1
|
Henry SG, Fang SY, Crawford AJ, Wintemute GJ, Tseregounis IE, Gasper JJ, Shev A, Cartus AR, Marshall BDL, Tancredi DJ, Cerdá M, Stewart SL. Impact of 30-day prescribed opioid dose trajectory on fatal overdose risk: A population-based, statewide cohort study. J Gen Intern Med 2024; 39:393-402. [PMID: 37794260 PMCID: PMC10897080 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both increases and decreases in patients' prescribed daily opioid dose have been linked to increased overdose risk, but associations between 30-day dose trajectories and subsequent overdose risk have not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between 30-day prescribed opioid dose trajectories and fatal opioid overdose risk during the subsequent 15 days. DESIGN Statewide cohort study using linked prescription drug monitoring program and death certificate data. We constructed a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model that accounted for time-varying prescription-, prescriber-, and pharmacy-level factors. PARTICIPANTS All patients prescribed an opioid analgesic in California from March to December, 2013 (5,326,392 patients). MAIN MEASURES Dependent variable: fatal drug overdose involving opioids. Primary independent variable: a 16-level variable denoting all possible opioid dose trajectories using the following categories for current and 30-day previously prescribed daily dose: 0-29, 30-59, 60-89, or ≥90 milligram morphine equivalents (MME). KEY RESULTS Relative to patients prescribed a stable daily dose of 0-29 MME, large (≥2 categories) dose increases and having a previous or current dose ≥60 MME per day were associated with significantly greater 15-day overdose risk. Patients whose dose decreased from ≥90 to 0-29 MME per day had significantly greater overdose risk compared to both patients prescribed a stable daily dose of ≥90 MME (aHR 3.56, 95%CI 2.24-5.67) and to patients prescribed a stable daily dose of 0-29 MME (aHR 7.87, 95%CI 5.49-11.28). Patients prescribed benzodiazepines also had significantly greater overdose risk; being prescribed Z-drugs, carisoprodol, or psychostimulants was not associated with overdose risk. CONCLUSIONS Large (≥2 categories) 30-day dose increases and decreases were both associated with increased risk of fatal opioid overdose, particularly for patients taking ≥90 MME whose opioids were abruptly stopped. Results align with 2022 CDC guidelines that urge caution when reducing opioid doses for patients taking long-term opioid for chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Henry
- University of California Davis Center for Healthcare Policy and Research; University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA.
| | - Shao-You Fang
- University of California Davis Center for Healthcare Policy and Research; University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
| | - Andrew J Crawford
- Violence Prevention Research Program; University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
| | - Garen J Wintemute
- Violence Prevention Research Program; University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
| | - Iraklis Erik Tseregounis
- University of California Davis Center for Healthcare Policy and Research; University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
| | - James J Gasper
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Aaron Shev
- Violence Prevention Research Program; University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
| | - Abigail R Cartus
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Rhode Island, Providence, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Rhode Island, Providence, USA
| | - Daniel J Tancredi
- University of California Davis Center for Healthcare Policy and Research; University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, California, Sacramento, USA
| | - Magdalena Cerdá
- Department of Population Health, Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy; New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Susan L Stewart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, Davis, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen AP, Palzes VA, Binswanger IA, Ahmedani BK, Altschuler A, Andrade SE, Bailey SR, Clark RE, Haller IV, Hechter RC, Karmali R, Metz VE, Poulsen MN, Roblin DW, Rosa CL, Rubinstein AL, Sanchez K, Stephens KA, Yarborough BJH, Campbell CI. Association of initial opioid prescription duration and an opioid refill by pain diagnosis: Evidence from outpatient settings in ten US health systems. Prev Med 2024; 179:107828. [PMID: 38110159 PMCID: PMC11046737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain cautioned that inflexible opioid prescription duration limits may harm patients. Information about the relationship between initial opioid prescription duration and a subsequent refill could inform prescribing policies and practices to optimize patient outcomes. We assessed the association between initial opioid duration and an opioid refill prescription. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults ≥19 years of age in 10 US health systems between 2013 and 2018 from outpatient care with a diagnosis for back pain without radiculopathy, back pain with radiculopathy, neck pain, joint pain, tendonitis/bursitis, mild musculoskeletal pain, severe musculoskeletal pain, urinary calculus, or headache. Generalized additive models were used to estimate the association between opioid days' supply and a refill prescription. RESULTS Overall, 220,797 patients were prescribed opioid analgesics upon an outpatient visit for pain. Nearly a quarter (23.5%) of the cohort received an opioid refill prescription during follow-up. The likelihood of a refill generally increased with initial duration for most pain diagnoses. About 1 to 3 fewer patients would receive a refill within 3 months for every 100 patients initially prescribed 3 vs. 7 days of opioids for most pain diagnoses. The lowest likelihood of refill was for a 1-day supply for all pain diagnoses, except for severe musculoskeletal pain (9 days' supply) and headache (3-4 days' supply). CONCLUSIONS Long-term prescription opioid use increased modestly with initial opioid prescription duration for most but not all pain diagnoses examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh P Nguyen
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America.
| | - Vanessa A Palzes
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Ingrid A Binswanger
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America; Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Denver, CO, United States of America; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America; Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian K Ahmedani
- Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Andrea Altschuler
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Susan E Andrade
- Meyers Primary Care Health Institute/Fallon Health, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Steffani R Bailey
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Robin E Clark
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Irina V Haller
- Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, MN, United States of America
| | - Rulin C Hechter
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, United States of America; Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Verena E Metz
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Melissa N Poulsen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America
| | - Douglas W Roblin
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Carmen L Rosa
- Center for the Clinical Trials Network, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Andrea L Rubinstein
- Department of Pain Medicine, The Permanente Medical Group, Santa Rosa, CA, United States of America
| | - Katherine Sanchez
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States of America; School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Kari A Stephens
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Bobbi Jo H Yarborough
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Cynthia I Campbell
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States of America; Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu R, Calvert GM, Anderson KR, Malcolm H, Cimineri L, Dupont H, Martinez M. Opioid prescriptions among the World Trade Center Health Program population. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1323. [PMID: 38037041 PMCID: PMC10687786 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Trade Center Health Program (Program) provides limited health care to those directly affected by the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Because of physical/mental trauma arising from the 9/11 attacks, Program members might be at high risk of opioid use. To prevent prescription opioid overuse, in 2018 the Program implemented various measures to improve opioid prescribing and expand access to non-opioid pain management among Program members. However, the characteristics of opioid prescriptions dispensed among this population has never been described. METHODS Administrative and claims data from 07/01/2011 to 09/30/2022 were used to describe opioid prescriptions dispensed during 2013-2021. RESULTS From 2013-2021, 108,285 members were Program-enrolled for ≥ 10 months, 4,053 (3.7%) had 22,938 outpatient opioid prescriptions, of which, 62.1% were for cancer-related pain, 11.1% for hospice/end of life care, 4.8% for surgery pain, and 9.8% for acute/chronic pain. Among members with Program-paid diagnostic/treatment claims (n = 70,721), the proportion with opioid prescriptions for cancer/hospice/end of life care increased from 0.5% in 2013 to 1.6% in 2018 (p = 0.010), then decreased to 1.1% in 2021 (p = 0.070), and the proportion for non-cancer surgery/acute/chronic pain decreased from 0.6% in 2013 to 0.23% in 2021 (p = 0.0005). Among members prescribed opioids without cancer/hospice/sickle cell disease, the proportion who started with long-acting opioids or had opioid prescriptions from ≥ 4 prescribers were below 6.5% annually; the proportion receiving a high-dose (≥ 90 morphine milligram equivalents per day [MED]), or with concurrent opioids and benzodiazepines use, or who started opioids with MED ≥ 50 or with long duration (≥ 7 days' supply) were above 10% annually, but decreased since 2017. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of outpatient opioid prescriptions paid by the Program was very low and prescriptions were primarily dispensed for cancer/hospice/end of life care. Although Program efforts to improve opioid prescribing coincided with improvements in outcomes, ongoing surveillance is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Liu
- World Trade Center Health Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Geoffrey M Calvert
- World Trade Center Health Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Kristi R Anderson
- World Trade Center Health Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Helen Malcolm
- World Trade Center Health Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Lauren Cimineri
- World Trade Center Health Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Hannah Dupont
- World Trade Center Health Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Marisol Martinez
- World Trade Center Health Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sze J, Chan T, Dalpoas S, Kiruthi C, Harris CM, Gundareddy V, Parker MS, Jacob E. Implementation of a Pharmacist-Led, Multidisciplinary Naloxone Patient Education Program at an Academic Medical Center. J Pharm Pract 2023; 36:1201-1210. [PMID: 35484711 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221094268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Opioid related overdoses are a leading cause of death in the United States (U.S). National, state and local initiatives have been implemented to combat the opioid crisis. However, there is a paucity of initiatives that examine the role of comprehensive naloxone education interventions for hospitalized patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to design a multidisciplinary, pharmacist-driven, standardized, patient and product tailored, inpatient naloxone education program (NEP) at a U.S. academic medical center, targeting patients at high risk of opioid overdose, and to examine patients' retention of education. Methods: This prospective pilot study targeted hospitalized patients who were considered at high-risk for opioid overdose once discharged. Using daily screening methods and established inclusion criteria, we evaluated the impact of implementing a patient-tailored NEP. The primary outcome measures were patient knowledge and awareness of naloxone use. A paired t-test analysis was conducted to assess for improvement in patient naloxone awareness and knowledge. Results: Of ninety-five patients screened, forty-four patients met inclusion criteria and nineteen patients completed naloxone education along with pre- and post-assessments. Patients more accurately completed the assessment, indicating enhanced knowledge about naloxone use and administration, following the naloxone education (4.68 ± .13 vs 3.42 ± .31 out of 5 questions, mean ± SEM; P = .0016). Conclusion: This study found a positive impact on patient knowledge of naloxone use and administration following implementation of a robust and comprehensive NEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sze
- OptumRx, Customer Service, United Health Group, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - Tsz Chan
- OptumRx, Customer Service, United Health Group, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - Stacy Dalpoas
- Department of Pharmacy, Novant Health, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Catherine Kiruthi
- Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Che Matthew Harris
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Venkat Gundareddy
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marlena S Parker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| | - Elsen Jacob
- College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Charron E, Brooks JH, Peterson KT, Akinwolere OG, Winhusen T, Cochran G. Mapping prescription drug monitoring program data to self-report measures of non-medical prescription opioid use in community pharmacy settings. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:1171-1177. [PMID: 37142474 PMCID: PMC10523937 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists are well-positioned to identify patients engaged in non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) through Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) databases. Integrating patient-reported outcomes with PDMP data may improve the interpretability of PDMP information to support clinical decision-making. OBJECTIVE This study linked patient-reported clinical measures of substance use with PDMP data to examine relationships between average daily opioid dose in morphine milligram equivalents (MME) and visits to multiple pharmacies/prescribers with self-reported NMPOU. METHODS Data from a cross-sectional health assessment given to patients aged ≥18 years filling opioid prescriptions were linked to PDMP records. NMPOU in the past three months was assessed on a continuous scale (range 0-39) using an adapted version of the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). PDMP measures included average daily MME and number of distinct pharmacies/prescribers visited in the past 180 days. Univariable and multivariable zero-inflated negative binomial models estimated associations between PDMP measures and any NMPOU and severity of use. RESULTS The sample included 1421 participants. In multivariable models adjusted for sociodemographic, mental health, and physical health characteristics, any NMPOU was associated with higher average daily MME (adjusted OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.05-1.39) and number of distinct prescribers visited (adjusted OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01-1.30). Higher average daily MME (adjusted mean ratio (MR) = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.08-1.15), number of distinct pharmacies visited (adjusted MR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.04-1.18), and number of distinct prescribers visited (adjusted MR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02-1.11) were associated with increased NMPOU severity. CONCLUSIONS We observed significant, positive associations between average daily MME and visits to multiple pharmacies/prescribers with any NMPOU and severity of use. This study demonstrates self-report clinical measures of substance use can be cross-walked to PDMP data and translated into clinically interpretable information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Charron
- Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Schusterman Center, Tulsa OK, USA; Program for Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge, and Advocacy (PARCKA) Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jennifer H Brooks
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keegan T Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - T Winhusen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gerald Cochran
- Program for Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge, and Advocacy (PARCKA) Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu H, Zheng J, Wang Y. Geospatial Analysis of Opioid Dispensing Patterns in California: A 2021 Real-World Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1732. [PMID: 37372850 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11121732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The misuse and abuse of opioids has become a serious public health threat in the United States. The state of California has been hit particularly hard by the opioid epidemic, with a noticeable increase in opioid-related fatalities and hospitalizations. This brief report paper aims to contribute to the growing literature by conducting a geospatial analysis of opioid dispensing patterns in California in 2021. The primary objective was to identify areas characterized by high-risk opioid dispending patterns and explore possible contributing factors. This retrospective study analyzed data from over 7 million records of opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions dispensed by outpatient pharmacies in California in 2021. A series of generalized linear regression models was employed to assess the impact of neighborhood characteristics on opioid recipients and high-risk opioid dispensing. The study defined high-risk opioid dispensing behavior as: (1) multiple provider episodes, (2) overlapping opioid prescriptions for seven or more days, (3) overlapping opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions for seven or more days, and (4) a high standardized dosage of opioid prescriptions per month. The study identified variables associated with high-risk opioid dispensing behaviors, including age, population density, income, and housing-related variables, as well as marital status and family-related variables. The study uncovered that there are noticeable disparities in opioid dispensing among different racial and ethnic groups within California. The findings indicated a correlation of high-risk dispensing indicators with certain demographic and socioeconomic factors. There was a substantial regional variation in opioid dispensing practices, with certain rural areas having higher rates of opioid prescriptions than urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jianwei Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Migliorini F, Vaishya R, Pappalardo G, Schneider M, Bell A, Maffulli N. Between guidelines and clinical trials: evidence-based advice on the pharmacological management of non-specific chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:432. [PMID: 37254090 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological management of nonspecific chronic low back pain (NCLBP) aims to restore patients' daily activities and improve their quality of life. The management of NCLBP is not well codified and extremely heterogeneous, and residual symptoms are common. Pharmacological management should be considered as co-adjuvant to non-pharmacological therapy, and should be guided by the symptoms reported by the patients. Depending on the individual severity of NCLPB, pharmacological management may range from nonopioid to opioid analgesics. It is important to identify patients with generalized sensory hypersensitivity, who may benefit from dedicated therapy. This article provides an evidence-based overview of the principles of pharmacological management of NCLPB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital of Aachen, 52064, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), Bolzano, 39100, Italy.
