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Carollo A, Corazza O, Mantovani M, Silvestrini N, Rabin O, Esposito G. Performance-enhancing substances in sport: A scientometric review of 75 years of research. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38491903 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The use of performance-enhancing substances not only undermines the core values of sports but also poses significant health risks to athletes. In a fast-evolving doping environment, where sport professionals are constantly seeking novel and illegal means to bypass doping tests, and new substances are regularly detected on the drug market, it is crucial to inform authorities with updated evidence emerging from scientific research. The current study aims to (i) outline the structure of knowledge in the literature on performance enhancers in sports (i.e., most active countries, main sources, most productive authors, and most frequently used keywords); (ii) identify the most impactful documents in the field; and (iii) uncover the main domains of research in the literature. To do so, we conducted a comprehensive scientometric analysis of the literature on doping, sourcing our data from Scopus. Our research involved a document co-citation analysis of 193,076 references, leading to the identification of the 51 most influential documents and seven key thematic areas within the doping literature. Our results indicate that the scientific community has extensively studied the most prevalent doping classes, such as anabolic agents and peptide hormones, and little is still known about the use of contaminated supplements or other types of enhancers identified as emergent trends. Concurrently, technological advancements contributed to the development of more sophisticated doping detection techniques, using blood or urine samples. More recently, the focus has shifted towards the athlete biological passport, with research efforts aimed at identifying biomarkers indicative of doping. The dynamic nature of doping methods underlines the necessity for more robust educational campaigns, aiming at raising awareness among sports professionals and their entourage about the dangers of doping and the intricacies of its control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carollo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Ornella Corazza
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Maria Mantovani
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Nicolò Silvestrini
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Olivier Rabin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- World Anti-Doping Agency, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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Pang Q, Jia A, Al Masri MK, Varkaneh HK, Abu-Zaid A, Gao X. The effect of androstenedione supplementation on testosterone, estradiol, body composition, and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hormones (Athens) 2022; 21:545-554. [PMID: 35841524 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-022-00385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, no meta-analysis has been carried out to collect evidence from randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) for the purpose of comprehensively summarizing the effect of androstenedione supplementation. Therefore, the aim of this research was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of all RCTs that explored the effect of androstenedione supplementation on individual hormonal, lipid, and anthropometric indices. METHODS We searched five databases (Web of Science, SCOPUS, Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar) using a combination of medical subject headings (MeSH) and non-MeSH terms. Using the random-effects model, we summarized the outcomes as weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Eight eligible articles were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled effect sizes suggested a significant effect of androstenedione supplementation on serum estradiol concentrations (WMD: 20.82 ng/ml, 95% CI: 7.25 to 34.38, p = 0.003), triglycerides (TG, WMD: -0.19 mg/dl, 95% CI: - 0.96, 0.57, p = 0.000), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (WMD: - 0.13 mg/dl, 95% CI: - 0.23 to - 0.03, p = 0.009); however, it had no effect on testosterone (WMD: 0.098 ng/ml, 95% CI: - 0.499 to 0.696, p = 0.748), body weight (WMD: 0.579 kg, 95% CI: - 4.02 to 5.17, p = 0.805), body mass index (BMI, WMD: - 0.73 kg/m2, 95% CI: - 2.98, 1.50, p = 0.519), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (WMD: - 0.074 mg/dl, 95% CI: - 0.37 to 0.22, p = 0.622), and total cholesterol (TC, WMD: - 0.15 mg/dl, 95% CI: - 0.49, 0.17, p = 0.198). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that androstenedione supplementation can lower TG and HDL-cholesterol and increase estradiol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Pang
- Weifang Medical University, Shandong, 261000, China
| | - Aoyun Jia
- Weifang Medical University, Shandong, 261000, China
| | | | - Hamed Kord Varkaneh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmed Abu-Zaid
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiang Gao
- Weifang Medical University, Shandong, 261000, China.
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3
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Bayatiani M, Seif F, Molavi S, Ansari Z, Parastesh M. The effect of resistance training on serum levels of sex hormones and sperm quality in male rats under X-ray radiation. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2022; 43:441-447. [PMID: 35521895 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2021-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to investigate the effects of resistance training on sex hormones and sperm parameters in male rats under X-ray. METHODS In this experimental study, 24 Sprague Dawley rats (200-250 g) were randomly assigned into four groups: healthy control, irradiated control, healthy training and irradiated training. Irradiation was induced at a dose of 4 Gy on the whole body. The resistance training protocol was performed for 10 weeks. Finally, blood serum was used to assess FSH, LH and testosterone and sperm quality. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS The results showed that radiation significantly reduced serum levels of LH (p=0.42), FSH (p=0.001) and testosterone (p=0.28) between radiation control and healthy control groups. Also, no significant difference was observed between serum levels of LH (p=0.135) and testosterone (p=0.419) in radiation resistance training and the healthy control groups. In addition, significant differences were observed between radiation resistance training and radiation control groups in sperm parameters such as sperm count (p=0.02) and progressively motile sperm (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS It seems that short-term resistance training can improve sperm parameters, including sperm count and sperm motility through increasing serum levels testosterone and LH in male rat under X-ray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Bayatiani
- Department of Radiotherapy and Medical Physics, Faculty of Para Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences and Khansari Hospital, Arak, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Seif
- Department of Radiotherapy and Medical Physics, Faculty of Para Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences and Khansari Hospital, Arak, Iran
| | - Shiva Molavi
- Department of Sports Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Ansari
- Department of Sports Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mohammad Parastesh
- Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Research Institute of Applied Studies of Sports Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Barsky ST, Monks DA. Myocytic androgen receptor overexpression does not affect sex differences in adaptation to chronic endurance exercise. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:59. [PMID: 36274144 PMCID: PMC9590152 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-specific androgen receptor (AR) overexpression (HSAAR transgene) in sedentary male rats results in reduced adiposity, increased mitochondrial enzyme activity, and selective increase in Type 2b myofiber size. Here, we tested chronic endurance exercise interactions with this phenotype in both sexes. Across 9 weeks, rats ran 5×/week on motorized running wheels at increasing speeds and durations. Exercise reduced fat mass in all groups, but sex affected endurance exercise outcomes such that absolute lean mass increased only in females and total body mass decreased only in males. Expected sex differences were observed with males exhibiting greater total body and lean mass; absolute and relative fat mass; bone mineral density; extensor digitorum longus (EDL) myofiber size and glycolytic proportion; but lesser Type 2a and Type 1 myosin expression in tibialis anterior. Observed HSAAR outcomes were not altered by sex, with transgenic rats having greater lean mass, Type 2a myosin expression in soleus, and glycolytic myofiber size in EDL. Tibialis AR content was independently affected by sex, HSAAR, and exercise. No sex differences were observed in tibialis AR expression in wild-type rats, although HSAAR males had greater AR content than HSAAR females. We identified a moderate correlation between AR expression and glycolytic myofiber size, but not whole-body composition. Overall, results suggest myocytic AR overexpression and chronic exercise, despite sharing a similar phenotype to adaptation, are mediated by distinct mechanisms. Further, this study illustrates sex differences in adaptation to chronic endurance exercise, and suggests sex-similarity in the relationship between muscle AR and exercise response. Adaptations in bone, lean, and total mass after forced endurance exercise are sex-dependent in rats. Sex differences in muscle fiber-type size and proportion, lean body mass, and bone density are independent of exercise in rats. Myocytic AR overexpression promotes lean body mass and glycolytic myofiber size in both sexes. Skeletal muscle AR protein is elevated by chronic endurance exercise in rats, and these changes in AR content are correlated with improved glycolytic myofiber size.
