1
|
Ohashi T, Kunimoto H, Nukui J, Teshigawara H, Koyama S, Miyazaki T, Hagihara M, Matsumoto K, Koshimizu E, Tsuchida N, Hamanoue H, Miyatake S, Yachie A, Matsumoto N, Nakajima H. A case of Bloom syndrome manifesting with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes harboring a novel BLM gene variant. Int J Hematol 2024; 119:603-607. [PMID: 38489090 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-024-03751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Bloom syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by variants in the BLM gene. BS is characterized by distinct facial features, elongated limbs, and various dermatological complications including photosensitivity, poikiloderma, and telangiectatic erythema. The BLM gene encodes a RecQ helicase critical for genome maintenance, stability, and repair, and a deficiency in functional BLM protein leads to genomic instability and high predisposition to various types of cancers, particularly hematological and gastrointestinal malignancies. Here, we report a case of BS with a previously unreported variant in the BLM gene. The patient was a 34-year-old woman who presented with short stature, prominent facial features, and a history of malignancies, including lymphoma, breast cancer, and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). She was initially treated with azacitidine for MDS and showed transient improvement, but eventually died at age of 35 due to progression of MDS. Genetic screening revealed compound heterozygous variants in the BLM gene, with a recurrent variant previously reported in BS in one allele and a previously unreported variant in the other allele. Based on her characteristic clinical features and the presence of heterozygous variants in the BLM gene, she was diagnosed with BS harboring compound heterozygous BLM variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Ohashi
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Kunimoto
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Jun Nukui
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruka Teshigawara
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koyama
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyazaki
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maki Hagihara
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eriko Koshimizu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomi Tsuchida
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Rare Disease Genomics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruka Hamanoue
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoko Miyatake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Division of Medical Safety, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Connally NJ, Nazeen S, Lee D, Shi H, Stamatoyannopoulos J, Chun S, Cotsapas C, Cassa CA, Sunyaev SR. The missing link between genetic association and regulatory function. eLife 2022; 11:74970. [PMID: 36515579 PMCID: PMC9842386 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of most traits is highly polygenic and dominated by non-coding alleles. It is widely assumed that such alleles exert small regulatory effects on the expression of cis-linked genes. However, despite the availability of gene expression and epigenomic datasets, few variant-to-gene links have emerged. It is unclear whether these sparse results are due to limitations in available data and methods, or to deficiencies in the underlying assumed model. To better distinguish between these possibilities, we identified 220 gene-trait pairs in which protein-coding variants influence a complex trait or its Mendelian cognate. Despite the presence of expression quantitative trait loci near most GWAS associations, by applying a gene-based approach we found limited evidence that the baseline expression of trait-related genes explains GWAS associations, whether using colocalization methods (8% of genes implicated), transcription-wide association (2% of genes implicated), or a combination of regulatory annotations and distance (4% of genes implicated). These results contradict the hypothesis that most complex trait-associated variants coincide with homeostatic expression QTLs, suggesting that better models are needed. The field must confront this deficit and pursue this 'missing regulation.'
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Connally
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Sumaiya Nazeen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Huwenbo Shi
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
| | | | - Sung Chun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Chris Cotsapas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Yale Medical SchoolNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Yale Medical SchoolNew HavenUnited States
| | - Christopher A Cassa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Shamil R Sunyaev
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Splicing-Disrupting Mutations in Inherited Predisposition to Solid Pediatric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235967. [PMID: 36497448 PMCID: PMC9739414 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hereditary cancer in children was estimated to be very low until recent studies suggested that at least 10% of pediatric cancer patients carry a germline mutation in a cancer predisposition gene. A significant proportion of pathogenic variants associated with an increased risk of hereditary cancer are variants affecting splicing. RNA splicing is an essential process involved in different cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and alterations in this pathway have been implicated in many human cancers. Hereditary cancer genes are highly susceptible to splicing mutations, and among them there are several genes that may contribute to pediatric solid tumors when mutated in the germline. In this review, we have focused on the analysis of germline splicing-disrupting mutations found in pediatric solid tumors, as the discovery of pathogenic splice variants in pediatric cancer is a growing field for the development of personalized therapies. Therapies developed to correct aberrant splicing in cancer are also discussed as well as the options to improve the diagnostic yield based on the increase in the knowledge in splicing.
Collapse
|
4
|
Marchena-Perea EM, Salazar-Hidalgo ME, Gómez-Sanz A, Arranz-Ledo M, Barroso A, Fernández V, Tejera-Pérez H, Pita G, Núñez-Torres R, Pombo L, Morales-Chamorro R, Cano-Cano JM, Soriano MDC, Garre P, Durán M, Currás-Freixes M, de la Hoya M, Osorio A. A Large Case-Control Study Performed in Spanish Population Suggests That RECQL5 Is the Only RECQ Helicase Involved in Breast Cancer Susceptibility. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194738. [PMID: 36230663 PMCID: PMC9563930 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Around 50% of the familial breast cancer (BC) cases are estimated to be caused by variants in low-, moderate-, and high-risk susceptibility genes; however, the other half is of unknown origin. The finding of new susceptibility genes is key to improve diagnosis, take preventive measures, and identify new therapies. In this context, previous studies have discussed whether the genes encoding for the RECQ helicase family could play a role in BC susceptibility, without very conclusive results. To clarify this, in this study, we sequenced the whole coding sequence of the RECQL1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, and RECQL5 genes in 1993 Spanish BC familial cases and compared it with controls from gnomAD. No association was found for RECQL1, BLM, WRN, and RECQL4; however, we did find an association between RECQL5 and breast cancer as a moderate-risk gene, making it a perfect candidate for further studies. Abstract Around 50% of the familial breast cancer (BC) cases are estimated to be caused by germline variants in known low-, moderate-, and high-risk susceptibility genes, while the other half is of unknown genetic origin. In the present study, we wanted to evaluate the role of the RECQ helicases, some of which have been studied in the past as candidates, with unclear results about their role in the disease. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, we analyzed the whole coding sequence of BLM, RECQL1, RECQL4, RECQL5, and WRN in almost 2000 index cases from BC Spanish families that had previously tested negative for the known BC susceptibility genes (BRCAX) and compared the results with the controls extracted from gnomAD. Our results suggest that BLM, RECQL1, RECQL4, and WRN do not play a major role in BC susceptibility. However, in the combined analysis, joining the present results with those previously reported in a series of 1334 BC Spanish patients and controls, we found a statistically significant association between Loss of Function (LoF) variants in RECQL5 and BC risk, with an OR of 2.56 (p = 0.009; 95% CI, 1.18–4.98). Our findings support our previous work and places the RECQL5 gene as a new moderate-risk BC gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Michel Marchena-Perea
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Milton Eduardo Salazar-Hidalgo
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Gómez-Sanz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory (CIBERONC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Arranz-Ledo
- Cancer Genetics Group, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBGM, UVa-CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alicia Barroso
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Tejera-Pérez
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Human Genotyping Unit (CEGEN), Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Pita
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Human Genotyping Unit (CEGEN), Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Núñez-Torres
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Human Genotyping Unit (CEGEN), Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luz Pombo
- Medical Oncology Section, Universitary Hospital Complex of Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Rafael Morales-Chamorro
- Medical Oncology Section, Hospitalary Compex La Mancha Centro, 13600 Alcázar de San Juan, Spain
| | - Juana María Cano-Cano
- Medical Oncology Service, Universitary General Hospital of Ciudad Real, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Garre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory (CIBERONC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Durán
