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Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the bilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity and associated anatomical variations. 2. Understand the history and evolution of the bilateral cleft lip repair. 3. Understand the key principles of the surgical repair. SUMMARY This article describes characteristics of the bilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity and its management, including presurgical orthopedics, operative techniques, and postsurgical care.
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Khan MI, Cs P. Case-Parent Trio Studies in Cleft Lip and Palate. Glob Med Genet 2021; 7:75-79. [PMID: 33392609 PMCID: PMC7772012 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital malformations in humans involving various genetic and environmental risk factors. The prevalence of CL/P varies according to geographical location, ethnicity, race, gender, and socioeconomic status, affecting approximately 1 in 800 live births worldwide. Genetic studies aim to understand the mechanisms contributory to a phenotype by measuring the association between genetic variants and also between genetic variants and phenotype population. Genome-wide association studies are standard tools used to discover genetic loci related to a trait of interest. Genetic association studies are generally divided into two main design types: population-based studies and family-based studies. The epidemiological population-based studies comprise unrelated individuals that directly compare the frequency of genetic variants between (usually independent) cases and controls. The alternative to population-based studies (case–control designs) includes various family-based study designs that comprise related individuals. An example of such a study is a case–parent trio design study, which is commonly employed in genetics to identify the variants underlying complex human disease where transmission of alleles from parents to offspring is studied. This article describes the fundamentals of case–parent trio study, trio design and its significances, statistical methods, and limitations of the trio studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamad Irfanulla Khan
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashanth Cs
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, DAPM RV Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Garland MA, Reynolds K, Zhou CJ. Environmental mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1660-1698. [PMID: 33125192 PMCID: PMC7902093 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are among the most common birth defects and impart a significant burden on afflicted individuals and their families. It is increasingly understood that many nonsyndromic OFCs are a consequence of extrinsic factors, genetic susceptibilities, and interactions of the two. Therefore, understanding the environmental mechanisms of OFCs is important in the prevention of future cases. This review examines the molecular mechanisms associated with environmental factors that either protect against or increase the risk of OFCs. We focus on essential metabolic pathways, environmental signaling mechanisms, detoxification pathways, behavioral risk factors, and biological hazards that may disrupt orofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Chengji J. Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Seelan RS, Greene RM, Pisano MM. MicroRNAs as Epigenetic Targets of Cigarette Smoke During Embryonic Development. Microrna 2020; 9:168-173. [PMID: 31556862 PMCID: PMC7365999 DOI: 10.2174/2211536608666190926114704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adverse developmental effects of exposure to Cigarette Smoke (CS) during pregnancy are documented in this paper. These include low birth weight, congenital anomalies, preterm birth, fetal mortality and morbidity. The current biological thought now recognizes that epigenetics represents a fundamental contributing process in embryogenesis, and that the environment can have a profound effect on shaping the epigenome. It has become increasingly recognized that genes encoding microRNAs (miRNAs) might be potential loci for congenital disabilities. One means by which CS can cause developmental anomalies may be through epigenetic mechanisms involving altered miRNA expression. While several studies have focused on genes affected by CS during embryonic/ fetal development, there is a paucity of knowledge on the involvement of miRNAs in this process. This brief review summarizes the current state of knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnam S. Seelan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies,
University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Robert M. Greene
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies,
University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY40202, USA
| | - Michele M. Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies,
University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY40202, USA
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Jayarajan R, Vasudevan P. A comprehensive review of orofacial cleft patients at a university hospital genetic department in the UK. JOURNAL OF CLEFT LIP PALATE AND CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jclpca.jclpca_4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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A pilot study: Screening target miRNAs in tissue of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2570-2576. [PMID: 28565881 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) has been recognized as a condition resulting from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in embryonic development. However, few studies have focused on screening potential target miRNAs in human NSCLP tissue. Using microarray-based miRNA expression profiling, miRNA expression was compared in tissue samples from 4 NSCLP patients and 4 healthy control subjects. Two hundred and fifty-four miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed. Changes in Homo sapiens (hsa)-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-27b-3p, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-720 were of particular interest with respect to Wnt signaling (fold-changes were 12.5, 12.2, 12.1, 12.3 and 10.5, respectively; P<0.005 for all). The levels of hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-205-5p were higher in tissues from NSCLP patients than in those from controls according to PCR analysis. Hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-205-5p may be candidate miRNAs involved in the etiology of NSCLP via Wnt signaling.
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Jackson HW, Prakash D, Litaker M, Ferreira T, Jezewski PA. Zebrafish Wnt9b Patterns the First Pharyngeal Arch into D-I-V Domains and Promotes Anterior-Medial Outgrowth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2015.53006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schwender H, Li Q, Neumann C, Taub MA, Younkin SG, Berger P, Scharpf RB, Beaty TH, Ruczinski I. Detecting disease variants in case-parent trio studies using the bioconductor software package trio. Genet Epidemiol 2014; 38:516-22. [PMID: 25048299 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Case-parent trio studies are commonly employed in genetics to detect variants underlying common complex disease risk. Both commercial and freely available software suites for genetic data analysis usually contain methods for case-parent trio designs. A user might, however, experience limitations with these packages, which can include missing functionality to extend the software if a desired analysis has not been implemented, and the inability to programmatically capture all the software versions used for low-level processing and high-level inference of genomic data, a critical consideration in particular for high-throughput experiments. Here, we present a software vignette (i.e., a manual with step by step instructions and examples to demonstrate software functionality) for reproducible genome-wide analyses of case-parent trio data using the open source Bioconductor package trio. The workflow for the practitioner uses data from previous genetic trio studies to illustrate functions for marginal association tests, assessment of parent-of-origin effects, power and sample size calculations, and functions to detect gene-gene and gene-environment interactions associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schwender
- Mathematical Institute, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Suazo J, Santos JL, Scapoli L, Jara L, Blanco R. Association between TGFB3 and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a Chilean population. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2014; 47:513-7. [PMID: 20170386 DOI: 10.1597/09-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the possible association between TGFB3 allele variants and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a Chilean population. DESIGN In our study we used a case-parents trios design. The sample consisted of 150 unrelated trios ascertained through probands affected with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Three TGFB3 polymorphisms were analyzed (rs2268626, rs2268625, and rs3917201). An allele/haplotype transmission disequilibrium test was used to evaluate the possible genotype-phenotype association. RESULTS An overtransmission from parents to affected progeny was observed for the A allele of rs3917201 (p = .03) and for the rs2268625-rs3917201 A-A haplotype (p = .022). A defect of transmission of rs2268625-rs3917201 G-G haplotype (p = .022) was observed also. CONCLUSIONS Allelic and haplotypic associations implicate a possible role of TGFB3 in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Chilean population. Additional studies are needed in order to elucidate the possible mechanisms that can explain the role of TGFB3 genetic variants in the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Suazo