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Xu Y, Jiang D, Liu J, Fu Y, Song Y, Fan D, Huang X, Liufu S, Pan J, Ouyang H, Tian Y, Shen X, Huang Y. Photoperiodic Changes in Both Hypothalamus Neurotransmitters and Circulating Gonadal Steroids Metabolomic Profiles in Relation to Seasonal Reproduction in Male Quail. Front Physiol 2022; 13:824228. [PMID: 35399254 PMCID: PMC8993408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.824228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hypothalamic neurotransmitters and serum steroid hormones are impacted by photoperiod and have effects on physiology and seasonal reproductive. However, the relationship between circulating gonadal steroids and hypothalamic neurotransmitters underlying different photoperiod is still unclear. To further understand the crosstalk of neurotransmitters and steroids in seasonal reproduction, metabolic changes of 27 neurotransmitters concentrated in hypothalamus tissues and 42 steroids hormones in serum were assessed during two artificial photoperiodic programs. The results showed that photoperiod induce testicular atrophy and recrudescence. In L-to-S groups, significantly decreased levels of testosterone concentration were found in serum (P < 0.001) and increased 11-Dehydrocorticosterone (P < 0.05); Testosterone were almost undetectable at SD_14d. In addition, the hypothalamus exhibited significantly increased arginine and 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration and decreased serotonin and epinephrine content (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Accordingly, serum testosterone and androstenedione became detectable at LD_3d in the S-to-L group and were markedly increase at LD_7d. Furthermore, Serum androstenedione showed a significant increase with long light expose (P < 0.01). Additionally, the hypothalamus exhibited both significantly increased L.Tryptophan and phenylalanine concentration, as well as decreased L-glutamine and L-glutamine.acid content (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Serotonin metabolism showed significant differences between L-to-S group and S-to-L group. Furthermore, in the correlation analysis, serum testosterone had a positive correlation with 5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), while Androstenedione was significantly negative with L.Tryptophan in L-to-S (P < 0.05). However, in S-to-L group, serum testosterone showed strong negative correlation with both serotonin and 5-HIAA (P < 0.05), but positive correlation with L.Tryptophan (P < 0.01), while Androstenedione was significantly negative correlation with both serotonin (P < 0.05) and L-Glutamine (P < 0.01). Photoperiod also had significant effects on the mRNA expression. We found significant differences in gene expression patterns of both serotonin signaling and steroid biosynthesis, while MAOB, NR5A1, and 3β-HSD showed an opposite tendency between two groups. Taken together, our results revealed that circulating gonadal steroids and hypothalamic neurotransmitters were significantly impact quail’s seasonal reproduction. Circulating gonadal steroids have different effects on neurotransmitter at different photoperiodism, which may coordinately influence the seasonal reproduction of quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danli Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sui Liufu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiu Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjia Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Tenório MCC, Paz CL, Valladares F, Guimarães M, Sá CKCD, Correia L. Effects of Low-to-Moderate Doses of Anabolic Steroids on Lipid Profile and Muscle Hypertrophy in Resistance Training Practitioners: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.36660/ijcs.20200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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7
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Kazemi MA, Hemmati S, Moradi B, Sharifian H, Firooznia K, Nikravangolsefid N. COVID-19 and Gynecomastia: What is the Relationship? Acad Radiol 2020; 27:1188. [PMID: 32418781 PMCID: PMC7211673 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ali Kazemi
- Department of Radiology, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of radiology, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Medical Imaging Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Hemmati
- Department of Radiology, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Moradi
- Department of Radiology, Women' Yas Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of radiology, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Medical Imaging Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hashem Sharifian
- Department of Radiology, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of radiology, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Medical Imaging Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kavous Firooznia
- Department of radiology, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Medical Imaging Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Nikravangolsefid
- Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Hwy, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran, Postal code:14496-14535, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Resistance Training on Whole-Body Muscle Growth in Healthy Adult Males. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041285. [PMID: 32079265 PMCID: PMC7068252 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to study all published clinical trial interventions, determined the magnitude of whole-body hypertrophy in humans (healthy males) and observed the individual responsibility of each variable in muscle growth after resistance training (RT). Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from database inception until 10 May 2018 for original articles assessing the effects of RT on muscle size after interventions of more than 2 weeks of duration. Specifically, we obtain the variables fat-free mass (FMM), lean muscle mass (LMM) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM). The effects on outcomes were expressed as mean differences (MD) and a random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regressions determined covariates (age, weight, height, durations in weeks…) to explore the moderate effect related to the participants and characteristics of training. One hundred and eleven studies (158 groups, 1927 participants) reported on the effects of RT for muscle mass. RT significantly increased muscle mass (FFM+LMM+SMM; Δ1.53 kg; 95% CI [1.30, 1.76], p < 0.001; I2 = 0%, p = 1.00). Considering the overall effects of the meta-regression, and taking into account the participants’ characteristics, none of the studied covariates explained any effect on changes in muscle mass. Regarding the training characteristics, the only significant variable that explained the variance of the hypertrophy was the sets per workout, showing a significant negative interaction (MD; estimate: 1.85, 95% CI [1.45, 2.25], p < 0.001; moderator: -0.03 95% CI [−0.05, −0.001] p = 0.04). In conclusion, RT has a significant effect on the improvement of hypertrophy (~1.5 kg). The excessive sets per workout affects negatively the muscle mass gain.
