All isolates were genotyped using real-time PCR assays targeting canonical SNPs, and antibiotic susceptibility was tested using MIC test strips on agar plates. MIC values were interpreted using CLSI breakpoints. Results The strains were susceptible to antibiotics commonly recommended for tularaemia therapy, i.e. aminoglycosides (MIC90 values: gentamicin 1 mg/L; streptomycin 4.0 mg/L), tetracyclines (MIC90 values: tetracycline 0.5 mg/L; doxycycline 1.5 mg/L) and quinolones (MIC90 value: ciprofloxacin 0.064 mg/L). Chloramphenicol (MIC90 value: 3.0 mg/L) may be of value in treatment of tularaemia meningitis. Ninety-four isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, which defines biovar I (genotypes B.4 and B.6); 34 were resistant (biovar II; genotype B.12). Conclusions The F. tularensis isolates investigated in this study showed the typical antibiotic susceptibility pattern that was previously observed in other countries. Therefore, recommendations for empirical antibiotic therapy of tularaemia can remain unchanged. However, antibiotic susceptibility testing of clinical isolates should be performed whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tomaso
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Otto
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- Department of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Department of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
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Thelaus J, Lindberg A, Thisted Lambertz S, Byström M, Forsman M, Lindmark H, Knutsson R, Båverud V, Bråve A, Jureen P, Lundin Zumpe A, Melefors Ö. Network Experiences from a Cross-Sector Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory Collaboration: A Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics. Health Secur 2017; 15:384-391. [PMID: 28805472 PMCID: PMC5576262 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics (FBD) is a network that fosters collaboration among the 4 agencies with responsibility for the laboratory diagnostics of high-consequence pathogens, covering animal health and feed safety, food safety, public health and biodefense, and security. The aim of the network is to strengthen capabilities and capacities for diagnostics at the national biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) laboratories to improve Sweden's biopreparedness, in line with recommendations from the EU and WHO. Since forming in 2007, the FBD network has contributed to the harmonization of diagnostic methods, equipment, quality assurance protocols, and biosafety practices among the national BSL-3 laboratories. Lessons learned from the network include: (1) conducting joint projects with activities such as method development and validation, ring trials, exercises, and audits has helped to build trust and improve communication among participating agencies; (2) rotating the presidency of the network steering committee has fostered trust and commitment from all agencies involved; and (3) planning for the implementation of project outcomes is important to maintain gained competencies in the agencies over time. Contacts have now been established with national agencies of the other Nordic countries, with an aim to expanding the collaboration, broadening the network, finding synergies in new areas, strengthening the ability to share resources, and consolidating long-term financing in the context of harmonized European biopreparedness. The Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics (FBD) is a network that fosters collaboration among the 4 agencies with responsibility for the laboratory diagnostics of high-consequence pathogens, covering animal health and feed safety, food safety, public health and biodefense, and security.
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Myrtennäs K, Marinov K, Johansson A, Niemcewicz M, Karlsson E, Byström M, Forsman M. Authors' reply. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2017. [PMID: 28649307 PMCID: PMC5475334 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2017.1333745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Baur E, Forsman M, Långström N. Response to Joyal's (2016) "Linking Crime to Paraphilia: Be Careful with Label". Arch Sex Behav 2017; 46:867-868. [PMID: 28204903 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Baur
- LWL-Maßregelvollzugsklinik, Herne, Germany
| | - Mats Forsman
- Research and Evaluation Unit, Swedish Prison and Probation Service, PO Box 44015, 100 73, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Niklas Långström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Donahue K, Långström N, Lundström S, Lichtenstein P, Forsman M. Familial Factors, Victimization, and Psychological Health Among Sexual Minority Adolescents in Sweden. Am J Public Health 2016; 107:322-328. [PMID: 27997235 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the influences of victimization experience and familial factors on the association between sexual minority status and psychological health outcomes among adolescents. METHODS We used data from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, a prospective, population-based study of all twins born in Sweden since 1992. Cross-sectional analyses included individuals who completed assessments at age 18 years (n = 4898) from 2000 to 2013. We also compared psychological health among sexual minority adolescents and their nonminority co-twins. RESULTS Sexual minority adolescents were more likely than were unrelated nonminority adolescents to report victimization experiences, including emotional abuse, physical abuse or neglect, and sexual abuse. Sexual minority adolescents also reported significantly more symptoms of anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disordered eating, and substance misuse in addition to increased parent-reported behavior problems. Victimization experience partially mediated these associations. However, when controlling for unmeasured familial confounding factors by comparing sexual minority adolescents to their same-sex, nonminority co-twins, the effect of sexual minority status on psychological health was almost entirely attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Familial factors-common genetic or environmental influences-may explain decreased psychological adjustment among sexual minority adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Donahue
- Kelly Donahue is with the Department of Pediatrics Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Niklas Långström, Paul Lichtenstein, and Mats Forsman are with the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Niklas Långström and Mats Forsman are also with the Swedish Prison and Probation Administration, Norrköping, Sweden. Sebastian Lundström is with the Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health and the Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - Niklas Långström
