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Wang Y, Zhang G, Zhong L, Qian M, Wang M, Cui R. Filamentous bacteriophages, natural nanoparticles, for viral vaccine strategies. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5942-5959. [PMID: 35389413 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophages are natural nanoparticles formed by the self-assembly of structural proteins that have the capability of replication and infection. They are used as a highly efficient vaccine platform to enhance immunogenicity and effectively stimulate the innate and adaptive immune response. Compared with traditional vaccines, phage-based vaccines offer thermodynamic stability, biocompatibility, homogeneity, high carrying capacity, self-assembly, scalability, and low toxicity. This review summarizes recent research on phage-based vaccines in virus prevention. In addition, the expression systems of filamentous phage-based virus vaccines and their application principles are discussed. Moreover, the prospect of the prevention of emerging infectious diseases, such as coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicun Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Guangxin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Lili Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Min Qian
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Shahin K, Zhang L, Mehraban MH, Collard JM, Hedayatkhah A, Mansoorianfar M, Soleimani-Delfan A, Wang R. Clinical and experimental bacteriophage studies: Recommendations for possible approaches for standing against SARS-CoV-2. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105442. [PMID: 35151823 PMCID: PMC8830156 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the world faced a serious health challenge, the rapid spreading of a life-threatening viral pneumonia, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of January 2022 WHO statistics shows more than 5.6 million death and about 350 million infection by SARS-CoV-2. One of the life threatening aspects of COVID-19 is secondary infections and reduced efficacy of antibiotics against them. Since the beginning of COVID-19 many researches have been done on identification, treatment, and vaccine development. Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) could offer novel approaches to detect, treat and control COVID-19. Phage therapy and in particular using phage cocktails can be used to control or eliminate the bacterial pathogen as an alternative or complementary therapeutic agent. At the same time, phage interaction with the host immune system can regulate the inflammatory response. In addition, phage display and engineered synthetic phages can be utilized to develop new vaccines and antibodies, stimulate the immune system, and elicit a rapid and well-appropriate defense response. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 new variants like delta and omicron has proved the urgent need for precise, efficient and novel approaches for vaccine development and virus detection techniques in which bacteriophages may be one of the plausible solutions. Therefore, phages with similar morphology and/or genetic content to that of coronaviruses can be used for ecological and epidemiological modeling of SARS-CoV-2 behavior and future generations of coronavirus, and in general new viral pathogens. This article is a comprehensive review/perspective of potential applications of bacteriophages in the fight against the present pandemic and the post-COVID era.
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Siman-Tov DD, Zemel R, Tur Kaspa R, Gershoni JM. The use of epitope arrays in immunodiagnosis of infectious disease: hepatitis C virus, a case study. Anal Biochem 2012; 432:63-70. [PMID: 23017878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Serodiagnosis of infectious disease is often based on the detection of pathogen-specific antibodies in a patient's blood. For this, mixtures of pathogen-related antigens are used as bait to capture corresponding antibodies in solid phase immunoassays such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Western blots provide improved diagnostic power as compared with EIA due to the fact that the mixture of markers in the EIA well is resolved and tested as individual antigens on the Western blot. Hence, confirmation of EIA results is accomplished using the antigen arrays of Western blots. Here we took this approach one step further and tested the attributes of using epitope arrays in a diagnostic platform coined "combinatorial diagnostics." As a case in point, we tested a panel of phage-displayed epitope-based markers in the serodiagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV). The repertoire of HCV antigens was deconvoluted into panels of distinct linear and conformational epitopes and tested individually by quantitative EIA. Combinatorial diagnostics proved to be effective for the discrimination between positive and negative sera as well as serotyping of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror D Siman-Tov
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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Development of anti-infectives using phage display: biological agents against bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4569-82. [PMID: 22664969 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00567-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of anti-infective therapeutics on the market or in development are small molecules; however, there is now a nascent pipeline of biological agents in development. Until recently, phage display technologies were used mainly to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeted against cancer or inflammatory disease targets. Patent disputes impeded broad use of these methods and contributed to the dearth of candidates in the clinic during the 1990s. Today, however, phage display is recognized as a powerful tool for selecting novel peptides and antibodies that can bind to a wide range of antigens, ranging from whole cells to proteins and lipid targets. In this review, we highlight research that exploits phage display technology as a means of discovering novel therapeutics against infectious diseases, with a focus on antimicrobial peptides and antibodies in clinical or preclinical development. We discuss the different strategies and methods used to derive, select, and develop anti-infectives from phage display libraries and then highlight case studies of drug candidates in the process of development and commercialization. Advances in screening, manufacturing, and humanization technologies now mean that phage display can make a significant contribution in the fight against clinically important pathogens.