| | - Raju Vaishya
- Department of Orthopedics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals Institutes of Orthopaedics, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Marco Schneider
- Department of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58455, Witten, Germany
- Department of Arthroscopy and Joint Replacement, MVZ Praxisklinik Orthopädie Aachen, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bell
- Department of Orthopedics, Eifelklinik St. Brigida, Simmerath, Germany
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081, Italy
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, London, E1 4DG, England
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Stoke on Trent, Keele University Faculty of Medicine, Keele, England
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grover C, How J, Close R. Fentanyl, etizolam, and beyond: A feasibility study of a community partnership using handheld Raman spectrometry to identify substances in the local illicit drug supply. J Public Health Res 2023; 12:22799036231166313. [PMID: 37035449 PMCID: PMC10074623 DOI: 10.1177/22799036231166313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The United States is currently experiencing an unprecedented rise in fatal drug overdoses, which is in part due to the arrival of fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other synthetic drugs into the illicit drug supply. Traditional urine drug testing is often unable to detect fentanyl analogs and other novel synthetic drugs, which places physicians and first responders in the difficult position of treating patients who are intoxicated with or overdosing on unknown substances. Design and methods: We report, as a feasibility study, the development of a novel program to use a handheld Raman spectrometry device in our hospital’s Emergency Department to surveil our local illicit drug supply in terms of what substances are being sold and used. Results: Using our novel program, we were able to detect 27 substances in our illicit drug supply over a 10 month period, including fentanyl analogues. We shared, through our local opioid safety coalition, real-time information to first responders, substance use treatment programs, and physicians about the novel substances we detected using the handheld Raman spectrometer. Conclusions: A community partnership of using handheld Raman spectrometry in our hospital’s Emergency Department was successful in providing information to health care providers about novel substances in our illicit drug market. Additionally, the implementation of this program improved collaboration between local health care providers and local law enforcement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey Grover
- Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Justine How
- Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Reb Close
- Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula, Monterey, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Novel Approach to PDMP Reporting: Adapting Opioid Quality Measures to PDMP Data. J Healthc Qual 2023; 45:107-116. [PMID: 36580035 DOI: 10.1097/jhq.0000000000000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The SUPPORT Act provided resources for developing prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) capable of reporting on four specific opioid quality measures. Therefore, the objective of this pilot study was to map, test, and adapt these claims-based opioid quality measures specified for health plan performance to PDMP data for state-level performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Maryland PDMP and claims from Maryland Medicaid beneficiaries continuously enrolled from April 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020. RESULTS The measure rates as specified using claims data are closely aligned with the measure rates when mapped and adapted to PDMP data. The Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines measure rates were 14.49% and 15.31%, the OHD rates were 12.44% and 13.54%, the OHDMP rates were 0.01% and 0.40%, and the Use of Opioids from Multiple Providers in Persons Without Cancer rates were 0.12% and 3.03% for the claims-based and adapted measures, respectively. DISCUSSION This is a novel application that may be replicated in other states to support quality improvement and can have a measurable effect on stemming the drug abuse epidemic. CONCLUSIONS This will facilitate data sharing of the opioid quality measure reporting within the Maryland PDMP and stakeholders responsible for caring for Maryland Medicaid beneficiaries. Owing to the encouragement by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, other states' PDMPs may require the adaptation of these measures. This will open the door for innovative state-level policy and practice interventions. The quantification of outcomes related to these measures will inform our learning healthcare system and help support the Quintuple Aim.
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh N, Varshney U. Adaptive interventions for opioid prescription management and consumption monitoring. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2023; 30:511-528. [PMID: 36562638 PMCID: PMC9933075 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocac253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While opioid addiction, treatment, and recovery are receiving attention, not much has been done on adaptive interventions to prevent opioid use disorder (OUD). To address this, we identify opioid prescription and opioid consumption as promising targets for adaptive interventions and present a design framework. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the framework, we designed Smart Prescription Management (SPM) and Smart Consumption Monitoring (SCM) interventions. The interventions are evaluated using analytical modeling and secondary data on doctor shopping, opioid overdose, prescription quality, and cost components. RESULTS SPM was most effective (30-90% improvement, for example, prescriptions reduced from 18 to 1.8 per patient) for extensive doctor shopping and reduced overdose events and mortality. Opioid adherence was improved and the likelihood of addiction declined (10-30%) as the response rate to SCM was increased. There is the potential for significant incentives ($2267-$3237) to be offered for addressing severe OUD. DISCUSSION The framework and designed interventions adapt to changing needs and conditions of the patients to become an important part of global efforts in preventing OUD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper on adaptive interventions for preventing OUD by addressing both prescription and consumption. CONCLUSION SPM and SCM improved opioid prescription and consumption while reducing the risk of opioid addiction. These interventions will assist in better prescription decisions and in managing opioid consumption leading to desirable outcomes. The interventions can be extended to other substance use disorders and to study complex scenarios of prescription and nonprescription opioids in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Singh
- Department of Management Information Systems, University of Illinois Springfield, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Upkar Varshney
- Department of Computer Information Systems, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Olfson M, Waidmann T, King M, Pancini V, Schoenbaum M. Population-Based Opioid Prescribing and Overdose Deaths in the USA: an Observational Study. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:390-398. [PMID: 35657466 PMCID: PMC9905341 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rising opioid-related death rates have prompted reductions of opioid prescribing, yet limited data exist on population-level associations between opioid prescribing and opioid-related deaths. OBJECTIVE To evaluate population-level associations between five opioid prescribing measures and opioid-related deaths. DESIGN An ecological panel analysis was performed using linear regression models with year and commuting zone fixed effects. PARTICIPANTS People ≥10 years aggregated into 886 commuting zones, which are geographic regions collectively comprising the entire USA. MAIN MEASURES Annual opioid prescriptions were measured with IQVIA Real World Longitudinal Prescription Data including 76.5% (2009) to 90.0% (2017) of US prescriptions. Prescription measures included opioid prescriptions per capita, percent of population with ≥1 opioid prescription, percent with high-dose prescription, percent with long-term prescription, and percent with opioid prescriptions from ≥3 prescribers. Outcomes were age- and sex-standardized associations of change in opioid prescriptions with change in deaths involving any opioids, synthetics other than methadone, heroin but not synthetics or methadone, and prescription opioids, but not other opioids. KEY RESULTS Change in total regional opioid-related deaths was positively correlated with change in regional opioid prescriptions per capita (β=.110, p<.001), percent with ≥1 opioid prescription (β=.100, p=.001), and percent with high-dose prescription (β=.081, p<.001). Change in total regional deaths involving prescription opioids was positively correlated with change in all five opioid prescribing measures. Conversely, change in total regional deaths involving synthetic opioids was negatively correlated with change in percent with long-term opioid prescriptions and percent with ≥3 prescribers, but not for persons ≥45 years. Change in total regional deaths in heroin was not associated with change in any prescription measure. CONCLUSIONS Regional decreases in opioid prescriptions were associated with declines in overdose deaths involving prescription opioids, but were also associated with increases in deaths involving synthetic opioids (primarily fentanyl). Individual-level inferences are limited by the ecological nature of the analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Olfson
- New York State Psychiatric Institute/Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, USA.
