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Çakıcı T, Özdal ÖG, Almousa N, Yıldız F, Perişanoğlu EK, Khalil H, Ene A, Zakaly HM. Bacterial MgSe complex nanoparticle synthesis and electrical characterization of fabricated Ag/MgSe/p-Si hetero-structure under dark and illumination. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21678. [PMID: 38027855 PMCID: PMC10654244 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa OG1 strain was used in the bacterial synthesis of MgSe compound nanoparticles. The obtained samples were subsequently shaped into nanocrystalline MgSe films, and their optical, structural, morphological, and electrical properties were assessed on glass and p-Si substrates. Structural and morphological characterizations showed that the fabricated thin film samples have a polycrystalline structure with high quality and uniform grain sizes. The MgSe films produced on glass substrates exhibit a direct spectral band gap of 2.53 eV, according to optical measurements. The Ag/MgSe/p-Si layered diode structure was fabricated using the produced MgSe nanoparticles and then characterized by electrical properties. Electrical measurements were carried out under these two conditions to assess the effects of dark and illumination conditions on the band dynamics of the heterostructure devices. Under illumination, the barrier height decreased while the interface density states distribution increased. These measurements showed that using bacterial-assisted grown MgSe nanocrystalline films, the developed Ag/MgSe/p-Si device structure exhibited a remarkable photoresponse and stable rectifying property. Green synthesis methods for the production of these nanocrystalline materials have the potential to offer low-cost alternatives for photosensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Çakıcı
- Department of Electrical and Energy, Ispir Hamza Polat Vocational School of Higher Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ö. Gür Özdal
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - N. Almousa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University.P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - F. Yıldız
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - H. Khalil
- City of Scientific Research and Technological Application (SRTA-City), Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Antoaneta Ene
- INPOLDE Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008, Galati, Romania
| | - Hesham M.H. Zakaly
- Istinye University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Computer Engineering Department, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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de Oliveira D, Khalil H, Palma FAG, Santana R, Nery N, Quintero-Vélez JC, Zeppelini CG, do Sacramento GA, Cruz J, Lustosa R, Ferreira IS, Carvalho-Pereira T, Diggle PJ, Wunder EA, Ko AI, Lopez YA, Begon M, Reis MG, Costa F. Factors associated with differential seropositivity to Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri in a high transmission urban setting for leptospirosis in Brazil. medRxiv 2023:2023.04.10.23288388. [PMID: 37090569 PMCID: PMC10120806 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.23288388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of bacteria belonging to the genus Leptospira. Most studies infer the epidemiological patterns of a single serogroup or aggregate all serogroups to estimate overall seropositivity, thus not exploring the risks of exposure to distinct serogroups. The present study aims to delineate the demographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with seropositivity of Leptospira serogroup Icterohaemorraghiae and serogroup Cynopteri in an urban high transmission setting for leptospirosis in Brazil. Methods/Principal Findings We performed a cross-sectional serological study in five urban informal communities in the city of Salvador, Brazil. During the years 2018, 2020 2021, we recruited 2.808 residents and collected blood samples for serological analysis using microagglutination assays. We used a mixed-effect multinomial logistic regression model to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity for each serogroup. Seropositivity to Cynopteri increased with age in years (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.06) and was higher in those living in houses with unplaster walls (exposed brick) (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.09-2.59) and where cats were present near the household (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.03-3.88). Seropositivity to Icterohaemorrhagiae also increased with age in years (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.03) but was higher in males (OR 1.51; 95% CI 1.09-2.10), in those with work-related exposures (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.10-2.66) or who had contact with sewage (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.00-2.03). Spatial analysis showed differences in distribution of seropositivity to serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Cynopteri within the five districts where study communities were situated. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggests distinct epidemiological patterns associated with serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Cynopteri within the high-risk urban environment for leptospirosis and with differences of spatial niches. Future studies must identify the different pathogenic serogroups circulating in low-income areas, and further evaluate the potential role of cats in the transmission of the serogroup Cynopteri in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana de Oliveira
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, 316, Canela, CEP 40110-040, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fabiana Almerinda G. Palma
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, 316, Canela, CEP 40110-040, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Roberta Santana
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, 316, Canela, CEP 40110-040, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Nivison Nery
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, 316, Canela, CEP 40110-040, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Juan C. Quintero-Vélez
- Grupo de Ciencias Veterinarias - Centauro, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Epidemiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Caio Graco Zeppelini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gielson Almeida do Sacramento
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Jaqueline Cruz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Lustosa
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, 316, Canela, CEP 40110-040, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Igor Santana Ferreira
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, 316, Canela, CEP 40110-040, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Ticiana Carvalho-Pereira
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, 316, Canela, CEP 40110-040, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University, UK
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - Yeimi Alzate Lopez
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, 316, Canela, CEP 40110-040, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Praça XV de novembro, s/n - Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, CEP 40026-010, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Federico Costa
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, 316, Canela, CEP 40110-040, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
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Cope LM, Gheidi A, Martz ME, Duval ER, Khalil H, Allerton T, Morrow JD. A mechanical task for measuring sign- and goal-tracking in humans: A proof-of-concept study. Behav Brain Res 2023; 436:114112. [PMID: 36115435 PMCID: PMC10153473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cue-based associative learning (i.e., Pavlovian conditioning) is a foundational component of behavior in almost all forms of animal life and may provide insight into individual differences in addiction liability. Cues can take on incentive-motivational properties (i.e., incentive salience) through Pavlovian learning. Extensive testing with non-human animals (primarily rats) has demonstrated significant variation among individuals in the behaviors this type of learning evokes. So-named "sign-trackers" and "goal-trackers" have been examined in many studies of non-human animals, but this work in humans is still a nascent area of research. In the present proof-of-concept study, we used a Pavlovian conditioned approach task to investigate human sign- and goal-tracking in emerging adults. Conditioned behaviors that developed over the course of the task were directed toward the reward-cue and toward the reward location. Participants' eye-gaze and behavior during the task were submitted to a latent profile analysis, which revealed three groups defined as sign-trackers (n = 10), goal-trackers (n = 4), and intermediate responders (n = 36). Impulsivity was a significant predictor of the sign-tracking group relative to the goal-tracking group. The present study provides preliminary evidence that a simple procedure can produce learned Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in humans. Though further investigation is required, findings provide a promising step toward the long-term goal of translating important insights gleaned from basic research into treatment strategies that can be applied to clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Cope
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - A Gheidi
- Biomedical Science Research Building, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - M E Martz
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - E R Duval
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - H Khalil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - T Allerton
- Biomedical Science Research Building, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - J D Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biomedical Science Research Building, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Khalil H, Stachler E, Alamer K, Ludlow J, Campbell N. ANNUALIZED AND CUMULATIVE MEASURES OF ANTICHOLINERGIC EXPOSURE FOR RESEARCH AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS. Innov Aging 2022. [PMCID: PMC9766780 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igac059.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Medications with anticholinergic properties are commonly used by older adults despite being associated with dementia.The anticholinergic total standardized daily dose (TSDD) is a continuous measure of exposure that has been associated with an increased risk of dementia at values >1095 over ten years in epidemiologic studies. We sought to determine a cumulative (cTSDD) and annualized (aTSDD) in a sample of community-dwelling older adults enrolled in the ongoing Reducing Risk of Dementia Through Deprescribing (R2D2) trial (NCT04270474). Participants were 65 years or older without dementia, attended at least one primary care visit within 12 months prior to enrollment, and were current users of strong anticholinergics according to the 2012 Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale. Prescribed and over-the-counter medication details were collected during the baseline visit through self-report and included strength, frequency, units/dose and duration. The aTSDD was calculated for each participant assuming continuous use patterns throughout the year. The cTSDD was calculated by summing the aTSDD across the number of years since initiation. Of 66 participants, the median cTSDD was 2425 (IQR 5131), and 48 (72%) exceeded the threshold of dementia risk (>1095). Additionally, the aTSDD had a median of 730 (IQR 547), with 60 (90%) exceeding the threshold of dementia risk (109.5, one-tenth of the ten-year risk) while 11 (17%) exceeded dementia risk threshold of 1095 considering 1 year of exposure. Both measures identified the majority of anticholinergic users exceeding dementia risk thresholds despite some disagreement between the two approaches. However, both methods have potential for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Khalil