- Kelly Donahue is with the Department of Pediatrics Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Niklas Långström, Paul Lichtenstein, and Mats Forsman are with the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Niklas Långström and Mats Forsman are also with the Swedish Prison and Probation Administration, Norrköping, Sweden. Sebastian Lundström is with the Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health and the Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Kelly Donahue is with the Department of Pediatrics Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Niklas Långström, Paul Lichtenstein, and Mats Forsman are with the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Niklas Långström and Mats Forsman are also with the Swedish Prison and Probation Administration, Norrköping, Sweden. Sebastian Lundström is with the Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health and the Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Kelly Donahue is with the Department of Pediatrics Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Niklas Långström, Paul Lichtenstein, and Mats Forsman are with the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Niklas Långström and Mats Forsman are also with the Swedish Prison and Probation Administration, Norrköping, Sweden. Sebastian Lundström is with the Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health and the Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Kelly Donahue is with the Department of Pediatrics Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. Niklas Långström, Paul Lichtenstein, and Mats Forsman are with the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Niklas Långström and Mats Forsman are also with the Swedish Prison and Probation Administration, Norrköping, Sweden. Sebastian Lundström is with the Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health and the Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Gothenburg University, Sweden
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Dwibedi C, Birdsell D, Lärkeryd A, Myrtennäs K, Öhrman C, Nilsson E, Karlsson E, Hochhalter C, Rivera A, Maltinsky S, Bayer B, Keim P, Scholz HC, Tomaso H, Wittwer M, Beuret C, Schuerch N, Pilo P, Hernández Pérez M, Rodriguez-Lazaro D, Escudero R, Anda P, Forsman M, Wagner DM, Larsson P, Johansson A. Long-range dispersal moved Francisella tularensis into Western Europe from the East. Microb Genom 2016; 2:e000100. [PMID: 28348839 PMCID: PMC5359409 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
For many infections transmitting to humans from reservoirs in nature, disease dispersal patterns over space and time are largely unknown. Here, a reversed genomics approach helped us understand disease dispersal and yielded insight into evolution and biological properties of Francisella tularensis, the bacterium causing tularemia. We whole-genome sequenced 67 strains and characterized by single-nucleotide polymorphism assays 138 strains, collected from individuals infected 1947-2012 across Western Europe. We used the data for phylogenetic, population genetic and geographical network analyses. All strains (n=205) belonged to a monophyletic population of recent ancestry not found outside Western Europe. Most strains (n=195) throughout the study area were assigned to a star-like phylogenetic pattern indicating that colonization of Western Europe occurred via clonal expansion. In the East of the study area, strains were more diverse, consistent with a founder population spreading from east to west. The relationship of genetic and geographic distance within the F. tularensis population was complex and indicated multiple long-distance dispersal events. Mutation rate estimates based on year of isolation indicated null rates; in outbreak hotspots only, there was a rate of 0.4 mutations/genome/year. Patterns of nucleotide substitution showed marked AT mutational bias suggestive of genetic drift. These results demonstrate that tularemia has moved from east to west in Europe and that F. tularensis has a biology characterized by long-range geographical dispersal events and mostly slow, but variable, replication rates. The results indicate that mutation-driven evolution, a resting survival phase, genetic drift and long-distance geographical dispersal events have interacted to generate genetic diversity within this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Dwibedi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dawn Birdsell
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, USA
| | - Adrian Lärkeryd
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhrman
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elin Nilsson
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edvin Karlsson
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christian Hochhalter
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, USA
| | - Andrew Rivera
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, USA
| | - Sara Maltinsky
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, USA
| | - Brittany Bayer
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, USA
| | - Paul Keim
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, USA
- Translational Genomics Research Institute North, Flagstaff AZ, USA
| | | | - Herbert Tomaso
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses Friedrich-Loeffler, Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Wittwer
- Biology Division, Spietz Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spietz, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beuret
- Biology Division, Spietz Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spietz, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Schuerch
- Biology Division, Spietz Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spietz, Switzerland
| | - Paola Pilo
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marta Hernández Pérez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Forestal, Universidad de Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Escudero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Anda
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mats Forsman
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David M. Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ, USA
| | - Pär Larsson
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence Anders Johansson ()