- Cancer Genetics Group, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBGM, UVa-CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Currás-Freixes
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory (CIBERONC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Osorio
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Genetics Service, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28043 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-917-328-002
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu X, Chang CW, Li M, Liu C, Liu Y. Molecular Mechanisms of the RECQ4 Pathogenic Mutations. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:791194. [PMID: 34869606 PMCID: PMC8637615 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.791194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The human RECQ4 gene encodes an ATP-dependent DNA helicase that contains a conserved superfamily II helicase domain located at the center of the polypeptide. RECQ4 is one of the five RECQ homologs in human cells, and its helicase domain is flanked by the unique amino and carboxyl termini with sequences distinct from other members of the RECQ helicases. Since the identification of the RECQ4 gene in 1998, multiple RECQ4 mutations have been linked to the pathogenesis of three clinical diseases, which are Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Baller-Gerold syndrome, and RAPADILINO. Patients with these diseases show various developmental abnormalities. In addition, a subset of RECQ4 mutations are associated with high cancer risks, especially for osteosarcoma and/or lymphoma at early ages. The discovery of clinically relevant RECQ4 mutations leads to intriguing questions: how is the RECQ4 helicase responsible for preventing multiple clinical syndromes? What are the mechanisms by which the RECQ4 disease mutations cause tissue abnormalities and drive cancer formation? Furthermore, RECQ4 is highly overexpressed in many cancer types, raising the question whether RECQ4 acts not only as a tumor suppressor but also an oncogene that can be a potential new therapeutic target. Defining the molecular dysfunctions of different RECQ4 disease mutations is imperative to improving our understanding of the complexity of RECQ4 clinical phenotypes and the dynamic roles of RECQ4 in cancer development and prevention. We will review recent progress in examining the molecular and biochemical properties of the different domains of the RECQ4 protein. We will shed light on how the dynamic roles of RECQ4 in human cells may contribute to the complexity of RECQ4 clinical phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Chou-Wei Chang
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schoenaker MHD, Takada S, van Deuren M, Dommering CJ, Henriët SSV, Pico I, Vogel WV, Weemaes CMR, Willemsen MAAP, van der Burg M, Kaanders JHAM. Considerations for radiotherapy in Bloom Syndrome: A case series. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104293. [PMID: 34352413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bloom Syndrome (BS) is a genetic DNA repair disorder, caused by mutations in the BLM gene. The clinical phenotype includes growth retardation, immunodeficiency and a strong predisposition to different types of malignancies. Treatment of malignancies in BS patients with radiotherapy or chemotherapy is believed to be associated with increased toxicity, but clinical and laboratory data are lacking. We collected clinical data of two Dutch BS patients with solid tumors. Both were treated with radiotherapy before the diagnosis BS was made and tolerated this treatment well. In addition, we collected fibroblasts from BS patients to perform in vitro clonogenic survival assays to determine radiosensitivity. BS fibroblasts showed less radiosensitivity than the severely radiosensitive Artemis fibroblasts. Moreover, studies of double strand break kinetics by counting 53BP1 foci after irradiation showed similar patterns compared to healthy controls. In combination, the clinical cases and laboratory experiments are valuable information in the discussion whether radiotherapy is absolutely contraindicated in BS, which is the Case in other DNA repair syndromes like Ataxia Telangiectasia and Artemis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H D Schoenaker
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - S Takada
- Laboratory for Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M van Deuren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - C J Dommering
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S S V Henriët
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - I Pico
- Laboratory for Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - W V Vogel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C M R Weemaes
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M A A P Willemsen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M van der Burg
- Laboratory for Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J H A M Kaanders
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schmit M, Bielinsky AK. Congenital Diseases of DNA Replication: Clinical Phenotypes and Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E911. [PMID: 33477564 PMCID: PMC7831139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication can be divided into three major steps: initiation, elongation and termination. Each time a human cell divides, these steps must be reiteratively carried out. Disruption of DNA replication can lead to genomic instability, with the accumulation of point mutations or larger chromosomal anomalies such as rearrangements. While cancer is the most common class of disease associated with genomic instability, several congenital diseases with dysfunctional DNA replication give rise to similar DNA alterations. In this review, we discuss all congenital diseases that arise from pathogenic variants in essential replication genes across the spectrum of aberrant replisome assembly, origin activation and DNA synthesis. For each of these conditions, we describe their clinical phenotypes as well as molecular studies aimed at determining the functional mechanisms of disease, including the assessment of genomic stability. By comparing and contrasting these diseases, we hope to illuminate how the disruption of DNA replication at distinct steps affects human health in a surprisingly cell-type-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Somatic and germline analysis of a familial Rothmund-Thomson syndrome in two siblings with osteosarcoma. NPJ Genom Med 2020; 5:51. [PMID: 33294214 PMCID: PMC7718910 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-020-00160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS) is characterized by a rash that begins in the first few months of life and eventually develops into poikiloderma. Associated symptoms are alterations in the teeth, sparse hair, thin eyebrows, lack of eyelashes, low stature, bone abnormalities, hematological illnesses, gastrointestinal disease, malnutrition, cataracts, and predisposition to cancer, principally to bone tumors and skin cancer. Diagnostic certitude is provided by a genetic study involving detection of pathogenic variants of the RECQL4 gene. We hereby present a familiar case of RTS in two siblings from a Portuguese family, both diagnosed with osteosarcoma. Genomic analysis (203 genes) of both tumors as well as germline analysis of the RECQL4 gene, thus confirming the syndrome in the family, have been performed. The relevance of clinical recognition of the hallmarks of the disease and thus early diagnosis with early intervention is highlighted.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tavera-Tapia A, de la Hoya M, Calvete O, Martin-Gimeno P, Fernández V, Macías JA, Alonso B, Pombo L, de Diego C, Alonso R, Pita G, Barroso A, Urioste M, Caldés T, Newman JA, Benítez J, Osorio A. RECQL5: Another DNA helicase potentially involved in hereditary breast cancer susceptibility. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:566-577. [PMID: 30817846 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is still around 50% of the familial breast cancer (BC) cases with an undefined genetic cause, here we have used next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to identify new BC susceptibility genes. This approach has led to the identification of RECQL5, a member of RECQL-helicases family, as a new BC susceptibility candidate, which deserves further study. We have used a combination of whole exome sequencing in a family negative for mutations in BRCA1/2 throughout (BRCAX), in which we found a probably deleterious variant in RECQL5, and targeted NGS of the complete coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of the candidate gene in 699 BC Spanish BRCAX families and 665 controls. Functional characterization and in silico inference of pathogenicity were performed to evaluate the deleterious effect of detected variants. We found at least seven deleterious or likely deleterious variants among the cases and only one in controls. These results prompt us to propose RECQL5 as a gene that would be worth to analyze in larger studies to explore its possible implication in BC susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Tavera-Tapia
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory (CIBERONC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oriol Calvete
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martin-Gimeno
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Macías
- Hereditary Cancer Unit, Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alonso
- Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital of Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz, Spain
| | - Luz Pombo
- Medical Oncology Section, University Hospital Complex of Albacete, Spain
| | - Carles de Diego
- Genetics Service, Virgen de la Salud Hospital, Toledo, Spain
| | - Rosario Alonso
- Genotyping Unit, CEGEN, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Pita
- Genotyping Unit, CEGEN, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Barroso
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Urioste
- Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Trinidad Caldés
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory (CIBERONC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph A Newman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Oxford, UK
| | - Javier Benítez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Genotyping Unit, CEGEN, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Osorio
