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Wakamatsu JI. Evidence of the mechanism underlying zinc protoporphyrin IX formation in nitrite/nitrate-free dry-cured Parma ham. Meat Sci 2022; 192:108905. [PMID: 35842957 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A large amount of zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) is found in nitrite/nitrate-free dry-cured meat products, such as Parma ham, and is known to contribute to the favorable bright red color of the latter. ZnPP is a metalloporphyrin, in which zinc is coordinated, instead of iron, in the porphyrin ring. ZnPP proved to be more stable than heme, and its formation should be favored in dried meat products to improve color without the addition of nitrites or nitrates. Toward that, understanding the mechanisms of formation of ZnPP in nitrite/nitrate-free dry-cured ham would be important. In this lecture, I introduce some of our research group's findings regarding the endogenous and exogenous factors contributing to the formation and distribution of ZnPP in Parma ham and why ZnPP formation is suppressed in common cured meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Wakamatsu
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
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2
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Zhang L, Wang B, Shen H, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhong L, Liu D, Jiang D, Zhu Y, Zhu B, Han L. Factors Influencing Trace Element Levels in the Blood of Tin Smelting Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:e403-e408. [PMID: 35673257 PMCID: PMC9301975 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is to assess the correlation between blood concentration ranges of eight elements of tin smelting workers from Guangxi Liuzhou and their job type, working years, age, and sex. METHODS We collected blood samples of 218 tin smelting workers from a Chinese tin smelting factory and determined the levels of elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS Within the blood concentrations of eight metal elements of the objects, the blood concentration of copper and zinc is affected by the job type of comprehensive work; that of arsenic and mercury is affected by refining; and that of chromium, cadmium, and lead is affected by primary smelting. CONCLUSIONS We present the remarkable influence of four job types on the blood concentration of seven trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludi Zhang
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
| | - Boshen Wang
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
| | - Huanxi Shen
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
| | - Hengdong Zhang
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
| | - Xin Liu
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
| | - Lixin Zhong
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
| | - Deye Liu
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
| | - Dong Jiang
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
| | - Yong Zhu
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
| | - Lei Han
- From the Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Zhong, D. Liu, Jiang, Y. Zhu, B. Zhu, and Han); and Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University (Drs L. Zhang, Wang, and B. Zhu), Nanjing; Kunshan Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (Dr Shen); Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University (Dr B. Zhu); and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Public Health Emergency (Dr B. Zhu), China
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3
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Matsumoto C, Gen M, Matsuki A, Seto T. Development of spray-drying-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4511. [PMID: 35296775 PMCID: PMC8927375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a spray-drying method to fabricate silver nanoparticle (AgNP) aggregates for application in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A custom-built system was used to fabricate AgNP aggregates of four sizes, 48, 86, 151, and 218 nm, from drying droplets containing AgNPs atomized from an AgNP suspension. Sample solutions of Rhodamine B (RhB) at 10-6, 10-8, and 10-10 M concentrations were dropped onto the AgNP aggregates as probe molecules to examine the enhancement of the Raman signals of the RhB. The ordering of the analytical enhancement factors (AEFs) by aggregate size at a 10-6 M RhB was 86 nm > 218 nm > 151 nm > 48 nm. When RhB concentrations are below 10-8 M, the 86 and 151 nm AgNP aggregates show clear RhB peaks. The AEFs of the 86 nm AgNP aggregates were the highest in all four aggregates and higher than those of the 218-nm aggregates, although the 218-nm aggregates had more hot spots where Raman enhancement occurred. This finding was attributable to the deformation and damping of the electron cloud in the highly aggregated AgNPs, reducing the sensitivity for Raman enhancement. When RhB was premixed with the AgNP suspension prior to atomization, the AEFs at 10-8 M RhB rose ~ 100-fold compared to those in the earlier experiments (the post-dropping route). This significant enhancement was probably caused by the increased opportunity for the trapping of the probe molecules in the hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigusa Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Matsuki