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Marissa King
- School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aram JW, Spencer MRT, Garnett MF, Hedegaard HB. Psychological distress and the risk of drug overdose death. J Affect Disord 2022; 318:16-21. [PMID: 36057284 PMCID: PMC9664726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown an association between psychological distress and overdose death among specific populations. However, few studies have examined this relationship in a large US population-based cohort. METHODS Data from the 2010-2018 NHIS were linked to mortality data from the National Death Index through 2019. Psychological distress was measured using the Kessler 6 scale. Drug overdose deaths were examined, and deaths from all other causes were included as a comparison group. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate mortality risk by psychological distress level. RESULTS The study population included 272,561 adults. Adjusting for demographic covariates and using no psychological distress as the reference, distress level was positively associated with the risk of overdose death: low (HR = 1.8, 95 % CI = 1.1-2.8), moderate (HR = 4.1, 95 % CI = 2.5-6.7), high (HR = 10.3, 95 % CI = 6.5-16.1). A similar pattern was observed for deaths from all other causes: low (HR = 1.2, 95 % CI = 1.1-1.2), moderate (HR = 1.9, 95 % CI = 1.7-2.0), high (HR = 2.6, 95 % CI = 2.4-2.8). LIMITATIONS Limited substance use information prevented adjustment for this potentially important covariate. DISCUSSION Adults with psychological distress were at greater risk of drug overdose death, relative to those without psychological distress. Adults with psychological distress were also at increased risk of death due to other causes, though the association was not as strong.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Aram
- Division of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
| | - Merianne Rose T Spencer
- Division of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Matthew F Garnett
- Division of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Holly B Hedegaard
- Division of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Emary PC, Brown AL, Oremus M, Mbuagbaw L, Cameron DF, DiDonato J, Busse JW. The association between chiropractic integration in an Ontario community health centre and continued prescription opioid use for chronic non-cancer spinal pain: a sequential explanatory mixed methods study. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1313. [PMID: 36329472 PMCID: PMC9635131 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that access to chiropractic care may reduce the likelihood of initiating an opioid prescription for spinal pain; however, the impact of chiropractic care for patients already prescribed opioids is uncertain. We undertook a sequential explanatory mixed methods study to evaluate the association between initiating chiropractic care and continued opioid use among adult patients attending an Ontario community health centre (CHC) and receiving opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer spinal pain. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 210 patient records between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2020. We used generalized estimating equations, adjusted for patient demographics, co-morbidities, visit frequency, and calendar year, to evaluate the association between receipt versus non-receipt of chiropractic services and continued opioid use (e.g., unique opioid fills, number of refills, and dosages) up to one year following the index chiropractic visit. We also completed follow-up interviews with 14 patients and nine general practitioners from the CHC and integrated these data with our quantitative findings. RESULTS Over 12-month follow-up, there were lower rates of opioid fills (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.83) and refills (IRR = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.17-0.42) among chiropractic recipients (n = 49) versus non-recipients (n = 161). Although patients who did and did not receive chiropractic care began the study with the same dose of opioids, recipients were less likely to be prescribed higher-dose opioids (i.e., ≥ 50 mg morphine equivalents daily) compared to non-recipients at three months (odds ratio [OR] = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04-0.47), six months (OR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.05-0.40), nine months (OR = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.07-0.57), and 12 months (OR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.08-0.62). Interviews suggested that patient self-efficacy, limited effectiveness of opioids for chronic pain, stigma regarding use of opioids, and access to chiropractic treatment were important influencing factors. CONCLUSION We found that continued prescription opioid use among patients with chronic non-cancer spinal pain who received chiropractic care was lower than in patients who did not receive chiropractic care. Four themes emerged in our qualitative interviews to help provide a richer understanding of this association. Randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the effect of chiropractic care on opioid use for chronic spinal pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Emary
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada ,Chiropractic Department, D’Youville University, Buffalo, NY USA ,Private Practice, 1145 Concession Road, N3H 4L5 Cambridge, ON Canada
| | - Amy L. Brown
- Private Practice, 1145 Concession Road, N3H 4L5 Cambridge, ON Canada
| | - Mark Oremus
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.46078.3d0000 0000 8644 1405School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.416721.70000 0001 0742 7355Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O’Sullivan Research Centre, St. Joseph’s Healthcare- Hamilton, Hamilton, ON Canada ,Centre for the Development of Best Practices in Health, Yaundé, Cameroon ,grid.11956.3a0000 0001 2214 904XDivision of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Jenna DiDonato
- Chiropractic Department, D’Youville University, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Jason W. Busse
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada ,Chronic Pain Centre of Excellence for Canadian Veterans, Hamilton, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Acharya M, Hayes CJ, Li C, Painter JT, Dayer L, Martin BC. Development of a potential opioid misuse measure from administrative dispensing data and contrasting opioid misuse among individuals on long-term tramadol, long-term short-acting hydrocodone or long-term short-acting oxycodone therapy in Arkansas. Curr Med Res Opin 2022; 38:1947-1957. [PMID: 36000252 PMCID: PMC10507676 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2112874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to: (1) construct and validate a composite potential opioid misuse score; and (2) compare potential opioid misuse among individuals prescribed long-term therapy on tramadol, short-acting hydrocodone or short-acting oxycodone. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using Arkansas All-Payer Claims Database (APCD; 2013-2018) linked to Arkansas Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP; 2014-2017) and state death certificate data (2013-2018). The study subjects were ambulatory, cancer-free adults with incident long-term therapy on tramadol, short-acting hydrocodone or short-acting oxycodone. The number of opioid prescribers/pharmacies, cash payment for opioid prescriptions, overlapping prescribers/pharmacies and a composite misuse score (derived from opioid prescribers/pharmacies and cash payment) were assessed in two 180 day windows as potential measures of misuse. The composite score was developed based on associations observed with opioid overdose and opioid-related injuries. RESULTS A total of 17,816 (tramadol), 23,660 (hydrocodone) and 4799 (oxycodone) persons were included. The composite score had modest discrimination for overdose (c-index = 0.65). In the first 180 day period, the average composite misuse scores were 1.28 (tramadol), 1.93 (hydrocodone) and 2.18 (oxycodone). Compared to long-term hydrocodone, long-term tramadol had lower misuse (IRR [95% CI]: 0.75 [0.73-0.76]), and long-term oxycodone had higher misuse (1.09 [1.07-1.11]) in adjusted analyses. Qualitatively similar associations were observed for nearly all individual component measures of misuse. CONCLUSION A composite measure of potential opioid misuse had modest levels of discrimination in detecting overdose. In comparison to long-term hydrocodone therapy, long-term oxycodone had higher and tramadol had lower risk of potential opioid misuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahip Acharya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Corey J Hayes
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Systems, North Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Chenghui Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jacob T Painter
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Systems, North Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Lindsey Dayer
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Bradley C Martin
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Han X, Li H, Tang YL, Palfrey J, Zhu J. The association of state-level drug and opioid overdose deaths with the capacity of behavioural health professionals in the United States. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e4585-e4593. [PMID: 35715970 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As behavioural health occupations have diversified, more specialists such as social workers and counsellors are involved in providing substance use disorder treatment services. This study examined the association between changes in the number of different types of behavioural health professionals and changes in drug and opioid overdose deaths in the United States. Using publicly available state-level data from 2008 to 2017, we constructed multivariate linear regression models with state- and year fixed-effects to examine the effect of changes in the number of different types of behavioural health professionals (i.e. psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and counsellors) on changes in drug and opioid overdose deaths at the state level, controlling for state population characteristics and other state-level factors. After controlling for confounding factors, a 1% increase in the number of social workers and counsellors at the state level was significantly associated with a 0.215% reduction in drug overdose deaths per 100,000 state population and with a 0.358% reduction in opioid overdose deaths per 100,000 state population. We did not find statistically significant associations between changes in drug overdose death rates and increases in the number of psychiatrists or psychologists alone. Our findings suggest efforts to facilitate a prepared and skilled workforce, such as expanding the capacity of social workers and counsellors, to maximise access to substance use disorder treatment services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Han
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huihui Li
- School of Economics and Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi-Lang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Georgia
- Mental Health Service Line, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Judith Palfrey
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiming Zhu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang S, Silverman A, Suen SC, Andrews C, Chen BK. Differential patterns of opioid misuse between younger and older adults - a retrospective observational study using data from South Carolina's prescription drug monitoring program. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022; 48:618-628. [PMID: 36194086 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2124380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background: Most research on opioid misuse focuses on younger adults, yet opioid-related mortality has risen fastest among older Americans over age 55.Objectives: To assess whether there are differential patterns of opioid misuse over time between younger and older adults and whether South Carolina's mandatory Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) affected opioid misuse differentially between the two groups.Methods: We used South Carolina's Reporting and Identification Prescription Tracking System from 2010 to 2018 to calculate an opioid misuse score for 193,073 patients (sex unknown) using days' supply, morphine milligram equivalents (MME), and the numbers of unique prescribers and dispensaries. Multivariable regression was used to assess differential opioid misuse patterns by age group over time and in response to implementation of South Carolina's mandatory PDMP in 2017.Results: We found that between 2011 and 2018, older adults received 57% (p < .01) more in total MME and 25.4 days more (p < .01) in supply, but received prescriptions from fewer doctors (-0.063 doctors, p < 01) and pharmacies (-0.11 pharmacies, p < 01) per year versus younger adults. However, older adults had lower odds of receiving a high misuse score (OR 0.88, p < .01). After the 2017 legislation, misuse scores fell among younger adults (OR 0.79, p < .01) relative to 2011, but not among older adults.Conclusion: Older adults may misuse opioids differently compared to younger adults. Assessment of policies to reduce opioid misuse should take into account subgroup differences that may be masked at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suyanpeng Zhang
- Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allie Silverman
- Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Sze-Chuan Suen
- Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina Andrews
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brian K Chen