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Myrtennäs K, Marinov K, Johansson A, Niemcewicz M, Karlsson E, Byström M, Forsman M. Introduction and persistence of tularemia in Bulgaria. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:32838. [PMID: 27790972 PMCID: PMC5084392 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.32838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Outbreaks of the zoonotic disease tularemia occurred in north-east Bulgaria in the 1960s. Then came 30 years of epidemiological silence until new outbreaks occurred in west Bulgaria in the 1990s. To investigate how bacterial strains of Francisella tularensis causing tularemia in wildlife and humans in the 1960s and the 1990s were related, we explored their genetic diversity. Material and methods Ten F. tularensis genomes from the 1960s (n=3) and the 1990s (n=7) were sequenced, assigned to canonical single-nucleotide polymorphism (canSNP) clades, and compared to reference genomes. We developed four new canSNP polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays based on the genome sequence information. Results and discussion The genetic analysis showed that the outbreaks in the 1960s as well as in the 1990s involved multiple clones and new genetic diversity. The smallest genetic difference found between any of the Bulgarian strains was five SNPs between the strains L2 and 81 isolated 43 years apart, indicating that F. tularensis may persist locally over long time periods without causing outbreaks. The existence of genetically highly similar strain-pairs isolated the same year in the same area from different hosts supports a hypothesis of local expansion of clones during outbreaks. Close relationship (two SNPs) was found between one strain isolated 1961 in northeast Bulgaria and one strain isolated 5 years before in USSR. Historical data coinciding with the actual time point describe the introduction of water rats from USSR into the Bulgarian outbreak area, which may explain the close genetic relationship and the origin of the outbreak. Conclusion Genome analysis of strains from two outbreaks in the 1960s and the 1990s provided valuable information on the genetic diversity and persistence of F. tularensis in Bulgaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Myrtennäs
- Department of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Krustyu Marinov
- Department of Microbiology, Military Medical Academy (MMA), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anders Johansson
- Departments of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biological Threat Identification Center, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (MIHE), Pulawy, Poland
| | - Edvin Karlsson
- Department of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mona Byström
- Department of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Department of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
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Hadfield TL, Jackson PJ, Appler J, Baillie L, Bailor E, Ballin J, Beck L, Blanke SR, Cahall R, Damer K, Dragon D, Forsman M, Jaing C, Johns M, Lin N, Maple L, Morse SA, New D, Retford M, Shah S, Sozhamannan S, Trudil D, Welkos S, Coates SG. AOAC SMPR(®) 2016.006. J AOAC Int 2016; 99:1084-1089. [PMID: 27455936 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.smpr2016.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Keim PS, Wagner D, Appler J, Bauer T, Beck L, Boylan J, Cahall R, Damer K, Davenport M, Forsman M, Hinrichs SH, Kiss K, Maple L, Morse SA, Naraghi-Arani P, Petersen J, Pettit D, Retford M, Scheckelhoff M, Shah S, Sozhamannan S, Coates SG. AOAC SMPR(®) 2016.007. J AOAC Int 2016; 99:1090-1094. [PMID: 27455937 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.smpr2016.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Linda Beck
- CBR Defense Concepts and Experimentation Branch, Naval Surface Warfare Center
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Baur E, Forsman M, Santtila P, Johansson A, Sandnabba K, Långström N. Paraphilic Sexual Interests and Sexually Coercive Behavior: A Population-Based Twin Study. Arch Sex Behav 2016; 45:1163-1172. [PMID: 26754158 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prior research with selected clinical and forensic samples suggests associations between paraphilic sexual interests (e.g., exhibitionism and sexual sadism) and sexually coercive behavior. However, no study to date used a large, representative and genetically informative population sample to address the potential causal nature of this association. We used self-report data on paraphilic and sexually coercive behavior from 5990 18- to 32-year-old male and female twins from a contemporary Finnish population cohort. Logistic regression and co-twin control models were employed to examine if paraphilic behaviors were causally related to coercive behavior or if suggested links were confounded by familial (genetic or common family environment) risk factors. Results indicated that associations between four out of five tested paraphilic behaviors (exhibitionism, masochism, sadism, and voyeurism, respectively) and sexually coercive behavior were moderate to strong. Transvestic fetishism was not independently associated with sexual coercion. Comparisons of twins reporting paraphilic behavior with their paraphilic behavior-discordant twin further suggested that associations were largely independent of shared genetic and environmental confounds, consistent with a causal association. In conclusion, similar to previously reported predictive effects of paraphilias on sexual crime recidivism, paraphilic behavior among young adults in the general population increases sexual offending risk. Further, early identification of paraphilic interest and preventive interventions with at-risk individuals might also reduce perpetration of first-time sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Baur
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- LWL-Maßregelvollzugsklinik, Herne, Germany
| | - Mats Forsman
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, R&D Unit, PO Box 12055, 102 22, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pekka Santtila
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ada Johansson
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Sandnabba
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Niklas Långström