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takafumi Seto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Annan RA, Gyimah LA, Apprey C, Asamoah-Boakye O, Aduku LNE, Azanu W, Luterodt HE, Edusei AK. Predictors of adverse birth outcomes among pregnant adolescents in Ashanti Region, Ghana. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e67. [PMID: 34527225 DOI: 10.1016/j.hnm.2021.200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes. However, the determinants of these outcomes are understudied. The present study sought to identify the predictors of adverse birth outcomes among pregnant adolescents in Ghana. In this prospective health centre-based study, 416 pregnant adolescents, aged 13-19 years old, were followed, and 270 birth outcomes were evaluated. We collected data on socio-demographic variables, eating behaviour, household hunger scale (HHS), lived poverty index (LPI) and compliance to antenatal interventions. The prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm births (PTB) were 15⋅2 and 12⋅5 %, respectively. Pregnant adolescents with no formal education (AOR 9⋅0; P = 0⋅004; 95 % CI 2⋅1, 39⋅8), those who experienced illness (AOR 3⋅0; P = 0⋅011; 95 % CI 1⋅3, 7⋅0), those who experienced hunger (OR 2⋅9; P = 0⋅010; 95 % CI 1⋅3, 6⋅5) and those with high LPI (OR 2⋅5; P = 0⋅014; 95 % CI 1⋅2, 5⋅3) presented increased odds of delivering preterm babies compared with those who have had secondary education, did not experience any illness, were not hungry or having low LPI, respectively. Pregnant adolescents who used insecticide-treated net (ITN) (AOR 0⋅4; P = 0⋅013; 95 % CI 0⋅2, 0⋅9) presented reduced odds LBW children; while those who experienced illness (AOR 2⋅7; P = 0⋅020; 95 % CI 1⋅2, 6⋅0), poorer pregnant adolescents (OR 2⋅5; P = 0⋅014; 95 % CI 1⋅1, 4⋅8) and those who experienced hunger (AOR 3⋅0; P = 0⋅028; 95 % CI 1⋅1, 8⋅1) presented increased odds of LBW children compared with those who used ITN, were not ill, were not poor or did not experience hunger. Adverse birth outcomes were associated with ANC compliance and socioeconomic factors of the pregnant adolescents. Hence, strengthening antenatal uptake and compliance by pregnant adolescents, promoting their livelihood and socioeconomic status, and interventions to prevent teenage pregnancies are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Adjetey Annan
- Human Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Afriyie Gyimah
- Human Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Charles Apprey
- Human Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Odeafo Asamoah-Boakye
- Human Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Nana Esi Aduku
- Human Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Wisdom Azanu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Allied Health Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Herman E Luterodt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Anthony K Edusei
- Department of Community Health, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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5
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Iron deficiency: a modern primer to diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2021; 37:121-127. [PMID: 33315792 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Iron deficiency with anemia (IDA) and without anemia remain a diagnostic and management challenge. Iron deficiency has a broad spectrum of causes, including gastrointestinal malignancy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the value and limitations of current methods to diagnose iron deficiency and underline the relevance of contemporaneous evidence to guide the pretest probability of gastrointestinal disease. RECENT FINDINGS A number of biomarkers for iron deficiency exist, and all have their caveats. Serum ferritin remains the most pragmatic means of diagnosing iron deficiency. Hepcidin holds future promise as a marker of iron status during inflammatory states. Men and postmenopausal women with IDA have the highest overall prevalence of gastrointestinal malignancy (∼11%), while premenopausal women with IDA (<1.5%) and those with iron deficiency without anemia (<0.5%) have a very low risk. Noninvasive investigation with fecal immunochemical test and fecal calprotectin hold promise to guide further investigations in lower risk groups. SUMMARY Confirmation of iron deficiency remains a challenge. Appropriate risk stratification is the key to guiding judicious gastrointestinal investigation. Use of noninvasive tests may play an important role in lower risk groups. Risk prediction tools applicable to relevant populations are required.