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Emary PC, Brown AL, Oremus M, Mbuagbaw L, Cameron DF, DiDonato J, Busse JW. Association of Chiropractic Care With Receiving an Opioid Prescription for Noncancer Spinal Pain Within a Canadian Community Health Center: A Mixed Methods Analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2022; 45:235-247. [PMID: 36008170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the association between receipt of chiropractic services and initiating a prescription for opioids among adult patients with noncancer spinal pain in a Canadian community health center. METHODS In this sequential explanatory mixed methods analysis, we conducted a retrospective study of 945 patient records (January 2014 to December 2020) and completed interviews with 14 patients and 9 general practitioners. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, adjusted for patient demographics, comorbidities, visit frequency, and calendar year to evaluate the association between receipt of chiropractic care and time to first opioid prescription up to 1 year after presentation. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically and integrated with our quantitative findings. RESULTS There were 24% of patients (227 of 945) with noncancer spinal pain who received a prescription for opioids. The risk of initiating a prescription for opioids at 1 year after presentation was 52% lower in chiropractic recipients vs nonrecipients (hazard ratio [HR], 0.48; 99% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.77) and 71% lower in patients who received chiropractic services within 30 days of their index visit (HR, 0.29; 99% CI, 0.13-0.68). Patients whose index visit date was in a more recent calendar year were also less likely to receive opioids (HR, 0.86; 99% CI, 0.76-0.97). Interviews suggested that self-efficacy, access to chiropractic services, opioid stigma, and treatment impact were influencing factors. CONCLUSION Patients with noncancer spinal pain who received chiropractic care were less likely to obtain a prescription for opioids than patients who did not receive chiropractic care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Emary
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Chiropractic Department, D'Youville University, Buffalo, New York; Private practice, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amy L Brown
- Private practice, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Oremus
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Centre for the Development of Best Practices in Health, Division of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Jenna DiDonato
- Chiropractic Department, D'Youville University, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jason W Busse
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Chronic Pain Centre of Excellence for Canadian Veterans, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tempalski B, Williams LD, Kolak M, Ompad DC, Koschinsky J, McLafferty SL. Conceptualizing the Socio-Built Environment: An Expanded Theoretical Framework to Promote a Better Understanding of Risk for Nonmedical Opioid Overdose Outcomes in Urban and Non-Urban Settings. J Urban Health 2022; 99:701-716. [PMID: 35672547 PMCID: PMC9360264 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-022-00645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonmedical opioid (NMO) use has been linked to significant increases in rates of NMO morbidity and mortality in non-urban areas. While there has been a great deal of empirical evidence suggesting that physical features of built environments represent strong predictors of drug use and mental health outcomes in urban settings, there is a dearth of research assessing the physical, built environment features of non-urban settings in order to predict risk for NMO overdose outcomes. Likewise, there is strong extant literature suggesting that social characteristics of environments also predict NMO overdoses and other NMO use outcomes, but limited research that considers the combined effects of both physical and social characteristics of environments on NMO outcomes. As a result, important gaps in the scientific literature currently limit our understanding of how both physical and social features of environments shape risk for NMO overdose in rural and suburban settings and therefore limit our ability to intervene effectively. In order to foster a more holistic understanding of environmental features predicting the emerging epidemic of NMO overdose, this article presents a novel, expanded theoretical framework that conceptualizes "socio-built environments" as comprised of (a) environmental characteristics that are applicable to both non-urban and urban settings and (b) not only traditional features of environments as conceptualized by the extant built environment framework, but also social features of environments. This novel framework can help improve our ability to identify settings at highest risk for high rates of NMO overdose, in order to improve resource allocation, targeting, and implementation for interventions such as opioid treatment services, mental health services, and care and harm reduction services for people who use drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tempalski
- Center for Community-Based Population Health Research, NDRI-USA, Inc., 31 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Leslie D. Williams
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, 1603 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Marynia Kolak
- Center for Spatial Data Science, University of Chicago, 1155 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Danielle C. Ompad
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, and the Department of Epidemiology, New York University School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Julia Koschinsky
- Center for Spatial Data Science, University of Chicago, 1155 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Sara L. McLafferty
- Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1301 W Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Inoue K, Ritz B, Arah OA. Causal Effect of Chronic Pain on Mortality Through Opioid Prescriptions: Application of the Front-Door Formula. Epidemiology 2022; 33:572-580. [PMID: 35384895 PMCID: PMC9148671 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide and is strongly associated with the epidemic of opioid overdosing events. However, the causal links between chronic pain, opioid prescriptions, and mortality remain unclear. METHODS This study included 13,884 US adults aged ≥20 years who provided data on chronic pain in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 with linkage to mortality databases through 2015. We employed the generalized form of the front-door formula within the structural causal model framework to investigate the causal effect of chronic pain on all-cause mortality mediated by opioid prescriptions. RESULTS We identified a total of 718 participants at 3 years of follow-up and 1260 participants at 5 years as having died from all causes. Opioid prescriptions increased the risk of all-cause mortality with an estimated odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) = 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) at 3 years and 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) at 5 years. The front-door formula revealed that chronic pain increased the risk of all-cause mortality through opioid prescriptions; OR = 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) at 3 years and 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) at 5 years. Our bias analysis showed that our findings based on the front-door formula were likely robust to plausible sources of bias from uncontrolled exposure-mediator or mediator-outcome confounding. CONCLUSIONS Chronic pain increased the risk of all-cause mortality through opioid prescriptions. Our findings highlight the importance of careful guideline-based chronic pain management to prevent death from possibly inappropriate opioid prescriptions driven by chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Inoue
- From the Department of Social Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Onyebuchi A. Arah
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Statistics, UCLA College, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Center for Social Statistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- California Center for Population Research, UCLA Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Quinn PD, Chang Z, Bair MJ, Rickert ME, Gibbons RD, Kroenke K, D’Onofrio BM. Associations of opioid prescription dose and discontinuation with risk of substance-related morbidity in long-term opioid therapy. Pain 2022; 163:e588-e595. [PMID: 34326295 PMCID: PMC8795234 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Efforts to reduce opioid-related harms have decreased opioid prescription but have provoked concerns about unintended consequences, particularly for long-term opioid therapy (LtOT) recipients. Research is needed to address the knowledge gap regarding how risk of substance-related morbidity changes across LtOT and its discontinuation. This study used nationwide commercial insurance claims data and a within-individual design to examine associations of LtOT dose and discontinuation with substance-related morbidity. We identified 194,839 adolescents and adults who initiated opioid prescription in 2010 to 2018 and subsequently received LtOT. The cohort was followed for a median of 965 days (interquartile range, 525-1550), of which a median of 176 days (119-332) were covered by opioid prescription. During follow-up, there were 17,582 acute substance-related morbidity events, defined as claims for emergency visits, inpatient hospitalizations, and ambulance transportation with substance use disorder or overdose diagnoses. Relative to initial treatment, risk was greater within individual during subsequent periods of >60 to 120 (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.49) and >120 (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.24-1.76) daily morphine milligram equivalents. Risk was also greater during days 1 to 30 after discontinuations than during initial treatment (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.35). However, it was no greater than during the 30 days before discontinuations, indicating that the risk may not be wholly attributable to discontinuation itself. Results were supported by a negative control pharmacotherapy analysis and additional sensitivity analyses. They suggest that LtOT recipients may experience increased substance-related morbidity risk during treatment subsequent to initial opioid prescription, particularly in periods involving higher doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Quinn
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Zheng Chang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew J. Bair
- VA HSR&D Center for Health Information and Communication, Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Martin E. Rickert
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Robert D. Gibbons
- Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kurt Kroenke
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brian M. D’Onofrio
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferris LM, Weiner JP, Saloner B, Kharrazi H. Comparing person-level matching algorithms to identify risk across disparate datasets among patients with a controlled substance prescription: retrospective analysis. JAMIA Open 2022; 5:ooac020. [PMID: 35571361 PMCID: PMC9097759 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The opioid epidemic in the United States has precipitated a need for public health agencies to better understand risk factors associated with fatal overdoses. Matching person-level information stored in public health, medical, and human services datasets can enhance the understanding of opioid overdose risk factors and interventions.
Objective
This study compares approximate match versus exact match algorithms to link disparate datasets together for identifying persons at risk from an applied perspective.
Methods
This study used statewide prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP), arrest, and mortality data matched at the person-level using an approximate match and 2 exact match algorithms. Impact of matching was assessed by analyzing 3 independent concepts: (1) the prevalence of key risk indicators used by PDMP programs in practice, (2) the prevalence of arrests and fatal opioid overdose, and (3) the performance of a multivariate logistic regression for fatal opioid overdose. The PDMP key risk indicators included (1) multiple provider episodes (MPE), or patients with prescriptions from multiple prescribers and dispensers, (2) high morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs), which represents an opioid’s potency relative to morphine, and (3) overlapping opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions.
Results
Prevalence of PDMP-based risk indicators were higher in the approximate match population for MPEs (n = 4893/1 859 445 [0.26%]) and overlapping opioid/benzodiazepines (n = 57 888/1 859 445 [4.71%]), but the exact-basic match population had the highest prevalence of individuals with high MMEs (n = 664/1 910 741 [3.11%]). Prevalence of arrests and deaths were highest for the approximate match population compared with the exact match populations. Model performance was comparable across the 3 matching algorithms (exact-basic validation area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]: 0.854; approximate validation AUC: 0.847; exact + zip validation AUC: 0.826) but resulted in different cutoff points balancing sensitivity and specificity.
Conclusions
Our study illustrates the specific tradeoffs of different matching methods. Further research should be performed to compare matching algorithms and its impact on the prevalence of key risk indicators in an applied setting that can improve understanding of risk within a population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Ferris
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Chesapeake Regional Information System for our Patients, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan P Weiner
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center for Population Health Information Technology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brendan Saloner
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hadi Kharrazi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center for Population Health Information Technology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons/American Society for Surgery of the Hand Clinical Practice Guideline Summary Management of Distal Radius Fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2022; 30:e480-e486. [PMID: 35143462 PMCID: PMC9196973 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-21-00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Management of Distal Radius Fractures Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline is based on a systematic review of published studies for the treatment of distal radius fractures in adults older than 18 years. The scope of this guideline is limited to the treatment of acute distal radius fractures and does not address distal radius malunion. This guideline contains seven recommendations to assist orthopaedic surgeons and all qualified physicians managing patients with acute distal radius fractures based on the best current available evidence. It serves as an information resource for professional healthcare practitioners and developers of practice guidelines and recommendations. In addition to providing pragmatic practice recommendations, this guideline also highlights gaps in the literature and informs areas for future research and quality measure development.