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Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Andrews MA, Magee CD, Combest TM, Allard RJ, Douglas KM. Physical Effects of Anabolic-androgenic Steroids in Healthy Exercising Adults. Curr Sports Med Rep 2018; 17:232-241. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Piper T, Putz M, Schänzer W, Pop V, McLeod MD, Uduwela DR, Stevenson BJ, Thevis M. Epiandrosterone sulfate prolongs the detectability of testosterone, 4-androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone misuse by means of carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1695-1703. [PMID: 28836353 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the course of investigations into the metabolism of testosterone (T) by means of deuterated T and hydrogen isotope ratio mass spectrometry, a pronounced influence of the oral administration of T on sulfoconjugated steroid metabolites was observed. Especially in case of epiandrosterone sulfate (EPIA_S), the contribution of exogenous T to the urinary metabolite was traceable up to 8 days after a single oral dose of 40 mg of T. These findings initiated follow-up studies on the capability of EPIA_S to extend the detection of T and T analogue misuse by carbon isotope ratio (CIR) mass spectrometry in sports drug testing. Excretion study urine samples obtained after transdermal application of T and after oral administration of 4-androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, and EPIA were investigated regarding urinary concentrations and CIR. With each administered steroid, EPIA_S was significantly depleted and prolonged the detectability when compared to routinely used steroidal target compounds by a factor of 2 to 5. In order to simplify the sample preparation procedure for sulfoconjugated compounds, enzymatic cleavage by Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatase was tested and implemented into CIR measurements for the first time. Further simplification was achieved by employing multidimensional gas chromatography to ensure the required peak purity for CIR determinations, instead of sample purification strategies using liquid chromatographic fractionation. Taking into account these results that demonstrate the unique and broad applicability of EPIA_S for the detection of illicit administrations of T or T-related steroids, careful consideration of how this steroid can be implemented into routine doping control analysis appears warranted. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marlen Putz
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valentin Pop
- Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, National Anti-Doping Agency, Bvd. Basarabia, nr. 37-39, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Dimanthi R Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bradley J Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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12
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Judge LW, Bellar DM, Hoover DL, Biggs D, Leitzelar BN, Craig BW. Effects of acute androstenedione supplementation on testosterone levels in older men. Aging Male 2016; 19:161-167. [PMID: 27558186 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2016.1167180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of acute androstenedione supplementation on hormone levels in older men at rest and during exercise. Men (n = 11) between the ages of 58 and 69 were divided into an experimental (n = 6; 62.33 ± 2.57 y) and control (n = 5; 60.2 ± 1.02 y) groups. Each participant received an oral 300 mg dose of either androstenedione (experimental) or a cellulose placebo (control) for 7 d. Pre- and post-supplementation participants completed two separate, 20-min strength tasks consisting of leg extension and leg curls at different percentages of their 10-RM. Researchers collected blood samples pre-, during, and post-exercise. Blood samples were analyzed for testosterone, androstenedione, and estradiol levels. The researchers found a significant difference between pre- (4.36 ± 56 ng/mL) and post- (5.51 ± 0.35 ng/mL) testosterone levels, as well as pre- (0.88 ± 0.20) and post- (7.46 ± 1.25) androstenedione levels, but no significant differences between pre- and post-estradiol levels for either group. It appears that short-term androstenedione supplementation augmented acute testosterone responses to resistance exercise in older men. However, further study of this supplement is needed to determine any potential it may have in mitigating andropause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W Judge
- a School of Kinesiology, Ball State University , Muncie , IN , USA
| | - David M Bellar
- b Department of Kinesiology , University of Louisiana Lafayette , Lafayette , LA , USA
| | - Donald L Hoover
- c Department of Physical Therapy , Western Kentucky University , Bowling Green , KY , USA , and
| | - Douglas Biggs
- d Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University , Muncie , IN , USA
| | | | - Bruce W Craig
- d Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University , Muncie , IN , USA
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13
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Kovac JR, Pan M, Arent S, Lipshultz LI. Dietary Adjuncts for Improving Testosterone Levels in Hypogonadal Males. Am J Mens Health 2016; 10:NP109-NP117. [DOI: 10.1177/1557988315598554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of men are being diagnosed with hypogonadism. While many benefit from testosterone supplementation therapy, others who do not meet the criteria for hormone supplementation have turned to dietary adjuncts as a way or gaining improvements in libido, energy, and physical performance. These oral adjunct medications include controlled substances such as androstenedione, androstenediol as well as other “over-the-counter” options like DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) and herbal remedies like Tribulus terrestris. This review will focus on the use of these adjunct medications in isolation, or in combination with testosterone supplementation therapy as well as the biochemical nature of the supplements, the results of scientific trials as well as the side effects that limit their use. At the end of this review, physicians will have an improved understanding of the popular testosterone adjuncts being used currently as well as the availability of these substances and how they are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Kovac
- Urology of Indiana, Men’s Health Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Pan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Abstract
The use and effects of selected performance-enhancing drugs and nutritional supplements are reviewed. Recent sports medicine studies are mostly double blind and placebo controlled but contain relatively small sample sizes. Their data appear reliable and are reported in reputable journals. Definitions and methods used in sports medicine are provided to enhance the understanding of this literature. The use of performance-enhancing substances is probably under-reported. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are reportedly used in 0% to 1% of women, 0.5% to 3% of high school girls, 1% to 5% of men, 1% to 12% of high school boys, and up to 67% of some groups of elite athletes. The use of combinations of performance-enhancing substances is common. Carbohydrate loading, adequate protein intake, creatine, blood doping, and erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) appear to enhance performance. Anabolic-androgenic steroids enhance performance, but health risks limit their use. Growth hormones and β2 -selective adrenergic agonists may enhance performance, but additional studies are needed. Androstenedione, caffeine, amphetamines, and nonprescription sympathomimetics do not appear to enhance performance. Performance-enhancing drugs have shown some benefit in diseased patients with malnutrition and/or decreases in physical ability. Pharmacists and other health care providers have opportunities to improve the understanding, use, and monitoring of performance-enhancing substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Boyce