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Zinc Protoporphyrin Is a Reliable Marker of Functional Iron Deficiency in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020366. [PMID: 33670067 PMCID: PMC7926353 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is a common manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), arising primarily due to chronic inflammation and/or blood loss. There is no gold standard for ID diagnosis, which is often complicated by concomitant inflammation. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) correlates with parameters of iron homeostasis and has been identified as a promising marker for ID, irrespective of inflammation. We investigated the diagnostic performance of ZnPP in ID, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease and mixed anemia in a cross-sectional study in 130 patients with IBD. Different parameters were compared by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis as detectors of iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE). IRE was detected in 91 patients (70.0%); fifty-nine (64.8%) had absolute ID and 23 (25.4%) functional ID. When inflammation was present, ZnPP was a more reliable sole biomarker of IRE than MCV, transferrin saturation (TSAT) or ferritin (AUC; 0.855 vs. 0.763, 0.834% and 0.772, respectively). The specificity of TSAT was significantly lower than ZnPP when inflammation was present (38% vs. 71%, respectively). We conclude that ZnPP is a reliable biomarker of functional ID in patients with IBD and more dependable than ferritin or TSAT, which are influenced by chronic inflammation. We propose that ZnPP may also have utility in patients with other chronic diseases.
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Füllenbach C, Stein P, Glaser P, Triphaus C, Lindau S, Choorapoikayil S, Schmitt E, Zacharowski K, Hintereder G, Hennig G, Homann C, Stepp H, Spahn GH, Kaserer A, Schedler A, Meybohm P, Spahn DR. Screening for iron deficiency in surgical patients based on noninvasive zinc protoporphyrin measurements. Transfusion 2019; 60:62-72. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Füllenbach
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital FrankfurtGoethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Philipp Stein
- Institute of AnesthesiologyUniversity and University Hospital of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patricia Glaser
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital FrankfurtGoethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Chris Triphaus
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital FrankfurtGoethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Simone Lindau
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital FrankfurtGoethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Suma Choorapoikayil
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital FrankfurtGoethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Elke Schmitt
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital FrankfurtGoethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital FrankfurtGoethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Gudrun Hintereder
- Central Laboratory, Center of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Georg Hennig
- Laser‐Forschungslabor, LIFE‐ZentrumKlinikum der Universität München Munich Germany
- Department of UrologyKlinikum der Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Christian Homann
- Laser‐Forschungslabor, LIFE‐ZentrumKlinikum der Universität München Munich Germany
- Department of UrologyKlinikum der Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Herbert Stepp
- Laser‐Forschungslabor, LIFE‐ZentrumKlinikum der Universität München Munich Germany
- Department of UrologyKlinikum der Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Gabriela H. Spahn
- Institute of AnesthesiologyUniversity and University Hospital of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kaserer
- Institute of AnesthesiologyUniversity and University Hospital of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schedler
- Institute of AnesthesiologyUniversity and University Hospital of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital FrankfurtGoethe University Frankfurt Germany
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Hospital Wuerzburg Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Donat R. Spahn
- Institute of AnesthesiologyUniversity and University Hospital of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Non-invasive measurement of erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin in children. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:349-354. [PMID: 30655607 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable screening for iron deficiency (ID) has required a blood sample and cost-intensive laboratory measurements. A novel method to non-invasively measure erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), an established marker for ID, is evaluated in children. METHODS ZnPP was determined non-invasively by fluorescence measurements on the wet vermillion of the lower lip in 99 hospitalized children aged 9 months to 5 years. For comparison, conventional ID parameters and ZnPP were determined from blood samples. RESULTS The non-invasively measured ZnPP values had limits of agreement (LoA) of 14 µmol ZnPP/mol heme (95% confidence interval: 9-20) compared to fluorescence measurements directly in blood. Repeated high-performance liquid chromatography reference determinations had comparable LoA of 14 µmol ZnPP/mol heme (9-17). Non-invasive ZnPP measurements had sensitivity and specificity of 67% (39-88%) and 97% (91-99%), and negative and positive predictive value of 94% (90-97%) and 80% (55-93%), for detecting ID as defined by the soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR). In groups with more severe ID as defined by serum ferritin and sTfR, higher ZnPP values were found, with the highest ZnPP values for the group with ID anemia. CONCLUSION Non-invasive ZnPP measurements are reliably feasible in children. The simple and fast method has the potential to enable wide-spread screening for ID.