Collapse
|
23
|
Teeter BS, Thannisch MM, Martin BC, Zaller ND, Jones D, Mosley CL, Curran GM. Opioid overdose counseling and prescribing of naloxone in rural community pharmacies: A pilot study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2022; 2. [PMID: 35128518 PMCID: PMC8813166 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fatal overdoses from opioids increased four-fold from 1999 to 2009, and they are now the leading cause of death among Americans under 50. Legislation has been passed by every state to increase access to naloxone but dispensing by community pharmacies remains low. Objectives The objective of this study was to pilot test a proactive opioid overdose counseling intervention and a passive naloxone intervention, and the implementation strategies developed to support their delivery, in rural community pharmacies on relevant implementation outcomes. Methods The interventions, implementation strategies, and the overall pilot study approach were developed in a collaborative partnership with a regional supermarket pharmacy chain. They selected 2 rural pharmacies to participate in the pilot study and 2 non-intervention pharmacies to serve as comparison sites. Two interventions were pilot tested in the 2 intervention pharmacies: 1)a proactive opioid overdose counseling intervention and 2) a passive naloxone intervention. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was utilized to evaluate adoption, feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness outcomes after the 3-month observation period. Results Between the 2 intervention pharmacies, 130 patients received the opioid overdose counseling intervention. 44 (33.8%) were prescribed and dispensed naloxone. Zero naloxone prescriptions were written or dispensed at the comparison pharmacies. Interviews with pharmacy staff found the interventions to be feasible, acceptable, and appropriate in their settings. Conclusion This small scale pilot study in partnership with a regional supermarket pharmacy chain had positive results with a third of patients who received the opioid overdose counseling intervention being dispensed naloxone. However, the majority of patients did not receive naloxone indicating additional revisions to the intervention components and/or implementation strategies are needed to improve the overall impact of the interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Teeter
- Center for Implementation Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America
| | - Mary M Thannisch
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America
| | - Bradley C Martin
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America
| | - Nickolas D Zaller
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America
| | - Duane Jones
- Harps Food Stores, Inc., Springdale, AR 72762, United States of America
| | - Cynthia L Mosley
- Center for Implementation Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey M Curran
- Center for Implementation Research, Departments of Pharmacy Practice and Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America.,Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Fort Roots Drive, North Little Rock, AR 72114, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Impact of a PDMP-EHR Data Integration Combined With Clinical Decision Support on Opioid and Benzodiazepine Prescribing Across Clinicians in a Metropolitan Area. J Addict Med 2022; 16:324-332. [PMID: 34392255 PMCID: PMC8831644 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite inconclusive evidence that prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP) reduce opioid-related mortality, guidelines recommend PDMP review with opioid prescribing. Some reported barriers to use include time-consuming processes to obtain data and workflow disruptions. METHODS We provided access to a PMDP-electronic health record (EHR) integrated program to 123 clinicians in one healthcare system. Remaining clinicians within the healthcare system and metropolitan area did not receive PDMP-EHR integration program access. We identified changes in opioid prescribing by linking prescription data available in the state PMDP database to individual clinicians. The primary outcome was change in receipt of high dose opioid prescriptions (>90 mg morphine equivalents) by Colorado residents before and after program integration. Secondary outcomes included changes in long-acting opioid receipt and overlapping opioid and benzodiazepine prescription days. Next, we surveyed clinicians to assess their perspectives on PDMP data acquisition before and after PDMP-EHR integration program access. RESULTS High-dose opioid receipt decreased significantly across all 3 clinician groups [PDMP-EHR integration program access (27.6%, to 6.9%, P < 0.001); no program access in the same healthcare system (4.8% to 2.9%, P < 0.001), and no program access across the metropolitan area (13.5% to 6.1%, P < 0.001)]. Clinicians reported improved access to PDMP data using the PDMP-EHR integrated program compared to the state PDMP website (98.6%). CONCLUSIONS Further study of PDMP-EHR integration programs on patient and clinician outcomes may illuminate the role of this technology in public health and in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
25
|
Soeiro T, Micallef J. Commentary on Perry et al.: New means, new measures-without discarding all the previous ones! Addiction 2022; 117:205-206. [PMID: 34661941 DOI: 10.1111/add.15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Soeiro
- Inserm, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Service de pharmacologie clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodépendance-Addictovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- Inserm, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Service de pharmacologie clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodépendance-Addictovigilance, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Delcher C, Bae J, Wang Y, Doung M, Fink DS, Young HW. Defining "Doctor shopping" with Dispensing Data: A Scoping Review. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 23:1323-1332. [PMID: 34931686 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Doctor shopping" typically refers to patients that seek controlled substance prescriptions from multiple providers with the presumed intent to obtain these medications for non-medical use and/or diversion. The purpose of this scoping review is to document and examine the criteria used to identify "doctor shopping" from dispensing data in the United States. METHODS A scoping review was conducted on "doctor shopping" or analogous terminology from January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2020 using the Web of Science Core Collection (7 citation indices). Our search was limited to U.S. only, English-language, peer-reviewed and U.S. federal government studies. Studies without explicit "doctor shopping" criteria were excluded. Key components of these criteria included the number of prescribers and dispensers, dispensing period, and drug class (e.g., opioids). RESULTS Of 9,845 records identified, 95 articles met the inclusion criteria and our pool of studies ranged from years 2003 to 2020. The most common threshold-based or count definition was [≥4 Prescribers (P) AND ≥4 Dispensers (D)] (n = 12). Thirty-three studies used a 365-day detection window. Opioids alone were studied most commonly (n = 69), followed by benzodiazepines and stimulants (n = 5 and n = 2, respectively). Only 39 (41%) studies provided specific drug lists with active ingredients. CONCLUSION Relatively simple P × D criteria for identifying "doctor shopping" are still the dominant paradigm with the need for on-going validation. The value of P × D criteria may change through time with more diverse methods applied to dispensing data emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Delcher
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy (IPOP), Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jungjun Bae
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy (IPOP), Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yanning Wang
- Department of Health Outcomes & Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Doung
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David S Fink
- Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Henry W Young
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nataraj N, Zhang K, Strahan AE, Guy GP. Congruence of opioid prescriptions and dispensing using electronic records and claims data. Health Serv Res 2021; 56:1245-1251. [PMID: 34008209 PMCID: PMC8586485 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify discrepancies between opioid prescribing and dispensing via the percentage of patients with Electronic Medical Record (EMR) prescriptions who subsequently filled the prescription within 90 days, defined as congruence, and compared opioid congruence with related medications. DATA SOURCES Deidentified data from the IBM MarketScan Explorys Claims-EMR Dataset. STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective, observational study, we examined congruence for commonly prescribed controlled substances-opioids, stimulants, and benzodiazepines. Congruence was stratified by age group and sex. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS Continuously enrolled adults aged 18-64 years with an EMR encounter (excluding inpatient settings) and ≥ 1 prescription for selected classes between 1/1/2016 and 10/2/2017. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS During the study period, 1,353,478 adults had ≥1 EMR encounter. Patients with stimulants prescriptions had the highest congruence (83%) corresponding to 7151 claims for 8,635 EMR prescriptions, followed by opioids (66%; 62,766/95,690) and benzodiazepines (64%; 30,181/47,408). Chi-square testing showed congruence differed by age group within opioids (P < .0001) and benzodiazepines (P < .0001) and was higher among females within benzodiazepines (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that relying on claims data alone for opioid prescribing measures might underestimate actual prescribing magnitude by as much as one-third in these data. Combined EMR and claims data can help future research better understand characteristics associated with congruence or incongruence between prescribing and dispensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nataraj
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and ControlCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and ControlCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Andrea E. Strahan
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and ControlCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Gery P. Guy
- Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and ControlCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Emary PC, Oremus M, Mbuagbaw L, Busse JW. Association of chiropractic integration in an Ontario community health centre with prescription opioid use for chronic non-cancer pain: a mixed methods study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051000. [PMID: 34732481 PMCID: PMC8572393 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence from a number of primary care centres suggests that integration of chiropractic services into chronic pain management is associated with improved clinical outcomes and high patient satisfaction as well as with reductions in physician visits, specialist referrals use of advanced imaging and prescribing of analgesics. However, formal assessments of the integration of chiropractic services into primary care settings are sparse, and the impact of such integration on prescription opioid use in chronic pain management remains uncertain. To help address this knowledge gap, we will conduct a mixed methods health service evaluation of an integrated chiropractic back pain programme in an urban community health centre in Ontario, Canada. This centre provides services to vulnerable populations with high unemployment rates, multiple comorbidities and musculoskeletal disorders that are commonly managed with prescription opioids. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will use a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, which consists of a quantitative phase followed by a qualitative phase. In the quantitative phase, we will conduct a retrospective chart review and evaluate whether receipt of chiropractic services is associated with reduced opioid use among patients already prescribed opioid therapy for chronic pain. We will measure opioid prescriptions (ie, opioid fills, number of refills and dosages) by reviewing electronic medical records of recipients and non-recipients of chiropractic services between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2020 and use multivariable regression analysis to examine the association. In the qualitative phase, we will conduct in-depth, one-on-one interviews of patients and their general practitioners to explore perceptions of chiropractic integration and its impact on opioid use. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board at McMaster University (approval number 2021-10930). The results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and in-person or webinar presentations to community members and healthcare professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Emary
- Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Chiropractic, D'Youville College, Buffalo, New York, USA
- School of Public Health Sciences, Private Practice, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Oremus
- Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH), Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jason W Busse
- Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Chronic Pain Centre of Excellence for Canadian Veterans, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
High-Dose Opioid Use Among Veterans with Unexplained Gastrointestinal Symptoms Versus Structural Gastrointestinal Diagnoses. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:3938-3950. [PMID: 33385263 PMCID: PMC8245587 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a cohort of Veterans dually enrolled in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Medicare Part D, we sought to describe high-dose daily opioid use among Veterans with unexplained gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and structural GI diagnoses and examine factors associated with high-dose use. METHODS We used linked national patient-level data from the VA and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). We grouped patients into 3 subsets: those with unexplained GI symptoms (e.g., chronic abdominal pain); structural GI diagnoses (e.g., chronic pancreatitis); and those with a concurrent unexplained GI symptom and structural GI diagnosis. High-dose daily opioid use levels were examined as a binary variable [≥ 100 morphine milligram equivalents (MME)/day] and as an ordinal variable (50-99 MME/day, 100-119 MME/day, or ≥ 120 MME/day). RESULTS We identified 141,805 chronic GI patients dually enrolled in VA and Part D. High-dose opioid use was present in 11% of Veterans with unexplained GI symptoms, 10% of Veterans with structural GI diagnoses, and 15% of Veterans in the concurrent GI group. Compared to Veterans with only an unexplained GI symptom or structural diagnosis, concurrent GI patients were more likely to have higher daily opioid doses, more opioid days ≥ 100 MME, and higher risk of chronic use. Factors associated with high-dose use included opioid receipt from both VA and Part D, younger age, and benzodiazepine use. CONCLUSIONS A significant subset of chronic GI patients in the VA are high-dose opioid users. Efforts are needed to reduce high-dose use among Veterans with concurrent GI symptoms and diagnoses.
Collapse
|
30
|
Troiani V, Crist RC, Doyle GA, Ferraro TN, Beiler D, Ranck S, McBryan K, Jarvis MA, Barbour JS, Han JJ, Ness RJ, Berrettini WH, Robishaw JD. Genetics and prescription opioid use (GaPO): study design for consenting a cohort from an existing biobank to identify clinical and genetic factors influencing prescription opioid use and abuse. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:253. [PMID: 34702274 PMCID: PMC8547564 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription opioids (POs) are commonly used to treat moderate to severe chronic pain in the health system setting. Although they improve quality of life for many patients, more work is needed to identify both the clinical and genetic factors that put certain individuals at high risk for developing opioid use disorder (OUD) following use of POs for pain relief. With a greater understanding of important risk factors, physicians will be better able to identify patients at highest risk for developing OUD for whom non-opioid alternative therapies and treatments should be considered. METHODS We are conducting a prospective observational study that aims to identify the clinical and genetic factors most stongly associated with OUD. The study design leverages an existing biobank that includes whole exome sequencing and array genotyping. The biobank is maintained within an integrated health system, allowing for the large-scale capture and integration of genetic and non-genetic data. Participants are enrolled into the health system biobank via informed consent and then into a second study that focuses on opioid medication use. Data capture includes validated self-report surveys measuring addiction severity, depression, anxiety, and nicotine use, as well as additional clinical, prescription, and brain imaging data extracted from electronic health records. DISCUSSION We will harness this multimodal data capture to establish meaningful patient phenotypes in order to understand the genetic and non-genetic contributions to OUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Troiani
- Geisinger Clinic, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA.
- Department of Translational Data Science and Informatics, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA.
| | - Richard C Crist
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Glenn A Doyle
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas N Ferraro
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John J Han
- Department of Pain Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Ryan J Ness
- Department of Pain Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Geisinger Clinic, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Janet D Robishaw
- Department of Biomedical Science, Schmidt College of Medicine of Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Armoon B, Bayani A, Griffiths MD, Bayat AH, Mohammadi R, Fattah Moghaddam L, Ahounbar E. Prevalence and high-risk behaviors associated with non-fatal overdose among people who use illicit opioids: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.1978112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Armoon
- Research Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Azadeh Bayani
- Student Research Committee, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir-Hossein Bayat
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Rasool Mohammadi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ladan Fattah Moghaddam
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Ahounbar
- Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, The University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Doctor shopping among chronic noncancer pain patients treated with opioids in the province of Quebec (Canada): incidence, risk factors, and association with the occurrence of opioid overdoses. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e955. [PMID: 35187376 PMCID: PMC8853613 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid doctor shopping was a rare phenomenon among people living with chronic noncancer pain but was associated with the occurrence of opioid overdoses. Introduction: Prescription opioids continue to be involved in the opioid crisis, and a better understanding of factors associated with problematic opioid use is needed. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of opioid doctor shopping, a proxy for problematic opioid use, to identify associated risk factors, and to assess its association with the occurrence of opioid overdoses. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of people living with chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) and treated with opioids for at least 6 months between 2006 and 2017 in the province of Quebec (Canada). Data were drawn from the Quebec health administrative databases. Doctor shopping was defined as overlapping prescriptions written by ≥ 2 prescribers and filled in ≥3 pharmacies. Results: A total of 8,398 persons with CNCP were included. The median age was 68.0 (Q1: 54; Q3: 82) years, and 37.1% were male. The 1-year incidence of opioid doctor shopping was 7.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.2–8.5. Doctor shopping was associated with younger age (hazard ratio [HR] 18–44 vs ≥65 years: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.77–2.79; HR 45–64 vs ≥65 years: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.11–1.63), male sex (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01–1.43), history of substance use disorder (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.01–1.72), and anxiety (HR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.13–1.77). People who exhibited doctor shopping were 5 times more likely to experience opioid overdoses (HR = 5.25, 95% CI: 1.44–19.13). Conclusion: Opioid doctor shopping is a marginal phenomenon among people with CNCP, but which is associated with the occurrence of opioid overdoses. Better monitoring of persons at high risk to develop doctor shopping could help prevent opioid overdoses.