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Georgieva Y, Konthur Z. Design and screening of M13 phage display cDNA libraries. Molecules 2011; 16:1667-81. [PMID: 21330956 PMCID: PMC6259656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16021667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen a steady increase in screening of cDNA expression product libraries displayed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage. At the same time, the range of applications extended from the identification of novel allergens over disease markers to protein-protein interaction studies. However, the generation and selection of cDNA phage display libraries is subjected to intrinsic biological limitations due to their complex nature and heterogeneity, as well as technical difficulties regarding protein presentation on the phage surface. Here, we review the latest developments in this field, discuss a number of strategies and improvements anticipated to overcome these challenges making cDNA and open reading frame (ORF) libraries more readily accessible for phage display. Furthermore, future trends combining phage display with next generation sequencing (NGS) will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Georgieva
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestraße 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Moisa AA, Kolesanova EF. Synthetic peptide vaccines. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750810040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rinaudo CD, Telford JL, Rappuoli R, Seib KL. Vaccinology in the genome era. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2515-25. [PMID: 19729849 DOI: 10.1172/jci38330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has played a significant role in controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases throughout the world, and yet currently licensed vaccines represent only the tip of the iceberg in terms of controlling human pathogens. However, as we discuss in this Review, the arrival of the genome era has revolutionized vaccine development and catalyzed a shift from conventional culture-based approaches to genome-based vaccinology. The availability of complete bacterial genomes has led to the development and application of high-throughput analyses that enable rapid targeted identification of novel vaccine antigens. Furthermore, structural vaccinology is emerging as a powerful tool for the rational design or modification of vaccine antigens to improve their immunogenicity and safety.
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B MP, J MD, M PG. Mimotopes and proteome analyses using human genomic and cDNA epitope phage display. Comp Funct Genomics 2008; 3:254-63. [PMID: 18628851 PMCID: PMC2447272 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2001] [Accepted: 04/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, validation of candidate gene targets frequently requires proteinbased
strategies. Phage display is a powerful tool to define protein-protein interactions by
generating peptide binders against target antigens. Epitope phage display libraries have the
potential to enrich coding exon sequences from human genomic loci. We evaluated genomic
and cDNA phage display strategies to identify genes in the 5q31 Interleukin gene cluster
and to enrich cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase genes from a breast cancer cDNA
library. A genomic display library containing 2 × 106 clones with exon-sized inserts was
selected with antibodies specific for human Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-13. The
library was enriched significantly after two selection rounds and DNA sequencing revealed
unique clones. One clone matched a cognate IL-4 epitope; however, the majority of clone
insert sequences corresponded to E. coli genomic DNA. These bacterial sequences act as
‘mimotopes’ (mimetic sequences of the true epitope), correspond to open reading frames,
generate displayed peptides, and compete for binding during phage selection. The specificity
of these mimotopes for IL-4 was confirmed by competition ELISA. Other E. coli
mimotopes were generated using additional antibodies. Mimotopes for a receptor tyrosine
kinase gene were also selected using a breast cancer SKBR-3 cDNA phage display library,
screened against an anti-erbB2 monoclonal antibody. Identification of mimotopes in
genomic and cDNA phage libraries is essential for phage display-based protein validation
assays and two-hybrid phage approaches that examine protein-protein interactions. The