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Abstract
Measurement of serum ferritin (SF) is currently the laboratory test recommended for diagnosing iron deficiency. In the absence of an associated disease, a low SF value is an early and highly specific indicator of iron deficiency. The WHO criteria proposed to define depleted storage iron are 12μg/L for children under 5 years and 15μg/L for those over 5 years. A higher threshold of 30μg/L is used in the presence of infection or inflammation. Iron deficiency anemia, with typical low mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, is only present at the end stage of iron deficiency. Other diagnostic tests for iron deficiency including iron parameters (low serum iron, increased total iron-binding capacity, low transferrin saturation) and erythrocyte traits (low mean corpuscular volume, increased zinc protoporphyrin) provide little additional diagnostic value over SF. In children, serum soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) has been reported to be a sensitive indicator of iron deficiency and is relatively unaffected by inflammation. On the other hand, sTfR is directly related to extent of erythroid activity and not commonly used in clinical practice. In population surveys, approaches based on combinations of markers have been explored to improve the specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic. In addition to Hb value determination, a combination of parameters (among transferrin saturation, zinc protoporphyrin, mean corpuscular volume or serum ferritin) was generally used to assess iron deficiency. More recently sTfR/ ferritin index were evaluated, sTfR in conjunction with SF allowing to better distinguishing iron deficiency from inflammatory anemia. Also, hepcidin measurements appeared an interesting marker for diagnosing iron deficiency and identifying individuals in need of iron supplementation in populations where inflammatory or infectious diseases are frequently encountered. Reticulocyte Hb content (CHr) determination is an early parameter of iron deficiency erythropoiesis. CHr can be measured with several automated hematology analyzers and so, used for individual's iron status assessment. In addition to Hb concentration determination, individual's iron status is commonly assessed in the pediatric clinical practice by the SF measurement accompanied by the determination of C-reactive protein for detection of a simultaneous acute infection and/or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thuret
- Service d'onco-hématologie pédíatrique, CHU Timone Enfants, centre de référence des thalassémies, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Trace Elements Contamination and Human Health Risk Assessment in Drinking Water from the Agricultural and Pastoral Areas of Bay County, Xinjiang, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13100938. [PMID: 27669274 PMCID: PMC5086677 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tap water samples were collected from 180 families in four agricultural (KYR: Keyir, KRW: Kariwak, YTR: Yatur, DW: Dawanqi) and two pastoral areas (B: Bulong and Y: Yangchang) in Bay County, Xinjiang, China, and levels of seven trace elements (Cd, Cr, As Ni, Pb, Zn, Se) were analyzed using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess potential health risks. Remarkable spatial variations of contamination were observed. Overall, the health risk was more severe for carcinogenic versus non-carcinogenic pollutants due to heavy metal. The risk index was greater for children overall (Cr > As > Cd and Zn > Se for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic elements, respectively). The total risk index was greater in agricultural areas (DW > KYR > YTR > KRW > B > Y). Total risk indices were greater where well water was the source versus fountain water; for the latter, the total health risk index was greater versus glacier water. Main health risk factors were Cr and As in DW, KYR, YTR, KRW, and B, and Zn, Cr, and As in the Y region. Overall, total trace element–induced health risk (including for DW adults) was higher than acceptable (10−6) and lower than priority risk levels (10−4) (KYR, YTR, KRW, Y, and B). For DW children, total health risk reached 1.08 × 10−4, higher than acceptable and priority risk levels (10−4).