Collapse
|
33
|
Tseregounis IE, Henry SG. Assessing opioid overdose risk: a review of clinical prediction models utilizing patient-level data. Transl Res 2021; 234:74-87. [PMID: 33762186 PMCID: PMC8217215 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug, and specifically opioid-related, overdoses remain a major public health problem in the United States. Multiple studies have examined individual risk factors associated with overdose risk, but research developing clinical risk prediction tools for overdose has only emerged in the last few years. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on patient-level factors associated with opioid-related overdose risk, with an emphasis on clinical risk prediction models for opioid-related overdose in the United States. Studies that developed and/or validated clinical prediction models were closely reviewed and evaluated to determine the state of the field. We identified 12 studies that reported risk prediction models for opioid-related overdose risk. Published models were developed from a variety of data sources, including Veterans Health Administration data, Medicare data, commercial insurance data, and statewide linked datasets. Studies reported model performance using measures of discrimination, usually at good-to-excellent levels, though they did not always assess calibration. C-statistics were better for models that included clinical predictors (c-statistics: 0.75-0.95) compared to models without them (c-statistics: 0.69-0.82). External validation of models was rare, and we found no studies evaluating implementation of models or risk prediction tools into clinical practice. A common feature of these models was a high rate of false positives, largely because opioid-related overdose is rare in the general population. Thus, efforts to implement prediction models into practice should take into account that published models overestimate overdose risk for many low-risk patients. Future prediction models assessing overdose risk should employ external validation and address model calibration. In order to translate findings from prediction models into clinical public health benefit, future studies should focus on developing clinical prediction tools based on prediction models, implementing these tools into clinical practice, and evaluating the impact of these models on treatment decisions, patient outcomes, and, ultimately, opioid overdose rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iraklis Erik Tseregounis
- Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Stephen G Henry
- Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dasgupta N, Wang Y, Bae J, Kinlaw AC, Chidgey BA, Cooper T, Delcher C. Inches, Centimeters, and Yards: Overlooked Definition Choices Inhibit Interpretation of Morphine Equivalence. Clin J Pain 2021; 37:565-574. [PMID: 34116543 PMCID: PMC8270512 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Morphine-standardized doses are used in clinical practice and research to account for molecular potency. Ninety milligrams of morphine equivalents (MME) per day are considered a "high dose" risk threshold in guidelines, laws, and by payers. Although ubiquitously cited, the "CDC definition" of daily MME lacks a clearly defined denominator. Our objective was to assess denominator-dependency on "high dose" classification across competing definitions. METHODS To identify definitional variants, we reviewed literature and electronic prescribing tools, yielding 4 unique definitions. Using Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs data (July to September 2018), we conducted a population-based cohort study of 3,916,461 patients receiving outpatient opioid analgesics in California (CA) and Florida (FL). The binary outcome was whether patients were deemed "high dose" (>90 MME/d) compared across 4 definitions. We calculated I2 for heterogeneity attributable to the definition. RESULTS Among 9,436,640 prescriptions, 42% overlapped, which led denominator definitions to impact daily MME values. Across definitions, average daily MME varied 3-fold (range: 17 to 52 [CA] and 23 to 65 mg [FL]). Across definitions, prevalence of "high dose" individuals ranged 5.9% to 14.2% (FL) and 3.5% to 10.3% (CA). Definitional variation alone would impact a hypothetical surveillance study trying to establish how much more "high dose" prescribing was present in FL than CA: from 39% to 84% more. Meta-analyses revealed strong heterogeneity (I2 range: 86% to 99%). In sensitivity analysis, including unit interval 90.0 to 90.9 increased "high dose" population fraction by 15%. DISCUSSION While 90 MME may have cautionary mnemonic benefits, without harmonization of calculation, its utility is limited. Comparison between studies using daily MME requires explicit attention to definitional variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanning Wang
- Department of Health Outcomes & Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jungjun Bae
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY
| | - Alan C. Kinlaw
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina School of Pharmacy
| | - Brooke A. Chidgey
- UNC Hospitals Pain Management Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Chris Delcher
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Noori A, Miroshnychenko A, Shergill Y, Ashoorion V, Rehman Y, Couban RJ, Buckley DN, Thabane L, Bhandari M, Guyatt GH, Agoritsas T, Busse JW. Opioid-sparing effects of medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047717. [PMID: 34321302 PMCID: PMC8319983 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and harms of adding medical cannabis to prescription opioids among people living with chronic pain. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES CENTRAL, EMBASE and MEDLINE. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Opioid dose reduction, pain relief, sleep disturbance, physical and emotional functioning and adverse events. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA AND METHODS We included studies that enrolled patients with chronic pain receiving prescription opioids and explored the impact of adding medical cannabis. We used Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome. RESULTS Eligible studies included five randomised trials (all enrolling chronic cancer-pain patients) and 12 observational studies. All randomised trials instructed participants to maintain their opioid dose, which resulted in a very low certainty evidence that adding cannabis has little or no impact on opioid use (weighted mean difference (WMD) -3.4 milligram morphine equivalent (MME); 95% CI (CI) -12.7 to 5.8). Randomised trials provided high certainty evidence that cannabis addition had little or no effect on pain relief (WMD -0.18 cm; 95% CI -0.38 to 0.02; on a 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain) or sleep disturbance (WMD -0.22 cm; 95% CI -0.4 to -0.06; on a 10 cm VAS for sleep disturbance; minimally important difference is 1 cm) among chronic cancer pain patients. Addition of cannabis likely increases nausea (relative risk (RR) 1.43; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.96; risk difference (RD) 4%, 95% CI 0% to 7%) and vomiting (RR 1.5; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.24; RD 3%; 95% CI 0% to 6%) (both moderate certainty) and may have no effect on constipation (RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.54 to 1.35; RD -1%; 95% CI -4% to 2%) (low certainty). Eight observational studies provided very low certainty evidence that adding cannabis reduced opioid use (WMD -22.5 MME; 95% CI -43.06 to -1.97). CONCLUSION Opioid-sparing effects of medical cannabis for chronic pain remain uncertain due to very low certainty evidence.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018091098.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Noori
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- The Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Miroshnychenko
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yaadwinder Shergill
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vahid Ashoorion
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yasir Rehman
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel J Couban
- The Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Norman Buckley
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohit Bhandari
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon H Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Agoritsas
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of of General Internal Medicine, University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Jason W Busse
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- The Chronic Pain Centre of Excellence for Canadian Veterans, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- The Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ball SJ, Simpson K, Zhang J, Marsden J, Heidari K, Moran WP, Mauldin PD, McCauley JL. High-Risk Opioid Prescribing Trends: Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Data From 2010 to 2018. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2021; 27:379-384. [PMID: 32956292 PMCID: PMC7940459 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deaths due to opioids have continued to increase in South Carolina, with 816 opioid-involved overdose deaths reported in 2018, a 9% increase from the prior year. The objective of the current study is to examine longitudinal trends (quarter [Q] 1 2010 through Q4 2018) of opioid prescribing volume and high-risk opioid prescribing behaviors in South Carolina using comprehensive dispensing data available in the South Carolina Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (SC PDMP). DESIGN Retrospective analyses of SC PDMP data were performed using general linear models to assess quarterly time trends and change in rate of each outcome Q1 2010 through Q4 2018. PARTICIPANTS Opioid analgesic prescription fills from SC state residents between Q1 2010 and Q4 2018. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES High-risk prescribing behaviors included (1) opioid prescribing rate; (2) percentage of patients receiving opioids dispensed 90 or more average morphine milligram equivalents daily; (3) percentage of opioid prescribed days with overlapping opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions; (4) rate per 100 000 residents of multiple provider episodes; and (5) percentage of patients prescribed extended release opioids who were opioid naive. RESULTS A total of 33 027 461 opioid prescriptions were filled by SC state residents within the time period of Q1 2010 through Q4 2018. A 41% decrease in the quarterly prescribing rate of opioids occurred from Q1 2010 to Q4 2018. The decrease in overall opioid prescribing was mirrored by significant decreases in all 4 high-risk prescribing behaviors. CONCLUSION PDMPs may represent the most complete data regarding the dispensing of opioid prescriptions and as such be valuable tools to inform and monitor the supply of licit opioids. Our results indicate that public health policy, legislative action, and multiple clinical interventions aimed at reducing high rates of opioid prescribing across the health care ecosystem appear to be succeeding in the state of South Carolina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Ball
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kit Simpson
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Justin Marsden
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - William P. Moran
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Patrick D. Mauldin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jenna L. McCauley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kaboré JL, Choinière M, Dassieu L, Lacasse A, Pagé MG. Opioid Doctor Shopping: A Rare Phenomenon Among Patients with Chronic Non-Cancer Pain Followed in Tertiary Care Settings. J Pain Res 2021; 14:1855-1861. [PMID: 34188532 PMCID: PMC8232848 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s310580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Opioid doctor shopping has not yet been investigated in patients followed in tertiary care settings. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of opioid doctor shopping among patients with chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) (ie, pain lasting ≥3 months) attending multidisciplinary pain clinics in Quebec, Canada. Patients and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with CNCP enrolled in the Quebec Pain Registry (QPR) between 2008 and 2014. QPR data were linked to the Quebec health insurance databases. The index date was the date of the first visit at the pain clinic. Prevalence of doctor shopping was assessed within the 12 months following the index date. Doctor shopping was defined as at least 1 day of overlapping opioid prescriptions from ≥2 prescribers and filled in ≥3 pharmacies. Results A total of 2191 patients with CNCP with at least one opioid dispensation within the 12 months following the index date were included. The mean age was 58.6±14.9 years and 41.3% were men. The median pain duration was 4 years, and 13.3% of patients were diagnosed with neuropathic pain. Regarding past year comorbidities, 15.0% presented anxiety, 16.8% depression and 6.4% substance use disorder. Among the included patients, 15 (0.7%) presented at least one episode of doctor shopping. Among these doctor-shoppers, 9 (60.0%) exhibited only 1 episode. Conclusion Opioid doctor shopping is a rare phenomenon among patients with CNCP treated in tertiary care settings. Opioids should remain a drug option for patients without substance use disorder, and who have persistent pain despite optimized nonopioid therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Kaboré
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manon Choinière
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lise Dassieu
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anaïs Lacasse
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Gabrielle Pagé
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sparks AC, Radakrishnan S, Corry NH, McDonald D, Carlson K, Carballo CE, Stander V. Associations between spouse and service member prescriptions for high-risk and long-term opioids: A dyadic study. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 14:100364. [PMID: 34189246 PMCID: PMC8219988 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Military spouses were more likely to have risky opioid Rx if their spouse did. High-risk opioid therapy was linked to pain, disability, smoking, and ACES Reducing risky opioid Rx for service members may reduce similar risky Rx for spouses.