- Clinical Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
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16
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Solakovic S, Totic D, Vukas H, Djedovic M. Hidden Danger of Irrational Abusing Illegal Androgenic-anabolic Steroids in Recreational Athletes Age Under 35 in Bosnia & Herzegovina. Med Arch 2015; 69:200-2. [PMID: 26261392 PMCID: PMC4500301 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2015.69.200-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Androgenic-anabolic steroids are rarely used by sportsmen who want to improve physical performance in competition sport. Despite that they are well aware of the side effects of anabolic steroids, many young athletes in Bosnia and Herzegovina without competition motivation come in temptation, trying to achieve better muscle proportion and physical performance unknowing consequence of side effects and what is hiding behind. Risk factors such as increasing of lipid levels and arterial hypertension are major factors which have important role in the Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and are responsible for occurrence of cardiovascular disease even causing a sudden death in young athletes. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency of misusing of androgenic anabolic steroid drugs in young recreational sportsmen without competition motivation. This study will try to estimate vascular and lipid status, analyzing the side effects of steroids in young recreational athletes under the age of 35, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. METHODS The study included 70 individuals in period of 2010 till 2015 on recreational exercising program; 35 individuals misusing androgenic anabolic steroids during the period of 5 years were compared with 35 individuals which do not use androgenic anabolic steroids. Non-invasive methods were used in all individual (clinical examination and vascular ultrasound examination of vein system). The routine of training units in both groups was approximately two hours 4-6 times per week. RESULTS Final analysis has reveal that in androgenic anabolic steroids group in 18 individuals or 55.7% arterial hypertension with hyperlipidemia was more represented, compared with the group without using anabolic steroids, represented by 2 individuals or 5.7% and it was statistically considered significant by using p value less than 0.05. (p<0.05). Statistically dominant population using anabolic steroids drugs are males (100%) or 35 individuals; we did not find females using anabolic steroids and that is why our research was limited to male population. CONCLUSION Recreational male sportsmen are dominant androgenic anabolic steroids misusers, trying to achieve better muscle proportion and physical performance, they neglect the anabolic steroids side effects which have devastating consequence on vascular system. Benefits of misusing drugs in recreational exercising program in young sportsmen are mostly connected with development of arterial hypertension and hyperlipidemia and the variety of serious health disorders, progressing the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sid Solakovic
- Clinic for Vascular Surgery Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dragan Totic
- Clinic for Vascular Surgery Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Haris Vukas
- Clinic for Vascular Surgery Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Muhamed Djedovic
- Clinic for Vascular Surgery Clinical Center of University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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18
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Abstract
Herbal and nutritional supplements are more and more popular in the western population. One of them is an extract of an exotic plant, named Tribulus terrestris (TT). TT is a component of several supplements that are available over-the-counter and widely recommended, generally as enhancers of human vitality. TT is touted as a testosterone booster and remedy for impaired erectile function; therefore, it is targeted at physically active men, including male athletes. Based on the scientific literature describing the results of clinical trials, this review attempted to verify information on marketing TT with particular reference to the needs of athletes. It was found that there are few reliable data on the usefulness of TT in competitive sport. In humans, a TT extract used alone without additional components does not improve androgenic status or physical performance among athletes. The results of a few studies have showed that the combination of TT with other pharmacological components increases testosterone levels, but it was not discovered which components of the mixture contributed to that effect. TT contains several organic compounds including alkaloids and steroidal glycosides, of which pharmacological action in humans is not completely explained. One anti-doping study reported an incident with a TT supplement contaminated by a banned steroid. Toxicological studies regarding TT have been carried out on animals only, however, one accidental poisoning of a man was described. The Australian Institute of Sport does not recommend athletes’ usage of TT. So far, the published data concerning TT do not provide strong evidence for either usefulness or safe usage in sport.
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Granados J, Gillum TL, Christmas KM, Kuennen MR. Prohormone supplement 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-17-one enhances resistance training gains but impairs user health. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:560-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00616.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prohormone supplements (PS) are recognized not to impart anabolic or ergogenic effects in men, but the research supporting these conclusions is dated. The Anabolic Steroid Control Act was amended in 2004 to classify androstenedione and 17 additional anabolic compounds as controlled substances. The viability of PS that entered the market after that time have not been evaluated. Seventeen resistance-trained men (23 ± 1 yr; 13.1 ± 1.5% body fat) were randomly assigned to receive either 330 mg/day of 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-17-one (Prohormone; n = 9) or sugar (Placebo; n = 8) per os and complete a 4-wk (16 session) structured resistance-training program. Body composition, muscular strength, circulating lipids, and markers of liver and kidney dysfunction were assessed at study onset and termination. Prohormone increased lean body mass by 6.3 ± 1.2%, decreased fat body mass by 24.6 ± 7.1%, and increased their back squat one repetition maximum and competition total by 14.3 ± 1.5 and 12.8 ± 1.1%, respectively. These improvements exceeded ( P < 0.05) Placebo, which increased lean body mass by 0.5 ± 0.8%, reduced fat body mass by 9.5 ± 3.6%, and increased back squat one repetition maximum and competition total by 5.7 ± 1.7 and 5.9 ± 1.7%, respectively. Prohormone also experienced multiple adverse effects. These included a 38.7 ± 4.0% reduction in HDL ( P < 0.01), a 32.8 ± 15.05% elevation in LDL ( P < 0.01), and elevations of 120.0 ± 22.6 and 77.4 ± 12.0% in LDL-to-HDL and cholesterol-to-HDL ratios, respectively (both P < 0.01). Prohormone also exhibited elevations in serum creatinine (19.6 ± 4.3%; P < 0.01) and aspartate transaminase (113.8 ± 61.1%; P = 0.05), as well as reductions in serum albumin (5.1 ± 1.9%; P = 0.04), alkaline phosphatase (16.4 ± 4.7%; P = 0.04), and glomerular filtration rate (18.0 ± 3.3%; P = 0.04). None of these values changed (all P > 0.05) in Placebo. The oral PS 3β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-17-one improves body composition and muscular strength. However, these changes come at a significant cost. Cardiovascular health and liver function are particularly compromised. Given these findings, we feel the harm associated with this particular PS outweighs any potential benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Granados