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, R&D Unit, PO Box 12055, 102 22, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Karlsson E, Golovliov I, Lärkeryd A, Granberg M, Larsson E, Öhrman C, Niemcewicz M, Birdsell D, Wagner DM, Forsman M, Johansson A. Clonality of erythromycin resistance in Francisella tularensis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2815-23. [PMID: 27334667 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analysed diverse strains of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica to assess if its division into biovars I and II is associated with specific mutations previously linked to erythromycin resistance and to determine the distribution of this resistance trait across this subspecies. METHODS Three-hundred and fourteen F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strains were tested for erythromycin susceptibility and whole-genome sequences for these strains were examined for SNPs in genes previously associated with erythromycin resistance. Each strain was assigned to a global phylogenetic framework using genome-wide canonical SNPs. The contribution of a specific SNP to erythromycin resistance was examined using allelic exchange. The geographical distribution of erythromycin-resistant F. tularensis strains was further investigated by literature search. RESULTS There was a perfect correlation between biovar II strains (erythromycin resistance) and the phylogenetic group B.12. Only B.12 strains had an A → C SNP at position 2059 in the three copies of the rrl gene. Introducing 2059C into an rrl gene of an erythromycin-susceptible F. tularensis strain resulted in resistance. An additional 1144 erythromycin-resistant strains were identified from the scientific literature, all of them from Eurasia. CONCLUSIONS Erythromycin resistance in F. tularensis is caused by an A2059C rrl gene mutation, which exhibits a strictly clonal inheritance pattern found only in phylogenetic group B.12. This group is an extremely successful clone, representing the most common type of F. tularensis throughout Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Karlsson
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Igor Golovliov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Adrian Lärkeryd
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Malin Granberg
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Larsson
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhrman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Wojskowy Instytut Higieny i Epidemioligii, Biological Threat Identification and Countermeasure Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawn Birdsell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - David M Wagner
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Mats Forsman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Özsürekci Y, Birdsell DN, Çelik M, Karadağ-Öncel E, Johansson A, Forsman M, Vogler AJ, Keim P, Ceyhan M, Wagner DM. Diverse Francisella tularensis strains and oropharyngeal tularemia, Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:173-5. [PMID: 25531237 PMCID: PMC4285279 DOI: 10.3201/eid2101.141087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Otto P, Kohlmann R, Müller W, Julich S, Geis G, Gatermann SG, Peters M, Wolf PJ, Karlsson E, Forsman M, Myrtennäs K, Tomaso H. Hare-to-human transmission of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:153-5. [PMID: 25531286 PMCID: PMC4285259 DOI: 10.3201/eid2101.131837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In November 2012, a group of 7 persons who participated in a hare hunt in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, acquired tularemia. Two F. tularensis subsp. holarctica isolates were cultivated from human and hare biopsy material. Both isolates belonged to the FTN002–00 genetic subclade (derived for single nucleotide polymorphisms B.10 and B.18), thus indicating likely hare-to-human transmission.
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Karadenizli A, Forsman M, Şimşek H, Taner M, Öhrman C, Myrtennäs K, Lärkeryd A, Johansson A, Özdemir L, Sjödin A. Genomic analyses of Francisella tularensis strains confirm disease transmission from drinking water sources, Turkey, 2008, 2009 and 2012. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 26062561 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.21.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne epidemics of tularaemia caused by Francisella tularensis are increasingly reported in Turkey. We have used whole genome sequencing to investigate if F. tularensis isolated from patients could be traced back to drinking water sources. Tonsil swabs from 33 patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal tularaemia in three outbreaks and 140 water specimens were analysed. F. tularensis subsp. holarctica was confirmed by microagglutination and PCR in 12 patients and five water specimens. Genomic analysis of three pairs of patient and water isolates from outbreaks in Sivas, Çorum, and Kocaeli showed the isolates to belong to two new clusters of the F. tularensis B.12 genetic clade. The clusters were defined by 19 and 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a multiple alignment based on 507 F. tularensis genomes. One synonymous SNP was chosen as a new canonical SNP (canSNP) for each cluster for future use in diagnostic assays. No SNP was identified between the genomes from the patient–water pair of isolates from Kocaeli, one SNP between the pair of isolates from Sivas, whereas the pair from Çorum differed at seven SNPs. These results illustrate the power of whole genome sequencing for tracing F. tularensis patient isolates back to their environmental source.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karadenizli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Sissonen S, Rossow H, Karlsson E, Hemmilä H, Henttonen H, Isomursu M, Kinnunen PM, Pelkola K, Pelkonen S, Tarkka E, Myrtennäs K, Nikkari S, Forsman M. Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica in Finland, 1993-2011. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 47:701-6. [PMID: 26004621 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1049657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finland repeatedly reports some of the highest incidences of tularaemia worldwide. To determine genetic diversity of the aetiologic agent of tularaemia, Francisella tularensis, a total of 76 samples from humans (n = 15) and animals (n = 61) were analysed. METHODS We used CanSNPs and canINDEL hydrolysis or TaqMan MGB probes for the analyses, either directly from the clinical tissue samples (n = 21) or from bacterial isolates (n = 55). RESULTS The genotypes of the strains were assigned to three previously described basal subspecies holarctica clades. The majority of strains (n = 67) were assigned to B.12, a clade reported to dominate in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. A single strain was assigned to clade B.4, previously reported from North America, Europe and China. The remaining strains (n = 8) were members of clade B.6. Importantly, new diversity was discovered in clade B.6. We describe two newly designed TaqMan MGB probe assays for this new B.6 subclade B.70, and its previously identified sister clade B.11, a clade dominantly found in Western Europe. CONCLUSIONS The high genetic diversity of F. tularensis subspecies holarctica present in Finland is consistent with previous findings in Sweden. The results suggest a northern and southern division of the B.6 subclade B.10, where B.11 predominates in Western and Central Europe and B.70 is found in Fennoscandia. Further research is required to define whether the vast diversity of genotypes found is related to different habitats or reservoir species, their different postglacial immigration routes to Fennoscandia, or dynamics of the reservoir species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Sissonen