Background Estimates suggest approximately 2.4% of service members, and 15% of service members who have engaged in recent combat, report misusing pain relievers in the past year. This study explores the extent to which military spouses’ obtainment of opioids is associated with their service member partners’ obtainment of opioid prescriptions, in addition to other factors such as service member health, state prescribing patterns, and sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Data were drawn from the Millennium Cohort Family Study, a large, longitudinal survey of married spouses of service members from all service branches, and archival data analyzed from 2018 to 2020. The dependent variables were spouse long-term opioid therapy and spouse opioid prescriptions that pose a high risk of adverse outcomes. Results Seven percent of spouse and service member dyads met the criteria for high-risk opioid use, generally because they had purchased a prescription for a ≥90 Morphine Milligram Equivalents daily dose (76.7% for spouses, 72.8% for service members). Strong associations were found between spouse and service member opioid therapies (OR = 5.53 for long-term; OR = 2.20 for high-risk). Conclusions Findings suggest that reducing the number of long-term and high-risk opioid prescriptions to service members may subsequently reduce the number of similar prescriptions obtained by their spouses. Reducing the number of service members and spouses at risk for adverse events may prove to be effective in stemming the opioid epidemic and improve the overall health and safety of military spouses and thus, the readiness of the U.S. Armed Forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Sparks
- Division of Health and Environment, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Nida H Corry
- Division of Health and Environment, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Doug McDonald
- Division of Health and Environment, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth Carlson
- Division of Health and Environment, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Carlos E Carballo
- Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States.,Leidos, Reston, VA, United States
| | - Valerie Stander
- Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
McDonald DC, Radakrishnan S, Sparks AC, Corry NH, Carballo CE, Carlson K, Stander VA. High-risk and Long-term Opioid Prescribing to Military Spouses in the Millennium Cohort Family Study. Mil Med 2021; 185:e1759-e1769. [PMID: 32696969 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use and misuse of opioids by active service members has been examined in several studies, but little is known about their spouses' opioid use. This study estimates the number of military spouses who received high-risk or long-term opioid prescriptions between 2010 and 2014, and addresses how the Military Health System can help prevent risky prescribing in order to improve military force readiness. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study used data from the Millennium Cohort Family Study, a nationwide survey of 9,872 spouses of service members with 2 to 5 years of military service, augmented with information from the military's Pharmacy Data Transaction Service about prescriptions for controlled drugs dispensed to these service members' spouses. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of opioid prescribing indicative of long-term use (≥60 day supply or at least one extended-release opioid prescription in any 3-month period) and, separately, high-risk use (daily dosage of ≥90 morphine mg equivalent or total dosage of ≥8,190 morphine mg equivalent, or prescriptions from more than three pharmacies, or concurrent prescriptions). For each of these dependent variables, we conducted bivariate analyses and multiple logistic regression models using information about spouses' physical health, sociodemographic characteristics, substance use behaviors, perceived social support, and stresses associated with military stress, among others. Informed consent, including consent to link survey responses to medical and personnel records, was obtained from all participants. The Naval Health Research Center's Institutional Review Board and the Office of Management and Budget approved the study. RESULTS Spouses were predominantly female (86%), had not served in the military themselves (79%), and were spouses of enlisted (91%) active duty (86%) service members. Almost half (47.6%) of spouses obtained at least one opioid prescription during the 2-year observation window, and 8.5% had received opioid prescriptions that posed risk to their health. About 7% met the criteria for receipt of high-risk opioid prescriptions, 3% obtained opioids from three or more pharmacies during a 3-month period, and 4% of spouses who received any opioids received both long-term and high-risk prescriptions. Adverse childhood experiences, physical pain, and lack of social support were associated with increased odds of obtaining high-risk opioid prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 48% of military spouses had used Military Health System insurance to fill at least one opioid prescription during the 2-year observation period. The Department of Defense has taken measures to minimize high-risk opioid prescribing, including passing prescribing guidelines in 2017, establishing the controlled drug management analysis reporting tool, establishing a pain management education and training program, and more. These efforts should continue to expand as reducing the numbers of service members and spouses at risk for adverse events may be effective in reducing opioid misuse and improve the overall health and safety of military spouses and thus, the readiness of the U.S. Armed Forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alicia C Sparks
- Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD, 20852
| | - Nida H Corry
- Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD, 20852
| | - Carlos E Carballo
- Leidos, 11951 Freedom Dr., Reston, VA 20190.,Naval Health Research Center, 140 Sylvester Rd., San Diego, CA 92106
| | - Kenneth Carlson
- Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD, 20852
| | - Valerie A Stander
- Naval Health Research Center, 140 Sylvester Rd., San Diego, CA 92106
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Crawford M, Farahmand P, McShane EK, Schein AZ, Richmond J, Chang G. Prescription Drug Monitoring Program: Access in the First Year. Am J Addict 2021; 30:376-381. [PMID: 33760317 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMP) detect high-risk prescribing and patient behaviors. This study describes the characteristics associated with documented PDMP access when prescribing opioids. METHODS Retrospective chart review of 695 opioid prescriptions written from inpatient and outpatient medical and psychiatric settings. Data were abstracted and analyzed to identify characteristics associated with documented PDMP access. RESULTS One-third of the charts had PDMP access documented within the week of opioid prescription; 12% showed PDMP consultation on the same day. Services varied greatly from 10.5% (inpatient medicine) to 57% (inpatient psychiatry) with regard to same-day PDMP access (P < .0001). Patient characteristics associated with PDMP access include having acute pain, current mental health treatment, and current and past substance use disorders (all P < .05). Logistic regression modeling identified three variables associated with the odds of PDMP access (c-statistic = 0.66): if the prescription originated from the inpatient medicine unit (odds ratio [OR] = 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32, 0.68), or if the patient received a prescription for an opioid in the past 30 days (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.90) or had a urine toxicology screen in the past year (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.40, 2.90). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Utilization of the PDMP varied by specialty and setting. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This study is among the first to compare rates of PDMP access in a large sample by specialty and practice setting in a healthcare system with a policy requiring its access and appropriate documentation. With less than one-third adherence to the policy, additional steps to increase consistent PDMP access are warranted. (Am J Addict 2021;00:00-00).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Crawford
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Abigail Z Schein
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janet Richmond
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grace Chang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Integrating human services and criminal justice data with claims data to predict risk of opioid overdose among Medicaid beneficiaries: A machine-learning approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248360. [PMID: 33735222 PMCID: PMC7971495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Health system data incompletely capture the social risk factors for drug overdose. This study aimed to improve the accuracy of a machine-learning algorithm to predict opioid overdose risk by integrating human services and criminal justice data with health claims data to capture the social determinants of overdose risk. This prognostic study included Medicaid beneficiaries (n = 237,259) in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania enrolled between 2015 and 2018, randomly divided into training, testing, and validation samples. We measured 290 potential predictors (239 derived from Medicaid claims data) in 30-day periods, beginning with the first observed Medicaid enrollment date during the study period. Using a gradient boosting machine, we predicted a composite outcome (i.e., fatal or nonfatal opioid overdose constructed using medical examiner and claims data) in the subsequent month. We compared prediction performance between a Medicaid claims only model to one integrating human services and criminal justice data with Medicaid claims (i.e., integrated model) using several metrics (e.g., C-statistic, number needed to evaluate [NNE] to identify one overdose). Beneficiaries were stratified into risk-score decile subgroups. The samples (training = 79,087, testing = 79,086, validation = 79,086) had similar characteristics (age = 38±18 years, female = 56%, white = 48%, having at least one overdose = 1.7% during study period). Using the validation sample, the integrated model slightly improved on the Medicaid claims only model (C-statistic = 0.885; 95%CI = 0.877–0.892 vs. C-statistic = 0.871; 95%CI = 0.863–0.878), with small corresponding improvements in the NNE and positive predictive value. Nine of the top 30 most important predictors in the integrated model were human services and criminal justice variables. Using the integrated model, approximately 70% of individuals with overdoses were members of the top risk decile (overdose rates in the subsequent month = 47/10,000 beneficiaries). Few individuals in the bottom 9 deciles had overdose episodes (0-12/10,000). Machine-learning algorithms integrating claims and social service and criminal justice data modestly improved opioid overdose prediction among Medicaid beneficiaries for a large U.S. county heavily affected by the opioid crisis.