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Yang T, Jia Z, Bryant-Pike W, Chandrasekhar A, Murray JC, Fritzsch B, Bassuk AG. Analysis of PRICKLE1 in human cleft palate and mouse development demonstrates rare and common variants involved in human malformations. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2014; 2:138-51. [PMID: 24689077 PMCID: PMC3960056 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Palate development is shaped by multiple molecular signaling pathways, including the Wnt pathway. In mice and humans, mutations in both the canonical and noncanonical arms of the Wnt pathway manifest as cleft palate, one of the most common human birth defects. Like the palate, numerous studies also link different Wnt signaling perturbations to varying degrees of limb malformation; for example, shortened limbs form in mutations of Ror2,Vangl2 (looptail) and, in particular, Wnt5a. We recently showed the noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling molecule Prickle1 (Prickle like 1) also stunts limb growth in mice. We now expanded these studies to the palate and show that Prickle1 is also required for palate development, like Wnt5a and Ror2. Unlike in the limb, the Vangl2looptail mutation only aggravates palate defects caused by other mutations. We screened Filipino cleft palate patients and found PRICKLE1 variants, both common and rare, at an elevated frequency. Our results reveal that in mice and humans PRICKLE1 directs palate morphogenesis; our results also uncouple Prickle1 function from Vangl2 function. Together, these findings suggest mouse and human palate development is guided by PCP-Prickle1 signaling that is probably not downstream of Vangl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yang
- Department of Biology, University of IowaIowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Zhonglin Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of IowaIowa City, Iowa, 52242
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Whitney Bryant-Pike
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, Missouri, 65211
| | - Anand Chandrasekhar
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, Missouri, 65211
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of IowaIowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of IowaIowa City, Iowa, 52242
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Wu T, Schwender H, Ruczinski I, Murray JC, Marazita ML, Munger RG, Hetmanski JB, Parker MM, Wang P, Murray T, Taub M, Li S, Redett RJ, Fallin MD, Liang KY, Wu-Chou YH, Chong SS, Yeow V, Ye X, Wang H, Huang S, Jabs EW, Shi B, Wilcox AJ, Jee SH, Scott AF, Beaty TH. Evidence of gene-environment interaction for two genes on chromosome 4 and environmental tobacco smoke in controlling the risk of nonsyndromic cleft palate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88088. [PMID: 24516586 PMCID: PMC3916361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft palate (CP) is one of the most common human birth defects and both genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to its etiology. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 550 CP case-parent trios ascertained in an international consortium. Stratified analysis among trios with different ancestries was performed to test for GxE interactions with common maternal exposures using conditional logistic regression models. While no single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) achieved genome-wide significance when considered alone, markers in SLC2A9 and the neighboring WDR1 on chromosome 4p16.1 gave suggestive evidence of gene-environment interaction with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among 259 Asian trios when the models included a term for GxE interaction. Multiple SNPs in these two genes were associated with increased risk of nonsyndromic CP if the mother was exposed to ETS during the peri-conceptual period (3 months prior to conception through the first trimester). When maternal ETS was considered, fifteen of 135 SNPs mapping to SLC2A9 and 9 of 59 SNPs in WDR1 gave P values approaching genome-wide significance (10(-6)<P<10(-4)) in a test for GxETS interaction. SNPs rs3733585 and rs12508991 in SLC2A9 yielded P = 2.26×10(-7) in a test for GxETS interaction. SNPs rs6820756 and rs7699512 in WDR1 also yielded P = 1.79×10(-7) and P = 1.98×10(-7) in a 1 df test for GxE interaction. Although further replication studies are critical to confirming these findings, these results illustrate how genetic associations for nonsyndromic CP can be missed if potential GxE interaction is not taken into account, and this study suggest SLC2A9 and WDR1 should be considered as candidate genes for CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Holger Schwender
- Mathematical Institute, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- University of Iowa, Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Jacqueline B. Hetmanski
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. Parker
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tanda Murray
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret Taub
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shuai Li
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Richard J. Redett
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Daniele Fallin
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kung Yee Liang
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Vincent Yeow
- KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqian Ye
- Wuhan University, School of Stomatology, Wuhan, China
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong Wang
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ethylin W. Jabs
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Allen J. Wilcox
- NIEHS/NIH, Epidemiology Branch, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Yonsei University, School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Alan F. Scott
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Xu Y, Li J, Shi B. Sufficient downward rotation of the christa philtri on the cleft side: a modified technique. Front Med 2013; 7:510-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-013-0299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ben-Efraim YJ, Wasserman D, Wasserman J, Sokolowski M. Family-based study of HTR2A in suicide attempts: observed gene, gene × environment and parent-of-origin associations. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:758-66. [PMID: 22751492 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While suicidal behavior is frequently accompanied by serotonergic system alterations, specific associations with genetic variation in the serotonin 2A receptor (HTR2A) gene have been inconsistent. Using a family-based study design of 660 offspring who have made a suicide attempt (SA) and both parents, we conducted an association and linkage analysis using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with extensive gene coverage, and included the study of parent-of-origin (POE) and gene-environment interaction (G × E), also using previously unstudied exposures. The main finding was a G × E between the exon 1 SNP rs6313 and exposure to cumulative types of lifetime stressful life events (SLEs), driven by overtransmission of CT and undertransmission of TT, both in relation to other genotypes. Further exploratory analysis revealed a significant POE in this G × E in female subjects, which followed a polar overdominant inheritance pattern. In addition, rs6310 and rs6305 were found to significantly associate with SA in the total sample. A G × E in female subjects (rs7322347 × physical assault in childhood/adolescence) confirmed features of a previously observed association with SA. Other potentially interesting nominally significant findings were observed, but like the G × E of rs7322347 did not pass a false-discovery rate cutoff. Taken together, this study found multiple associations of HTR2A SNPs on SA, with strongest statistical evidence for a G × E involving rs6313, and further suggested the importance of taking into account different inheritance patterns and G × Es with regard to HTR2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Ben-Efraim
- The National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Galloway JL, Jones SJ, Mossey PA, Ellis IR. The control and importance of hyaluronan synthase expression in palatogenesis. Front Physiol 2013; 4:10. [PMID: 23382716 PMCID: PMC3563114 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the lip and palate involves a complex series of events that requires the close co-ordination of cell migration, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Palatal shelf elevation is considered to be driven by regional accumulation and hydration of glycosoaminoglycans, principally hyaluronan (HA), which provides an intrinsic shelf force, directed by components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). During embryogenesis, the extracellular and pericellular matrix surrounding migrating and proliferating cells is rich in HA. This would suggest that HA may be important in both shelf growth and fusion. TGFβ3 plays an important role in palatogenesis and the corresponding homozygous null (TGFβ3−/−) mouse, exhibits a defect in the fusion of the palatal shelves resulting in clefting of the secondary palate. TGFβ3 is expressed at the future medial edge epithelium (MEE) and at the actual edge epithelium during E14.5, suggesting a role for TGFβ3 in fusion. This is substantiated by experiments showing that addition of exogenous TGFβ3 can “rescue” the cleft palate phenotype in the null mouse. In addition, TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 can rescue the null mouse palate (in vitro) to near normal fusion. In vivo a TGFβ1 knock-in mouse, where the coding region of the TGFβ3 gene was replaced with the full-length TGFβ1 cDNA, displayed complete fusion at the mid portion of the secondary palate, whereas the anterior and posterior regions failed to fuse appropriately. We present experimental data indicating that the three HA synthase (Has) enzymes are differentially expressed during palatogenesis. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and embryo sections from the TGFβ3 null mouse at days E13.5 and E14.5, it was established that there was a decrease in expression of Has2 in the mesenchyme and an increase in expression of Has3 in comparison to the wild-type mouse. In vitro data indicate that HA synthesis is affected by addition of exogenous TGFβ3. Preliminary data suggests that this increase in HA synthesis, in response to TGFβ3, is under the control of the PI3kinase/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Galloway