predominance of E. coli mimotopes suggests that the E. coli genome may be useful to
generate peptide diversity biased towards protein coding sequences. Abbreviations used: IL, interleukin; ELISA, enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay;
PBS, phospho-buffered saline; cfu, colony forming units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mullaney P B
- Departmentsof Laboratory Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Satake S, Nagaki M, Kimura K, Naiki T, Hayashi H, Sugihara J, Tomita E, Moriwaki H. Significant effect of hepatitis C virus specific CTLs on viral clearance in patients with type C chronic hepatitis treated with antiviral agents. Hepatol Res 2008; 38:491-500. [PMID: 18034809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the correlation between hepatitis C virus (HCV) specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and viral clearance in antiviral treated patients, we examined the number and function of HCV epitope-specific CTLs and the viral load in 12 HLA-A2-positive patients with chronic hepatitis C, after undergoing interferon therapy. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 of undergoing antiviral therapies. To investigate the quantity of the antigen specific CTLs, CD8-positive T cells were isolated using microbeads and were stained for HLA-A*0201 tetramers. To investigate the function of CTLs, PBMC were stimulated with the same synthetic epitope peptides and analyzed to determine their interferon (IFN)-gamma expression. RESULTS In seven patients, HCV-RNA became undetectable 4 weeks after antiviral therapies (EVR), but five patients were non-responders (NR). In peptide NS3 1406 on day 3 and day 7 of therapy and in NS3 1073 on day 3 of therapy, the level of IFN-gamma expression on CD8+ T cells was significantly higher in the EVR group than in the NR group. In other peptides, the number of and cytokine production from the CTLs in the EVR group were also higher than in the NR group, but not significantly. CONCLUSION After antiviral therapy, analysis of the number and function of antigen-specific CTLs in the early phase was thus found to be useful for predicting viral clearance in chronic hepatitis C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Satake
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Rechkina EA, Denisova GF, Masalova OV, Lideman LF, Denisov DA, Lesnova EI, Ataullakhanov RI, Gurianova SV, Kushch AA. Mapping of antigenic determinants of hepatitis C virus proteins using phage display. Mol Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689330602018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jolivet-Reynaud C, Adida A, Michel S, Deléage G, Paranhos-Baccala G, Gonin V, Battail-Poirot N, Lacoux X, Rolland D. Characterization of mimotopes mimicking an immunodominant conformational epitope on the hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase. J Med Virol 2004; 72:385-95. [PMID: 14748062 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 3 (NS3) protein is composed of an amino terminal protease and a carboxyl terminal RNA helicase. NS3 contains major antigenic epitopes. The antibody response to NS3 appears early in the course of infection and is focused on the helicase region. However, this response cannot be defined by short synthetic peptides indicating the recognition of conformation-dependent epitopes. In this study, we have screened a dodecapeptide library displayed on phage with anti-NS3 mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that compete with each other and human anti-HCV NS3 positive sera. Two peptides (mimotopes) were selected that appeared to mimic an immunodominant epitope since they were recognized specifically by the different anti-NS3 mAbs of the study and by human sera from HCV infected patients. Homology search between the two mimotopes and the NS3 sequence showed that one of the two peptides shared amino acid similarities with NS3 at residues 1396-1398 on a very accessible loop as visualized on the three-dimensional structure of the helicase domain whereas the other one had two amino acids similar to nearby residues 1376 and 1378. Reproduced as synthetic dodecapeptides, the two mimotopes were recognized specifically by 19 and 22, respectively, out of 49 sera from HCV infected patients. These mimotopes allowed also the detection of anti-NS3 antibodies in sera of HCV patients at the seroconversion stage. These results suggest that the two NS3 mimotopes are potential tools for the diagnosis of HCV infection.