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Eva Stachler
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Khalid Alamer
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Jared Ludlow
- Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Noll Campbell
- Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Palma FAG, Costa F, Lustosa R, Mogaji HO, de Oliveira DS, Souza FN, Reis MG, Ko AI, Begon M, Khalil H. Why is leptospirosis hard to avoid for the impoverished? Deconstructing leptospirosis transmission risk and the drivers of knowledge, attitudes, and practices in a disadvantaged community in Salvador, Brazil. PLOS Glob Public Health 2022; 2:e0000408. [PMID: 36962720 PMCID: PMC10022107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have identified socioeconomic and environmental risk factors for infectious disease, but the relationship between these and knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP), and more importantly their web of effects on individual infection risk, have not previously been evaluated. We conducted a cross-sectional KAP survey in an urban disadvantaged community in Salvador, Brazil, leveraging on simultaneously collected fine-scale environmental and epidemiological data on leptospirosis transmission. Residents' knowledge influenced their attitudes which influenced their practices. However, different KAP variables were driven by different socioeconomic and environmental factors; and while improved KAP variables reduced risk, there were additional effects of socioeconomic and environmental factors on risk. For example, males and those of lower socioeconomic status were at greater risk, but once we controlled for KAP, male gender and lower socioeconomic status themselves were not direct drivers of seropositivity. Employment was linked to better knowledge and a less contaminated environment, and hence lower risk, but being employed was independently associated with a higher, not lower risk of leptospirosis transmission, suggesting travel to work as a high risk activity. Our results show how such complex webs of influence can be disentangled. They indicate that public health messaging and interventions should take into account this complexity and prioritize factors that limit exposure and support appropriate prevention practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Costa
- Federal University of Bahia, Salvador/Institute Health Collective, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lustosa
- Federal University of Bahia, Salvador/Institute Health Collective, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hammed O. Mogaji
- Federal University of Bahia, Salvador/Institute Health Collective, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Neves Souza
- Federal University of Bahia/Institute of Biology, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michael Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, The University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Ecke F, Han BA, Hörnfeldt B, Khalil H, Magnusson M, Singh NJ, Ostfeld RS. Population fluctuations and synanthropy explain transmission risk in rodent-borne zoonoses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7532. [PMID: 36477188 PMCID: PMC9729607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Population fluctuations are widespread across the animal kingdom, especially in the order Rodentia, which includes many globally important reservoir species for zoonotic pathogens. The implications of these fluctuations for zoonotic spillover remain poorly understood. Here, we report a global empirical analysis of data describing the linkages between habitat use, population fluctuations and zoonotic reservoir status in rodents. Our quantitative synthesis is based on data collated from papers and databases. We show that the magnitude of population fluctuations combined with species' synanthropy and degree of human exploitation together distinguish most rodent reservoirs at a global scale, a result that was consistent across all pathogen types and pathogen transmission modes. Our spatial analyses identified hotspots of high transmission risk, including regions where reservoir species dominate the rodent community. Beyond rodents, these generalities inform our understanding of how natural and anthropogenic factors interact to increase the risk of zoonotic spillover in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Ecke
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara A. Han
- grid.285538.10000 0000 8756 8029Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545 USA
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hussein Khalil
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden ,grid.494665.c0000 0001 1534 6096Swedish Forest Agency, Box 284, SE-901 06 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Navinder J. Singh
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard S. Ostfeld
- grid.285538.10000 0000 8756 8029Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545 USA
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Eyre MT, Souza FN, Carvalho-Pereira TSA, Nery N, de Oliveira D, Cruz JS, Sacramento GA, Khalil H, Wunder EA, Hacker KP, Hagan JE, Childs JE, Reis MG, Begon M, Diggle PJ, Ko AI, Giorgi E, Costa F. Linking rattiness, geography and environmental degradation to spillover Leptospira infections in marginalised urban settings: An eco-epidemiological community-based cohort study in Brazil. eLife 2022; 11:e73120. [PMID: 36111781 PMCID: PMC9560157 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zoonotic spillover from animal reservoirs is responsible for a significant global public health burden, but the processes that promote spillover events are poorly understood in complex urban settings. Endemic transmission of Leptospira, the agent of leptospirosis, in marginalised urban communities occurs through human exposure to an environment contaminated by bacteria shed in the urine of the rat reservoir. However, it is unclear to what extent transmission is driven by variation in the distribution of rats or by the dispersal of bacteria in rainwater runoff and overflow from open sewer systems. Methods We conducted an eco-epidemiological study in a high-risk community in Salvador, Brazil, by prospectively following a cohort of 1401 residents to ascertain serological evidence for leptospiral infections. A concurrent rat ecology study was used to collect information on the fine-scale spatial distribution of 'rattiness', our proxy for rat abundance and exposure of interest. We developed and applied a novel geostatistical framework for joint spatial modelling of multiple indices of disease reservoir abundance and human infection risk. Results The estimated infection rate was 51.4 (95%CI 40.4, 64.2) infections per 1000 follow-up events. Infection risk increased with age until 30 years of age and was associated with male gender. Rattiness was positively associated with infection risk for residents across the entire study area, but this effect was stronger in higher elevation areas (OR 3.27 95% CI 1.68, 19.07) than in lower elevation areas (OR 1.14 95% CI 1.05, 1.53). Conclusions These findings suggest that, while frequent flooding events may disperse bacteria in regions of low elevation, environmental risk in higher elevation areas is more localised and directly driven by the distribution of local rat populations. The modelling framework developed may have broad applications in delineating complex animal-environment-human interactions during zoonotic spillover and identifying opportunities for public health intervention. Funding This work was supported by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, the National Institutes of Health of the United States (grant numbers F31 AI114245, R01 AI052473, U01 AI088752, R01 TW009504 and R25 TW009338); the Wellcome Trust (102330/Z/13/Z), and by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB/JCB0020/2016). MTE was supported by a Medical Research UK doctorate studentship. FBS participated in this study under a FAPESB doctorate scholarship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max T Eyre
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical SchoolLancasterUnited Kingdom
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Fábio N Souza
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | | | - Nivison Nery
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | - Daiana de Oliveira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | - Jaqueline S Cruz
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | | | - Hussein Khalil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
- Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Elsio A Wunder
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of HealthSalvadorBrazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenUnited States
| | | | - José E Hagan
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for EuropeCopenhagenDenmark
| | - James E Childs
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of HealthSalvadorBrazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenUnited States
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of HealthSalvadorBrazil
| | - Mike Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical SchoolLancasterUnited Kingdom
| | - Albert I Ko
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of HealthSalvadorBrazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenUnited States
| | - Emanuele Giorgi
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical SchoolLancasterUnited Kingdom
| | - Federico Costa
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical SchoolLancasterUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of HealthSalvadorBrazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenUnited States