- Human Performance Research Laboratories, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas
| | - Trevor L. Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, California; and
| | - Kevin M. Christmas
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Matthew R. Kuennen
- Human Performance Research Laboratories, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas
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Dodge T, Stock M, Litt D. Judgments about illegal performance-enhancing substances: Reasoned, reactive, or both? J Health Psychol 2012; 18:962-71. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105312445079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study applied aspects of the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Prototype/Willingness model to understand cognitions associated with the use of illegal performance-enhancing substances. There were two study objectives. One was to investigate whether the illegal-is-effective heuristic (i.e. belief that illegal performance-enhancing substances are more effective than legal performance-enhancing substances) affects willingness to use illegal performance-enhancing substances. The second was to examine whether attitudes, norms, and prototypes influence the willingness and intentions to use illegal performance-enhancing substances. The illegal-is-effective heuristic was a significant predictor of willingness but was not a significant predictor of intentions. Implications for future research and prevention efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya Dodge
- The George Washington University, USA
- Skidmore College
| | | | - Dana Litt
- The George Washington University, USA
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21
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Timcheh-Hariri A, Balali-Mood M, Aryan E, Sadeghi M, Riahi-Zanjani B. Toxic hepatitis in a group of 20 male body-builders taking dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3826-32. [PMID: 22809474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements have been used for decades for enhancing muscle growth. The harm caused by some of these products is well documented. We investigated and reported toxic hepatitis in 20 male athletes following self-prescribing of a number of dietary supplements which are lesser known. The patients' ages ranged from 24 to 32 with a mean of 28 years. They had taken three kinds of supplements for 1 year including testosterone optimizer agent T Bomb II, a creatine supplement Phosphagen and an amino acid based supplement Cell-Tech. Based on the history, clinical examination, and laboratory findings the cases were diagnosed as toxic hepatitis. After discontinuation of taking the supplements, clinical recovery and improvement of liver function tests were achieved within 30 days. Causality assessment with the CIOMS (Council for International Organization Medical Sciences) scale showed a "possible" grade of causality (+5 points) for these supplements. It can be concluded that these newer anabolic supplements may induce toxic hepatitis. Since the health risks of them may be severe, the use of these kinds of dietary supplements should be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Timcheh-Hariri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, and Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Ghaem University Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
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22
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Hashim H, Negm M. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone levels correlate with negative symptoms in male patients with schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7123/01.ejp.0000416070.97156.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Stanton A. Hormone Replacement in Men. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Selvaraj S, Krishnaswamy S, Devashya V, Sethuraman S, Krishnan UM. Investigations on membrane perturbation by chrysin and its copper complex using self-assembled lipid bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:13374-13382. [PMID: 21923196 DOI: 10.1021/la2029356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of membrane interactions of most of the flavonoids in the presence of transition-metal ions is not well-understood. To understand this phenomenon, the present work aims to synthesize a chrysin-copper complex at room temperature and investigate its influence on the electrical characteristics of planar lipid bilayers. The chrysin-copper complex was characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and was found to have a metal/ligand ratio of 1:2 and of cationic nature. Its ability to inhibit 1,1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was not significant at alkaline pH because of the involvement of the 5-hydroxy group in coordination with the copper ion compared to its parent flavonoid, chrysin (p < 0.05). The addition of different concentrations (20-100 μM) of chrysin and the chrysin-copper complex to lipid bilayers decreases the resistance, indicating a strong surface interaction and partial insertion into the bilayer near the lipid-water interface. The dose-dependent reduction in resistance as a result of the chrysin-copper complex is more pronounced in comparison to chrysin, implying that the bulkier and charged chrysin-copper complex displays greater ability to distort the lipid bilayer architecture. These conclusions were further confirmed by curcumin-loaded liposome permeabilization studies, where both chrysin and its Cu(II) complex increased the fluidity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the extent of fluidization by the chrysin-copper complex was nearly twice that of chrysin alone (p < 0.05). The implications of these surface interactions of chrysin and its copper complex on cell membranes were studied using a hypotonic hemolysis assay. Our results demonstrate that, at low concentrations (20 μM), the chrysin-copper complex exhibited twice the protection against hypotonic stress-induced membrane disruption when compared to chrysin. However, this stabilizing effect gradually decreased and became comparable to chrysin at higher concentrations. This biphasic behavior of the chrysin-copper complex could further be explored for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stalin Selvaraj
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Boonstra R, Bradley AJ, Delehanty B. Preparing for hibernation in ground squirrels: adrenal androgen production in summer linked to environmental severity in winter. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Blystone CR, Elmore SA, Witt KL, Malarkey DE, Foster PMD. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of androstenedione in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2116-24. [PMID: 21651954 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Androstenedione was marketed as a dietary supplement to increase muscle mass during training. Due to concern over long-term use, the NTP evaluated the subchronic and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of androstenedione in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. In subchronic studies, dose limiting effects were not observed. A chronic (2-year) exposure by gavage at 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg in rats and male mice, and 2, 10, or 50 mg/kg in female mice (50 mg/kg, maximum feasible dose) was conducted. Increased incidences of lung alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma and carcinoma occurred in the 20 mg/kg male rats and increases in mononuclear cell leukemia occurred in the 20 and 50 mg/kg female rats, which may have been related to androstenedione administration. In male and female mice, androstenedione was carcinogenic based upon a significant increase in hepatocellular tumors. A marginal increase in pancreatic islet cell adenomas in male (50 mg/kg) and female (2, 10, 50 mg/kg) mice was considered to be related to androstenedione administration. Interestingly, incidences of male rat Leydig cell adenomas and female rat mammary gland fibroadenomas decreased. In conclusion, androstenedione was determined to be carcinogenic in male and female mice, and may have been carcinogenic in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Blystone