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Lu S, Ren L, Fang J, Ji J, Liu G, Zhang J, Zhang H, Luo R, Lin K, Fan R. Trace elements are associated with urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level: a case study of college students in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8484-8491. [PMID: 26782679 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many trace heavy elements are carcinogenic and increase the incidence of cancer. However, a comprehensive study of the correlation between multiple trace elements and DNA oxidative damage is still lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between the body burden of multiple trace elements and DNA oxidative stress in college students in Guangzhou, China. Seventeen trace elements in urine samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of DNA oxidative stress, was also measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The concentrations of six essential elements including manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), and molybdenum (Mo), and five non-essential elements including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), stibium (Sb), and thallium (Tl), were found to be significantly correlated with urinary 8-OHdG levels. Moreover, urinary levels of Ni, Se, Mo, As, Sr, and Tl were strongly significantly correlated with 8-OHdG (P < 0.01) concentration. Environmental exposure and dietary intake of these trace elements may play important roles in DNA oxidative damage in the population of Guangzhou, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyou Lu
- Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lu Ren
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianzhang Fang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ruorong Luo
- Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kai Lin
- Shenzhen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitor, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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12
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Johnson SB, Riis JL, Noble KG. State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-3075. [PMID: 26952506 PMCID: PMC4811314 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, >40% of children are either poor or near-poor. As a group, children in poverty are more likely to experience worse health and more developmental delay, lower achievement, and more behavioral and emotional problems than their more advantaged peers; however, there is broad variability in outcomes among children exposed to similar conditions. Building on a robust literature from animal models showing that environmental deprivation or enrichment shapes the brain, there has been increasing interest in understanding how the experience of poverty may shape the brain in humans. In this review, we summarize research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and brain development, focusing on studies published in the last 5 years. Drawing on a conceptual framework informed by animal models, we highlight neural plasticity, epigenetics, material deprivation (eg, cognitive stimulation, nutrient deficiencies), stress (eg, negative parenting behaviors), and environmental toxins as factors that may shape the developing brain. We then summarize the existing evidence for the relationship between child poverty and brain structure and function, focusing on brain areas that support memory, emotion regulation, and higher-order cognitive functioning (ie, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex) and regions that support language and literacy (ie, cortical areas of the left hemisphere). We then consider some limitations of the current literature and discuss the implications of neuroscience concepts and methods for interventions in the pediatric medical home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;,Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Jenna L. Riis
- Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Kimberly G. Noble
- Department of Neuroscience and Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
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13
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Hennig G, Homann C, Teksan I, Hasbargen U, Hasmüller S, Holdt LM, Khaled N, Sroka R, Stauch T, Stepp H, Vogeser M, Brittenham GM. Non-invasive detection of iron deficiency by fluorescence measurement of erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin in the lip. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10776. [PMID: 26883939 PMCID: PMC4757790 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, more individuals have iron deficiency than any other health problem. Most of those affected are unaware of their lack of iron, in part because detection of iron deficiency has required a blood sample. Here we report a non-invasive method to optically measure an established indicator of iron status, red blood cell zinc protoporphyrin, in the microcirculation of the lower lip. An optical fibre probe is used to illuminate the lip and acquire fluorescence emission spectra in ∼1 min. Dual-wavelength excitation with spectral fitting is used to distinguish the faint zinc protoporphyrin fluorescence from the much greater tissue background fluorescence, providing immediate results. In 56 women, 35 of whom were iron-deficient, the sensitivity and specificity of optical non-invasive detection of iron deficiency were 97% and 90%, respectively. This fluorescence method potentially provides a rapid, easy to use means for point-of-care screening for iron deficiency in resource-limited settings lacking laboratory infrastructure. Iron deficiency, the most common health problem in the world, has required a blood test for diagnosis. Here, the authors show that iron deficiency can be detected non-invasively and quickly by measuring the fluorescence of red blood cell zinc protoporphyrin in the microcirculation of the lip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hennig