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Zhang XX, Deng Q, Zhang SY, Liu J, Cai Q, Lu ZM, Wang Y. Broadly cross-reactive mimotope of hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus derived from DNA shuffling and screened by phage display library. J Med Virol 2004; 71:511-7. [PMID: 14556263 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) is the target of neutralizing antibodies but with isolate specificity. The aim of this study was to obtain immunogenic mimotopes of HVR1, which can react broadly with different HVR1 antibodies and could be one of the candidate immunogens in an effective vaccine against HCV. Thirty-one HVR1 cDNA fragments were digested by DNase I into a pool of random fragments and reassembled by repeated cycles of annealing in the presence of DNA polymerase to their original size. The shuffled HVR1 was then inserted into the gene III phagemid vector pCANTAB-5E and displayed on the surface of the phage. Eight individual phages were selected after four rounds of biopanning against anti-HVR1. ELISA was carried out on immobilized purified phages, respectively, to detect their reactivity with a panel of sera. DNA sequences of the inserts were analyzed and compared with the consensus sequences defined by Puntoriero et al. [(1998) EMBO J 17:3521-3533]. The reactivity of the eight selected clones to the 30 sera were from 53.3 to 80%. Among these, phage 13 (ETYVSGGSAARNAYGLTSLFTVGPAQK, aa 384-410) reacted most broadly. None of the selected sequences encoded for peptides corresponded to known HVR1 from original viral isolates. The two high reactive phages had the similar amino acid sequences with the consensus, which might play a particular role in determining the frequency of reactivity. In conclusion, this study has used effectively DNA shuffling combined with phage display technology to identify broadly cross-reactive mimotopes recognized by human polyclonal antibodies. Mimotope 13 and 23 appeared to be most reactive immunologically and could be candidate immunogens. Efforts are now underway to identify their neutralizing antibodies by immunization of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Kemp EH, Herd LM, Waterman EA, Wilson AG, Weetman AP, Watson PP. Immunoscreening of phage-displayed cDNA-encoded polypeptides identifies B cell targets in autoimmune disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 298:169-77. [PMID: 12379236 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Characterisation of self-antigens can contribute to an understanding of the aetiology of autoimmune disorders as well as to the development of new therapies and diagnostic methods. The present study was undertaken to investigate the applicability of complementary DNA (cDNA) phage-display technology to the identification of autoantigens recognised by the humoral response in autoimmune disease. Using systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as a model system, a pool of patient immunoglobulin G (IgG) was biopanned on a fibroblast cDNA phage-display library constructed in the vector pJuFo. Following three rounds of biopanning, recovered cDNAs were sequenced and then identified using BLAST comparisons with international databases. Both previously reported SLE autoantigens, for example, alpha-enolase and U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-C (U1snRNP-C), and novel autoantibody targets, including ribosomal protein S20 (RPS20), ribosomal protein S13 (RPS13), ubiquitin-like protein PIC1 (PIC1), and transcription factor-like protein MRG15 (MRG15), were recovered from the biopanning procedure. Radiobinding assays were used subsequently to confirm the reactivity of some putative autoantigens to panels of sera from SLE patients, control patient groups, and healthy individuals. SLE patient sera were positive for reactivity to: U1snRNP-C, 4/15 (27%); alpha-enolase, 1/15 (7%); RPS20, 3/15 (20%); RPS13, 1/15 (7%); PIC1, 1/15 (7%); and MRG15, 2/15 (13%). Overall, cDNA phage-display technology appears to be applicable to the identification of autoantigens in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Helen Kemp
- Division of Clinical Sciences (North), University of Sheffield, S5 7AU, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Hou L, Du G, Tong Y, Wang H. Identification of B cell epitopes of hepatitis C virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase. J Virol Methods 2002; 104:1-8. [PMID: 12020787 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the B cell epitopes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The truncated HCV NS5B protein NS5B-dc21 was expressed in Escherichia coli and its antigenicity was confirmed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using 130 HCV-positive human sera and 15 negative sera. Antibodies specific to NS5B-dc21 protein were purified by affinity chromatography using sepharose-4B coupled with the recombinant protein. A 12-mer phage displayed random peptide library was screened four rounds with the purified antibodies. Three epitopes were identified from the phage library, which correspond to amino acids 2444-2452, 2521-2528, and 2915-2925 of HCV RdRp. These epitopes were then expressed in E. coli as fusion proteins with phage M13 pIII protein. ELISA demonstrated that two of these epitopes (P4 and P34, corresponding to amino acids 2443-2452 and amino acids 2512-2528, respectively) have good reactivity and sensitivity. Mutagenesis study of P4 peptide showed that this epitope, which is derived from a phage displayed library, exhibited higher affinity with HCV serum than the corresponding original HCV sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Hou
- Department of Applied Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, PR China.