- National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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Wang X, Magkos F, Mittendorfer B. Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: it's not just about sex hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:885-93. [PMID: 21474685 PMCID: PMC3070248 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly thought that sex hormones are important regulators of plasma lipid kinetics and are responsible for sexual dimorphism in the plasma lipid profile. Here we discuss the findings from studies evaluating lipid and lipoprotein kinetics in men and women in the context of what we know about the effects of exogenous sex hormone administration, and we conclude that it is more complicated than that. It has become clear that normal physiological alterations in the hormonal milieu (i.e. due to menopause or throughout the menstrual cycle) do not significantly affect plasma lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, parenterally administered estrogens have either no effect or only very small beneficial effects, whereas orally administered estrogens raise plasma triglyceride concentrations--a phenomenon that is not consistent with the observed sex differences and likely results from the hepatic "first-pass effect." The effects of progestogens and androgens mimic only in part the differences in plasma lipids between men and women. Thus, the underlying physiological modulators of plasma lipid metabolism responsible for the differences between men and women remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Wang
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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28
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Weitzel LRB, Sandoval PA, Mayles WJ, Wischmeyer PE. Performance-enhancing sports supplements: role in critical care. Crit Care Med 2010; 37:S400-9. [PMID: 20046127 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181b6f2e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many performance-enhancing supplements and/or drugs are increasing in popularity among professional and amateur athletes alike. Although the uncontrolled use of these agents can pose health risks in the general population, their clearly demonstrated benefits could prove helpful to the critically ill population in whom preservation and restoration of lean body mass and neuromuscular function are crucial. Post-intensive care unit weakness not only impairs post-intensive care unit quality of life but also correlates with intensive care unit mortality. This review covers a number of the agents known to enhance athletic performance, and their possible role in preservation of muscle function and prevention/treatment of post-intensive care unit weakness in critically ill patients. These agents include testosterone analogues, growth hormone, branched chain amino acid, glutamine, arginine, creatine, and beta-hydryoxy-beta-methylbutyrate. Three of the safest and most effective agents in enhancing athletic performance in this group are creatine, branched-chain amino acid, and beta-hydryoxy-beta-methylbutyrate. However, these agents have received very little study in the recovering critically ill patient suffering from post-intensive care unit weakness. More placebo-controlled studies are needed in this area to determine efficacy and optimal dosing. It is very possible that, under the supervision of a physician, many of these agents may prove beneficial in the prevention and treatment of post-intensive care unit weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay-Rae B Weitzel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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29
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Kreider RB, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R, Cooke M, Earnest CP, Greenwood M, Kalman DS, Kerksick CM, Kleiner SM, Leutholtz B, Lopez H, Lowery LM, Mendel R, Smith A, Spano M, Wildman R, Willoughby DS, Ziegenfuss TN, Antonio J. ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010. [PMCID: PMC2853497 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.
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A selective TrkB agonist with potent neurotrophic activities by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2687-92. [PMID: 20133810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913572107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a cognate ligand for the tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) receptor, mediates neuronal survival, differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. However, BDNF has a poor pharmacokinetic profile that limits its therapeutic potential. Here we report the identification of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone as a bioactive high-affinity TrkB agonist that provokes receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone protected wild-type, but not TrkB-deficient, neurons from apoptosis. Administration of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone to mice activated TrkB in the brain, inhibited kainic acid-induced toxicity, decreased infarct volumes in stroke in a TrkB-dependent manner, and was neuroprotective in an animal model of Parkinson disease. Thus, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone imitates BDNF and acts as a robust TrkB agonist, providing a powerful therapeutic tool for the treatment of various neurological diseases.
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31
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Nieschlag E, Behre HM. Testosterone Therapy. Andrology 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-78355-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Nicot A. Gender and sex hormones in multiple sclerosis pathology and therapy. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:4477-515. [PMID: 19273365 DOI: 10.2741/3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that gender affects the susceptibility and course of multiple sclerosis (MS) with a higher disease prevalence and overall better prognosis in women than men. This sex dimorphism may be explained by sex chromosome effects and effects of sex steroid hormones on the immune system, blood brain barrier or parenchymal central nervous system (CNS) cells. The well known improvement in disease during late pregnancy has also been linked to hormonal changes and has stimulated recent clinical studies to determine the efficacy of and tolerance to sex steroid therapeutic approaches. Both clinical and experimental studies indicate that sex steroid supplementation may be beneficial for MS. This could be related to anti-inflammatory actions on the immune system or CNS and to direct neuroprotective properties. Here, clinical and experimental data are reviewed with respect to the effects of sex hormones or gender in the pathology or therapy of MS or its rodent disease models. The different cellular targets as well as some molecular mechanisms likely involved are discussed.