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE-Zentrum, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 19, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Homann
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE-Zentrum, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 19, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ilknur Teksan
- Perinatalzentrum Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Hasbargen
- Perinatalzentrum Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Hasmüller
- Perinatalzentrum Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ronald Sroka
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE-Zentrum, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 19, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Stauch
- Deutsches Kompetenz-Zentrum für Porphyriediagnostik und Konsultation, MVZ Labor PD Dr. Volkmann und Kollegen GbR, Kriegsstrasse 99, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Herbert Stepp
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE-Zentrum, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 19, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Vogeser
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gary M Brittenham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, Children's Hospital of New York, Room CHN 10-08, 3959 Broadway, New York, New York 10032, USA
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14
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Rumore MM. Medication Repurposing in Pediatric Patients: Teaching Old Drugs New Tricks. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:36-53. [PMID: 26997928 PMCID: PMC4778695 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-21.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gaps in pediatric therapeutics often result in off-label use and specifically, novel uses for existing medications, termed "drug repurposing." Drug Information (DI) queries to a Pediatric Medication Resource Center of a large metropolitan pediatric hospital in New York and inherent difficulties in retrieving evidence-based information prompted a review of current medication repurposing for pediatric patients. The objective included characterization of innovative off-label use of medications Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for 1 or more indications to treat a totally different disorder or indication in pediatric patients. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to retrieve publications describing repurposed medications in pediatric patients. Excluded was FDA-approved indications used off-label in pediatric patients (e.g., different dose), preclinical data, adult use only, and experimental use. Evidence quality was classified using a modified American Academy of Neurology Level of Evidence. Results were analyzed using χ(2) at p < 0.05. RESULTS Over 2000 references were retrieved and reviewed. A total of 101 medications repurposed for novel off-label uses for pediatric patients were identified: 38 for neonates, 74 for children, and 52 for adolescents. Neonates and infants were least likely to receive a medication for a repurposed use. Strong or intermediate evidence existed in 80.2% of cases. The evidence was weak in 19.8%. No significant relationship was observed between the pediatric age group and strength of the literature. Most repurposed uses pertained to generic or widely used medications. Less than 5% of medications were first marketed after 2011. CONCLUSIONS While not exhaustive, the present study represents the most comprehensive listing of novel uses exclusive to pediatric patients. Further research is needed to identify the frequency of repurposed uses. The valuable DI role of pharmacists in assessing repurposed uses is of expanding and increasing importance to ensure such uses are evidence-based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Rumore
- Department of Social, Behavioral and Administrative Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, New York; Of Counsel, Sorell, Lenna, & Schmidt, LLP, Hauppauge, New York
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15
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Impact of Fetal-Neonatal Iron Deficiency on Recognition Memory at 2 Months of Age. J Pediatr 2015; 167:1226-32. [PMID: 26382625 PMCID: PMC4662910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of fetal-neonatal iron deficiency on recognition memory in early infancy. Perinatal iron deficiency delays or disrupts hippocampal development in animal models and thus may impair related neural functions in human infants, such as recognition memory. STUDY DESIGN Event-related potentials were used in an auditory recognition memory task to compare 2-month-old Chinese infants with iron sufficiency or deficiency at birth. Fetal-neonatal iron deficiency was defined 2 ways: high zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio (ZPP/H > 118 μmol/mol) or low serum ferritin (<75 μg/L) in cord blood. Late slow wave was used to measure infant recognition of mother's voice. RESULTS Event related potentials patterns differed significantly for fetal-neonatal iron deficiency as defined by high cord ZPP/H but not low ferritin. Comparing 35 infants with iron deficiency (ZPP/H > 118 μmol/mol) to 92 with lower ZPP/H (iron-sufficient), only infants with iron sufficiency showed larger late slow wave amplitude for stranger's voice than mother's voice in frontal-central and parietal-occipital locations, indicating the recognition of mother's voice. CONCLUSIONS Infants with iron sufficiency showed electrophysiological evidence of recognizing their mother's voice, whereas infants with fetal-neonatal iron deficiency did not. Their poorer auditory recognition memory at 2 months of age is consistent with effects of fetal-neonatal iron deficiency on the developing hippocampus.