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Etz H, Minh DB, Henics T, Dryla A, Winkler B, Triska C, Boyd AP, Söllner J, Schmidt W, von Ahsen U, Buschle M, Gill SR, Kolonay J, Khalak H, Fraser CM, von Gabain A, Nagy E, Meinke A. Identification of in vivo expressed vaccine candidate antigens from Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6573-8. [PMID: 11997460 PMCID: PMC124444 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092569199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the design of potent subunit vaccines, it is of paramount importance to identify all antigens immunologically recognized by a patient population infected with a pathogen. We have developed a rapid and efficient procedure to identify such commonly recognized antigens, and here we provide a comprehensive in vivo antigenic profile of Staphylococcus aureus, an important human pathogen. S. aureus peptides were displayed on the surface of Escherichia coli via fusion to one of two outer membrane proteins (LamB and FhuA) and probed with sera selected for high Ab titer and opsonic activity. A total of 60 antigenic proteins were identified, most of which are located or predicted to be located on the surface of the bacterium or secreted. The identification of these antigens and their reactivity with individual sera from patients and healthy individuals greatly facilitate the selection of promising vaccine candidates for further evaluation. This approach, which makes use of whole genome sequence information, has the potential to greatly accelerate and facilitate the formulation of novel vaccines and is applicable to any pathogen that induces Abs in humans and/or experimental animals.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Bacterial
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Genome, Bacterial
- Genomic Library
- Humans
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phagocytosis
- Porins
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/blood
- Staphylococcal Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcal Vaccines/genetics
- Staphylococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/genetics
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Etz
- InterCell Biomedizinische Forschungs- und Entwicklungs-AG, Campus Vienna Biocenter 6, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Dou XG, Talekar G, Chang J, Dai X, Li L, Bonafonte MT, Holloway B, Fields HA, Khudyakov YE. Antigenic heterogeneity of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:61-7. [PMID: 11773093 PMCID: PMC120141 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.1.61-67.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sequence variability between different types of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on the antigenic properties of the NS5 protein was studied by using recombinant proteins. A strong antigenic region was identified within the HCV NS5A protein at amino acids 2212 to 2313. Forty-five unique sequences encompassing this region were selected from GenBank and were compared to each other. The results of this analysis showed that the primary structure of this strong antigenic region is highly variable. Percent homology between different genotype sequences varied from 40.4 to 72.5%. Thirteen representative sequences from all six HCV genotypes were selected to design synthetic genes coding for this antigenic region. These genes were assembled by PCR from synthetic oligonucleotides and expressed in Escherichia coli as hybrid proteins with glutathione S-transferase. All 13 fusion proteins were purified from bacterial lysates and used to test a panel of anti-HCV positive sera (n = 91) obtained from patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 through 6. All but two proteins immunoreacted with 62 to 93% of HCV anti-NS5-positive serum samples. Although a variable degree of genotype-specific antigenic reactivity was detected, only one protein demonstrated a noticeable preference to immunoreact with antibodies against the homologous HCV genotype. On the other hand, closely related proteins derived from the same subtype or genotype immunoreacted with significantly different efficiency with HCV antibodies. Thus, sequence variability has a profound effect on the antigenic properties of the NS5A immunodominant regions. This observation should be taken into consideration in the development of diagnostic tests for the efficient detection of anti-HCV activity in serum specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guang Dou
- Hepatitis Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Burgoon MP, Owens GP, Carlson S, Maybach AL, Gilden DH. Antigen discovery in chronic human inflammatory central nervous system disease: panning phage-displayed antigen libraries identifies the targets of central nervous system-derived IgG in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6009-14. [PMID: 11698481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.6009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of increased IgG in the brains of humans with infectious and inflammatory CNS diseases of unknown etiology such as multiple sclerosis may be a clue to the cause of disease. For example, the intrathecally synthesized oligoclonal bands in diseases such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) or cryptococcal meningitis have been shown to represent Ab directed against the causative agents, measles virus (MV), or Cryptococcus neoformans, respectively. Using SSPE as a model system, we developed a strategy to identify the antigenic targets of the intrathecal disease-relevant IgG in chronic human inflammatory and demyelinating diseases of the CNS. Libraries of cDNA Ags were displayed on the surface of T7Select bacteriophage and biopanned on IgG extracted from the brain of an SSPE patient, or on a monospecific recombinant Fab identified from SSPE brain. After three or six rounds of biopanning on either Ab, positive phage-displayed Ags reacting with IgG were enriched to 35-77% of all panned clones. Sequence analysis of the positive clones identified fragments of the nucleocapsid protein of MV, the cause of SSPE. The sensitivity of the system was determined by diluting the positive clones from this SSPE phage-displayed library at a ratio of 10(-6) into another phage-displayed library that did not contain any detectable MV Ags; after six rounds of panning, the positive clones comprised 34% of all phage and were also shown to be MV nucleocapsid specific. This strategy will be useful to identify potentially rare Ags in diseases of unknown cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Burgoon