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34
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Choong K, Lakshman KM, Bhasin S. The physiological and pharmacological basis for the ergogenic effects of androgens in elite sports. Asian J Androl 2008; 10:351-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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35
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Performance-enhancing Drugs and Supplements in Women and Girls. Curr Sports Med Rep 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01.csmr.0000305618.87993.b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Hurbanek JG, Anderson K, Kaatz S, Shepard A, Workings M, Rand K. Ulnar deep venous thrombosis in a professional baseball pitcher: a case report. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35:2131-4. [PMID: 17526761 DOI: 10.1177/0363546507303559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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37
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38
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Weber CA, Wood HM, Ernst ME. The Effects of Androstenedione Supplementation on Serum Gonadal Hormones. J Pharm Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/875512250702300605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the effects of androstenedione supplementation on serum gonadal hormones. Data Sources: Biomedical literature was accessed via PubMed through September 2007; MeSH terms included androstenedione and gonadal hormones. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Studies were limited to those published in English, with the primary outcome of change in serum gonadal hormone concentrations following multiple-dose oral androstenedione supplementation. Articles that reported only effects on muscle strength were excluded because our review focuses on the biochemical, not physiological, effects of androstenedione. For studies that evaluated multiple outcomes of therapy that were published in more than one journal, only the article reporting serum gonadal levels was selected for this review. Data Synthesis: We reviewed 8 unique studies that evaluated the effect of oral androstenedione supplementation on serum gonadal hormone concentrations. Critical comparison of the studies is challenging due to heterogeneity in methodology and outcomes measured, small sample sizes and short durations, and lack of complete data. The timing of serum gonadal hormone measurements, which is of critical importance, is not standardized among the studies. Subjectively evaluated, these studies suggest that androstenedione supplementation may cause a small, transient increase in serum testosterone. However, this effect is very short (<24 h) and may be completely negated by conversion to estrogens and through feedback inhibition of endogenous testosterone production with long-term use (≥28 days). Conclusions: The findings of the studies reviewed suggest that androstenedione supplementation may cause a small, transient increase in serum testosterone levels. More importantly, estrogen-related hormones were also increased. Although androstenedione supplements are no longer available in the US without a prescription, they are available in other countries and potentially via the Internet. Clinicians should be aware of the potentially harmful effects of androstenedione on gonadal hormones in the event that they are involved in the care of a patient who may be using an androstenedione-containing product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Weber
- CYNTHIA A WEBER PharmD, Pharmacy Practice Specialist, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Heidi M Wood
- HEIDI M WOOD, PharmD Student, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa
| | - Michael E Ernst
- MICHAEL E ERNST PharmD BCPS, Associate Professor (Clinical), Division of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy; Department of Family Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa
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Rohle D, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Mulligan C, Kreider R, Willoughby D. Effects of eight weeks of an alleged aromatase inhibiting nutritional supplement 6-OXO (androst-4-ene-3,6,17-trione) on serum hormone profiles and clinical safety markers in resistance-trained, eugonadal males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2007; 4:13. [PMID: 17949492 PMCID: PMC2100070 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6-OXO, a purported nutritional aromatase inhibitor, in a dose dependent manner on body composition, serum hormone levels, and clinical safety markers in resistance trained males. Sixteen males were supplemented with either 300 mg or 600 mg of 6-OXO in a double-blind manner for eight weeks. Blood and urine samples were obtained at weeks 0, 1, 3, 8, and 11 (after a 3-week washout period). Blood samples were analyzed for total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol, estriol, estrone, SHBG, leutinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), cortisol, FT/estradiol (T/E). Blood and urine were also analyzed for clinical chemistry markers. Data were analyzed with two-way MANOVA. For all of the serum hormones, there were no significant differences between groups (p > 0.05). Compared to baseline, free testosterone underwent overall increases of 90% for 300 mg 6-OXO and 84% for 600 mg, respectively (p < 0.05). DHT underwent significant overall increases (p < 0.05) of 192% and 265% with 300 mg and 600 mg, respectively. T/E increased 53% and 67% for 300 mg and 600 mg 6-OXO, respectively. For estrone, 300 mg produced an overall increase of 22%, whereas 600 mg caused a 52% increase (p < 0.05). Body composition did not change with supplementation (p > 0.05) and clinical safety markers were not adversely affected with ingestion of either supplement dose (p > 0.05). While neither of the 6-OXO dosages appears to have any negative effects on clinical chemistry markers, supplementation at a daily dosage of 300 mg and 600 mg for eight weeks did not completely inhibit aromatase activity, yet significantly increased FT, DHT, and T/E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Rohle
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Box 97313, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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Abstract
The dietary supplements androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and androstenediol are precursors in the endogenous production of testosterone. The efficacy and safety of these prohormones are not well established but are promoted to have the same androgenic effects on building muscle mass and strength as anabolic-androgenic steroids. Studies have demonstrated repeatedly that acute and long-term administration of these oral testosterone precursors does not effectively increase serum testosterone levels and fails to produce any significant changes in lean body mass, muscle strength, or performance improvement compared with placebo. The Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 lists androstenedione as a schedule III controlled substance, and it is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Testosterone precursors are banned by most major sports organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy M Smurawa
- Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, 4209 State Route 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
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Tamler R, Mechanick JI. Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals in the management of andrologic disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2007; 36:533-52. [PMID: 17543734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals are commonly used by men with erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, BPH, and concerns about developing prostate cancer. Many preparations do not contain the advertised dosages of the active ingredient or are contaminated. Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals, particularly those addressing erectile dysfunction and libido, need to undergo rigorous testing before they can be wholeheartedly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Tamler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Hyman P, Kelner P. Pharmacotherapeutic Uses of Hormones. Nurs Clin North Am 2007; 42:1-18, v. [PMID: 17270586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the use of hormones and related molecules in pharmacology. Examples of hormones in the treatment of specific diseases is presented, including those where normal physiologic levels of hormones are restored, and others where supraphysiologic levels are used to achieve a therapeutic effect. Examples of the abuse of hormones are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hyman
- MedCentral College of Nursing, 335 Glessner Avenue, Mansfield, OH 44903, USA.
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Montbriand MJ. Herbs or Natural Products That Protect Against Cancer Growth: Part Three of a Four-Part Series. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007; 31:E127-46. [PMID: 15547627 DOI: 10.1188/04.onf.e127-e146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To provide evidence-based research information about 47 herbs and natural products that have the potential to protect against the development of cancer. DATA SOURCES Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database and Lawrence Review of Natural Products-Monograph System. Information about these herbs has been found in evidence-based studies cited in the references. DATA SYNTHESIS Early research shows that some herbs and natural products appear to have the potential to prevent cancer growth. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary evidence may be useful to healthcare professionals or patients who are concerned about cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Oncology nurses who receive this information can become resources for patients or other healthcare professionals.
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Montbriand MJ. Herbs or Natural Products That Increase Cancer Growth or Recurrence: Part Two of a Four-Part Series. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007; 31:E99-115. [PMID: 15378107 DOI: 10.1188/04.onf.e99-e115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To review 32 herbs and natural products that show potential to increase cancer growth or recurrence or to interfere with cancer treatments. DATA SOURCES Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database and Lawrence Review of Natural Products Monograph System. DATA SYNTHESIS Early evidence shows that patients who have or have had cancer should avoid 32 herbs and natural products. Some herbs and natural products have estrogenic effects that enable these products to compete with hormone cancer therapies, whereas others interfere with chemotherapy treatment or may induce recurrence of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Healthcare professionals can be resources for patients who have cancer, helping them to avoid or identify products that may induce cancer growth or interfere with cancer treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING The information in this article is designed to provide quick access for healthcare professionals working in clinical oncology.