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nahhas AF, Oberlin DM, Braunberger TL, Lim HW. Recent Developments in the Diagnosis and Management of Photosensitive Disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19:707-731. [PMID: 29959757 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-018-0365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photodermatoses occur in males and females of all races and ages. Onset can be variable in timing and influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Photodermatoses are broadly classified as immunologically mediated, chemical- and drug-induced, photoaggravated, and genetic (defective DNA repair or chromosomal instability) diseases. Advances in the field have led to improved recognition and treatment of many photodermatoses. The purpose of this focused review is to provide an update on the diagnosis and management of a variety of photodermatoses, both common and less common, with review of recent updates in the literature pertaining to their diagnosis and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Nahhas
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - David M Oberlin
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Taylor L Braunberger
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Genome instability syndromes caused by impaired DNA repair and aberrant DNA damage responses. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 34:337-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-9429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Jauregui JJ, Nadarajah V, Munn J, Pivec R, Kapadia BH, Lerman DM, Maheshwari AV. Limb Salvage Versus Amputation in Conventional Appendicular Osteosarcoma: a Systematic Review. Indian J Surg Oncol 2018; 9:232-240. [PMID: 29887707 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-018-0725-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall survivorship in patients with appendicular osteosarcoma has increased in the past few decades. However, controversies and questions about performing an amputation or a limb salvage procedure still remain. Using three peer-reviewed library databases, a systematic review of the literature was performed to evaluate all studies that have evaluated the outcomes of appendicular osteosarcoma, either with limb salvage or amputation. The mean 5-year overall survivorship was 62% for salvage and 58% for amputation (p > 0.05). At mean 6-year follow-up, the local recurrence rates were 8.2% for salvage and 3.0% for amputation (p > 0.05). Additionally, at mean 6-year follow-up, the rate for metastasis was 33% for salvage and 38% for amputation (p > 0.05). The revision rates were higher with salvage (31 vs. 28%), and there were more complications in the salvage groups (52 vs. 34%; p > 0.05). Despite the heterogeneity of studies available for review, we observed similar survival rates between the two procedures. Although there was no significant statistical difference between rates of recurrence and metastasis, the local recurrence rate and risk of complications were higher for limb salvage as compared to amputation. Cosmetic satisfaction is often higher with limb salvage, whereas long-term expense is higher with amputation. Overall, current literature supports limb salvage procedures when wide surgical margins can be achieved while still retaining a functional limb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio J Jauregui
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Vidushan Nadarajah
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA
| | - Joseph Munn
- 3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Robert Pivec
- 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA
| | - Bhaveen H Kapadia
- 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA
| | - Daniel M Lerman
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Aditya V Maheshwari
- 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA
- 4Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology and Adult Reconstruction, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raimondi L, De Luca A, Costa V, Amodio N, Carina V, Bellavia D, Tassone P, Pagani S, Fini M, Alessandro R, Giavaresi G. Circulating biomarkers in osteosarcoma: new translational tools for diagnosis and treatment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100831-100851. [PMID: 29246026 PMCID: PMC5725068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare primary malignant bone tumour arising from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells, with high incidence in children and young adults, accounting for approximately 60% of all malignant bone tumours. Currently, long-term disease-free survival can be achieved by surgical treatment plus chemotherapy in approximately 60% of patients with localized extremity disease, and in 20-30% of patients with metastatic lung or bone disease. Diagnosis of primary lesions and recurrences is achieved by using radiological investigations and standard tissue biopsy, the latter being costly, painful and hardly repeatable for patients. Therefore, despite some recent advances, novel biomarkers for OS diagnosis, prediction of response to therapy, disease progression and chemoresistance, are urgently needed. Biological fluids such as blood represent a rich source of non-invasive cancer biomarkers, which allow to understand what is really happening inside the tumour, either at diagnosis or during disease progression. In this regard, liquid biopsy potentially represents an alternative and non-invasive method to detect tumour onset, progression and response to therapy. In this review, we will summarize the state of the art in this novel area, illustrating recent studies on OS. Although the data reported in literature seem preliminary, liquid biopsy represents a promising tool with the potential to be rapidly translated in the clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Raimondi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela De Luca
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Viviana Costa
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Carina
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Bellavia
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Pagani
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Tumor syndromes, including bone neoplasias, are genetic predisposing conditions characterized by the development of a pattern of malignancies within a family at an early age of onset. Occurrence of bilateral, multifocal, or metachronous neoplasias and specific histopathologic findings suggest a genetic predisposition syndrome. Additional clinical features not related to the neoplasia can be a hallmark of specific genetic syndromes. Mostly, those diseases have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with variable percentage of penetrance. Some syndromic disorders with an increased tumor risk may show an autosomal recessive transmission or are related to somatic mosaicism. Many genetic tumor syndromes are known. This update is specifically focused on syndromes predisposing to osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gnoli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Skeletal Rare Diseases, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna 40136, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ponti
- Department of Medical Genetics and Skeletal Rare Diseases, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Luca Sangiorgi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Skeletal Rare Diseases, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna 40136, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Single-molecule studies reveal reciprocating of WRN helicase core along ssDNA during DNA unwinding. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43954. [PMID: 28266653 PMCID: PMC5339710 DOI: 10.1038/srep43954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome is caused by mutations in the WRN gene encoding WRN helicase. A knowledge of WRN helicase's DNA unwinding mechanism in vitro is helpful for predicting its behaviors in vivo, and then understanding their biological functions. In the present study, for deeply understanding the DNA unwinding mechanism of WRN, we comprehensively characterized the DNA unwinding properties of chicken WRN helicase core in details, by taking advantages of single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) method. We showed that WRN exhibits repetitive DNA unwinding and translocation behaviors on different DNA structures, including forked, overhanging and G-quadruplex-containing DNAs with an apparently limited unwinding processivity. It was further revealed that the repetitive behaviors were caused by reciprocating of WRN along the same ssDNA, rather than by complete dissociation from and rebinding to substrates or by strand switching. The present study sheds new light on the mechanism for WRN functioning.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Male fertility can be affected by a variety of organs diseases, including the skin. Several genodermatoses affect the skin and several other organs including the male reproductive system, commonly in the form of cryptorchidism and hypogonadism. The most relevant syndromes are associated with dyschromias, such as deSanctis-Cacchione, poikiloderma congenital, LEOPARD, and H syndrome; others with ichthyosis, such as Rud, and trichothiodystrophy; or a group of unrelated genodermatoses, such as ablepharon macrostomia, Coffin-Siris, Gorlin-Goltz, and Werner. Acquired skin diseases may also affect male fertility usually in the form of orchitis or epididymal obstruction or androgen antagonists. These include infections (leprosy and HIV), autoimmune (erythema nodosum leprosum), granulomatous (sarcoidosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis), nutritional deficiency (zinc), and malignancy. Several therapeutics of skin diseases are notorious for their effects on male fertility, most notably are the cytotoxic drugs (methotrexate), irradiation, and antiandrogens (spironolactone, finasteride). Although the prevalence of these skin diseases is low, the associated male infertility represents a challenge due to the difficulty of its management. Clinical management of the skin diseases should include consideration of their effects not only on the diseases but also on the male reproductive system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Badawy Abdel-Naser
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STIs, Ain Shams University, 4 Al Rahman Tower, El Sawah Square, Cairo, 11281, Egypt.
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany.