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Pertile AC, Lustosa R, Carvalho-Pereira T, Pedra GG, Panti-May JA, Oliveira U, Zeppelini CG, Souza FN, Oliveira DS, Khalil H, Reis MG, Childs J, Ko AI, Begon M, Costa F. Evaluation of the impact of chemical control on the ecology of Rattus norvegicus of an urban community in Salvador, Brazil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270568. [PMID: 35857771 PMCID: PMC9299319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of synanthropic rodents, such as Rattus norvegicus, in urban environments generates high costs of prophylaxis and control, in large part due to the environmental transmission of the pathogenic spirochete Leptospira interrogans, which causes leptospirosis. In Salvador, Brazil, The Center for Control of Zoonosis (CCZ) is responsible for planning and implementing Rodent Control Programs (RCP) which are based on chemical rodenticide. However, these strategies have not been standardized for use in developing countries. AIM This study aimed to identify the effect of a chemical control campaign on the demographic variables of urban R. norvegicus, analyzing relative abundance, sex structure, body mass, and age of the population, as well as the characterization of spatial distribution among households, rodent capture campaigns and interventions. METHODS This study was carried out during 2015 in three valleys of an urban poor community in Salvador. Individuals of R. norvegicus were systematically captured before (Pre-intervention) and three months (1st post-intervention) and six months (2nd post-intervention) after a chemical control intervention conducted by the CCZ in two valleys of the study area while the third valley was not included in the intervention campaign and was used as a non-intervention reference. We used analysis of variance to determine if intervention affected demographic variables and chi-square to compare proportions of infested households (Rodent infestation index-PII). RESULTS During the chemical intervention, 939 households were visited. In the pre-intervention campaign, an effort of 310 trap nights resulted in 43 rodents captured, and in the 1st and 2nd, post-intervention campaigns resulted in 47 rodents captured over 312 trap nights and 36 rodents captured over 324 traps-nights, respectively. The rodent infestation index (PII) points did not show a reduction between the period before the intervention and the two periods after the chemical intervention (70%, 72%, and 65%, respectively). Regarding relative abundances, there was no difference between valleys and period before and two periods after chemical intervention (trap success valley 1: 0,18; 0,19; 0,18 / Valley 3 0,15; 0,17; 0,13/ P>0,05). Other demographic results showed that there was no difference in demographic characteristics of the rodent population before and after the intervention, as well as there being no influence of the application of rodenticide on the areas of concentration of capture of rodents between the campaigns. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that the chemical control was not effective in controlling the population of R. norvegicus and provides evidence of the need for re-evaluation of rodent control practices in urban poor community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsinoê Cristina Pertile
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lustosa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ticiana Carvalho-Pereira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ghizzi Pedra
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jesus Alonso Panti-May
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Udimila Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Caio Graco Zeppelini
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fábio Neves Souza
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daiana S. Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - James Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Umea, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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9
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Awoniyi AM, Venegas-Vargas C, Souza FN, Zeppelini CG, Hacker KP, Carvalho-Pereira T, Marins CL, de Santana MC, Pertile AC, Begon M, Ko AI, Diggle PJ, Reis MG, Childs JE, da Silva EM, Costa F, Khalil H. Population dynamics of synanthropic rodents after a chemical and infrastructural intervention in an urban low-income community. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10109. [PMID: 35710879 PMCID: PMC9203450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Synanthropic rodents are ubiquitous in low-income communities and pose risks for human health, as they are generally resistant to control programs. However, few or no studies have evaluated the long-term effect of chemical and infrastructural interventions on rodent population dynamics, especially in urban low-income communities, or evaluated the potential recovery of their population following interventions. We conducted a longitudinal study in a low-income community in the city of Salvador (BA, Brazil) to characterize the effect of interventions (chemical and infrastructural) on the dynamics of rodent population, and documented the post-intervention recovery of their population. We evaluated the degree of rodent infestation in 117 households/sampling points over three years (2014–2017), using tracking plates, a proxy for rodent abundance/activity. We reported a significant lower rodent activity/abundance after the chemical and infrastructural interventions (Z = −4.691 (p < 0.001)), with track plate positivity decreasing to 28% from 70% after and before interventions respectively. Therefore, the combination of chemical and infrastructural interventions significantly decreased the degree of rodent infestation in the study area. In addition, no rodent population rebound was recorded until almost a year post-intervention, and the post-intervention infestation level did not attain the pre-intervention level all through the study. Moreover, among pre-treatment conditions, access to sewer rather than the availability of food was the variable most closely associated with household rodent infestation. Our study indicates that Integrated Pest Management (IPM)-approaches are more effective in reducing rodent infestation than the use of a single method. Our findings will be useful in providing guidance for long-term rodent control programs, especially in urban low-income communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Fabio Neves Souza
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil.,Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Caio Graco Zeppelini
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Kathryn P Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Ticiana Carvalho-Pereira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Catarina Lobo Marins
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Mayara Carvalho de Santana
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
| | - Arsinoê Cristina Pertile
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
| | - Michael Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Albert I Ko
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Bahia Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Praça Conselheiro Almeida Couto, s/n - Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, 40025-010, Brazil
| | - James E Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Eduardo Mendes da Silva
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil.,Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies (VFM), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Khalil H, Tricco AC. Differentiating between Evidence/gap maps and scoping reviews in the evidence synthesis ecosystem. J Clin Epidemiol 2022; 149:175-182. [PMID: 35636593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scoping reviews and evidence map methodologies are increasingly used by researchers. The objective of this article is to outline the main differences between both types of evidence synthesis to improve their conduct. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING This article summarizes the key issues facing reviewers who conduct scoping reviews and evidence maps and those who use the results and may engage in consultations during their development. RESULTS Several differences exist between the methodologies, and these are in their protocol development, scope, inclusion criteria, data extraction, reporting, and use. Evidence maps are mainly driven by questions of effectiveness of a particular intervention and hence they use the PICOS format similar to systematic reviews of effectiveness. Scoping reviews mostly use the PCC format where they map a concept of interest relevant to a particular population in a specific setting and context. Data extraction is limited by only coding of studies and intervention characteristics in evidence maps. The results of the evidence maps can be used inform research priorities and research funding, whereas scoping reviews results may be used to inform policy development by clarifying key concepts and methods, and further research. CONCLUSION We recommend authors who are planning to undertake scoping reviews confirm that their research question can be appropriately answered using a scoping review methodology, however, for broader research questions without the need for an in-depth analysis of the information, we recommend authors to consider mapping reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Khalil
- La Trobe University, School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - A C Tricco
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Epidemiology Division and Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Queen's Collaboration for Health Care Quality Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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11
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Ecke F, Khalil H, Evander M, Magnusson M, Niklasson B, Singh NJ, Hörnfeldt B. Puumala Orthohantavirus Infection Does Not Affect the Trapping Success of Its Reservoir Host. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:297-299. [PMID: 35580214 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens might affect behavior of infected reservoir hosts and hence their trappability, which could bias population estimates of pathogen prevalence. In this study, we used snap-trapping data on Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV)-infected (n = 1619) and noninfected (n = 6940) bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from five vole cycles, normally representing increase, peak, and decline phase, to evaluate if infection status affected trapping success. If PUUV infection, as previously suggested, increases activity and/or mobility, we would expect a higher proportion of infected than noninfected specimens in the first trapping night. However, the proportion of PUUV-infected voles did not differ across the three trapping nights. We conclude that PUUV infection did not affect trapping success, confirming snap trapping as an appropriate trapping method for studies on PUUV prevalence and likely other orthohantaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Niklasson
- Jordbro Primary Health Care Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Navinder J Singh