- Unit of Cell and Molecular Biology, Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee Dundee, UK
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15
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Wehby GL, Goco N, Moretti-Ferreira D, Felix T, Richieri-Costa A, Padovani C, Queiros F, Guimaraes CVN, Pereira R, Litavecz S, Hartwell T, Chakraborty H, Javois L, Murray JC. Oral cleft prevention program (OCPP). BMC Pediatr 2012. [PMID: 23181832 PMCID: PMC3532199 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral clefts are one of the most common birth defects with significant medical, psychosocial, and economic ramifications. Oral clefts have a complex etiology with genetic and environmental risk factors. There are suggestive results for decreased risks of cleft occurrence and recurrence with folic acid supplements taken at preconception and during pregnancy with a stronger evidence for higher than lower doses in preventing recurrence. Yet previous studies have suffered from considerable design limitations particularly non-randomization into treatment. There is also well-documented effectiveness for folic acid in preventing neural tube defect occurrence at 0.4 mg and recurrence with 4 mg. Given the substantial burden of clefting on the individual and the family and the supportive data for the effectiveness of folic acid supplementation as well as its low cost, a randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of high versus low dose folic acid for prevention of cleft recurrence is warranted. Methods/design This study will assess the effect of 4 mg and 0.4 mg doses of folic acid, taken on a daily basis during preconception and up to 3 months of pregnancy by women who are at risk of having a child with nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without palate (NSCL/P), on the recurrence of NSCL/P. The total sample will include about 6,000 women (that either have NSCL/P or that have at least one child with NSCL/P) randomly assigned to the 4 mg and the 0.4 mg folic acid study groups. The study will also compare the recurrence rates of NSCL/P in the total sample of subjects, as well as the two study groups (4mg, 0.4 mg) to that of a historical control group. The study has been approved by IRBs (ethics committees) of all involved sites. Results will be disseminated through publications and presentations at scientific meetings. Discussion The costs related to oral clefts are high, including long term psychological and socio-economic effects. This study provides an opportunity for huge savings in not only money but the overall quality of life. This may help establish more specific clinical guidelines for oral cleft prevention so that the intervention can be better tailored for at-risk women. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00397917
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Abstract
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are birth defects that affect the upper lip and the roof of the mouth. CLP has a multifactorial etiology, comprising both genetic and environmental factors. In this review we discuss the recent data on the etiology of cleft lip and palate. We conducted a search of the MEDLINE database (Entrez PubMed) from January 1986 to December 2010 using the key words: ‘cleft lip,’ ‘cleft palate,’ ‘etiology,’ and ‘genetics.’ The etiology of CLP seems complex, with genetics playing a major role. Several genes causing syndromic CLP have been discovered. Three of them—T-box transcription factor-22 (TBX22), poliovirus receptor-like-1 (PVRL1), and interferon regulatory factor-6 (IRF6)—are responsible for causing X-linked cleft palate, cleft lip/palate–ectodermal dysplasia syndrome, and Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes, respectively; they are also implicated in nonsyndromic CLP. The nature and functions of these genes vary widely, illustrating the high vulnerability within the craniofacial developmental pathways. The etiological complexity of nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate is also exemplified by the large number of candidate genes and loci. To conclude, although the etiology of nonsyndromic CLP is still largely unknown, mutations in candidate genes have been identified in a small proportion of cases. Determining the relative risk of CLP on the basis of genetic background and environmental influence (including smoking, alcohol use, and dietary factors) will be useful for genetic counseling and the development of future preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvraj Singh Kohli
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
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ULUCAN KORKUT, BAYRAKTAR NAZLI, PARMAKSIZ EMINE, AKCAY ARZU, GÜNEY AHMETILTER. Transforming growth factor-β3 intron 5 polymorphism as a screening marker for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1465-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Schwender H, Taub MA, Beaty TH, Marazita ML, Ruczinski I. Rapid testing of SNPs and gene-environment interactions in case-parent trio data based on exact analytic parameter estimation. Biometrics 2011; 68:766-73. [PMID: 22150644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Case-parent trio studies concerned with children affected by a disease and their parents aim to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing a preferential transmission of alleles from the parents to their affected offspring. A popular statistical test for detecting such SNPs associated with disease in this study design is the genotypic transmission/disequilibrium test (gTDT) based on a conditional logistic regression model, which usually needs to be fitted by an iterative procedure. In this article, we derive exact closed-form solutions for the parameter estimates of the conditional logistic regression models when testing for an additive, a dominant, or a recessive effect of a SNP, and show that such analytic parameter estimates also exist when considering gene-environment interactions with binary environmental variables. Because the genetic model underlying the association between a SNP and a disease is typically unknown, it might further be beneficial to use the maximum over the gTDT statistics for the possible effects of a SNP as test statistic. We therefore propose a procedure enabling a fast computation of the test statistic and the permutation-based p-value of this MAX gTDT. All these methods are applied to whole-genome scans of the case-parent trios from the International Cleft Consortium. These applications show our procedures dramatically reduce the required computing time compared to the conventional iterative methods allowing, for example, the analysis of hundreds of thousands of SNPs in a few minutes instead of several hours.
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20
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Abstract
Bias can arise in case-control studies of genotype effects if the underlying population is structured (genetically stratified or admixed). Nuclear-family-based studies enjoy robustness against such bias, provided that inference conditions properly on the parents. Investigators have extended family-based methods to study gene-by-environment interactions, regarding such extensions as retaining robustness. We demonstrate via simulations that, if population structure involves the exposure, nuclear-family-based analyses of gene-by-exposure interaction remain vulnerable to inflated Type I error rates through subtle dependencies that investigators have failed to appreciate. Motivated by the Two Sister Study, an ongoing study of families affected by young-onset breast cancer, we consider a design that supplements the case-parents design with a sibling who is not genotyped but provides exposure data. If, in the population at large, inheritance is Mendelian and genotypes do not influence propensity for exposure, then this 4-person (or tetrad) structure permits the study of genetic effects, exposure effects, and genotype-by-exposure interactions. We show for a dichotomous exposure that, when exposure of an unaffected sibling is available, a modification to the analysis of case-sib or tetrad data re-establishes robustness for tests of multiplicative gene-by-environment interaction. We also use simulations to assess the power for detecting interaction across a range of scenarios, designs, and analytic methods.
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Mossey P, Little J. Addressing the challenges of cleft lip and palate research in India. Indian J Plast Surg 2011; 42 Suppl:S9-S18. [PMID: 19884687 PMCID: PMC2825065 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.57182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian sub-continent remains one of the most populous areas of the world with an estimated population of 1.1 billion in India alone. This yields an estimated 24.5 million births per year and the birth prevalence of clefts is somewhere between 27,000 and 33,000 clefts per year. Inequalities exist, both in access to and quality of cleft care with distinct differences in urban versus rural access and over the years the accumulation of unrepaired clefts of the lip and palate make this a significant health care problem in India. In recent years the situation has been significantly improved through the intervention of Non Governmental Organisations such as SmileTrain and Transforming Faces Worldwide participating in primary surgical repair programmes. The cause of clefts is multi factorial with both genetic and environmental input and intensive research efforts have yielded significant advances in recent years facilitated by molecular technologies in the genetic field. India has tremendous potential to contribute by virtue of improving research expertise and a population that has genetic, cultural and socio-economic diversity. In 2008, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has recognised that non-communicable diseases, including birth defects cause significant infant mortality and childhood morbidity and have included cleft lip and palate in their Global Burden of Disease (GBD) initiative. This will fuel the interest of India in birth defects registration and international efforts aimed at improving quality of care and ultimately prevention of non-syndromic clefts of the lip and palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mossey