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Dodge T, Jaccard JJ. Negative Beliefs as a Moderator of the Intention?Behavior Relationship: Decisions to Use Performance-Enhancing Substances. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-9029.2007.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kvorning T, Andersen M, Brixen K, Madsen K. Suppression of endogenous testosterone production attenuates the response to strength training: a randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded intervention study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:E1325-32. [PMID: 16868226 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00143.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that suppression of endogenous testosterone would inhibit the adaptations to strength training in otherwise healthy men. Twenty-two young men with minor experience with strength training participated in this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded intervention study. The subjects were randomized to treatment with the GnRH analog goserelin (3.6 mg) or placebo (saline) subcutaneously every 4 wk for 12 wk. The strength training period of 8 wk, starting at week 4, included exercises for all major muscles [3-4 sets per exercise x 6-10 repetitions with corresponding 6- to 10-repetition maximum (RM) loads, 3/wk]. A strength test, blood sampling, and whole body DEXA scan were performed at weeks 4 and 12. Endogenous testosterone decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in the goserelin group from 22.6 +/- 5.5 (mean +/- SD) nmol/l to 2.0 +/- 0.5 (week 4) and 1.1 +/- 0.6 nmol/l (week 12), whereas it remained constant in the placebo group. The goserelin group showed no changes in isometric knee extension strength after training, whereas the placebo group increased from 240.2 +/- 41.3 to 264.1 +/- 35.3 Nm (P < 0.05 within and P = 0.05 between groups). Lean mass of the legs increased 0.37 +/- 0.13 and 0.57 +/- 0.30 kg in the goserelin and placebo groups, respectively (P < 0.05 within and P = 0.05 between groups). Body fat mass increased 1.4 +/- 1.0 kg and decreased 0.6 +/- 1.2 kg in the goserelin and placebo groups, respectively (P < 0.05 within and between groups). We conclude that endogenous testosterone is of paramount importance to the adaptation to strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thue Kvorning
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Abstract
Testosterone prohormones such as androstenedione, androstenediol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) have been heavily marketed as testosterone-enhancing and muscle-building nutritional supplements for the past decade. Concerns over the safety of prohormone supplement use prompted the United States Food and Drug Administration to call for a ban on androstenedione sales, and Congress passed the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004, which classifies androstenedione and 17 other steroids as controlled substances. As of January 2005, these substances cannot be sold without prescription. Here, we summarize the current scientific knowledge regarding the efficacy and safety of prohormone supplementation in humans. We focus primarily on androstenedione, but we also discuss DHEA, androstenediol, 19-nor androstenedione, and 19-nor androstenediol supplements. Contrary to marketing claims, research to date indicates that the use of prohormone nutritional supplements (DHEA, androstenedione, androstenediol, and other steroid hormone supplements) does not produce either anabolic or ergogenic effects in men. Moreover, the use of prohormone nutritional supplements may raise the risk for negative health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Brown
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska at Kearney, HPERLS Department, Kearney, NE, USA
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Schrader Y, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Quantitative determination of metabolic products of 19-norandrostenediol in human plasma using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1328-35. [PMID: 16714373 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prohormones such as 19-norandrostenediol (estr-4-ene-3beta,17beta-diol) have been added to the list of prohibited substances of the World Anti-Doping Agency because they are metabolized to the common nandrolone metabolites norandrosterone and noretiocholanolone. So far, no studies on the metabolism and in vivo conversion of 19-norandrostenediol after oral or sublingual administration have been reported nor have had quantified data on resulting plasma nandrolone levels. In the present study, an open-label crossover trial with eight healthy male volunteers was conducted. After application of capsules or sublingual tablets of 19-norandrostenediol plasma concentrations of 19-norandrostenediol, nandrolone as well as major metabolites (19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone) were determined using a validated assay based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The administration of 100-mg capsules of 19-norandrostenediol yielded maximum plasma total concentrations (i.e., conjugated plus unconjugated compounds) of 1.1 ng/ml (+/-0.7) for 19-norandrostenediol, 4.0 ng/ml (+/-2.6) for nandrolone, 154.8 ng/ml (+/-130.8) for 19-norandrosterone, and 37.7 ng/ml (+/-6.9) for 19-noretiocholanolone. The use of 25-mg sublingual tablets resulted in 3.3 ng/ml (+/-1.0) for 19-norandrostenediol, 11.0 ng/ml (+/-6.4) for nandrolone, 106.3 ng/ml (+/-40.1) for 19-norandrosterone, and 28.5 ng/ml (+/-20.8) for 19-noretiocholanolone. Most interestingly, the pharmacologically active unconjugated nandrolone was determined after administration of sublingual tablets (up to 5.7 ng/ml) in contrast to capsule applications. These results demonstrate the importance of prohibiting prohormones such as 19-norandrostenediol, in particular, since plasma concentrations of nandrolone between 0.3 to 1.2 ng/ml have been reported to influence endocrinological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Schrader
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Garzon LS, Ewald RE, Rutledge CM, Meadows T. The school nurse's role in prevention of student use of performance-enhancing supplements. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2006; 76:159-63. [PMID: 16635198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An alarming trend in the United States is the use of performance-enhancing supplements by children and adolescents. These widely available over-the-counter products, often marketed as natural substances, are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration and are thus widely available. High school and even middle school students are using these supplements because they are misled into thinking that supplements will enhance their athletic skills resulting in an improvement in their performance. Yet, the safety and long-term effects of these supplements have not been established in reputable or prevalent studies. School nurses have a unique opportunity and even an ethical responsibility to help in efforts to address this growing trend. Specific roles for the school nurse include serving as a student advocate for the health and safety of children and adolescents; identifying at-risk students; forming partnerships with teachers, parents, students, coaches, athletic trainers, and local health care providers; evaluating and refining health-oriented curricula; collecting and disseminating new knowledge; and staying abreast of new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S Garzon
- School of Nursing, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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