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Sipari S, Khalil H, Magnusson M, Evander M, Hörnfeldt B, Ecke F. Climate change accelerates winter transmission of a zoonotic pathogen. Ambio 2022; 51:508-517. [PMID: 34228253 PMCID: PMC8800963 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many zoonotic diseases are weather sensitive, raising concern how their distribution and outbreaks will be affected by climate change. At northern high latitudes, the effect of global warming on especially winter conditions is strong. By using long term monitoring data (1980-1986 and 2003-2013) from Northern Europe on temperature, precipitation, an endemic zoonotic pathogen (Puumala orthohantavirus, PUUV) and its reservoir host (the bank vole, Myodes glareolus), we show that early winters have become increasingly wet, with a knock-on effect on pathogen transmission in its reservoir host population. Further, our study is the first to show a climate change effect on an endemic northern zoonosis, that is not induced by increased host abundance or distribution, demonstrating that climate change can also alter transmission intensity within host populations. Our results suggest that rainy early winters accelerate PUUV transmission in bank voles in winter, likely increasing the human zoonotic risk in the North.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saana Sipari
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Umeå University, Department of Clinical Microbiology, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Zeppelini CG, Carvalho-Pereira T, Alves RS, Santiago DCC, Santo VFE, Begon M, Costa F, Khalil H. Demographic drivers of Norway rat populations from urban slums in Brazil. Urban Ecosyst 2021; 24:801-809. [PMID: 34720572 PMCID: PMC8550123 DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-01075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Norway rat is a globally distributed pest, known for its resilience to eradication and control programs. Efficient population control, especially in urban settings, is dependent on knowledge of rat demography and population ecology. We analyzed the relationship between four demographic outcomes, estimated by live-trapping data, and fine-scale environmental features measured at the capture site. Wounds, a proxy for agonistic interactions, were associated with mature individuals. Areas with environmental features favorable to rats, such as open sewers and unpaved earth, were associated with more mature individuals with a better body condition index. The control measures (environmental stressors) are likely to be disrupting the social structure of rat colonies, increasing the frequency and distribution of agonistic interactions, which were common in both sexes and maturity states. The relationship between the favorable environmental conditions and the demographic markers analyzed indicate possible targets for infestation control through environmental manipulation, and could be incorporated into current pest management programs to achieve long-term success. Our study indicate that urban interventions focused on removal of potential resources for rats could be potential long-term solutions by reducing the carrying capacity of the environment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11252-020-01075-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Zeppelini
- Laboratório de Mamíferos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Universidade Federal da Bahia, R. Barão do Geremoabo, Salvador, 147 Brazil
| | - T Carvalho-Pereira
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, R. Basílio da Gama, S/N, Salvador, Brazil
| | - R Sady Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos, Universidade federal da Bahia, R. Barão do Geremoabo, Salvador, 147 Brazil
| | - D C C Santiago
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, R. Barão do Geremoabo, Salvador, 147 Brazil
| | - V F Espirito Santo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, R. Barão do Geremoabo, Salvador, 147 Brazil
| | - M Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Liverpool, L69 7ZB UK
| | - F Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, R. Basílio da Gama, S/N, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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14
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Awoniyi AM, Souza FN, Zeppelini CG, Xavier BIA, Barreto AM, Santiago DCC, Santana JO, da Silva EM, Costa F, Begon M, Khalil H. Using Rhodamine B to assess the movement of small mammals in an urban slum. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juliet Oliveira Santana
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz Fundação Oswaldo CruzMinistério da Saúde Salvador Bahia Brasil
| | - Eduardo Mendes da Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador Brasil
- Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal da Bahia and National Institute of Science and Technology on Interdisciplinary Studies of Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN‐TREE) Salvador Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador Brasil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz Fundação Oswaldo CruzMinistério da Saúde Salvador Bahia Brasil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador Brasil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Yale School of Public Health New Haven CT USA
- Lancaster Medical School Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Michael Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife Fish and Environmental Studies (VFM) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala Sweden
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15
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Shi W, Khalil H, Swanson S, Sholl L. P56.01 Semiquantitative Assessment of Tumor Spread Through Air Spaces in a Historic Cohort of Lung Adenocarcinomas Following Open Surgical Resection. J Thorac Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.08.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Maarouf F, Saoiabi S, Azzaoui K, Chrika C, Khalil H, Elkaouni S, Lhimr S, Boubker O, Hammouti B, Jodeh S. Statistical optimization of amorphous iron phosphate: inorganic sol-gel synthesis-sodium potential insertion. BMC Chem 2021; 15:48. [PMID: 34404455 PMCID: PMC8371788 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron phosphate, Fe2 (HPO4)3*4H2O, is synthesized at ambient temperature, using the inorganic sol–gel method coupled to the microwave route. The experimental conditions for the gelling of Fe (III)-H3PO4 system are previously defined. Potentiometric Time Titration (PTT) and Potentiometric Mass Titration (PMT) investigate the acid–base surface chemistry of obtained phosphate. Variations of surface charge with the contact time, Q a function of T, are examined for time contact varying in the range 0–72 h. The mass suspensions used for this purpose are 0.75, 1.25 and 2.5 g L−1. The point of zero charge (PZC) and isoelectric point (IEP) are defined using the derivative method examining the variations \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\text{dpH}}}}{{{\text{d}}t}} = f\left( {{\text{pH}}} \right)$$\end{document}dpHdt=fpH, at lower contact time. A shift is observed for PZC and IEP towards low values that are found to be 2.2 ± 0.2 and 1.8 ± 0.1, respectively. In acidic conditions, the surface charge behavior of synthesized phosphate is dominated by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\overline{{ > {\text{POH}}}}$$\end{document}>POH¯ group which pKa = 2.45 ± 0.15. Q against T titration method is performed for synthesized Fe2 (HPO4)3*4H2O in NaCl electrolytes. The maximal surface charge (Q) is achieved at the low solid suspension. Hence, for m = 0.75 g L−1, Q value of 50 coulombs is carried at μ = 0.1 and pH around 12, while charge value around 22 coulombs is reached in the pH range: 3–10. The effect of activation time, Q and pH on sodium insertion in iron phosphate, were fully evaluated. To determine the optimal conditions of the studied process, mathematical models are used develop response surfaces in order to characterize the most significant sodium interactions according to the variation of the pH, Q, the contact time and the contents of the synthesized material. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fz Maarouf
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée Des Matériaux (LCAM), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - S Saoiabi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée Des Matériaux (LCAM), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - K Azzaoui
- LCAE-URAC18, COST, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed 1st University, P.O. Box 717, 60000, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - C Chrika
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée Des Matériaux (LCAM), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - H Khalil
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée Des Matériaux (LCAM), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - S Elkaouni
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée Des Matériaux (LCAM), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - S Lhimr
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée Des Matériaux (LCAM), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - O Boubker
- Management and IS Research Group - National School of Business & Management, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morocco.,Department of Management, Laayoune Higher School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - B Hammouti
- LCAE-URAC18, COST, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed 1st University, P.O. Box 717, 60000, Oujda, Morocco
| | - S Jodeh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
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Meheretu Y, Granberg Å, Berhane G, Khalil H, Lwande OW, Mitiku M, Welegerima K, de Bellocq JG, Bryja J, Abreha H, Leirs H, Ecke F, Evander M. Prevalence of Orthohantavirus-Reactive Antibodies in Humans and Peri-Domestic Rodents in Northern Ethiopia. Viruses 2021; 13:1054. [PMID: 34199600 PMCID: PMC8226976 DOI: 10.3390/v13061054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, Tigray orthohantavirus was discovered in Ethiopia, but its seasonal infection in small mammals, and whether it poses a risk to humans was unknown. The occurrence of small mammals, rodents and shrews, in human inhabitations in northern Ethiopia is affected by season and presence of stone bunds. We sampled small mammals in two seasons from low- and high-density stone bund fields adjacent to houses and community-protected semi-natural habitats in Atsbi and Hagere Selam, where Tigray orthohantavirus was first discovered. We collected blood samples from both small mammals and residents using filter paper. The presence of orthohantavirus-reactive antibodies in blood was then analyzed using immunofluorescence assay (human samples) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (small mammal samples) with Puumala orthohantavirus as antigen. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR using small mammal blood samples. Total orthohantavirus prevalence (antibodies or virus RNA) in the small mammals was 3.37%. The positive animals were three Stenocephalemys albipes rats (prevalence in this species = 13.04%). The low prevalence made it impossible to determine whether season and stone bunds were associated with orthohantavirus prevalence in the small mammals. In humans, we report the first detection of orthohantavirus-reactive IgG antibodies in Ethiopia (seroprevalence = 5.26%). S. albipes lives in close proximity to humans, likely increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Meheretu
- Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 3102, Ethiopia; (G.B.); (K.W.)