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morales-Sánchez MA, Peralta-Pedrero ML, Jurado-Santa Cruz F, Pomerantz H, Barajas-Nava LA. Interventions for preventing keratinocyte cancer in high-risk groups not receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Alejandra Morales-Sánchez
- Dermatological Center, "Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua"; Education and Research Unit; Dr. José María Vértiz No. 464 Col. Buenos Aires México City Mexico 06780
| | - María Luisa Peralta-Pedrero
- Dermatological Center, "Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua"; Education and Research Unit; Dr. José María Vértiz No. 464 Col. Buenos Aires México City Mexico 06780
| | - Fermín Jurado-Santa Cruz
- Dermatological Center, "Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua"; Education and Research Unit; Dr. José María Vértiz No. 464 Col. Buenos Aires México City Mexico 06780
| | - Hyemin Pomerantz
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine; Department of Dermatology; Hempstead New York USA
| | - Leticia A Barajas-Nava
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Health National Institute; Evidence-Based Medicine Research Unit; Dr. Márquez #162 Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc México City Mexico 06720
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Network; Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), C/ Sant Antoni Ma Claret 171 Casa de Convalescència Barcelona Barcelona Spain 08041
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
De Oliveira KMH, Silva RAB, Carvalho FK, Silva LAB, Nelson-Filho P, Queiroz AM. Clinical findings, dental treatment, and improvement in quality of life for a child with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Contemp Clin Dent 2016; 7:240-2. [PMID: 27307676 PMCID: PMC4906872 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237x.183052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to report the clinical findings, dental treatment, and improvement in quality of life for a child with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. The patient had alopecia, delayed speech, low weight and height, cholestasis, and iron deficiency anemia. Furthermore, there were carious lesions and darkened spots on all primary molars. Microdontia of a premolar was observed at the radiographic examination. The patient and family had no commitment to her oral health and dental treatment at first appointments. Oral hygiene instructions, composite restorations, endodontic treatments, teeth extractions, and stainless steel crown installations were performed. The patient was followed up for 7 years through the present due to other possible future clinical findings associated with the syndrome. An improvement in social aspects was observed after removal of toothache and improved esthetics. Such patients need continuous periodic services, which contributes to improving the quality of life in both buccal and general aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Kitazono Carvalho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea Assed Bezerra Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Mussolino Queiroz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rathi NV, Bhattad MS, Thosar N, Baliga S. Dental management of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome with partial anodontia. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2015-209994. [PMID: 26032705 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-209994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal recessive trait disease. It is characterised by skin, eye and skeletal abnormalities. Abnormalities associated with teeth include abnormal crown and root formations, rudimentary or hypoplastic teeth, microdontia and multiple missing teeth. In the present case, there were multiple decayed primary teeth and multiple congenitally missing permanent teeth. Mandibular left primary first molar (tooth 74) was pulpally involved and obturated with mineral trioxide ggregate. Follow-up after 2 years revealed successful obturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Vithaldas Rathi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayur Shrigopal Bhattad
- Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, HSRSM Dental College and Hospital, Hingoli, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilima Thosar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudhindra Baliga
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu WQ, Hou XM, Li M, Dou SX, Xi XG. BLM unfolds G-quadruplexes in different structural environments through different mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4614-26. [PMID: 25897130 PMCID: PMC4482088 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the RecQ DNA helicase gene BLM give rise to Bloom's syndrome, which is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by genetic instability and cancer predisposition. BLM helicase is highly active in binding and unwinding G-quadruplexes (G4s), which are physiological targets for BLM, as revealed by genome-wide characterizations of gene expression of cells from BS patients. With smFRET assays, we studied the molecular mechanism of BLM-catalyzed G4 unfolding and showed that ATP is required for G4 unfolding. Surprisingly, depending on the molecular environments of G4, BLM unfolds G4 through different mechanisms: unfolding G4 harboring a 3'-ssDNA tail in three discrete steps with unidirectional translocation, and unfolding G4 connected to dsDNA by ssDNA in a repetitive manner in which BLM remains anchored at the ss/dsDNA junction, and G4 was unfolded by reeling in ssDNA. This indicates that one BLM molecule may unfold G4s in different molecular environments through different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xi-Miao Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuo-Xing Dou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xu-Guang Xi
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Immunodeficiency in a Child with Rapadilino Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Reports Immunol 2015; 2015:137368. [PMID: 26064716 PMCID: PMC4438147 DOI: 10.1155/2015/137368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapadilino syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by a characteristic clinical tableau. It is caused by mutations in RECQL4 gene. Immunodeficiency is not described as a classical feature of the disease. We present a 2-year-old girl with Rapadilino syndrome with important lymphadenopathies and pneumonia due to disseminated Mycobacterium lentiflavum infection. An immunological work-up showed several unexpected abnormalities. Repeated blood samples showed severe lymphopenia. Immunophenotyping showed low T, B, and NK cells. No Treg cells were seen. T cell responses to stimulations were insufficient. The IL12/IL23 interferon gamma pathway was normal. Gamma globulin levels and vaccination responses were low. With this report, we aim to stress the importance of screening immunodeficiency in patients with RECQL4 mutations for immunodeficiency and the need to further research into its physiopathology.
Collapse
|
22
|
RECQ4 selectively recognizes Holliday junctions. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 30:80-9. [PMID: 25769792 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The RECQ4 protein belongs to the RecQ helicase family, which plays crucial roles in genome maintenance. Mutations in the RECQ4 gene are associated with three insidious hereditary disorders: Rothmund-Thomson, Baller-Gerold, and RAPADILINO syndromes. These syndromes are characterized by growth deficiency, radial ray defects, red rashes, and higher predisposition to malignancy, especially osteosarcomas. Within the RecQ family, RECQ4 is the least characterized, and its role in DNA replication and repair remains unknown. We have identified several DNA binding sites within RECQ4. Two are located at the N-terminus and one is located within the conserved helicase domain. N-terminal domains probably cooperate with one another and promote the strong annealing activity of RECQ4. Surprisingly, the region spanning 322-400aa shows a very high affinity for branched DNA substrates, especially Holliday junctions. This study demonstrates biochemical activities of RECQ4 that could be involved in genome maintenance and suggest its possible role in processing replication and recombination intermediates.
Collapse
|
23
|
Futami K, Furuichi Y. RECQL1 and WRN DNA repair helicases: potential therapeutic targets and proliferative markers against cancers. Front Genet 2015; 5:441. [PMID: 25620975 PMCID: PMC4288340 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RECQL1 and WRN helicases in the human RecQ helicase family participate in maintaining genome stability, DNA repair, replication, and recombination pathways in the cell cycle. They are expressed highly in rapidly proliferating cells and tumor cells, suggesting that they have important roles in the replication of a genome. Although mice deficient in these helicases are indistinguishable from wild-type mice, their embryonic fibroblasts are sensitive to DNA damage. In tumor cells, silencing the expression of RECQL1 or WRN helicase by RNA interference induces mitotic catastrophe that eventually kills tumor cells at the mitosis stage of the cell cycle. By contrast, the same gene silencing by cognate small RNA (siRNA) never kills normal cells, although cell growth is slightly delayed. These findings indicate that RECQL1 and WRN helicases are ideal molecular targets for cancer therapy. The molecular mechanisms underlying these events has been studied extensively, which may help development of anticancer drugs free from adverse effects by targeting DNA repair helicases RECQL1 and WRN. As expected, the anticancer activity of conventional genotoxic drugs is significantly augmented by combined treatment with RECQL1- or WRN-siRNAs that prevents DNA repair in cancer cells. In this review, we focus on studies that clarified the mechanisms that lead to the specific killing of cancer cells and introduce efforts to develop anticancer RecQ-siRNA drugs free from adverse effects.