- Unit of Orthodontics, Dundee University Dental School, 1 Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HR, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Ben-Efraim YJ, Wasserman D, Wasserman J, Sokolowski M. Gene-environment interactions between CRHR1 variants and physical assault in suicide attempts. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 10:663-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Beaty TH, Ruczinski I, Murray JC, Marazita ML, Munger RG, Hetmanski JB, Murray T, Redett RJ, Fallin MD, Liang KY, Wu T, Patel PJ, Jin SC, Zhang TX, Schwender H, Wu-Chou YH, Chen PK, Chong SS, Cheah F, Yeow V, Ye X, Wang H, Huang S, Jabs EW, Shi B, Wilcox AJ, Lie RT, Jee SH, Christensen K, Doheny KF, Pugh EW, Ling H, Scott AF. Evidence for gene-environment interaction in a genome wide study of nonsyndromic cleft palate. Genet Epidemiol 2011; 35:469-78. [PMID: 21618603 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft palate (CP) is a common birth defect with a complex and heterogeneous etiology involving both genetic and environmental risk factors. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 550 case-parent trios, ascertained through a CP case collected in an international consortium. Family-based association tests of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and three common maternal exposures (maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and multivitamin supplementation) were used in a combined 2 df test for gene (G) and gene-environment (G × E) interaction simultaneously, plus a separate 1 df test for G × E interaction alone. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate effects on risk to exposed and unexposed children. While no SNP achieved genome-wide significance when considered alone, markers in several genes attained or approached genome-wide significance when G × E interaction was included. Among these, MLLT3 and SMC2 on chromosome 9 showed multiple SNPs resulting in an increased risk if the mother consumed alcohol during the peri-conceptual period (3 months prior to conception through the first trimester). TBK1 on chr. 12 and ZNF236 on chr. 18 showed multiple SNPs associated with higher risk of CP in the presence of maternal smoking. Additional evidence of reduced risk due to G × E interaction in the presence of multivitamin supplementation was observed for SNPs in BAALC on chr. 8. These results emphasize the need to consider G × E interaction when searching for genes influencing risk to complex and heterogeneous disorders, such as nonsyndromic CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri H Beaty
- School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Jagomägi T, Nikopensius T, Krjutskov K, Tammekivi V, Viltrop T, Saag M, Metspalu A. MTHFR and MSX1 contribute to the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:213-20. [PMID: 20572854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that multiple interacting loci, with possible additional environmental factors, influence the risk for nonsyndromic oral clefts, one of the most common birth defects in humans. Advances in high-throughput genotyping technology allow the testing of multiple markers, simultaneously, in many candidate genes. We tested for associations between 176 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18 candidate genes/loci and nonsyndromic clefts in a case-control study in an Estonian sample (153 patients, 205 controls). The most significant associations with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) were found for SNPs in MSX1, MTHFR, and PVRL2, including several common haplotypes in the MTHFR and MSX1 genes. The strongest association was observed for rs6446693 in the MSX1 region, which remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. The strongest association with nonsyndromic cleft palate (CP) was found for the SNP rs11624283 in the JAG2 gene. Epistatic interactions were observed for SNPs within PVRL2, between BCL3 and EDN1, and between IRF6 and MSX1 genes. This study provides further evidence implicating MSX1 and MTHFR in the etiology of nonsyndromic CL/P across different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triin Jagomägi
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Benke KS, Fallin MD. Methods: genetic epidemiology. Clin Lab Med 2010; 30:795-814. [PMID: 20832653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Given the potential benefits of gene identification in psychiatry, genetic epidemiology has become a mainstream discipline within the field. This article discusses the main tools for gene discovery. The focus is on the designs and analytic approaches for each of these methods. Because most gene discovery has now moved to genetic association studies, and most recently to genome-wide association studies, the focus is on methods for this design. Also highlighted are the current challenges of genetic epidemiology as a prelude to future approaches that may be applied to psychiatric disorders in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Benke
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, W6033, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Nikopensius T, Jagomägi T, Krjutskov K, Tammekivi V, Saag M, Prane I, Piekuse L, Akota I, Barkane B, Krumina A, Ambrozaityte L, Matuleviciene A, Kucinskiene ZA, Lace B, Kucinskas V, Metspalu A. Genetic variants in COL2A1, COL11A2, and IRF6 contribute risk to nonsyndromic cleft palate. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2010; 88:748-56. [PMID: 20672350 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orofacial clefts are among the most common birth defects with a strong genetic component. Nonsyndromic cleft palate (NSCP) is a complex malformation determined by the interaction between multiple genes and environmental risk factors. METHODS We conducted a case-control association study to investigate the role of 40 candidate genes in predisposition to orofacial clefting. Five hundred ninety-one haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (tagSNPs) were genotyped in a clefting sample from the Baltic region, composed of 104 patients with nonsyndromic cleft palate and 606 controls from an Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian population. RESULTS In case-control comparisons, the minor alleles of IRF6 rs17389541 (p = 5.45 × 10(-4)) and COL2A1 rs1793949 (p = 7.26 × 10(-4)) were associated with increased risk of NSCP. Multiple haplotypes in COL2A1 and COL11A2 and haplotypes in WNT3, FGFR1, and CLPTM1were associated with NSCP. The strongest associations were found for IRF6 haplotype rs17389541/rs9430018 GT (p = 2.23 × 10(-4)) and COL2A1 haplotype rs12822608/rs6823 GC (p = 3.68 × 10(-4)). The strongest epistatic interactions were observed between MSX1 and BMP2, FGF1 and PVRL2, and COL2A1 and FGF2 genes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides for the first time evidence of the implication of IRF6, COL2A1, and WNT3 in the occurrence of NSCP. It is likely that variation in cartilage collagen II and XI genes, IRF6, and the Wnt and FGF signaling pathway genes contributes susceptibility to nonsyndromic cleft palate in Northeastern European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Nikopensius
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Letra A, Menezes R, Cooper ME, Fonseca RF, Tropp S, Govil M, Granjeiro JM, Imoehl SR, Mansilla MA, Murray JC, Castilla EE, Orioli IM, Czeizel AE, Ma L, Chiquet BT, Hecht JT, Vieira AR, Marazita ML. CRISPLD2 variants including a C471T silent mutation may contribute to nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2010; 48:363-70. [PMID: 20815724 DOI: 10.1597/09-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between nonsyndromic (NS) cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL(P)) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the CRISPLD2 gene (cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain containing 2). DESIGN Four SNPs within the CRISPLD2 gene domain (rs1546124, rs8061351, rs2326398, rs4783099) were genotyped to test for association via family-based association methods. PARTICIPANTS A total of 5826 individuals from 1331 families in which one or more family member is affected with CL(P). RESULTS Evidence of association was seen for SNP rs1546124 in U.S. (p = .02) and Brazilian (p = .04) Caucasian cohorts. We also found association of SNP rs1546124 with cleft palate alone (CP) in South Americans (Guatemala and ECLAMC) and combined Hispanics (Guatemala, ECLAMC, and Texas Hispanics; p = .03 for both comparisons) and with both cleft lip with cleft palate (CLP; p = .04) and CL(P) (p = .02) in North Americans. Strong evidence of association was found for SNP rs2326398 with CP in Asian populations (p = .003) and with CL(P) in Hispanics (p = .03) and also with bilateral CL(P) in Brazilians (p = .004). In Brazilians, SNP rs8061351 showed association with cleft subgroups incomplete CL(P) (p = .004) and unilateral incomplete CL(P) (p = .003). Prediction of SNP functionality revealed that the C allele in the C471T silent mutation (overrepresented in cases with CL(P) presents two putative exonic splicing enhancer motifs and creates a binding site AP-2 alpha, a transcription factor involved in craniofacial development. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that variants in the CRISPLD2 gene may be involved in the etiology of NS CL(P).