- Institute of Mountain Research & Development, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.G.d.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Åsa Granberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Gebregiorgis Berhane
- Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 3102, Ethiopia; (G.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden; (H.K.); (F.E.)
| | - Olivia Wesula Lwande
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (O.W.L.); (M.E.)
| | - Mengistu Mitiku
- College Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia; (M.M.); (H.A.)
| | - Kiros Welegerima
- Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 3102, Ethiopia; (G.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.G.d.B.); (J.B.)
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.G.d.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Hagos Abreha
- College Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia; (M.M.); (H.A.)
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden; (H.K.); (F.E.)
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (O.W.L.); (M.E.)
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Pimentel Sobrinho C, Lima Godoi J, Neves Souza F, Graco Zeppelini C, Espirito Santo V, Carvalho Santiago D, Sady Alves R, Khalil H, Carvalho Pereira T, Hanzen Pinna M, Begon M, Machado Cordeiro S, Neves Reis J, Costa F. Prevalence of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and Salmonella spp. with zoonotic potential in urban rats in Salvador, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 149:e128. [PMID: 33213546 PMCID: PMC8167902 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882000285x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating the occurrence of enteropathogenic bacteria in urban rats (Rattus spp.) are scarce worldwide, specifically in the urban environments of tropical countries. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and Salmonella spp. with zoonotic potential in urban slum environments. We trapped rats between April and June 2018 in Salvador, Brazil. We collected rectal swabs from Rattus spp., and cultured for E. coli and Salmonella spp., and screened E. coli isolates by polymerase chain reaction to identify pathotypes. E. coli were found in 70% of Rattus norvegicus and were found in four Rattus rattus. DEC were isolated in 31.3% of the 67 brown rats (R. norvegicus). The pathotypes detected more frequently were shiga toxin E. coli in 11.9%, followed by atypical enteropathogenic E. coli in 10.4% and enteroinvasive E. coli in 4.5%. From the five black rats (R. rattus), two presented DEC. Salmonella enterica was found in only one (1.4%) of 67 R. norvegicus. Our findings indicate that both R. norvegicus and R. rattus are host of DEC and, at lower prevalence, S. enterica, highlighting the importance of rodents as potential sources of pathogenic agents for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Lima Godoi
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - F. Neves Souza
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - V. Espirito Santo
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - D. Carvalho Santiago
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - R. Sady Alves
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - H. Khalil
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - T. Carvalho Pereira
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - M. Hanzen Pinna
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - M. Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - J. Neves Reis
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - F. Costa
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Stamatiou D, Dakin A, Khalil H, Raju T, Fernandes R, Bowley D, Karandikar S. Perineal hernia repair using a bone fixation anchoring system for the mesh - a video vignette. Colorectal Dis 2020; 22:1806-1807. [PMID: 32644253 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Stamatiou
- Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Dakin
- Medical Illustration, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - H Khalil
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - T Raju
- Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Fernandes
- T&O Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Bowley
- Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Karandikar
- Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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20
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Alomari M, Khalil H, Khabour O, Alzoubi K. The importance of brain-derived neutrophic factor for lipid profile among Parkinson's patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.06.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Aghagolzadeh P, Bernasconi R, Nemir M, Khalil H, Pulido C, Chouvardas P, Johnson R, Pedrazzini T. Single-cell analysis of the long noncoding RNA transcriptome identifies novel therapeutic targets for cardiac fibrosis. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvdsp.2020.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Alomari M, Khalil H, Khabour O. Altered cardiovascular function and muscular strength in Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.06.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Eyre MT, Carvalho-Pereira TSA, Souza FN, Khalil H, Hacker KP, Serrano S, Taylor JP, Reis MG, Ko AI, Begon M, Diggle PJ, Costa F, Giorgi E. A multivariate geostatistical framework for combining multiple indices of abundance for disease vectors and reservoirs: a case study of rattiness in a low-income urban Brazilian community. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200398. [PMID: 32871096 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A key requirement in studies of endemic vector-borne or zoonotic disease is an estimate of the spatial variation in vector or reservoir host abundance. For many vector species, multiple indices of abundance are available, but current approaches to choosing between or combining these indices do not fully exploit the potential inferential benefits that might accrue from modelling their joint spatial distribution. Here, we develop a class of multivariate generalized linear geostatistical models for multiple indices of abundance. We illustrate this novel methodology with a case study on Norway rats in a low-income urban Brazilian community, where rat abundance is a likely risk factor for human leptospirosis. We combine three indices of rat abundance to draw predictive inferences on a spatially continuous latent process, rattiness, that acts as a proxy for abundance. We show how to explore the association between rattiness and spatially varying environmental factors, evaluate the relative importance of each of the three contributing indices and assess the presence of residual, unexplained spatial variation, and identify rattiness hotspots. The proposed methodology is applicable more generally as a tool for understanding the role of vector or reservoir host abundance in predicting spatial variation in the risk of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max T Eyre
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Fábio N Souza
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Bahia, Brazil.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | | | - Soledad Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Joshua P Taylor
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Bahia, Brazil.,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Albert I Ko
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mike Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Federico Costa
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Bahia, Brazil.,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Emanuele Giorgi
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
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24
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Khalil H, Osman T, Miltan M. Extracting Arabic Composite Names Using Genitive Principles of Arabic Grammar. ACM T ASIAN LOW-RESO 2020. [DOI: 10.1145/3382187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a basic prerequisite of using Natural Language Processing (NLP) for information retrieval. Arabic NER is especially challenging as the language is morphologically rich and has short vowels with no capitalisation convention. This article presents a novel rule-based approach that uses linguistic grammar-based techniques to extract Arabic composite names from Arabic text. Our approach uniquely exploits the genitive Arabic grammar rules; in particular, the rules regarding the identification of definite nouns (معرفة) and indefinite nouns (نكرة) to support the process of extracting composite names. Based on domain knowledge and Arabic Genitive Rules (AGR), the developed approach formalises a set of syntactical rules and linguistic patterns that initially use genitive patterns to classify definiteness within phrases and then extracts proper composite names from the unstructured text. The developed novel approach does not place any constraints on the length of the Arabic composite name and our initial experimentation demonstrated high recall and precision results when the NER algorithm was applied to a financial domain corpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Khalil
- School of Science 8 Technology, Nottingham Trent University
| | - Taha Osman
- School of Science 8 Technology, Nottingham Trent University