- From the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland
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Afset JE, Larssen KW, Bergh K, Sjödin A, Lärkeryd A, Johansson A, Forsman M. Phylogeographical pattern of Francisella tularensis in a nationwide outbreak of tularaemia in Norway, 2011. Euro Surveill 2015. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.19.21125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, a nationwide outbreak of tularaemia occurred in Norway with 180 recorded cases. It was associated with the largest peak in lemming density seen in 40 years. Francisella tularensis was isolated from 18 patients. To study the geographical distribution of F. tularensis genotypes in Norway and correlate genotype with epidemiology and clinical presentation, we performed whole genome sequencing of patient isolates. All 18 genomes from the outbreak carried genetic signatures of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica and were assigned to genetic clades using canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms. Ten isolates were assigned to major genetic clade B.6 (subclade B.7), seven to clade B.12, and one to clade B.4. The B.6 subclade B.7 was most common in southern and central Norway, while clade B.12 was evenly distributed between the southern, central and northern parts of the country. There was no association between genotype and clinical presentation of tularaemia, time of year or specimen type. We found extensive sequence similarity with F. tularensis subsp. holarctica genomes from high-endemic tularaemia areas in Sweden. Finding nearly identical genomes across large geographical distances in Norway and Sweden imply a life cycle of the bacterium without replication between the outbreaks and raise new questions about long-range migration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Afset
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - K W Larssen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - K Bergh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A Sjödin
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI - Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Lärkeryd
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI - Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Forsman
- Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI - Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
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Afset JE, Larssen KW, Bergh K, Larkeryd A, Sjodin A, Johansson A, Forsman M. Phylogeographical pattern of Francisella tularensis in a nationwide outbreak of tularaemia in Norway, 2011. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:9-14. [PMID: 25990357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2011, a nationwide outbreak of tularaemia occurred in Norway with 180 recorded cases. It was associated with the largest peak in lemming density seen in 40 years. Francisella tularensis was isolated from 18 patients. To study the geographical distribution of F.tularensis genotypes in Norway and correlate genotype with epidemiology and clinical presentation,we performed whole genome sequencing of patient isolates. All 18 genomes from the outbreak carried genetic signatures of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica and were assigned to genetic clades using canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms. Ten isolates were assigned to major genetic clade B.6 (subclade B.7),seven to clade B.12, and one to clade B.4. The B.6 subclade B.7 was most common in southern and central Norway, while clade B.12 was evenly distributed between the southern, central and northern parts of the country. There was no association between genotype and clinical presentation of tularaemia, time of year or specimen type. We found extensive sequence similarity with F. tularensis subsp. holarctica genomes from high-endemic tularaemia areas in Sweden.Finding nearly identical genomes across large geographical distances in Norway and Sweden imply a life cycle of the bacterium without replication between the outbreaks and raise new questions about long-range migration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Afset
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children s and Women s Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Richter HO, Zetterberg C, Forsman M. Trapezius muscle activity increases during near work activity regardless of accommodation/vergence demand level. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1501-12. [PMID: 25697148 PMCID: PMC4460279 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim To investigate if trapezius muscle activity increases over time during visually demanding near work. Methods The vision task consisted of sustained focusing on a contrast-varying black and white Gabor grating. Sixty-six participants with a median age of 38 (range 19–47) fixated the grating from a distance of 65 cm (1.5 D) during four counterbalanced 7-min periods: binocularly through −3.5 D lenses, and monocularly through −3.5 D, 0 D and +3.5 D. Accommodation, heart rate variability and trapezius muscle activity were recorded in parallel. Results General estimating equation analyses showed that trapezius muscle activity increased significantly over time in all four lens conditions. A concurrent effect of accommodation response on trapezius muscle activity was observed with the minus lenses irrespective of whether incongruence between accommodation and convergence was present or not. Conclusions Trapezius muscle activity increased significantly over time during the near work task. The increase in muscle activity over time may be caused by an increased need of mental effort and visual attention to maintain performance during the visual tasks to counteract mental fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Richter
- Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Gävle, 801 76, Gävle, Sweden,
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Bäckman S, Näslund J, Forsman M, Thelaus J. Transmission of tularemia from a water source by transstadial maintenance in a mosquito vector. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7793. [PMID: 25609657 PMCID: PMC4302321 DOI: 10.1038/srep07793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are thought to function as mechanical vectors of Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica (F. t. holarctica) causing tularemia in humans. We investigated the clinical relevance of transstadially maintained F. t. holarctica in mosquitoes. Aedes egypti larvae exposed to a fully virulent F. t. holarctica strain for 24 hours, were allowed to develop into adults when they were individually homogenized. Approximately 24% of the homogenates tested positive for F. t. DNA in PCR. Mice injected with the mosquito homogenates acquired tularemia within 5 days. This novel finding demonstrates the possibility of transmission of bacteria by adult mosquitoes having acquired the pathogen from their aquatic larval habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Bäckman
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI Division of CBRN Defence and Security SE- 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Näslund
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI Division of CBRN Defence and Security SE- 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI Division of CBRN Defence and Security SE- 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johanna Thelaus
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI Division of CBRN Defence and Security SE- 901 82 Umeå, Sweden
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Forsman M, Johansson A, Santtila P, Sandnabba K, Långström N. Sexually coercive behavior following childhood maltreatment. Arch Sex Behav 2015; 44:149-156. [PMID: 24752790 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is associated with adult sexually coercive behavior. The association may be causal or confounders that increase the risk of both childhood victimization and sexually coercive behavior might explain the observed links. We examined if childhood maltreatment was related to sexual coercion independently of familial (genetic or common family environment) risk factors, thereby addressing potential causality. Participants were 6,255 18 to 33-year-old twins from the Finnish population-based study "Genetics of Sex and Aggression" who responded to self-report questionnaires of child maltreatment and sexually coercive behavior. We used generalized estimating equations to elucidate risk of sexual coercion in maltreated compared to unrelated, non-maltreated individuals. To adjust for unmeasured familial factors, we used the co-twin control method and compared sexual coercion risk within maltreatment-discordant twin pairs. Further, we examined possible differential effects of maltreatment subtypes and compared mean differences in maltreatment summary scores between sexually coercive individuals and controls. Sexual coercion was moderately more common among individuals maltreated as children versus unrelated controls (38.3 vs. 22.8 %; age- and gender-adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.31, 95 % CI 1.75-3.05) and the risk increase remained similar within maltreatment-discordant twins (OR = 2.82, 95 % CI 1.42-5.61). Moreover, different maltreatment subtypes predicted sexual coercion equally well and effect sizes remained similar within discordant twin pairs. We conclude that associations between child maltreatment and sexual coercion are largely independent of shared familial confounds, consistent with a causal inference. Importantly, detection and targeted interventions for maltreated children should remain a priority to reduce societal sexually coercive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Forsman
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, R&D Unit, POB 12055, 102 22, Stockholm, Sweden,
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45
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Walter MC, Öhrman C, Myrtennäs K, Sjödin A, Byström M, Larsson P, Macellaro A, Forsman M, Frangoulidis D. Genome sequence of Coxiella burnetii strain Namibia. Stand Genomic Sci 2014; 9:22. [PMID: 25593636 PMCID: PMC4286197 DOI: 10.1186/1944-3277-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the whole genome sequence and annotation of the Coxiella burnetii strain Namibia. This strain was isolated from an aborting goat in 1991 in Windhoek, Namibia. The plasmid type QpRS was confirmed in our work. Further genomic typing placed the strain into a unique genomic group. The genome sequence is 2,101,438 bp long and contains 1,979 protein-coding and 51 RNA genes, including one rRNA operon. To overcome the poor yield from cell culture systems, an additional DNA enrichment with whole genome amplification (WGA) methods was applied. We describe a bioinformatics pipeline for improved genome assembly including several filters with a special focus on WGA characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias C Walter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Genome-Oriented Bioinformatics, Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Caroline Öhrman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mona Byström
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Larsson
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Macellaro
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
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46
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Birdsell DN, Johansson A, Öhrman C, Kaufman E, Molins C, Pearson T, Gyuranecz M, Naumann A, Vogler AJ, Myrtennäs K, Larsson P, Forsman M, Sjödin A, Gillece JD, Schupp J, Petersen JM, Keim P, Wagner DM. Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis group A.I, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:861-5. [PMID: 24755401 PMCID: PMC4012810 DOI: 10.3201/eid2005.131559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We used whole-genome analysis and subsequent characterization of geographically diverse strains using new genetic signatures to identify distinct subgroups within Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis group A.I: A.I.3, A.I.8, and A.I.12. These subgroups exhibit complex phylogeographic patterns within North America. The widest distribution was observed for A.I.12, which suggests an adaptive advantage.