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Carter TC, Molloy AM, Pangilinan F, Troendle JF, Kirke PN, Conley MR, Orr DJA, Earley M, McKiernan E, Lynn EC, Doyle A, Scott JM, Brody LC, Mills JL. Testing reported associations of genetic risk factors for oral clefts in a large Irish study population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:84-93. [PMID: 19937600 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suggestive, but not conclusive, studies implicate many genetic variants in oral cleft etiology. We used a large, ethnically homogenous study population to test whether reported associations between nonsyndromic oral clefts and 12 genes (CLPTM1, CRISPLD2, FGFR2, GABRB3, GLI2, IRF6, PTCH1, RARA, RYK, SATB2, SUMO1, TGFA) could be confirmed. METHODS Thirty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exons, splice sites, and conserved non-coding regions were studied in 509 patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP), 383 with cleft palate only (CP), 838 mothers and 719 fathers of patients with oral clefts, and 902 controls from Ireland. Case-control and family-based statistical tests were performed using isolated oral clefts for the main analyses. RESULTS In case-control comparisons, the minor allele of PTCH1 A562A (rs2066836) was associated with reduced odds of CLP (odds ratios [OR], 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.64 for homozygotes), whereas the minor allele of PTCH1 L1315P (rs357564) was associated with increased odds of CLP (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.07-1.74 for heterozygotes; and OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09-2.24 for homozygotes). The minor allele of one SUMO1 SNP, rs3769817 located in intron 2, was associated with increased odds of CP (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.06-1.99 for heterozygotes). Transmission disequilibrium was observed for the minor allele of TGFA V159V (rs2166975) which was over-transmitted to CP cases (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS For 10 of the 12 genes, this is the largest candidate gene study of nonsyndromic oral clefts to date. The findings provide further evidence that PTCH1, SUMO1, and TGFA contribute to nonsyndromic oral clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia C Carter
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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29
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Cheah FSH, Winkler C, Jabs EW, Chong SS. Tgfbeta3 regulation of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in zebrafish is mediated through formation and survival of a subpopulation of the cranial neural crest. Mech Dev 2010; 127:329-44. [PMID: 20406684 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish tgfbeta3 is strongly expressed in a subpopulation of the migrating neural crest cells, developing pharyngeal arches and neurocranial cartilages. To study the regulatory role of tgfbeta3 in head skeletal formation, we knocked down tgfbeta3 in zebrafish and found impaired craniofacial chondrogenesis, evident by malformations in selected neurocranial and pharyngeal arch cartilages. Over-expressing tgfbeta3 in embryos resulted in smaller craniofacial cartilages without any gross malformations. These defects suggest that tgfbeta3 is required for normal chondrogenesis. To address the cellular mechanisms that lead to the observed malformations, we analyzed cranial neural crest development in morphant and tgfbeta3 over-expressing fish. We observed reduced pre-migratory and migratory cranial neural crest, the precursors of the neurocranial cartilage and pharyngeal arches, in tgfbeta3 knockdown embryos. In contrast, only the migratory neural crest was reduced in embryos over-expressing tgfbeta3. This raised the possibility that the reduced number of cranial neural crest cells is a result of increased apoptosis. Consistent with this, markedly elevated TUNEL staining in the midbrain and hindbrain, and developing pharyngeal arch region was observed in morphants, while tgfbeta3 over-expressing embryos showed marginally increased apoptosis in the developing pharyngeal arch region. We propose that both Tgfbeta3 suppression and over-expression result in reduced chondrocyte and osteocyte formation, but to different degrees and through different mechanisms. In Tgfbeta3 suppressed embryos, this is due to impaired formation and survival of a subpopulation of cranial neural crest cells through markedly increased apoptosis in regions containing the cranial neural crest cells, while in Tgfbeta3 over-expressing embryos, the milder phenotype is also due to a slightly elevated apoptosis in these regions. Therefore, proper cranial neural crest formation and survival, and ultimately craniofacial chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, are dependent on tight regulation of Tgfbeta3 protein levels in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia S H Cheah
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Bánhidy F, Acs N, Puhó EH, Czeizel AE. A possible association of periodontal infectious diseases in pregnant women with isolated orofacial clefts in their children: A population-based case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:466-73. [PMID: 20306499 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to check the association of maternal periodontal infectious disease (MPID) during pregnancy and the possible risk for birth outcomes, mainly structural birth defects: congenital abnormalities (CAs) in their children. METHODS The population-based data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1996, was evaluated. The occurrence of medically recorded MPID in the prenatal maternity logbook was compared in 22,843 cases with different CAs and 38,151 matched controls without defects. RESULTS Twenty-one case mothers who had offspring with a CA (case group) and 17 pregnant women who delivered newborn infants without a CA (control group) had an MPID. However, of 21 cases, 6 had isolated cleft lip +/- palate (OR with 95% CI: 10.7, 4.2-27.3), and 2 were affected with isolated cleft palate (7.9, 1.8-34.2). Of these 8 cases, 6 had mothers with the exposure of MPID in the critical period of these orofacial clefts, 7 mothers were visited at home, and 6 were smokers during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS The unexpected findings of the study showed a strong association of MPID during pregnancy with a higher risk of isolated orofacial clefts in their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Bánhidy
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Benke KS, Fallin MD. Methods: genetic epidemiology. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2010; 33:15-34. [PMID: 20159338 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the potential benefits of gene identification in psychiatry, genetic epidemiology has become a mainstream discipline within the field. This article discusses the main tools for gene discovery. The focus is on the designs and analytic approaches for each of these methods. Because most gene discovery has now moved to genetic association studies, and most recently to genome-wide association studies, the focus is on methods for this design. Also highlighted are the current challenges of genetic epidemiology as a prelude to future approaches that may be applied to psychiatric disorders in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Benke
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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32
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Abstract
Clefts of the lip and palate are generally divided into two groups, isolated cleft palate and cleft lip with or without cleft palate, representing a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the lips and oral cavity. These defects arise in about 1.7 per 1000 liveborn babies, with ethnic and geographic variation. Effects on speech, hearing, appearance, and psychology can lead to longlasting adverse outcomes for health and social integration. Typically, children with these disorders need multidisciplinary care from birth to adulthood and have higher morbidity and mortality throughout life than do unaffected individuals. This Seminar describes embryological developmental processes, epidemiology, known environmental and genetic risk factors, and their interaction. Although access to care has increased in recent years, especially in developing countries, quality of care still varies substantially. Prevention is the ultimate objective for clefts of the lip and palate, and a prerequisite of this aim is to elucidate causes of the disorders. Technological advances and international collaborations have yielded some successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Mossey
- Department of Dental and Oral Health, University of Dundee, Dental Hospital and School, Dundee, UK.
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Yu W, Serrano M, Miguel SS, Ruest LB, Svoboda KK. Cleft lip and palate genetics and application in early embryological development. Indian J Plast Surg 2009; 42 Suppl:S35-50. [PMID: 19884679 PMCID: PMC2825058 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.57185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the head involves the interaction of several cell populations and coordination of cell signalling pathways, which when disrupted can cause defects such as facial clefts. This review concentrates on genetic contributions to facial clefts with and without cleft palate (CP). An overview of early palatal development with emphasis on muscle and bone development is blended with the effects of environmental insults and known genetic mutations that impact human palatal development. An extensive table of known genes in syndromic and non-syndromic CP, with or without cleft lip (CL), is provided. We have also included some genes that have been identified in environmental risk factors for CP/L. We include primary and review references on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246
| | - Maria Serrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246
| | - Symone San Miguel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246
| | - L. Bruno Ruest
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246
| | - Kathy K.H. Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246
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Sözen MA, Hecht JT, Spritz RA. Mutation and association analysis of the PVR and PVRL2 genes in patients with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. Genet Mol Biol 2009; 32:466-9. [PMID: 21637507 PMCID: PMC3036061 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572009000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFC; MIM 119530) are among the most common major birth defects. Here, we carried out mutation screening of the PVR and PVRL2 genes, which are both located at an OFC linkage region at 19q13 (OFC3) and are closely related to PVRL1, which has been associated with both syndromic and non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (nsCLP). We screened a total of 73 nsCLP patients and 105 non-cleft controls from the USA for variants in PVR and PVRL2, including all exons and encompassing all isoforms. We identified four variants in PVR and five in PVRL2. One non-synonymous PVR variant, A67T, was more frequent among nsCLP patients than among normal controls, but this difference did not achieve statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A Sözen
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar Turkey
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35
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Evidence that TGFA influences risk to cleft lip with/without cleft palate through unconventional genetic mechanisms. Hum Genet 2009; 126:385-94. [PMID: 19444471 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between markers in transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) and isolated, non-syndromic cleft lip with/without palate (CL/P) using a case-parent trio design, considering parent-of-origin effects. We also tested for gene-environmental interaction with common maternal exposures, and for gene-gene interaction using markers in TGFA and another recognized causal gene, IRF6. CL/P case-parent trios from four populations (76 from Maryland, 146 from Taiwan, 35 from Singapore, and 40 from Korea) were genotyped for 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TGFA. The transmission disequilibrium test was used to test individual SNPs, and the parent-of-origin likelihood ratio test (PO-LRT) was used to assess parent-of-origin effects. We also screened for possible gene-environment interaction using PBAT, and tested for gene-gene interaction using conditional logistic regression models. When all trios were combined, four SNPs showed significant excess maternal transmission, two of which gave significant PO-LRT values [rs3821261: P = 0.004 and OR(imprinting) = 4.17; and rs3771475: P = 0.027 and OR(imprinting) = 2.44]. Haplotype analysis of these two SNPS also supported excess maternal transmission. We saw intriguing but suggestive evidence of G x E interaction for several SNPs in TGFA when either individual SNPs or haplotypes of adjacent SNPs were considered. Thus, TGFA appears to influence risk of CL/P through unconventional means with an apparent parent-of-origin effect (excess maternal transmission) and possible interaction with maternal exposures.