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Plaisance I, Nemir M, Silakhor PA, Chouvardas P, de los Reyes S, Khalil H, Johnson R, Pedrazzini T. CARMEN-201, a specific isoform of an enhancer-associated long noncoding RNA controls smooth-muscle lineage specification in human cardiac precursor. Cytotherapy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Ecke F, Johansson A, Forsman M, Khalil H, Magnusson M, Hörnfeldt B. Selective Predation by Owls on Infected Bank Voles ( Myodes glareolus) as a Possible Sentinel of Tularemia Outbreaks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:630-632. [PMID: 32349636 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tularemia is a widely spread zoonotic disease in the northern hemisphere, caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. In humans, tularemia is an acute febrile illness with incidence peaks in late summer to early autumn of outbreak years, but there is no early warning system in place that can reduce the impact of disease by providing timely risk information. In this study, we revisit previously unpublished data on F. tularensis in water, sediment, soil, and small mammals from 1984 in northern Sweden. In addition, we used human case data from the national surveillance system for tularemia in the same year. In the environmental and small mammal material, bank vole (Myodes glareolus) samples from urine and bladder were the only samples that tested positive for F. tularensis. The prevalence of F. tularensis among trapped bank voles was 13.5%, although all six bank voles that were retrieved from owl nest boxes in early May tested positive. Forty-two human tularemia cases were reported from August to December in 1984. Based on these results, we encourage investigating the potential role of tularemia-infected bank voles retrieved from owl nest boxes in spring as an early warning for outbreaks of tularemia among humans in summer and autumn of the same year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Forsman
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Department of Biological Agents, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication-related adverse events, or adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are harmful events caused by medication. ADRs could have profound effects on the patients' quality of life, as well as creating an increased burden on the healthcare system. ADRs are one of the rising causes of morbidity and mortality internationally, and will continue to be a significant public health issue with the increased complexity in medication, to treat various diseases in an aging society. This scoping review aims to provide a detailed map of the most common adverse drug reactions experienced in primary healthcare setting, the drug classes that are most commonly associated with different levels/types of adverse drug reactions, causes of ADRs, their prevalence and consequences of experiencing ADRs. METHODS We systematically reviewed electronic databases Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO and Scopus. In addition, the National Patient Safety Foundation Bibliography and the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality and Patient Safety Net Bibliography were searched. Studies published from 1990 onwards until December 7, 2018 were included as the incidence of reporting drug reactions were not prevalent before 1990. We only include studies published in English. RESULTS The final search yielded a total of 19 citations for inclusion published over a 15-year period that primarily focused on investigating the different types of adverse drug reactions in primary healthcare. The most causes of adverse events were related to drug related and allergies. Idiosyncratic adverse reactions were not very commonly reported. The most common adverse drug reactions reported in the studies included in this review were those that are associated with the central nervous system, gastrointestinal system and cardiovascular system. Several classes of medications were reported to be associated with adverse events. CONCLUSION This scoping review identified that the most causes of ADRs were drug related and due to allergies. Idiosyncratic adverse reactions were not very commonly reported in the literature. This is mainly because it is hard to predict and these reactions are not associated with drug doses or routes of administration. The most common ADRs reported in the studies included in this review were those that are associated with the central nervous system, gastrointestinal system and cardiovascular system. Several classes of medications were reported to be associated with ADRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Khalil
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Public Health, Latrobe University, Collins Street., Melbourne, Vic, 3000, Australia. .,Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3825, Australia.
| | - C Huang
- Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3825, Australia
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Ecke F, Nematollahi Mahani SA, Evander M, Hörnfeldt B, Khalil H. Wildfire-induced short-term changes in a small mammal community increase prevalence of a zoonotic pathogen? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12459-12470. [PMID: 31788190 PMCID: PMC6875567 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural disturbances like droughts and fires are important determinants of wildlife community structure and are suggested to have important implications for prevalence of wildlife-borne pathogens. After a major wildfire affecting >1,600 ha of boreal forest in Sweden in 2006, we took the rare opportunity to study the short-term response (2007-2010 and 2015) of small mammal community structure, population dynamics, and prevalence of the Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) hosted by bank voles (Myodes glareolus). We performed snap-trapping in permanent trapping plots in clear-cuts (n = 3), unburnt reference forests (n = 7), and the fire area (n = 7) and surveyed vegetation and habitat structure. Small mammal species richness was low in all habitats (at maximum three species per trapping session), and the bank vole was the only small mammal species encountered in the fire area after the first postfire year. In autumns of years of peak rodent densities, the trapping index of bank voles was lowest in the fire area, and in two of three peak-density years, it was highest in clear-cuts. Age structure of bank voles varied among forest types with dominance of overwintered breeders in the fire area in the first postfire spring. PUUV infection probability in bank voles was positively related to vole age. Infection probability was highest in the fire area due to low habitat complexity in burnt forests, which possibly increased encounter rate among bank voles. Our results suggest that forest fires induce cascading effects, including fast recovery/recolonization of fire areas by generalists like bank voles, impoverished species richness of small mammals, and altered prevalence of a rodent-borne zoonotic pathogen. Our pilot study suggests high human infection risk upon encountering a bank vole in the fire area, however, with even higher overall risk in unburnt forests due to their higher vole numbers. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://osf.io/6fsy3/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | | | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, VirologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Hadoush H, Nazzal M, Almasri N, Khalil H, Alafeef M. A new developed non-invasive cortical stimulation on mirror neurons in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Neurol Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.10.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Alsaleh M, Owaidah T, Khalil H, Alzahrani H, Aljefri A, Safi B, Mohammed V. Extended half-life product (rFVIIIFC) for treatment of children with hemophilia A: preliminary post-switch experience from a tertiary care center. Leuk Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(19)30412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Khalil H, Ecke F, Evander M, Bucht G, Hörnfeldt B. Population Dynamics of Bank Voles Predicts Human Puumala Hantavirus Risk. Ecohealth 2019; 16:545-557. [PMID: 31309365 PMCID: PMC6858908 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Predicting risk of zoonotic diseases, i.e., diseases shared by humans and animals, is often complicated by the population ecology of wildlife host(s). We here demonstrate how ecological knowledge of a disease system can be used for early prediction of human risk using Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) in bank voles (Myodes glareolus), which causes Nephropathia epidemica (NE) in humans, as a model system. Bank vole populations at northern latitudes exhibit multiannual fluctuations in density and spatial distribution, a phenomenon that has been studied extensively. Nevertheless, existing studies predict NE incidence only a few months before an outbreak. We used a time series on cyclic bank vole population density (1972-2013), their PUUV infection rates (1979-1986; 2003-2013), and NE incidence in Sweden (1990-2013). Depending on the relationship between vole density and infection prevalence (proportion of infected animals), either overall density of bank voles or the density of infected bank voles may be used to predict seasonal NE incidence. The density and spatial distribution of voles at density minima of a population cycle contribute to the early warning of NE risk later at its cyclic peak. When bank voles remain relatively widespread in the landscape during cyclic minima, PUUV can spread from a high baseline during a cycle, culminating in high prevalence in bank voles and potentially high NE risk during peak densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Bucht