Collapse
|
24
|
Fang H, Nie L, Chi Z, Liu J, Guo D, Lu X, Hei TK, Balajee AS, Zhao Y. RecQL4 helicase amplification is involved in human breast tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69600. [PMID: 23894508 PMCID: PMC3718744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer occur both in hereditary and sporadic forms, and the later one comprises an overwhelming majority of breast cancer cases among women. Numerical and structural alterations involving chromosome 8, with loss of short arm (8p) and gain of long arm (8q), are frequently observed in breast cancer cells and tissues. In this study, we show that most of the human breast tumor cell lines examined display an over representation of 8q24, a chromosomal locus RecQL4 is regionally mapped to, and consequently, a markedly elevated level of RecQL4 expression. An increased RecQL4 mRNA level was also observed in a majority of clinical breast tumor samples (38/43) examined. shRNA-mediated RecQL4 suppression in MDA-MB453 breast cancer cells not only significantly inhibit the in vitro clonogenic survival and in vivo tumorigenicity. Further studies demonstrate that RecQL4 physically interacts with a major survival factor-survivin and its protein level affects survivin expression. Although loss of RecQL4 function due to gene mutations causally linked to occurrence of human RTS with features of premature aging and cancer predisposition, our studies provide the evidence that overexpression of RecQL4 due to gene amplification play a critical role in human breast tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Fang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linghu Nie
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenfen Chi
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tom K. Hei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adayabalam S. Balajee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ASB); (YZ)
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ASB); (YZ)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Rezazadeh S. On BLM helicase in recombination-mediated telomere maintenance. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:3049-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Popuri V, Huang J, Ramamoorthy M, Tadokoro T, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. RECQL5 plays co-operative and complementary roles with WRN syndrome helicase. Nucleic Acids Res 2012. [PMID: 23180761 PMCID: PMC3553943 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have five RecQ helicases, whereas simpler organisms have only one. Little is known about whether and how these RecQ helicases co-operate and/or complement each other in response to cellular stress. Here we show that RECQL5 associates longer at laser-induced DNA double-strand breaks in the absence of Werner syndrome (WRN) protein, and that it interacts physically and functionally with WRN both in vivo and in vitro. RECQL5 co-operates with WRN on synthetic stalled replication fork-like structures and stimulates its helicase activity on DNA fork duplexes. Both RECQL5 and WRN re-localize from the nucleolus into the nucleus after replicative stress and significantly associate with each other during S-phase. Further, we show that RECQL5 is essential for cell survival in the absence of WRN. Loss of both RECQL5 and WRN severely compromises DNA replication, accumulates genomic instability and ultimately leads to cell death. Collectively, our results indicate that RECQL5 plays both co-operative and complementary roles with WRN. This is an early demonstration of a significant functional interplay and a novel synthetic lethal interaction among the human RecQ helicases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswarlu Popuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tadokoro T, Ramamoorthy M, Popuri V, May A, Tian J, Sykora P, Rybanska I, Wilson DM, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Human RECQL5 participates in the removal of endogenous DNA damage. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4273-85. [PMID: 22973052 PMCID: PMC3484104 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-02-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human RECQL5 is a member of the RecQ helicase family, which maintains genome stability via participation in many DNA metabolic processes, including DNA repair. Human cells lacking RECQL5 display chromosomal instability. We find that cells depleted of RECQL5 are sensitive to oxidative stress, accumulate endogenous DNA damage, and increase the cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate response. In contrast to the RECQ helicase family members WRN, BLM, and RECQL4, RECQL5 accumulates at laser-induced single-strand breaks in normal human cells. RECQL5 depletion affects the levels of PARP-1 and XRCC1, and our collective results suggest that RECQL5 modulates and/or directly participates in base excision repair of endogenous DNA damage, thereby promoting chromosome stability in normal human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tadokoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Baradaran-Heravi A, Raams A, Lubieniecka J, Cho KS, DeHaai KA, Basiratnia M, Mari PO, Xue Y, Rauth M, Olney AH, Shago M, Choi K, Weksberg RA, Nowaczyk MJM, Wang W, Jaspers NGJ, Boerkoel CF. SMARCAL1 deficiency predisposes to non-Hodgkin lymphoma and hypersensitivity to genotoxic agents in vivo. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2204-13. [PMID: 22888040 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a multisystemic disorder with prominent skeletal, renal, immunological, and ectodermal abnormalities. It is caused by mutations of SMARCAL1 (SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a-like 1), which encodes a DNA stress response protein. To determine the relationship of this function to the SIOD phenotype, we profiled the cancer prevalence in SIOD and assessed if defects of nucleotide excision repair (NER) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), respectively, explained the ectodermal and immunological features of SIOD. Finally, we determined if Smarcal1(del/del) mice had hypersensitivity to irinotecan (CPT-11), etoposide, and hydroxyurea (HU) and whether exposure to these agents induced features of SIOD. Among 71 SIOD patients, three had non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and one had osteosarcoma. We did not find evidence of defective NER or NHEJ; however, Smarcal1-deficient mice were hypersensitive to several genotoxic agents. Also, CPT-11, etoposide, and HU caused decreased growth and loss of growth plate chondrocytes. These data, which identify an increased prevalence of NHL in SIOD and confirm hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents in vivo, provide guidance for the management of SIOD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Baradaran-Heravi
- Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carlson AM, Thomas KB, Kirmani S, Lindor NM. Chronic tibial nonunion in a Rothmund-Thomson syndrome patient. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2250-3. [PMID: 22821900 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic mutations in RECQL4, a helicase involved with chromosomal instability and DNA repair. Patients typically present with a poikilodermatous facial rash, photosensitivity, congenital bony abnormalities, short stature, and have a predilection for osteosarcoma and cutaneous malignancies. We present a 34-year-old male RTS patient, previously diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the right forearm which was successfully treated with resection and chemotherapy, who has had multiple tibial fractures and has suffered from chronic nonunion of the proximal tibias bilaterally for greater than 9 years. The patient subsequently developed generalized lower extremity osteopenia with normal calcium homeostasis and calcitriol levels. As the RTS population continues to reach greater ages we must be mindful of other health concerns that may develop. Bone health is one considerable concern with a large portion of patients having congenital bony abnormalities and many receiving chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. We conclude that screening for bone health and supplementation with calcium and vitamin D may be warranted in RTS patients with a history of fractures and osteosarcoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Carlson
- Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Popuri V, Ramamoorthy M, Tadokoro T, Singh DK, Karmakar P, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Recruitment and retention dynamics of RECQL5 at DNA double strand break sites. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 11:624-35. [PMID: 22633600 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RECQL5 is one of the five human RecQ helicases, involved in the maintenance of genomic integrity. While much insight has been gained into the function of the Werner (WRN) and Bloom syndrome proteins (BLM), little is known about RECQL5. We have analyzed the recruitment and retention dynamics of RECQL5 at laser-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) relative to other human RecQ helicases. RECQL5-depleted cells accumulate persistent 53BP1 foci followed by γ-irradiation, indicating a potential role of RECQL5 in the processing of DSBs. Real time imaging of live cells using confocal laser microscopy shows that RECQL5 is recruited early to laser-induced DSBs and remains for a shorter duration than BLM and WRN, but persist longer than RECQL4. These studies illustrate the differential involvement of RecQ helicases in the DSB repair process. Mapping of domains within RECQL5 that are necessary for recruitment to DSBs revealed that both the helicase and KIX domains are required for DNA damage recognition and stable association of RECQL5 to the DSB sites. Previous studies have shown that MRE11 is essential for the recruitment of RECQL5 to the DSB sites. Here we show that the recruitment of RECQL5 does not depend on the exonuclease activity of MRE11 or on active transcription by RNA polymerase II, one of the prominent interacting partners of RECQL5. Also, the recruitment of RECQL5 to laser-induced damage sites is independent of the presence of other DNA damage signaling and repair proteins BLM, WRN and ATM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswarlu Popuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Study on The Mechanism of Effects of Lomefloxacin on Biological Properties of Bloom Syndrome Helicase*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2011.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