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Chevrier C, Bahuau M, Perret C, Iovannisci DM, Nelva A, Herman C, Vazquez MP, Francannet C, Robert-Gnansia E, Lammer EJ, Cordier S. Genetic susceptibilities in the association between maternal exposure to tobacco smoke and the risk of nonsyndromic oral cleft. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:2396-406. [PMID: 18698632 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Maternal tobacco consumption is considered as a risk factor for nonsyndromic oral clefts. However, this risk is moderate and may be modulated by genetic susceptibilities, including variants of the TGFA, TGFB3 and MSX1 developmental genes and polymorphisms of genes of the CYP (1A1, 2E1) and GST (M1, T1) families involved in metabolic pathways of tobacco smoke compounds. This French case-control study (1998-2001; 240 nonsyndromic cases, 236 controls) included a case-parent design (175 triad-families) that made it possible to distinguish the direct effect of the child's genotype and maternally mediated effects. Maternal smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with the oral cleft risk in this population, but we observed statistically significant increased risks associated with maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). No variant of any of the three developmental genes was significantly associated with oral cleft. The fetal CYP1A1*2C variant allele was associated with a statistically significant decreased risk, compared with the homozygous wild-type: relative risk = 0.48, 95% confidence interval: 0.2, 1.0. Suggestive reduced risks were also observed for the maternal CYP1A1*2C allele and the fetal CYP2E1*5 allele. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletions appeared to play no role. Our findings suggest some interactions, with the strongest between ETS and CYP1A1 or MSX1 and between maternal smoking and CYP2E1. We did not confirm the maternal smoking-infant GSTT1 null interaction previously reported by other investigators.
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De Coster PJ, Marks LA, Martens LC, Huysseune A. Dental agenesis: genetic and clinical perspectives. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 38:1-17. [PMID: 18771513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dental agenesis is the most common developmental anomaly in humans and is frequently associated with several other oral abnormalities. Whereas the incidence of missing teeth may vary considerably depending on dentition, gender, and demographic or geographic profiles, distinct patterns of agenesis have been detected in the permanent dentition. These frequently involve the last teeth of a class to develop (I2, P2, M3) suggesting a possible link with evolutionary trends. Hypodontia can either occur as an isolated condition (non-syndromic hypodontia) involving one (80% of cases), a few (less than 10%) or many teeth (less than 1%), or can be associated with a systemic condition or syndrome (syndromic hypodontia), essentially reflecting the genetically and phenotypically heterogeneity of the condition. Based on our present knowledge of genes and transcription factors that are involved in tooth development, it is assumed that different phenotypic forms are caused by different genes involving different interacting molecular pathways, providing an explanation not only for the wide variety in agenesis patterns but also for associations of dental agenesis with other oral anomalies. At present, the list of genes involved in human non-syndromic hypodontia includes not only those encoding a signaling molecule (TGFA) and transcription factors (MSX1 and PAX9) that play critical roles during early craniofacial development, but also genes coding for a protein involved in canonical Wnt signaling (AXIN2), and a transmembrane receptor of fibroblast growth factors (FGFR1). Our objective was to review the current literature on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for selective dental agenesis in humans and to present a detailed overview of syndromes with hypodontia and their causative genes. These new perspectives and future challenges in the field of identification of possible candidate genes involved in dental agenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J De Coster
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Special Care, Paecamed Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Vieira AR, McHenry TG, Daack-Hirsch S, Murray JC, Marazita ML. A genome wide linkage scan for cleft lip and palate and dental anomalies. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1406-13. [PMID: 18442096 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We revisited 46 families with two or more siblings affected with an orofacial cleft that participated in previous genome wide studies and collected complete dental information. Genotypes from 392 microsatellite markers at 10 cM intervals were reanalyzed. We carried out four sets of genome wide analyses. First, we ran the analysis solely on the cleft status. Second, we assigned to any dental anomaly (tooth agenesis, supernumerary teeth, and microdontia) an affection status, and repeated the analysis. Third, we ran only the 19 families where the proband had a cleft with no dental anomalies. Finally, we ran only the 27 families that had a proband with cleft and additional dental anomalies outside the cleft area. Chromosomes (1, 2, 6, 8, 16, and 19) presented regions with LOD scores >2.0. Chromosome 19 has the most compelling results in our study. The LOD scores increased from 3.11 (in the scan of all 46 families with clefts as the only assigned affection status) to 3.91 when the 19 families whose probands present with no additional dental anomalies were studied, suggesting the interval 19p13.12-19q12 may contain a gene that contributes to clefts but not to dental anomalies. On the other hand, we found a LOD score of 3.00 in the 2q22.3 region when dental anomalies data were added to the analysis to define affection status. Our preliminary results support the hypothesis that some loci may contribute to both clefts and congenital dental anomalies. Also, adding dental anomalies information will provide new opportunities to map susceptibility loci for clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre R Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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TGFB3 displays parent-of-origin effects among central Europeans with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate. J Hum Genet 2008; 53:656-661. [DOI: 10.1007/s10038-008-0296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Inoue H, Kayano S, Aoki Y, Kure S, Yamada A, Hata A, Matsubara Y, Suzuki Y. Association of the GABRB3 Gene with Nonsyndromic Oral Clefts. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2008; 45:261-6. [DOI: 10.1597/06-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:Nonsyndromic oral clefts are common craniofacial anomalies classified into two subgroups: cleft lip with or without cleft palate and isolated cleft palate. Nonsyndromic oral clefts are multifactorial diseases, with both genetic and environmental factors involved in their pathogenesis. The inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid plays a role in normal embryonic, and particularly facial, development and γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A β-3 subunit (GABRB3) knockout mice have been shown to have cleft palate. The GABRB3 gene is therefore a strong candidate gene for nonsyndromic oral clefts. We investigated here whether genetic variations of the GABRB3 gene affect the risk for nonsyndromic oral clefts.Method:In this case-control study, a total of 178 Japanese patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate and 374 unrelated controls were recruited and were genotyped for six single nucleotide polymorphisms and a dinucleotide repeat marker of the GABRB3 gene.Results:None of the single nucleotide polymorphisms showed complete linkage disequilibrium with other single nucleotide polymorphisms. In a case-control association study with the six-locus haplotype of the gene, TGTGCT haplotype frequency in patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate was significantly higher than in the controls (corrected p value = .029). None of the alleles of the dinucleotide repeat marker showed significant association with cleft lip with or without cleft palate.Conclusions:Our data suggest that the GABRB3 gene is involved in the pathogenesis of cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Inoue
- Department of Public Health, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuji Kayano
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Hata