- Swedish Defense Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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32
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Minter A, Costa F, Khalil H, Childs J, Diggle P, Ko AI, Begon M. Optimal Control of Rat-Borne Leptospirosis in an Urban Environment. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Aleid M, Altaweel W, Alhamlan F, Khalil H, Alhathal N, Seyam R, Almutawa R, Alsugair R, Khuthaila A. PO-02-001 Translation and validation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in the Saudi population. J Sex Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gillion JF, Lepere M, Barrat C, Cas O, Dabrowski A, Jurczak F, Khalil H, Zaranis C. Two-year patient-related outcome measures (PROM) of primary ventral and incisional hernia repair using a novel three-dimensional composite polyester monofilament mesh: the SymCHro registry study. Hernia 2019; 23:767-781. [PMID: 30887379 PMCID: PMC6661060 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-019-01924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study examined patient-related outcome measures (PROMs) after repair of ventral primary or incisional hernias using Symbotex™ composite mesh (SCM), a novel three-dimensional collagen-coated monofilament polyester textile. Methods Pre-operative, peri-operative, and post-operative data were obtained from the French “Club Hernie” registry with 12- and 24-month follow-up. Results One-hundred consecutive patients (mean age 62.0 ± 13.7; 51% female) underwent repair of 105 hernias: primary (39/105, 37.1%, defect area 5.2 ± 5.6 cm2) and incisional (66/105, 62.9%, 31.9 ± 38.7.8 cm2). The mean BMI was 29.7 (± 5.6 kg/m2). American Society of Anesthesiologists classifications were I 39.4%, II 37.4% and III 23.2%. 75% had risk factors for healing and/or dissection. Of 38 primary repairs, 37 were completed laparoscopically (combined approach n = 1), and of 62 incisional hernia repairs, 40 were completed laparoscopically, and 20 by open repair (combined approach n = 2). Laparoscopic was quicker than open repair (36.2 ± 23.5 min vs. 67.4 ± 25.8, p < 0001). Before surgery, 86.3% of hernias were reported to cause discomfort/pain or dysesthesia. At 24 months (93 of 100 patients), 91 (97.8%) reported no lump and 81 (87.1%) no pain or discomfort. Of 91 patients, 86 (94.5%) rated their repair “good” or “excellent.” There were nine non-serious, surgeon-detected adverse events (ileus, n = 3; seroma, n = 6) and one hernia recurrence (6–12 months). Conclusions Compared to baseline, open and laparoscopic surgery improved PROMs 24 months after primary and incisional hernia repair. Minimal complications and recurrence support the long-term efficacy of SCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Gillion
- Hôpital Privé d'Antony, 1 rue Velpeau, 92160, Antony, France.
| | - M Lepere
- Clinique Saint Augustin, Nantes, France
| | - C Barrat
- Hôpital J Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - O Cas
- Centre Médico-Chirurgical, Fondation Wallerstein, Arès, France
| | | | - F Jurczak
- Clinique mutualiste de l'estuaire, Saint-Nazaire, France
| | - H Khalil
- Chu-Hôpitaux De Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - C Zaranis
- Clinique du Mail, La Rochelle, France
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Somerville R, Khalil H, Segurado R, Mehegan J, Viljoen K, Heinen M, Murrin C, Kelleher CC. Childhood central adiposity at ages 5 and 9 shows consistent relationship with that of the maternal grandmother but not other grandparents. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:778-785. [PMID: 29745039 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of a life course approach to childhood obesity has been emphasized; however, few studies can prospectively investigate relationships in three-generation families. OBJECTIVE To prospectively investigate the relationship between grandparental and grandchild waist circumference (WC) at ages 5 and 9 down maternal and paternal lines. METHODS At baseline in the Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort, 1094 children were born to 1082 mothers; 585 were examined at age 5 and 298 at age 9. Of the total 589 children with measured WC, data were also available from 745 grandparents. Child WC was standardized for age and sex, and theory-based hierarchical linear regression was used. RESULTS Maternal grandmother (MGM) WC was predictive of grandchild WC at both time points. At age 5, grandchild's standardized birth weight (B = 0.266, p = 0.001), mother's means tested eligibility for free medical care (B = 1.029, p = 0.001) and grandchild seeing maternal grandparents daily (B = 0.312, p = 0.048) were significant alongside MGM WC (B = 0.015, p = 0.019). At age 9, only MGM WC (B = 0.022, p = 0.033) and mother's WC (B = 0.032, p = 0.005) were significant. Mediation analysis with mother's WC showed significant direct relationship of MGM and grandchild WC. CONCLUSIONS This prospective cross-generational cohort shows consistent patterns of association between MGM and grandchild WC, not seen in other grandparental lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Somerville
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Khalil
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Segurado
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Mehegan
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Viljoen
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Heinen
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Murrin
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C C Kelleher
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Philpott C, Erskine S, Smith R, Hopkins C, Kara N, Farboud A, Salam M, Robertson A, Almeyda R, Kumar B, Anari S, Ray J, Cathcart R, Carrie S, Ahmed S, Khalil H, Clark A, Thomas M. Current use of baseline medical treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis: Data from the National Chronic Rhinosinusitis Epidemiology Study (CRES). Clin Otolaryngol 2017; 43:509-524. [DOI: 10.1111/coa.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Philpott
- James Paget University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Gorleston UK
- Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norfolk UK
| | - S. Erskine
- James Paget University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Gorleston UK
| | - R. Smith
- Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norfolk UK
| | - C. Hopkins
- Guys & St Thomas Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - N. Kara
- County Durham & Darlington NHS Foundation Trust; Darlington UK
| | | | - M. Salam
- Ipswich Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Ipswich UK
| | - A. Robertson
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Campus; Glasgow UK
| | - R. Almeyda
- Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust; Reading UK
| | - B.N. Kumar
- Wrightington Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust; Wigan UK
| | - S. Anari
- Heart of England NHS Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - J. Ray
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHSFT; Sheffield UK
| | | | | | - S. Ahmed
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham UK
| | | | - A. Clark
- Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norfolk UK
| | - M. Thomas
- Primary Care and population Sciences; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to summarise the empirical evidence addressing diabetes microvascular complications and management. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs. Microvascular disease tends to occur predominantly in tissues where glucose uptake is independent of insulin activity because these tissues are exposed to glucose levels that correlate very closely with blood glucose levels. These metabolic injuries cause altered blood flow and changes in endothelial permeability, extravascular protein deposition and coagulation resulting in organ dysfunction which in turn lead to microvascular complications. METHOD A systematic search of the literature from 2000 to 2016 was conducted using four databases (Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane central and Google scholar) using search terms such as diabetic microvascular complications', pathogenesis, screening, risk factors, pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions and management. RESULTS The current evidence supports a direct relationship between blood pressure (BP) and glycaemic control and progression of nephropathy and retinopathy. These are now considered as independent risk factors for microvascular disease progression. New fields of research addressing new drugs as potential therapeutic targets of the future will be presented. CONCLUSION The prevention of microvascular disease involves paying attention to aggravating risk factors and implementing screening programmes to improve early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Khalil
- Monash University, Monash Rural Health, Moe, Victoria, 3825, Australia.