Collapse
|
42
|
Soeiro T, Pradel V, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Micallef J. Evolution of doctor shopping for oxycodone in the 67 million inhabitants in France as a proxy for potential misuse or abuse. Pain 2021; 162:770-777. [PMID: 33021567 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This nationwide study aimed to compare use of oxycodone and doctor shopping for oxycodone in 2010 and 2016, and to quantify doctor shopping for oxycodone by sex, age, formulation, and dosage in 2010 and 2016. This study is a cross-sectional comparative analysis of doctor shopping based on all dispensings of oxycodone in France, in 2010 and 2016. Dispensings of oxycodone were extracted from the Système national des données de santé, which covers the 67 million inhabitants in France. Quantification of doctor shopping relies on an algorithm accounting for overlapping prescriptions, which is a proxy for potential misuse or abuse. The number of subjects who received oxycodone increased by 214% from 67,838 subjects in 2010 to 212,753 subjects in 2016, and the number of subjects with doctor-shopping behavior increased by 197%, from 1066 subjects in 2010 to 3163 subjects in 2016. For 30- to 44-year-old men, the total quantity of oxycodone obtained by doctor shopping increased by 391%, from 4582 defined daily doses in 2010 to 22,517 defined daily doses in 2016. By formulation and dosage, the total quantity of oxycodone obtained by doctor shopping increased with the dosage for both immediate-release and extended-release tablets in 2010 and 2016. The widespread extent of doctor shopping and its 3-fold increase in line with population exposure is a strong signal in the French context. These results are another argument to avoid trivializing oxycodone to prevent misuse, potential abuse, and potential oxycodone-related deaths, but it requires caution to prevent compromising effective treatment of pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Soeiro
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, UMR 1106, Assistance publique, Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de pharmacologie clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodépendance, Addictovigilance, France
| | - Vincent Pradel
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, UMR 1106, Assistance publique, Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de pharmacologie clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodépendance, Addictovigilance, France
| | - Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre
- Université Paul Sabatier, Inserm, UMR 1027, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Toulouse, Service de pharmacologie clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodépendance, Addictovigilance, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, UMR 1106, Assistance publique, Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de pharmacologie clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodépendance, Addictovigilance, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
State Medical Board Policy and Opioid Prescribing: A Controlled Interrupted Time Series. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:343-351. [PMID: 33309449 PMCID: PMC7902466 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In March 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued opioid prescribing guidelines for chronic noncancer pain. In response, in April 2016, the North Carolina Medical Board launched the Safe Opioid Prescribing Initiative, an investigative program intended to limit the overprescribing of opioids. This study focuses on the association of the Safe Opioid Prescribing Initiative with immediate and sustained changes in opioid prescribing among all patients who received opioid and opioid discontinuation and tapering among patients who received high-dose (>90 milligrams of morphine equivalents), long-term (>90 days) opioid therapy. METHODS Controlled and single interrupted time series analysis of opioid prescribing outcomes before and after the implementation of Safe Opioid Prescribing Initiative was conducted using deidentified data from the North Carolina Controlled Substances Reporting System from January 2010 through March 2017. Analysis was conducted in 2019-2020. RESULTS In an average study month, 513,717 patients, including patients who received 47,842 high-dose, long-term opioid therapy, received 660,912 opioid prescriptions at 1.3 prescriptions per patient. There was a 0.52% absolute decline (95% CI= -0.87, -0.19) in patients receiving opioid prescriptions in the month after Safe Opioid Prescribing Initiative implementation. Abrupt discontinuation, rapid tapering, and gradual tapering of opioids among patients who received high-dose, long-term opioid therapy increased by 1% (95% CI= -0.22, 2.23), 2.2% (95% CI=0.91, 3.47), and 1.3% (95% CI=0.96, 1.57), respectively, in the month after Safe Opioid Prescribing Initiative implementation. CONCLUSIONS Although Safe Opioid Prescribing Initiative implementation was associated with an immediate decline in overall opioid prescribing, it was also associated with an unintended immediate increase in discontinuations and rapid tapering among patients who received high-dose, long-term opioid therapy. Better policy communication and prescriber education regarding opioid tapering best practices may help mitigate unintended consequences of statewide policies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Warfield S, Karras E, Lilly C, Brumage M, Bossarte RM. Causes of death among U.S. Veterans with a prior nonfatal opioid overdose. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108484. [PMID: 33395597 PMCID: PMC8406624 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For over a decade, there has been a surge in opioid-related morbidity and mortality among Veterans. To better understand the impact of the growing epidemic, it is important to identify the cause-specific mortality rates among Veterans with a prior nonfatal opioid overdose. METHODS We followed 8370 Veterans who received medical care for a nonfatal opioid overdose between 2011 through 2015.Mortality records were linked to clinical records from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). We compared the mortality rates among those with a nonfatal opioid overdose to a 5 % stratified random sample of patients accessing services during the same time period. SMRs were calculated using age-adjusted cause-specific mortality rates for the l U.S. population obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER). RESULTS The crude mortality for Veterans with a history of a nonfatal overdose was 370.6 per 10,000 person years. Those with a prior nonfatal overdose had a higher risk of substance-related mortality (aHR [adjusted Hazard Ratio] 5.0), including a higher risk of death from drugs (aHR 6.9) and alcohol (aHR 2.7). Similarly, cause-specific mortalities assessed between Veterans and the U.S. population, SMRs were also highest for deaths associated with substances (114.0). CONCLUSION Veterans with a prior nonfatal overdose experienced substantially higher mortality rates compared to other Veterans or the general U.S. POPULATION Causes of death related to substance use and mental health were significantly higher than other causes of death, highlighting the importance of integrated treatment and substance use services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Warfield
- Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Department of Veterans Affairs, 400 Fort Hill Avenue, Canandaigua, NY, 14424, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, 3606 Collins Ferry Rd, Suites 201 & 202, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Karras
- Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Department of Veterans Affairs, 400 Fort Hill Avenue, Canandaigua, NY, 14424, USA; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, 3606 Collins Ferry Rd, Suites 201 & 202, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Christa Lilly
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Michael Brumage
- Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, 3606 Collins Ferry Rd, Suites 201 & 202, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Occupational Medicine, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Robert M Bossarte
- Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Department of Veterans Affairs, 400 Fort Hill Avenue, Canandaigua, NY, 14424, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, 3606 Collins Ferry Rd, Suites 201 & 202, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Soeiro T, Lacroix C, Pradel V, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Micallef J. Early Detection of Prescription Drug Abuse Using Doctor Shopping Monitoring From Claims Databases: Illustration From the Experience of the French Addictovigilance Network. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:640120. [PMID: 34079478 PMCID: PMC8165176 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid analgesics and maintenance treatments, benzodiazepines and z-drugs, and other sedatives and stimulants are increasingly being abused to induce psychoactive effects or alter the effects of other drugs, eventually leading to dependence. Awareness of prescription drug abuse has been increasing in the last two decades, and organizations such as the International Narcotics Control Board has predicted that, worldwide, prescription drug abuse may exceed the use of illicit drugs. Assessment of prescription drug abuse tackles an issue that is hidden by nature, which therefore requires a specific monitoring. The current best practice is to use multiple detection systems to assess prescription drug abuse by various populations in a timely, sensitive, and specific manner. In the early 2000's, we designed a method to detect and quantify doctor shopping for prescription drugs from the French National Health Data System, which is one of the world's largest claims database, and a first-class data source for pharmacoepidemiological studies. Doctor shopping is a well-known behavior that involves overlapping prescriptions from multiple prescribers for the same drug, to obtain higher doses than those prescribed by each prescriber on an individual basis. In addition, doctor shopping may play an important role in supplying the black market. The paper aims to review how doctor shopping monitoring can improve the early detection of prescription drug abuse within a multidimensional monitoring. The paper provides an in-depth overview of two decades of development and validation of the method as a complementary component of the multidimensional monitoring conducted by the French Addictovigilance Network. The process accounted for the relevant determinants of prescription drug abuse, such as pharmacological data (e.g., formulations and doses), chronological and geographical data (e.g., impact of measures and comparison between regions), and epidemiological and outcome data (e.g., profiles of patients and trajectories of care) for several pharmacological classes (e.g., opioids, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and methylphenidate).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Soeiro
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, UMR 1106, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la Pharmacodépendance - Addictovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Lacroix
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, UMR 1106, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la Pharmacodépendance - Addictovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Pradel
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, UMR 1106, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la Pharmacodépendance - Addictovigilance, Marseille, France
| | - Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre
- Université Paul Sabatier, Inserm, CIC 1436, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la Pharmacodépendance - Addictovigilance, Toulouse, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, UMR 1106, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la Pharmacodépendance - Addictovigilance, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang X, Yu H, Bai R, Ma C. Identification and Characterization of Biomarkers and Their Role in Opioid Addiction by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:608349. [PMID: 33328875 PMCID: PMC7729193 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.608349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies have confirmed that the mechanisms of opiate addiction include genetic and epigenetic aspects, the results of such studies are inconsistent. Here, we downloaded gene expression profiling information, GSE87823, from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Samples from males between ages 19 and 35 were selected for analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were used to analyze the pathways associated with the DEGs. We further constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks using the STRING database and used 10 different calculation methods to validate the hub genes. Finally, we utilized the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) to identify the DEG with the highest sequence similarity in mouse and detected the change in expression of the hub genes in this animal model using RT-qPCR. We identified three key genes, ADCY9, PECAM1, and IL4. ADCY9 expression decreased in the nucleus accumbens of opioid-addicted mice compared with control mice, which was consistent with the change seen in humans. The importance and originality of this study are provided by two aspects. Firstly, we used a variety of calculation methods to obtain hub genes; secondly, we exploited homology analysis to solve the difficult challenge that addiction-related experiments cannot be carried out in patients or healthy individuals. In short, this study not only explores potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of opioid addiction but also provides new ideas for subsequent research on opioid addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuning Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hailei Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rui Bai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Exploring the use of extended release opioids at shortened dosing intervals in people with chronic pain and high risk medication or substance use. Int J Clin Pharm 2020; 43:404-410. [PMID: 32997311 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-020-01027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Critical attention to rational opioid prescribing has emerged from the opioid epidemic in North America. Individuals with chronic pain are prescribed extended release opioids in an effort to maintain stable drug levels and for more convenient dosing, though evidence to support improvements in pain or function is lacking. It has been observed that extended release opioid products are used at intervals shorter than recommended by product monographs. The need for shortened intervals has been linked with potential inter-patient variability in pharmacokinetics, among other rationale. Implications of shortened dosing intervals for extended release opioids have not been systematically studied. Objective The aim of this study was to characterize the use of extended release opioid formulations at shortened dosing intervals in a population of patients with chronic pain and high risk for opioid-related harms. Setting This study took place in the Interprofessional Pain and Addiction Recovery Clinic, a specialty ambulatory clinic at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, Canada for adults with chronic pain and a diagnosis or suspicion of substance use disorder. Method This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were collected from records of patients with assessments completed in the years 2012-2017 (n = 210). Main outcome measure Proportion of patients using extended release opioids at shortened intervals. Results Sixty-one percent of individuals using extended release opioids (n = 78) were using them at shortened intervals. This use was associated with a higher daily morphine equivalent dose (533 mg vs 236 mg, p < 0.01), use of oxycodone extended release products (50% vs. 27%, p < 0.01), a longer duration of opioid therapy (8.9 vs. 6.8 years, p = 0.03) and a diagnosis of chronic neuropathic pain (63% vs. 39%, p < 0.01), with no differences in reported pain intensities, compared with use at standard intervals. Conclusion The use of extended release opioids at shortened intervals was associated with increased daily morphine equivalent doses, thus an increased risk of opioid-related mortality. It is unlikely that of those using extended release opioids, the high proportion of use at shortened intervals is the result of inter-patient differences in metabolism alone. Further study is warranted to explore the underlying drivers and implications for people with chronic pain.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Management of acute pain in children is fundamental to our practice. Its myriad benefits include reduced suffering, improved patient satisfaction, more rapid recovery, and a reduced risk of developing postsurgical chronic pain. Although a multimodal analgesic approach is now routinely used, informed and judicious use of opioid receptor agonists remains crucial in this treatment paradigm, as long as the benefits and risks are fully understood. Further, an ongoing public health response to the current opioid crisis is required to help prevent new cases of opioid addiction, identify opioid-addicted individuals, and ensure access to effective opioid addiction treatment, while at the same time continuing to safely meet the needs of patients experiencing pain.
Collapse
|
49
|
Beauchamp GA, Nelson LS, Perrone J, Lyons MS. A theoretical framework and nomenclature to characterize the iatrogenic contribution of therapeutic opioid exposure to opioid induced hyperalgesia, physical dependence, and opioid use disorder. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2020; 46:671-683. [PMID: 32897113 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1778713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use, misuse, and risky use contribute to a critically important and complex crisis in current healthcare. Consequences of long-term opioid use, including opioid induced hyperalgesia, physical dependence, and opioid use disorder, can be considered iatrogenic, or partially iatrogenic, in cases where therapeutic opioid exposures were contributory. Research investigation and presumptive clinical action are needed to attenuate the iatrogenic component of the opioid crisis; treatment of individuals already suffering from opioid use disorder will not prevent incident cases. This work will be challenged by a remarkably high degree of complexity involving myriad and highly variable factors along the continuum from initial opioid exposure to long-term opioid use. An organized view of this complex problem should accelerate the pace of innovation and facilitate clinical implementation of research findings. Herein, we propose a theoretical framework and modern nomenclature for characterizing therapeutic opioid exposure and the degree to which it contributes iatrogenically to adverse outcomes. In doing so, we separate the role of exposure from other factors contributing to long-term opioid use, clarify the relationship between opioid exposure and outcomes, emphasize that exposure source is an important consideration for health services research and practice in the areas of pain treatment and opioid prevention, and recommend terminology necessary to quantify therapeutic opioid exposure separately from nonmedical exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Beauchamp
- Lehigh Valley Health Network Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Divsion of Medical Toxicology/USF Morsani College of Medicine , Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Lewis S Nelson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jeanmarie Perrone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael S Lyons
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Medication‐related
30‐day rehospitalizations in palliative care patients. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|