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47
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Johansson A, Lärkeryd A, Widerström M, Mörtberg S, Myrtännäs K, Ohrman C, Birdsell D, Keim P, Wagner DM, Forsman M, Larsson P. An outbreak of respiratory tularemia caused by diverse clones of Francisella tularensis. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1546-53. [PMID: 25097081 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterium Francisella tularensis is recognized for its virulence, infectivity, genetic homogeneity, and potential as a bioterrorism agent. Outbreaks of respiratory tularemia, caused by inhalation of this bacterium, are poorly understood. Such outbreaks are exceedingly rare, and F. tularensis is seldom recovered from clinical specimens. METHODS A localized outbreak of tularemia in Sweden was investigated. Sixty-seven humans contracted laboratory-verified respiratory tularemia. F. tularensis subspecies holarctica was isolated from the blood or pleural fluid of 10 individuals from July to September 2010. Using whole-genome sequencing and analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), outbreak isolates were compared with 110 archived global isolates. RESULTS There were 757 SNPs among the genomes of the 10 outbreak isolates and the 25 most closely related archival isolates (all from Sweden/Finland). Whole genomes of outbreak isolates were >99.9% similar at the nucleotide level and clustered into 3 distinct genetic clades. Unexpectedly, high-sequence similarity grouped some outbreak and archival isolates that originated from patients from different geographic regions and up to 10 years apart. Outbreak and archival genomes frequently differed by only 1-3 of 1 585 229 examined nucleotides. CONCLUSIONS The outbreak was caused by diverse clones of F. tularensis that occurred concomitantly, were widespread, and apparently persisted in the environment. Multiple independent acquisitions of F. tularensis from the environment over a short time period suggest that natural outbreaks of respiratory tularemia are triggered by environmental cues. The findings additionally caution against interpreting genome sequence identity for this pathogen as proof of a direct epidemiological link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University
| | - Adrian Lärkeryd
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå
| | - Micael Widerström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, Umeå University
| | - Sara Mörtberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Östersund County Hospital, Sweden
| | | | - Caroline Ohrman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå
| | - Dawn Birdsell
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
| | - Paul Keim
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
| | - David M Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
| | - Mats Forsman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå
| | - Pär Larsson
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå
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48
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Budowle B, Connell ND, Bielecka-Oder A, Colwell RR, Corbett CR, Fletcher J, Forsman M, Kadavy DR, Markotic A, Morse SA, Murch RS, Sajantila A, Schmedes SE, Ternus KL, Turner SD, Minot S. Validation of high throughput sequencing and microbial forensics applications. Investig Genet 2014; 5:9. [PMID: 25101166 PMCID: PMC4123828 DOI: 10.1186/2041-2223-5-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
High throughput sequencing (HTS) generates large amounts of high quality sequence data for microbial genomics. The value of HTS for microbial forensics is the speed at which evidence can be collected and the power to characterize microbial-related evidence to solve biocrimes and bioterrorist events. As HTS technologies continue to improve, they provide increasingly powerful sets of tools to support the entire field of microbial forensics. Accurate, credible results allow analysis and interpretation, significantly influencing the course and/or focus of an investigation, and can impact the response of the government to an attack having individual, political, economic or military consequences. Interpretation of the results of microbial forensic analyses relies on understanding the performance and limitations of HTS methods, including analytical processes, assays and data interpretation. The utility of HTS must be defined carefully within established operating conditions and tolerances. Validation is essential in the development and implementation of microbial forensics methods used for formulating investigative leads attribution. HTS strategies vary, requiring guiding principles for HTS system validation. Three initial aspects of HTS, irrespective of chemistry, instrumentation or software are: 1) sample preparation, 2) sequencing, and 3) data analysis. Criteria that should be considered for HTS validation for microbial forensics are presented here. Validation should be defined in terms of specific application and the criteria described here comprise a foundation for investigators to establish, validate and implement HTS as a tool in microbial forensics, enhancing public safety and national security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Budowle
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute of Applied Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nancy D Connell
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Center for Biodefense, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anna Bielecka-Oder
- Department of Epidemiology, The General K. Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rita R Colwell
- CosmosID®, 387 Technology Dr, College Park, MD, USA