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Oswald N, Senanayake E, Aliverti A, Naidu B, Khalil H, Bishay E. F-053WHAT CAN TECHNOLOGY DO FOR CHEST WALL RECONSTRUCTION? A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR STERNAL REPLACEMENT. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivx280.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Johnson L, O'Donoghue J, McLean N, Turton P, Khan A, Turner S, Lennard A, Collis N, Butterworth M, Gui G, Bristol J, Hurren J, Smith S, Grover K, Spyrou G, Krupa K, Azmy I, Young I, Staiano J, Khalil H, MacNeill F. Breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: The UK experience. Recommendations on its management and implications for informed consent. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017; 43:1393-1401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Khalil H, Olsson G, Magnusson M, Evander M, Hörnfeldt B, Ecke F. Spatial prediction and validation of zoonotic hazard through micro-habitat properties: where does Puumala hantavirus hole - up? BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:523. [PMID: 28747170 PMCID: PMC5530527 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To predict the risk of infectious diseases originating in wildlife, it is important to identify habitats that allow the co-occurrence of pathogens and their hosts. Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) is a directly-transmitted RNA virus that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans, and is carried and transmitted by the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). In northern Sweden, bank voles undergo 3–4 year population cycles, during which their spatial distribution varies greatly. Methods We used boosted regression trees; a technique inspired by machine learning, on a 10 – year time-series (fall 2003–2013) to develop a spatial predictive model assessing seasonal PUUV hazard using micro-habitat variables in a landscape heavily modified by forestry. We validated the models in an independent study area approx. 200 km away by predicting seasonal presence of infected bank voles in a five-year-period (2007–2010 and 2015). Results The distribution of PUUV-infected voles varied seasonally and inter-annually. In spring, micro-habitat variables related to cover and food availability in forests predicted both bank vole and infected bank vole presence. In fall, the presence of PUUV-infected voles was generally restricted to spruce forests where cover was abundant, despite the broad landscape distribution of bank voles in general. We hypothesize that the discrepancy in distribution between infected and uninfected hosts in fall, was related to higher survival of PUUV and/or PUUV-infected voles in the environment, especially where cover is plentiful. Conclusions Moist and mesic old spruce forests, with abundant cover such as large holes and bilberry shrubs, also providing food, were most likely to harbor infected bank voles. The models developed using long-term and spatially extensive data can be extrapolated to other areas in northern Fennoscandia. To predict the hazard of directly transmitted zoonoses in areas with unknown risk status, models based on micro-habitat variables and developed through machine learning techniques in well-studied systems, could be used. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2618-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Gert Olsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Gerda Nilssons väg 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ecke F, Angeler DG, Magnusson M, Khalil H, Hörnfeldt B. Dampening of population cycles in voles affects small mammal community structure, decreases diversity, and increases prevalence of a zoonotic disease. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5331-5342. [PMID: 28770071 PMCID: PMC5528244 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term decline and depression of density in cyclic small rodents is a recent widespread phenomenon. These observed changes at the population level might have cascading effects at the ecosystem level. Here, we assessed relationships between changing boreal landscapes and biodiversity changes of small mammal communities. We also inferred potential effects of observed community changes for increased transmission risk of Puumala virus (PUUV) spread, causing the zoonotic disease nephropatica epidemica in humans. Analyses were based on long-term (1971-2013) monitoring data of shrews and voles representing 58 time series in northern Sweden. We calculated richness, diversity, and evenness at alpha, beta, and gamma level, partitioned beta diversity into turnover (species replacement) and nestedness (species addition/removal), used similarity percentages (SIMPER) analysis to assess community structure, and calculated the cumulated number of PUUV-infected bank voles and average PUUV prevalence (percentage of infected bank voles) per vole cycle. Alpha, beta, and gamma richness and diversity of voles, but not shrews, showed long-term trends that varied spatially. The observed patterns were associated with an increase in community contribution of bank vole (Myodes glareolus), a decrease of gray-sided vole (M. rufocanus) and field vole (Microtus agrestis) and a hump-shaped variation in contribution of common shrew (Sorex araneus). Long-term biodiversity changes were largely related to changes in forest landscape structure. Number of PUUV-infected bank voles in spring was negatively related to beta and gamma diversity, and positively related to turnover of shrews (replaced by voles) and to community contribution of bank voles. The latter was also positively related to average PUUV prevalence in spring. We showed that long-term changes in the boreal landscape contributed to explain the decrease in biodiversity and the change in structure of small mammal communities. In addition, our results suggest decrease in small mammal diversity to have knock-on effects on dynamics of infectious diseases among small mammals with potential implications for disease transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - David G. Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Khalil
- Argonne National Laboratory, Applied Physics Division 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Khalil
- Argonne National Laboratory, Applied Physics Division, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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Affiliation(s)
- W. S. Yang
- Argonne National Laboratory, Reactor Analysis Division, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - T. A. Taiwo
- Argonne National Laboratory, Reactor Analysis Division, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - H. Khalil
- Argonne National Laboratory, Reactor Analysis Division, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Downar
- Purdue University, School of Nuclear Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - H. Khalil
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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Affiliation(s)
- W. S. Yang
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass A venue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4842
| | - P. J. Finck
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass A venue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4842
| | - H. Khalil
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass A venue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4842
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Khalil H, Murrin C, O'Reilly M, Viljoen K, Segurado R, O'Brien J, Somerville R, McGillicuddy F, Kelleher CC. Total HDL cholesterol efflux capacity in healthy children - Associations with adiposity and dietary intakes of mother and child. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:70-77. [PMID: 27919542 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol efflux capacity in adults may be a measure of the atheroprotective property of HDL. Little however, is known about HDL cholesterol efflux capacity in childhood. We aimed to investigate the relationship between HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and childhood anthropometrics in a longitudinal study. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy-five children (mean age = 9.4 ± 0.4 years) were followed from birth until the age of 9 years. HDL cholesterol efflux capacity was determined at age 9 by incubating serum-derived HDL-supernatants with 3H-cholesterol labeled J774 macrophages and percentage efflux determined. Mothers provided dietary information by completing food frequency questionnaires in early pregnancy and then 5 years later on behalf of themselves and their children. Pearson's correlations and multiple regression analyses were conducted to confirm independent associations with HDL efflux. There was a negative correlation between HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and waist circumference at age 5 (r = -0.3, p = 0.01) and age 9 (r = -0.24, p = 0.04) and BMI at age 5 (r = -0.45, p = 0.01) and age 9 (r = -0.19, p = 0.1). Multiple regression analysis showed that BMI at age 5 remained significantly associated with reduced HDL cholesterol efflux capacity (r = -0.45, p < 0.001). HDL-C was negatively correlated with energy-adjusted fat intake (r = -0.24, p = 0.04) and positively correlated with energy-adjusted protein (r = 0.24, p = 0.04) and starch (r = 0.29, p = 0.01) intakes during pregnancy. HDL-C was not significantly correlated with children dietary intake at age 5. There were no significant correlations between maternal or children dietary intake and HDL cholesterol efflux capacity. CONCLUSIONS This novel analysis shows that efflux capacity is negatively associated with adiposity in early childhood independent of HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Khalil
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - C Murrin
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - K Viljoen
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Segurado
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J O'Brien
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Somerville
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F McGillicuddy
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Ireland; School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C C Kelleher
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Woodview House, Belfield, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Khalil H, Segurado R, Mehegan J, Somerville R, Heinen M, Murrin C, Kelleher CC. P58 Trajectories of Body Mass Index By Age 9 in The Lifeways Cross Generation Cohort Study Children in The Republic Of Ireland. Br J Soc Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208064.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Di Chiara F, Peake D, Kalkat M, Khalil H. P-226AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO RADIOPROTECTION IN THE MULTIMODALITY TREATMENT OF EWING SARCOMA OF THE CHEST WALL. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivw260.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Somerville R, Khalil H, Segurado R, Mehegan J, Heinen M, Murrin C, Kelleher CC. P43 The Healthy Worker Effect? Socio-economic and health status determinants of changing self-rated health in older people in the Lifeways Cross-Generation Study of a Thousand Families. Br J Soc Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208064.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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