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16
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Hinchliffe RF, Vora AJ, Lennard L. An assessment of methods used in the investigation of iron status: findings in a population of young British South Asian children. J Clin Pathol 2015; 69:345-51. [PMID: 26408651 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the value of laboratory tests available for the investigation of iron status in a population of young British South Asian children. METHODS Blood count, red cell distribution width (RDW), percentage hypochromic red cells (%hypo), concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, plasma iron measurements and incidence of deletional forms of α-thalassaemia were determined. RESULTS Haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), ferritin and CRP values classified iron status in 151/205 (73.6%) consecutive children aged 4-43 months. Fifty-four could not be classified: 12 were anaemic with findings, other than normal CRP values, indistinguishable from those with anaemia of inflammation and 42 were non-anaemic with reduced MCH values. All 42 had normal ferritin concentration and 8 of 36 successfully tested had deletional α-thalassaemia trait. Despite apparent iron sufficiency the RDW, %hypo and ZPP values of these 42 were not significantly different from the 32 children classified with iron-deficient erythropoiesis. The gene frequency of deletional α-thalassaemia trait in the entire group was 8.6%. CONCLUSIONS Among 205 British South Asian children aged 4-43 months with high incidences of anaemia, iron deficiency, infection and α-thalassaemia, 151 (73.6%) were classified using haemoglobin, MCH, ferritin and CRP values. In 42 non-anaemic, iron-sufficient children with subnormal MCH values, that is with a phenotype of α-thalassaemia trait, RDW, %hypo and ZPP values did not differ significantly from those with iron-deficient erythropoiesis. Raised RDW, %hypo and ZPP values should be interpreted with caution in non-anaemic young British South Asian children with microcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick F Hinchliffe
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK Academic Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ajay J Vora
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK Academic Unit of Child Health, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lynne Lennard
- Academic Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
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Barragán-Ibañez G, Santoyo-Sánchez A, Collazo-Jaloma J, Ramos-Peñafiel C. Retrospective analysis of therapeutic response obtained with enteral and parenteral iron in adults with iron deficiency anaemia. REVISTA MÉDICA DEL HOSPITAL GENERAL DE MÉXICO 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hgmx.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Jiang J, Lu S, Zhang H, Liu G, Lin K, Huang W, Luo R, Zhang X, Tang C, Yu Y. Dietary intake of human essential elements from a Total Diet Study in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lu SY, Zhang HM, Sojinu SO, Liu GH, Zhang JQ, Ni HG. Trace elements contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4220. [PMID: 25514858 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The levels of seven essential trace elements (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, and Mo) and six non-essential trace elements (Cr, As, Cd, Sb, Hg, and Pb) in a total of 89 drinking water samples collected in Shenzhen, China were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the present study. Both the essential and non-essential trace elements were frequently detectable in the different kinds of drinking waters assessed. Remarkable temporal and spatial variations were observed among most of the trace elements in the tap water collected from two tap water treatment plants. Meanwhile, potential human health risk from these non-essential trace elements in the drinking water for local residents was also assessed. The median values of cancer risks associated with exposure to carcinogenic metals via drinking water consumption were estimated to be 6.1 × 10(-7), 2.1 × 10(-8), and 2.5 × 10(-7) for As, Cd, and Cr, respectively; the median values of incremental lifetime for non-cancer risks were estimated to be 6.1 × 10(-6), 4.4 × 10(-5), and 2.2 × 10(-5) for Hg, Pb, and Sb, respectively. The median value of total incremental lifetime health risk induced by the six non-essential trace elements for the population was 3.5 × 10(-5), indicating that the potential health risks from non-carcinogenic trace elements in drinking water also require some attention. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the most important factor for health risk assessment should be the levels of heavy metal in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-You Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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