33
|
Dai X, Ma W, He X, Jha RK. Review of therapeutic strategies for osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:RA177-190. [PMID: 21804475 PMCID: PMC3539609 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent forms of bone cancer are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma. Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy have replaced traditional surgical treatments, survival rates have undergone only marginal improvements. Current knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in each type of cancer has led to better approaches in cancer treatment. A number of cell signaling molecules are involved in tumorigenesis, and specific targets have been identified based on these signal transducers. This review highlights some of the important cellular pathways and potential therapeutic targets, tumor site-specific irradiation techniques, and novel drug delivery systems used to administer these drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
De Somer L, Wouters C, Morren MA, De Vos R, Van Den Oord J, Devriendt K, Meyts I. Granulomatous skin lesions complicating Varicella infection in a patient with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and immune deficiency: case report. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2010; 5:37. [PMID: 21143835 PMCID: PMC3009952 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS)(OMIM 268400) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by poikiloderma, small stature, skeletal and dental abnormalities, cataract and an increased risk of cancer. It is caused by mutations in RECQL4 at 8q24. Immune deficiency is not described as a classical feature of the disease. Here we report the appearance of granulomatous skin lesions complicating primary Varicella Zoster Virus infection in a toddler with Rothmund Thomson syndrome and immune deficiency. Although granulomatous disorders are sometimes seen after Herpes zoster, they are even more rare after Varicella primary infection. Granulomas have hitherto not been described in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. With this report we aim to stress the importance of screening for immune deficiency in patients with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien De Somer
- Department of Pediatric, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Su Y, Meador JA, Calaf GM, Proietti De-Santis L, Zhao Y, Bohr VA, Balajee AS. Human RecQL4 helicase plays critical roles in prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9207-17. [PMID: 21045146 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-associated deaths among men in the western countries. Here, we report that human RecQL4 helicase, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of a subset of cancer-prone Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, is highly elevated in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. Increased RecQL4 expression was also detected in human prostate tumor tissues as a function of tumor grade with the highest expression level in metastatic tumor samples, suggesting that RecQL4 may be a potential prognostic factor for advanced stage of prostate cancer. Transient and stable suppression of RecQL4 by small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA vectors drastically reduced the growth and survival of metastatic prostate cancer cells, indicating that RecQL4 is a prosurvival factor for prostate cancer cells. RecQL4 suppression led to increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) synthesis and RecQL4-suppressed prostate cancer cells underwent an extensive apoptotic death in a PARP-1-dependent manner. Most notably, RecQL4 knockdown in metastatic prostate cancer cells drastically reduced their cell invasiveness in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo, showing that RecQL4 is essential for prostate cancer promotion. Observation of a direct interaction of retinoblastoma (Rb) and E2F1 proteins with RecQL4 promoter suggests that Rb-E2F1 pathway may regulate RecQL4 expression. Collectively, our study shows that RecQL4 is an essential factor for prostate carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Su
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Singh DK, Karmakar P, Aamann M, Schurman SH, May A, Croteau DL, Burks L, Plon SE, Bohr VA. The involvement of human RECQL4 in DNA double-strand break repair. Aging Cell 2010; 9:358-71. [PMID: 20222902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder associated with mutation in RECQL4 gene, a member of the human RecQ helicases. The disease is characterized by genomic instability, skeletal abnormalities and predisposition to malignant tumors, especially osteosarcomas. The precise role of RECQL4 in cellular pathways is largely unknown; however, recent evidence suggests its involvement in multiple DNA metabolic pathways. This study investigates the roles of RECQL4 in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. The results show that RECQL4-deficient fibroblasts are moderately sensitive to gamma-irradiation and accumulate more gammaH2AX and 53BP1 foci than control fibroblasts. This is suggestive of defects in efficient repair of DSB's in the RECQL4-deficient fibroblasts. Real time imaging of live cells using laser confocal microscopy shows that RECQL4 is recruited early to laser-induced DSBs and remains for a shorter duration than WRN and BLM, indicating its distinct role in repair of DSBs. Endogenous RECQL4 also colocalizes with gammaH2AX at the site of DSBs. The RECQL4 domain responsible for its DNA damage localization has been mapped to the unique N-terminus domain between amino acids 363-492, which shares no homology to recruitment domains of WRN and BLM to the DSBs. Further, the recruitment of RECQL4 to laser-induced DNA damage is independent of functional WRN, BLM or ATM proteins. These results suggest distinct cellular dynamics for RECQL4 protein at the site of laser-induced DSB and that it might play important roles in efficient repair of DSB's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rossi ML, Ghosh AK, Kulikowicz T, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Conserved helicase domain of human RecQ4 is required for strand annealing-independent DNA unwinding. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:796-804. [PMID: 20451470 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans have five members of the well conserved RecQ helicase family: RecQ1, Bloom syndrome protein (BLM), Werner syndrome protein (WRN), RecQ4, and RecQ5, which are all known for their roles in maintaining genome stability. BLM, WRN, and RecQ4 are associated with premature aging and cancer predisposition. Of the three, RecQ4's biological and cellular roles have been least thoroughly characterized. Here we tested the helicase activity of purified human RecQ4 on various substrates. Consistent with recent results, we detected ATP-dependent RecQ4 unwinding of forked duplexes. However, our results provide the first evidence that human RecQ4's unwinding is independent of strand annealing, and that it does not require the presence of excess ssDNA. Moreover, we demonstrate that a point mutation of the conserved lysine in the Walker A motif abolished helicase activity, implying that not the N-terminal portion, but the helicase domain is solely responsible for the enzyme's unwinding activity. In addition, we demonstrate a novel stimulation of RecQ4's helicase activity by replication protein A, similar to that of RecQ1, BLM, WRN, and RecQ5. Together, these data indicate that specific biochemical activities and protein partners of RecQ4 are conserved with those of the other RecQ helicases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Rossi