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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19
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Christmann A, Wentzel A, Meyer C, Meyers G, Kolmar H. Epitope mapping and affinity purification of monospecific antibodies by Escherichia coli cell surface display of gene-derived random peptide libraries. J Immunol Methods 2001; 257:163-73. [PMID: 11687250 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for the precise mapping of linear epitopes by presenting a peptide library on the surface of Escherichia coli cells. A random library of gene fragments derived from the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope protein E(rns) was generated by DNAse I cleavage and cloned into a specially designed bacterial surface display vector. A carboxyterminally truncated intimin, an adhesin from enteropathogenic E. coli, serves as a carrier protein to present foreign peptides on the surface of E. coli K12 cells. Epitope-presenting cells were isolated by immunofluorescence staining of the bacterial cell population with monoclonal anti-E(rns) antibodies followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Nucleotide sequence analysis of the coding sequence for the cloned target gene fragments of a few FACS-positive clones allowed the identification of the respective epitope sequence. A major linear antigenic determinant of the E(rns) protein could be identified by epitope mapping with a polyclonal anti-E(rns) serum. Furthermore, the high-density surface display of intimin-peptide fusions allowed us to use epitope-presenting bacteria directly as whole cell adsorbants for affinity purification of monospecific antibodies. Monospecific antibodies directed against the carboxyterminal fragment of E(rns) were isolated and used for immunostaining of transfected BHK-21 cells to validate the transient expression of E(rns). This demonstrates that gene-fragment libraries displayed on E. coli cells as fusion proteins with intimin are useful tools for rapid mapping of linear epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and polyclonal sera and for the affinity purification of monospecific antibodies by adsorption to the E. coli surface exposed antigenic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christmann
- Abteilung Molekulare Genetik und Präparative Molekularbiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Suzuki Y, Gojobori T. Positively selected amino acid sites in the entire coding region of hepatitis C virus subtype 1b. Gene 2001; 276:83-7. [PMID: 11591474 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To predict the amino acid sites important for the clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtype 1b in vivo, positively selected amino acid sites were detected by analyzing the sequence data collected from the international DNA databank. The rate of nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site was compared with that of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site for each codon site in the entire coding region. As a result, 13 out of 3010 amino acid sites were found to be positively selected. Among the 13 positively selected amino acid sites, eight were located in the structural proteins and five were in the nonstructural proteins. Moreover, eight were located in B-cell epitopes and two were in T-cell epitopes. These observations suggest that both the antibody and the cytotoxic T lymphocyte are involved in the clearance of HCV subtype 1b in vivo. These positively selected amino acid sites represent candidate vaccination targets for HCV subtype 1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima-shi, 411-8540, Shizuoka-ken, Japan
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21
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Mullaney BP, Pallavicini MG, Marks JD. Epitope mapping of neutralizing botulinum neurotoxin A antibodies by phage display. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6511-4. [PMID: 11553596 PMCID: PMC98787 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.10.6511-6514.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-chain antibodies neutralize activity and bind nonoverlapping epitopes of botulinum A neurotoxin. Two phage display epitope libraries were constructed from the 1.3 kb of binding domain cDNA. The minimal epitopes selected against the single-chain Fv-Fc antibodies correspond to conformational epitopes with amino acid residues 1115 to 1223 (S25), 1131 to 1264 (3D12), and 889 to 1294 (C25).
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Mullaney
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Minenkova O, Gargano N, De Tomassi A, Bellintani F, Pucci A, Fortugno P, Fuscaldi E, Pessi A, Rapicetta M, Miceli M, Iudicone P, Cortese R, Felici F, Monaci P. ADAM-HCV, a new-concept diagnostic assay for antibodies to hepatitis C virus in serum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:4758-68. [PMID: 11532012 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We screened phage libraries using sera from noninfected individuals and patients infected by hepatitis C virus (HCV). By applying different selection and maturation strategies, we identified a wide collection of efficient phage-borne ligands for HCV-specific antibodies. The selected ligands retained their antigenic properties when expressed as multimeric synthetic peptides. Peptides that mimic several immunodominant epitopes of the virus were used to develop a novel type of diagnostic assay which efficiently detects antibodies to HCV in serum. This type of analysis provides a conclusive diagnosis for many patients identified as indeterminate according to presently available serological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Minenkova
- Kenton Laboratories, c/o Sigma Tau, Rome, Italy
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