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cindi R Corbett
- Bioforensics Assay Development and DiagnosticsSection, Science Technology and Core Services Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Fletcher
- National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Mats Forsman
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Alemka Markotic
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Fran Mihaljevic” and Medical School University of Rijeka, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephen A Morse
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute of Applied Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah E Schmedes
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute of Applied Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | | | - Stephen D Turner
- Public Health Sciences, Bioinformatics Core Director, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Lärkeryd A, Myrtennäs K, Karlsson E, Dwibedi CK, Forsman M, Larsson P, Johansson A, Sjödin A. CanSNPer: a hierarchical genotype classifier of clonal pathogens. Bioinformatics 2014; 30:1762-4. [PMID: 24574113 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Advances in typing methodologies have recently reformed the field of molecular epidemiology of pathogens. The falling cost of sequencing technologies is creating a deluge of whole genome sequencing data that burdens bioinformatics resources and tool development. In particular, single nucleotide polymorphisms in core genomes of pathogens are recognized as the most important markers for inferring genetic relationships because they are evolutionarily stable and amenable to high-throughput detection methods. Sequence data will provide an excellent opportunity to extend our understanding of infectious disease when the challenge of extracting knowledge from available sequence resources is met. Here, we present an efficient and user-friendly genotype classification pipeline, CanSNPer, based on an easily expandable database of predefined canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION All documentation and Python-based source code for the CanSNPer are freely available at http://github.com/adrlar/CanSNPer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Lärkeryd
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edvin Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chinmay Kumar Dwibedi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Larsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Division of CBRN Security and Defence, FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Karlsson E, Macellaro A, Byström M, Forsman M, Frangoulidis D, Janse I, Larsson P, Lindgren P, Öhrman C, van Rotterdam B, Sjödin A, Myrtennäs K. Eight new genomes and synthetic controls increase the accessibility of rapid melt-MAMA SNP typing of Coxiella burnetii. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85417. [PMID: 24465554 PMCID: PMC3897454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The case rate of Q fever in Europe has increased dramatically in recent years, mainly because of an epidemic in the Netherlands in 2009. Consequently, there is a need for more extensive genetic characterization of the disease agent Coxiella burnetii in order to better understand the epidemiology and spread of this disease. Genome reference data are essential for this purpose, but only thirteen genome sequences are currently available. Current methods for typing C. burnetii are criticized for having problems in comparing results across laboratories, require the use of genomic control DNA, and/or rely on markers in highly variable regions. We developed in this work a method for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing of C. burnetii isolates and tissue samples based on new assays targeting ten phylogenetically stable synonymous canonical SNPs (canSNPs). These canSNPs represent previously known phylogenetic branches and were here identified from sequence comparisons of twenty-one C. burnetii genomes, eight of which were sequenced in this work. Importantly, synthetic control templates were developed, to make the method useful to laboratories lacking genomic control DNA. An analysis of twenty-one C. burnetii genomes confirmed that the species exhibits high sequence identity. Most of its SNPs (7,493/7,559 shared by >1 genome) follow a clonal inheritance pattern and are therefore stable phylogenetic typing markers. The assays were validated using twenty-six genetically diverse C. burnetii isolates and three tissue samples from small ruminants infected during the epidemic in the Netherlands. Each sample was assigned to a clade. Synthetic controls (vector and PCR amplified) gave identical results compared to the corresponding genomic controls and are viable alternatives to genomic DNA. The results from the described method indicate that it could be useful for cheap and rapid disease source tracking at non-specialized laboratories, which requires accurate genotyping, assay accessibility and inter-laboratory comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Karlsson
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Macellaro
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mona Byström
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Ingmar Janse
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Pär Larsson
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Petter Lindgren
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhrman
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bart van Rotterdam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Myrtennäs
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
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