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a genodermatosis presenting with a characteristic facial rash (poikiloderma) associated with short stature, sparse scalp hair, sparse or absent eyelashes and/or eyebrows, juvenile cataracts, skeletal abnormalities, radial ray defects, premature aging and a predisposition to cancer. The prevalence is unknown but around 300 cases have been reported in the literature so far. The diagnostic hallmark is facial erythema, which spreads to the extremities but spares the trunk, and which manifests itself within the first year and then develops into poikiloderma. Two clinical subforms of RTS have been defined: RTSI characterised by poikiloderma, ectodermal dysplasia and juvenile cataracts, and RTSII characterised by poikiloderma, congenital bone defects and an increased risk of osteosarcoma in childhood and skin cancer later in life. The skeletal abnormalities may be overt (frontal bossing, saddle nose and congenital radial ray defects), and/or subtle (visible only by radiographic analysis). Gastrointestinal, respiratory and haematological signs have been reported in a few patients. RTS is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner and is genetically heterogeneous: RTSII is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the RECQL4 helicase gene (detected in 60-65% of RTS patients), whereas the aetiology in RTSI remains unknown. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings (primarily on the age of onset, spreading and appearance of the poikiloderma) and molecular analysis for RECQL4 mutations. Missense mutations are rare, while frameshift, nonsense mutations and splice-site mutations prevail. A fully informative test requires transcript analysis not to overlook intronic deletions causing missplicing. The diagnosis of RTS should be considered in all patients with osteosarcoma, particularly if associated with skin changes. The differential diagnosis should include other causes of childhood poikiloderma (including dyskeratosis congenita, Kindler syndrome and Poikiloderma with Neutropaenia), other rare genodermatoses with prominent telangiectasias (including Bloom syndrome, Werner syndrome and Ataxia-telangiectasia) and the allelic disorders, RAPADILINO syndrome and Baller-Gerold syndrome, which also share some clinical features. A few mutations recur in all three RECQL4 diseases. Genetic counselling should be provided for RTS patients and their families, together with a recommendation for cancer surveillance for all patients with RTSII. Patients should be managed by a multidisciplinary team and offered long term follow-up. Treatment includes the use of pulsed dye laser photocoagulation to improve the telangiectatic component of the rash, surgical removal of the cataracts and standard treatment for individuals who develop cancer. Although some clinical signs suggest precocious aging, life expectancy is not impaired in RTS patients if they do not develop cancer. Outcomes in patients with osteosarcoma are similar in RTS and non-RTS patients, with a five-year survival rate of 60-70%. The sensitivity of RTS cells to genotoxic agents exploiting cells with a known RECQL4 status is being elucidated and is aimed at optimizing the chemotherapeutic regimen for osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Larizza
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Roversi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Milan, Italy
- National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovica Volpi
- Department of Biology for Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Speina E, Dawut L, Hedayati M, Wang Z, May A, Schwendener S, Janscak P, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Human RECQL5beta stimulates flap endonuclease 1. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:2904-16. [PMID: 20081208 PMCID: PMC2875029 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human RECQL5 is a member of the RecQ helicase family which is implicated in genome maintenance. Five human members of the family have been identified; three of them, BLM, WRN and RECQL4 are associated with elevated cancer risk. RECQL1 and RECQL5 have not been linked to any human disorder yet; cells devoid of RECQL1 and RECQL5 display increased chromosomal instability. Here, we report the physical and functional interaction of the large isomer of RECQL5, RECQL5β, with the human flap endonuclease 1, FEN1, which plays a critical role in DNA replication, recombination and repair. RECQL5β dramatically stimulates the rate of FEN1 cleavage of flap DNA substrates. Moreover, we show that RECQL5β and FEN1 interact physically and co-localize in the nucleus in response to DNA damage. Our findings, together with the previous literature on WRN, BLM and RECQL4’s stimulation of FEN1, suggests that the ability of RecQ helicases to stimulate FEN1 may be a general feature of this class of enzymes. This could indicate a common role for the RecQ helicases in the processing of oxidative DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Speina
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Around 1% of the open reading frames in the human genome encode predicted DNA and RNA helicases. One highly conserved group of DNA helicases is the RecQ family. Genetic defects in three of the five human RecQ helicases, BLM, WRN and RECQ4, give rise to defined syndromes associated with cancer predisposition, some features of premature ageing and chromosomal instability. In recent years, there has been a tremendous advance in our understanding of the cellular functions of individual RecQ helicases. In this Review, we discuss how these proteins might suppress genomic rearrangements, and therefore function as 'caretaker' tumour suppressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Kit Chu
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schurman SH, Hedayati M, Wang Z, Singh DK, Speina E, Zhang Y, Becker K, Macris M, Sung P, Wilson DM, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Direct and indirect roles of RECQL4 in modulating base excision repair capacity. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:3470-83. [PMID: 19567405 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RECQL4 is a human RecQ helicase which is mutated in approximately two-thirds of individuals with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), a disease characterized at the cellular level by chromosomal instability. BLM and WRN are also human RecQ helicases, which are mutated in Bloom and Werner's syndrome, respectively, and associated with chromosomal instability as well as premature aging. Here we show that primary RTS and RECQL4 siRNA knockdown human fibroblasts accumulate more H(2)O(2)-induced DNA strand breaks than control cells, suggesting that RECQL4 may stimulate repair of H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage. RTS primary fibroblasts also accumulate more XRCC1 foci than control cells in response to endogenous or induced oxidative stress and have a high basal level of endogenous formamidopyrimidines. In cells treated with H(2)O(2), RECQL4 co-localizes with APE1, and FEN1, key participants in base excision repair. Biochemical experiments indicate that RECQL4 specifically stimulates the apurinic endonuclease activity of APE1, the DNA strand displacement activity of DNA polymerase beta, and incision of a 1- or 10-nucleotide flap DNA substrate by Flap Endonuclease I. Additionally, RTS cells display an upregulation of BER pathway genes and fail to respond like normal cells to oxidative stress. The data herein support a model in which RECQL4 regulates both directly and indirectly base excision repair capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shepherd H Schurman
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Debeljak M, Zver A, Jazbec J. A patient with Baller-Gerold syndrome and midline NK/T lymphoma. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:755-9. [PMID: 19291770 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Three autosomal recessive disorders are associated with mutations in the RECQL4 gene: Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), Baller-Gerold syndrome (BGS), and RAPADILINO syndrome. BGS is characterized by two major clinical abnormalities: craniosynostosis and preaxial limb anomalies but not cancer development. We performed RECQL4 mutation detection in a patient with BGS and several clinical signs of RTS who developed a midline NK/T-cell lymphoma. Sequencing was used to identify RECQL4 mutations, and RNA analysis was used to examine expression of mRNA in leukocytes. The patient was found to be compound heterozygous for two mutations in exon 15, namely c.[2492_2493delAT] + c.[2506_2518del13bp]. We found that only the allele with 13 bp deletion was expressed in blood leukocytes. Our patient showed severe phenotypic abnormalities, with clinical signs of both BGS and RTS. She developed an extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, which is extremely rare in children of her age and is the first described case of BGS with development of a cancer. This case of a RECQL4-related disorder highlights the significant phenotypic overlap between the classically delineated RECQL4-associated syndromes and questions the need to redefine or combine these clinical entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marusa Debeljak