- Department of Public Health, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Gambhir L, Höller T, Müller M, Schott G, Vogt H, Detlefsen B, Ebert AK, Fisch M, Beaudoin S, Stein R, Boyadjiev SA, Gearhart JP, Rösch W, Utsch B, Boemers TM, Reutter H, Ludwig M. Epidemiological survey of 214 families with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex. J Urol 2008; 179:1539-43. [PMID: 18295266 PMCID: PMC2674109 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to identify causative nongenetic and genetic risk factors for the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 237 families with the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex were invited to participate in the study, and information was obtained from 214 families, mainly from European countries. RESULTS Two families showed familial occurrence. Male predominance was found among all subgroups comprising epispadias, classic bladder exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy, with male-to-female ratios of 1.4:1, 2.8:1 and 2.0:1, respectively (p = 0.001). No association with parental age, maternal reproductive history or periconceptional maternal exposure to alcohol, drugs, chemical noxae, radiation or infections was found. However, periconceptional maternal exposure to smoking was significantly more common in patients with cloacal exstrophy than in the combined group of patients with epispadias/classic bladder exstrophy (p = 0.009). Only 16.8% of mothers followed the current recommendations of periconceptional folic acid supplementation, and 17.6% had started supplementation before 10 weeks of gestation. Interestingly, in the latter group mothers of patients with cloacal exstrophy were more compliant with folic acid supplementation than were mothers of the combined group of patients with epispadias/classic bladder exstrophy (p = 0.037). Furthermore, mothers of children with cloacal exstrophy knew significantly more often prenatally that their child would have a congenital malformation than did mothers of children with epispadias/classic bladder exstrophy (p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study corroborates the hypothesis that epispadias, classic bladder exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy are causally related, representing a spectrum of the same developmental defect, with a small risk of recurrence within families. Embryonic exposure to maternal smoking appears to enforce the severity, whereas periconceptional folic acid supplementation does not seem to alleviate it. There is a disproportional prenatal ultrasound detection rate between severe and mild phenotypes, possibly due to the neglect of imaging of full bladders with a focus on neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gambhir
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Höller
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Müller
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Schott
- Dept. of Urology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - H Vogt
- Dept. of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, Childrens Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - B Detlefsen
- Dept. of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, Childrens Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - AK Ebert
- Dept. of Pediatric Urology, St. Hedwig Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Fisch
- Dept. of Urology, Asklepios Hospital Harburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Beaudoin
- Dept. de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | - R Stein
- Dept. of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - SA Boyadjiev
- Section of Genetics, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - JP Gearhart
- Dept. of Urology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Rösch
- Dept. of Pediatric Urology, St. Hedwig Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Regensburg, Germany
| | - B Utsch
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - TM Boemers
- Dept. of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, Childrens Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Reutter
- Dept. of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Ludwig
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Shi M, Wehby GL, Murray JC. Review on genetic variants and maternal smoking in the etiology of oral clefts and other birth defects. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2008; 84:16-29. [PMID: 18383123 PMCID: PMC2570345 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A spectrum of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and birth defects has been linked with maternal smoking during pregnancy. This article includes a review of studies investigating interactions between genetic variants and maternal smoking in contributing to birth defects using oral clefting as a model birth defect. The primary gene-smoking studies for other major birth defects are also summarized. Gene-environment interaction studies for birth defects are still at an early stage with several mixed results, but evolving research findings have begun to document clinically and developmentally important interactions. As samples and data become increasingly available, more effort is needed in designing innovative analytical methods to study gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Biostatistics Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Mei H, Cuccaro ML, Martin ER. Multifactor dimensionality reduction-phenomics: a novel method to capture genetic heterogeneity with use of phenotypic variables. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:1251-61. [PMID: 17999363 DOI: 10.1086/522307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex human diseases do not have a clear inheritance pattern, and it is expected that risk involves multiple genes with modest effects acting independently or interacting. Major challenges for the identification of genetic effects are genetic heterogeneity and difficulty in analyzing high-order interactions. To address these challenges, we present MDR-Phenomics, a novel approach based on the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method, to detect genetic effects in pedigree data by integration of phenotypic covariates (PCs) that may reflect genetic heterogeneity. The P value of the test is calculated using a permutation test adjusted for multiple tests. To validate MDR-Phenomics, we compared it with two MDR-based methods: (1) traditional MDR pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT) without consideration of PCs (MDR-PDT) and (2) stratified phenotype (SP) analysis based on PCs, with use of MDR-PDT with a Bonferroni adjustment (SP-MDR). Using computer simulations, we examined the statistical power and type I error of the different approaches under several genetic models and sampling scenarios. We conclude that MDR-Phenomics is more powerful than MDR-PDT and SP-MDR when there is genetic heterogeneity, and the statistical power is affected by sample size and the number of PC levels. We further compared MDR-Phenomics with conditional logistic regression (CLR) for testing interactions across single or multiple loci with consideration of PC. The results show that CLR with PC has only slightly smaller power than does MDR-Phenomics for single-locus analysis but has considerably smaller power for multiple loci. Finally, by applying MDR-Phenomics to autism, a complex disease in which multiple genes are believed to confer risk, we attempted to identify multiple gene effects in two candidate genes of interest--the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) and the integrin beta 3 gene (ITGB3) on chromosome 17. Analyzing four markers in SLC6A4 and four markers in ITGB3 in 117 white family triads with autism and using sex of the proband as a PC, we found significant interaction between two markers--rs1042173 in SLC6A4 and rs3809865 in ITGB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mei
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Carinci F, Scapoli L, Palmieri A, Zollino I, Pezzetti F. Human genetic factors in nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate: an update. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 71:1509-19. [PMID: 17606301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (or orofacial cleft, OFC) is a malformation characterized by an incomplete separation between nasal and oral cavities without any associated anomalies. The last point defines the distinction between syndromic and nonsyndromic OFC. Nonsyndromic OFC is one of the most common malformations among live births and is composed of two separate entities: cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL+/-P) and cleft palate isolated (CPI). Because of the complex etiology of nonsyndromic OFC, which is due to the differences between CL+/-P and CPI, and the heterogeneity of each group, caused by the number of genes involved, the type of inheritance, and the interaction with environmental factors, we reviewed those genes and available loci in the literature whose involvement in the onset of nonsyndromic OFC has more sound scientific evidence. Genetic studies on human populations have demonstrated that CL+/-P and CPI have distinct genetic backgrounds and, therefore, environmental factors probably disclose only these malformations. In CL+/-P several loci, OFC from 1 to 10 have been identified. The first locus, OFC1, has been mapped to chromosome 6p24. Other CL+/-P loci have been mapped to 2p13 (OFC2), 19q13.2 (OFC3) and 4q (OFC4). OFC5-8 are identified by mutations in the MSX1, IRF6, PVRL1, and TP73L gene, respectively. OFC9 maps to 13q33.1-q34, whereas OFC10 is associated with haploinsufficiency of the SUMO1 gene. In addition, MTHFR, TGF-beta3, and RARalpha play a role in cleft onset. In CPI one gene has been identified (TBX22) at present, but others are probably involved. Greater efforts are necessary in order to have a complete picture of the main factors involved in lip and palate formation. These elements will permit us to better understand and better treat patients affected by OFC.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Cleft Lip/genetics
- Cleft Palate/genetics
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Humans
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Carinci