- Center for Medical Genetics, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dietschy T, Shevelev I, Pena-Diaz J, Hühn D, Kuenzle S, Mak R, Miah MF, Hess D, Fey M, Hottiger MO, Janscak P, Stagljar I. p300-mediated acetylation of the Rothmund-Thomson-syndrome gene product RECQL4 regulates its subcellular localization. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:1258-67. [PMID: 19299466 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.037747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RECQL4 belongs to the conserved RecQ family of DNA helicases, members of which play important roles in the maintenance of genome stability in all organisms that have been examined. Although genetic alterations in the RECQL4 gene are reported to be associated with three autosomal recessive disorders (Rothmund-Thomson, RAPADILINO and Baller-Gerold syndromes), the molecular role of RECQL4 still remains poorly understood. Here, we show that RECQL4 specifically interacts with the histone acetyltransferase p300 (also known as p300 HAT), both in vivo and in vitro, and that p300 acetylates one or more of the lysine residues at positions 376, 380, 382, 385 and 386 of RECQL4. Furthermore, we report that these five lysine residues lie within a short motif of 30 amino acids that is essential for the nuclear localization of RECQL4. Remarkably, the acetylation of RECQL4 by p300 in vivo leads to a significant shift of a proportion of RECQL4 protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This accumulation of the acetylated RECQL4 is a result of its inability to be imported into the nucleus. Our results provide the first evidence of a post-translational modification of the RECQL4 protein, and suggest that acetylation of RECQL4 by p300 regulates the trafficking of RECQL4 between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dietschy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research (dCCBR), University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada M5S 3E1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary tumor of bone and accounts for approximately 19% of all malignant tumors of bone. It is the third most common malignant tumor in teenagers. More than twenty years ago, the advent of a multidisciplinary approach that combined multi-agent chemotherapy and limb-sparing surgery greatly improved the survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma. Unfortunately, since that time, survival rates have not dramatically improved. To date, the most powerful predictors of outcome have remained the ability to detect metastatic disease at diagnosis and the histopathologic response of the tumor to preoperative chemotherapy. Presently, 80% of patients who do not have distant metastases at initial diagnosis will become long-term survivors. Unfortunately, this means that approximately 20% of patients who do not present with metastases at diagnosis will not survive. This group of patients appears to be resistant to current treatment as attempts to intensify therapy after surgery for patients with a poor histopathologic response has not significantly improved survival rates. It is these patients that are in the greatest need of additional clinically relevant markers for prognosis and who can be most helped by molecular analysis. While steady progress has been made in the identification of genetic alterations in osteosarcoma, no individual molecular marker has thus far been demonstrated to have a better prognostic significance in the treatment of osteosarcomas than the current clinical markers. Thus there is clearly a need to employ new comprehensive analysis technologies to develop significantly more informative classification systems and to identify new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Kong
- Center For Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Roles of RECQ helicases in recombination based DNA repair, genomic stability and aging. Biogerontology 2008; 10:235-52. [PMID: 19083132 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of the stability of genetic material is an essential feature of every living organism. Organisms across all kingdoms have evolved diverse and highly efficient repair mechanisms to protect the genome from deleterious consequences of various genotoxic factors that might tend to destabilize the integrity of the genome in each generation. One such group of proteins that is actively involved in genome surveillance is the RecQ helicase family. These proteins are highly conserved DNA helicases, which have diverse roles in multiple DNA metabolic processes such as DNA replication, recombination and DNA repair. In humans, five RecQ helicases have been identified and three of them namely, WRN, BLM and RecQL4 have been linked to genetic diseases characterized by genome instability, premature aging and cancer predisposition. This helicase family plays important roles in various DNA repair pathways including protecting the genome from illegitimate recombination during chromosome segregation in mitosis and assuring genome stability. This review mainly focuses on various roles of human RecQ helicases in the process of recombination-based DNA repair to maintain genome stability and physiological consequences of their defects in the development of cancer and premature aging.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
A síndrome de Rothmund-Thomson é distúrbio autossômico recessivo de expressividade variável associado a mutações do gene RecQL4. Caracteriza-se por poiquilodermia, alopecia, defeitos de crescimento e desenvolvimento, catarata juvenil, alterações dentárias e esqueléticas e predisposição ao câncer cutâneo e ao osteossarcoma. Relata-se caso de paciente de 29 anos de idade com lesões cutâneas desde a infância, catarata bilateral antes dos 20 anos e carcinoma espinocelular aos 26 anos de idade.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The educational objectives of this self-assessment module on the imaging of postirradiation osteosarcoma are for the participant to exercise, self-assess, and improve his or her understanding of the features used to establish the diagnosis of postirradiation sarcoma.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Mutations in the RECQL4 gene can lead to three clinical phenotypes with overlapping features. All these syndromes, Rothmund-Thomson (RTS), RAPADILINO and Baller-Gerold (BGS), are characterized by growth retardation and radial defects, but RAPADILINO syndrome lacks the main dermal manifestation, poikiloderma that is a hallmark feature in both RTS and BGS. It has been previously shown that RTS patients with RECQL4 mutations are at increased risk of osteosarcoma, but the precise incidence of cancer in RAPADILINO and BGS has not been determined. Here, we report that RAPADILINO patients identified as carriers of the c.1390+2delT mutation (p.Ala420_Ala463del) are at increased risk to develop lymphoma or osteosarcoma (6 out of 15 patients). We also summarize all the published RECQL4 mutations and their associated cancer cases and provide an update of 14 novel RECQL4 mutations with accompanying clinical data.
Collapse
|
49
|
Fan W, Luo J. RecQ4 facilitates UV light-induced DNA damage repair through interaction with nucleotide excision repair factor xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA). J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29037-44. [PMID: 18693251 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801928200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the RECQL4 helicase gene have been linked to Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, which is characterized by genome instability, cancer susceptibility, and premature aging. To better define the cellular function of the RecQ4 protein, we investigated the subcellular localization of RecQ4 upon treatment of cells with different DNA-damaging agents including UV irradiation, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, camptothecin, etoposide, hydroxyurea, and H(2)O(2). We found that RecQ4 formed discrete nuclear foci specifically in response to UV irradiation and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. We demonstrated that functional RecQ4 was required for the efficient removal of UV lesions and could rescue UV sensitivity of RecQ4-deficient Rothmund-Thomson syndrome cells. Furthermore, UV treatment also resulted in the colocalization of the nuclear foci formed with RecQ4 and xeroderma pigmentosum group A in human cells. Consistently, RecQ4 could directly interact with xeroderma pigmentosum group A, and this interaction was stimulated by UV irradiation. By fractionating whole cell extracts into cytoplasmic, soluble nuclear, and chromatin-bound fractions, we observed that RecQ4 protein bound more tightly to chromatin upon UV irradiation. Taken together, our findings suggest a role of RecQ4 in the repair of UV-induced DNA damages in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Barea F, Tessaro S, Bonatto D. In silico analyses of a new group of fungal and plant RecQ4-homologous proteins. Comput Biol Chem 2008; 32:349-58. [PMID: 18701350 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial and eukaryotic RecQ helicases comprise a family of homologous proteins necessary for maintaining genomic integrity during the cell cycle and DNA repair. There is one known bacterial RecQ helicase, and five eukaryotic RecQ helicases that have been described: RecQ1p, RecQ4p, RecQ5p, Bloom, and Werner. While the biochemical functions of Bloom and Werner helicases are well understood, the same is not true for RecQ4p helicase. RecQ4p mutations lead to pathologies like Rothmund-Thompson syndrome (RTS), RAPADILINO, and Baller-Gerold syndrome (BGS). Until now, RecQ4p helicases had only been described in metazoans, and their presence in organisms like fungi and plants were not known. Thus far only one RecQ-homologous protein (Sgs1p), similar to Bloom helicase, has been described in fungal genomes. In the present study we employed an in silico approach, and successfully identified and characterized a second RecQ helicase from the genomes of different fungal and two plant species that shows similarity to metazoan RecQ4 proteins. An in-depth phylogenetic analysis of these new fungal and plant RecQ4-like sequences (termed Hrq1p) indicated that they are orthologous to the metazoan RecQ4p. We employed hydrophobic cluster analysis (HCA) and three-dimensional modeling of selected Hrq1p sequences to compare conserved regions among Hrq1p, human RecQ4p and bacterial RecQp. The results indicated that Hrq1p sequences, as previously observed for metazoan RecQ4 proteins, probably act in genomic maintenance and/or chromatin remodeling in fungal and plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Barea
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|