- Department of D.M.C.C.C., Section of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Ferrara, Corso, Giovecca 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Rullo R, Gombos F, Ferraraccio F, Farina A, Morano D, Festa VM, Guida L, Martinelli M, Scapoli L, Pezzetti F, Carinci F. TGFbeta3 expression in non-syndromic orofacial clefts. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 70:1759-64. [PMID: 16837067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic studies have demonstrated that non-syndromic cleft is composed of two separate entities - cleft palate only (CPO) and cleft of lip, alveolus with or without cleft palate (CL+/-P) -, both have a heterogeneous genetic background and environmental factors contribute to the onset of these malformations. Previous studies have shown that TGFbeta3 could be involved in these diseases, but no conclusive results have been reached. PURPOSE In order to detect if TGFbeta3 has a role in cleft diseases, a series of non-syndromic cleft patients and controls are analyzed for TGFbeta3 protein expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-three non-syndromic cleft patients and 21 unaffected subjects were involved in this study. Paraffin-embedded specimens were matched with the TGFbeta3 antibody and then scanned with a computerized image analyzer. TGFbeta3 was found to be absent (less than 10%), moderate (from 10% to 30%) and highly expressed (higher than 30%) in epithelium (EP), minor palatal salivary gland (GL) and fibres of elevator palati muscle (MU). Data was statistically analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Only GL and EP have a statistically significant lower expression in non-syndromic cleft compared to unaffected subjects. A subsequent comparison between CL+/-P and CPO groups demonstrates a statistically significant difference only for GL, with a lower expression in GL of CPO patients. CONCLUSIONS TGFbeta3 is decreasingly expressed in GL of unaffected CL+/-P and CPO patients and thus further strength is given to a pathogenetic role of TGFbeta3 in the onset of clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Rullo
- Dental Clinic, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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Beaty TH, Hetmanski JB, Fallin MD, Park JW, Sull JW, McIntosh I, Liang KY, Vanderkolk CA, Redett RJ, Boyadjiev SA, Jabs EW, Chong SS, Cheah FSH, Wu-Chou YH, Chen PK, Chiu YF, Yeow V, Ng ISL, Cheng J, Huang S, Ye X, Wang H, Ingersoll R, Scott AF. Analysis of candidate genes on chromosome 2 in oral cleft case-parent trios from three populations. Hum Genet 2006; 120:501-18. [PMID: 16953426 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isolated oral clefts, including cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP), have a complex and heterogeneous etiology. Case-parent trios from three populations were used to study genes spanning chromosome 2, where single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers were analyzed individually and as haplotypes. Case-parent trios from three populations (74 from Maryland, 64 from Singapore and 95 from Taiwan) were genotyped for 962 SNPs in 104 genes on chromosome 2, including two well-recognized candidate genes: TGFA and SATB2. Individual SNPs and haplotypes (in sliding windows of 2-5 SNPs) were used to test for linkage and disequilibrium separately in CL/P and CP trios. A novel candidate gene (ZNF533) showed consistent evidence of linkage and disequilibrium in all three populations for both CL/P and CP. SNPs in key regions of ZNF533 showed considerable variability in estimated genotypic odds ratios and their significance, suggesting allelic heterogeneity. Haplotype frequencies for regions of ZNF533 were estimated and used to partition genetic variance into among-and within-population components. Wright's fixation index, a measure of genetic diversity, showed little difference between Singapore and Taiwan compared with Maryland. The tensin-1 gene (TNS1) also showed evidence of linkage and disequilibrium among both CL/P and CP trios in all three populations, albeit at a lower level of significance. Additional genes (VAX2, GLI2, ZHFX1B on 2p; WNT6-WNT10A and COL4A3-COL4A4 on 2q) showed consistent evidence of linkage and disequilibrium only among CL/P trios in all three populations, and TGFA showed significant evidence in two of three populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Beaty
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Watanabe A, Akita S, Tin NTD, Natsume N, Nakano Y, Niikawa N, Uchiyama T, Yoshiura KI. A mutation in RYK is a genetic factor for nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2006; 43:310-6. [PMID: 16681403 DOI: 10.1597/04-145.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The RYK, EPHB2, and EPHB3 genes are attractive candidates for cleft lip and/or palate and cleft palate only pathogenesis. Both the Ryk-deficient mouse and Ephb2/Ephb3 (genes for interaction molecules with RYK) double-mutant mouse show cleft palate. SETTING Mutation searches for RYK, EPHB2, and EPHB3 were carried out in a large number of Japanese and Vietnamese patients with cleft lip and/or palate and cleft palate only. Case-control study and transmission disequilibrium tests were performed also, using three single nucleotide polymorphisms within a linkage disequilibrium block in RYK. Seven haplotypes were constructed from the single nucleotide polymorphisms. RESULTS A missense mutation, 1355G>A (Y452C), in RYK was identified in one Vietnamese patient with cleft lip and/or palate. This mutation was not found among 1646 Vietnamese, Japanese, and Caucasians, including 354 cleft lip and/ or palate and cleft palate only patients. Colony formation assay using NIH3T3 cells transfected with mutant cDNA revealed that mutant RYK had significantly reduced protein activity, compared with those with wild-type RYK, implying that the transformation ability of RYK is depleted by this mutation. Although a case-control study and transmission disequilibrium tests on three individual single nucleotide polymorphisms provided no evidence for association with oral clefts, a case-control study on one rare haplotype suggested a positive association in Japanese patients with cleft lip and/or palate and cleft palate only. No mutations in EPHB2 and EPHB3 were found in any patients examined. CONCLUSION The findings suggested that a missense mutation, 1355G>A, and one rare single nucleotide polymorphisms haplotype may play a role in the development of cleft lip and/or palate in the Vietnamese, and cleft lip and/ or palate and cleft palate only in the Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Watanabe
- The Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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Warrington A, Vieira AR, Christensen K, Orioli IM, Castilla EE, Romitti PA, Murray JC. Genetic evidence for the role of loci at 19q13 in cleft lip and palate. J Med Genet 2006; 43:e26. [PMID: 16740910 PMCID: PMC2564544 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.034785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clefts of the lip and palate are common birth defects, affecting approximately 1 in 700 births worldwide. The aetiology of clefting is complex, with multiple genetic and environmental influences. METHODS Genotype based linkage disequilibrium analysis was conducted using the family based association test (FBAT) and the likelihood ratio test (LRT). We also carried out direct sequencing of the PVR and PVRL2 candidate genes based on their homology to PVRL1, a gene shown previously to cause Margarita Island clefting. Participants included 434 patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate or cleft palate only and their mothers from eight countries in South America, 205 nuclear triads (father-mother-affected child) from Iowa, 541 nuclear triads from Denmark, and 100 patients with cleft lip and palate from the Philippines. RESULTS An allelic variant in the PVR gene showed statistically significant association with both South American and Iowa populations (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0009, respectively). Direct sequencing of PVR and PVRL2 yielded 26 variants, including two rare amino acid changes, one in each gene, which were not seen in controls. CONCLUSIONS We found an association between a common variant in a gene at 19q and isolated clefting in two heterogeneous populations. However, it is unclear from our data if rare variants in PVR and PVRL2 are sufficient to cause clefting in isolation.
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Wang TN, Chen WY, Huang YF, Shih NH, Feng WW, Tseng HI, Lee CH, Ko YC. The synergistic effects of the IL-9 gene and environmental exposures on asthmatic Taiwanese families as determined by the transmission/disequilibrium test. Int J Immunogenet 2006; 33:105-10. [PMID: 16611254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2006.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asthma occurs in genetically susceptible individuals in the presence of environmental factors. The interleukin-9 (IL-9) gene, one of the cytokine genes located on chromosome 5q31, plays an important role in the development of asthmatic syndrome by enhancing both T-cell and mast-cell function. This study investigated GT repeat polymorphism of the IL-9 gene and the gene-environment interactions, which may predispose individuals to asthma and atopy pathogenesis. In this study, we used the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) to investigate the relationship between asthma and the IL-9 gene by studying 123 parent-offspring trios and 91 siblings. For allele-specific TDT chi-squared test, allele 122 of the IL-9 gene showed significant association with asthmatics with specific IgE against house dust (HD) (P = 0.038). The additions of covariates to TDT to conduct the synergistic effects between the IL-9 gene and environmental factors into account were estimated by conditional logistic regression models. The odds ratio for transmission of allele 122 of the IL-9 gene was 1.23 (P = 0.28) for all asthmatic probands. There was slight increased interaction effect on asthma between transmission of allele 122 of IL-9 gene to offspring and who were exposed to the fur of pets (OR = 3.33, P = 0.047). We also detected elevated odds of transmission of allele 122 to atopic asthmatic probands (OR = 2.08, P = 0.03) and offspring with very high levels of serum IgE (> or = 800 IU mL(-1)). In conclusion, this study has found that the IL-9 gene was slightly associated with asthmatics who have positive specific IgE against Der p (or Der f) and house dust, when information on environmental factors was incorporated as effect modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-N Wang
- Faculty of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1 Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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