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Hartmann K, Möstl K, Lloret A, Thiry E, Addie DD, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Truyen U, Hosie MJ. Vaccination of Immunocompromised Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050923. [PMID: 35632665 PMCID: PMC9147348 DOI: 10.3390/v14050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocompromise is a common condition in cats, especially due to widespread infections with immunosuppressive viruses, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), but also due to chronic non-infectious diseases, such as tumours, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, as well as treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, such as glucocorticoids, cyclosporins, or tumour chemotherapy. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from eleven European countries, discusses the current knowledge and rationale for vaccination of immunocompromised cats. So far, there are few data available on vaccination of immunocompromised cats, and sometimes studies produce controversial results. Thus, this guideline summarizes the available scientific studies and fills in the gaps with expert opinion, where scientific studies are missing. Ultimately, this review aims to help veterinarians with their decision-making in how best to vaccinate immunocompromised cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd., Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
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The Combinatorial Effect of Cisplatin and Moxibustion on Tumor Growth Inhibition with Special Reference to Modulation of the Immune Microenvironment in Lewis Lung Cancer Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2020:3170803. [PMID: 33456484 PMCID: PMC7785363 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3170803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective As a first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the efficacy of chemotherapy is still unsatisfactory. Moxibustion has been shown to improve the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy and regulate immune function. This study aimed to explore the antitumor effects and potential mechanisms of combinatorial cisplatin and moxibustion treatment for NSCLC by targeting the tumor microenvironment. Methods Lewis lung cancer (LLC)-bearing mice were induced and treated with cisplatin or/and moxibustion at ST36 (Zusanli), and the growth, weight, and area of the tumor were evaluated. The numbers of various T cell subsets and myeloid cells in the tumor were assessed by flow cytometry, and the gene expression of related markers and cytokines was detected with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In addition, the tumor vascular structure was investigated using CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunofluorescence staining. The expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results Both cisplatin and moxibustion inhibited LLC tumor growth and reduced both the tumor area and weight, with the combinatorial therapy showing superior outcomes. Moxibustion upregulated the infiltration of CD4+ T cells and Th1 cells in the tumor, and the combinatorial therapy increased the proportion of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), CD4+T cells, Th1, Th9 cells, and M1 macrophages, as well as the expression of Cd69, Ifng, and Cd86 mRNA. The combinatorial therapy improved vascular normalization by increasing both the microvessel density (MVD) and pericyte coverage (α-SMA area density) and inhibiting the expression of the VEGF. Conclusions Combinatorial cisplatin and moxibustion treatment inhibited the LLC tumor growth by mechanisms related to the improvement of the tumor immune microenvironment and vascular normalization, providing an effective combinatorial therapy beneficial for patients with NSCLC.
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Pelland-Marcotte MC, Pole JD, Nathan PC, Sutradhar R, Sung L. Severe infections following treatment for childhood cancer: a report from CYP-C. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 61:2876-2884. [PMID: 32654563 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1789626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about infections occurring after childhood cancer treatment. We assessed the risk of severe infection postcancer therapy in survivors of leukemia compared to other cancer types. We performed a population-based cohort study of children <15 years of age diagnosed with cancer (2001-2016), alive and relapse-free 30 days after treatment completion. The risk of severe infection in both groups was estimated using subdistribution proportional hazard regression. We identified 6148 survivors (1960 with leukemia). The cumulative incidence (95% confidence interval) of severe infections at 3 years was 0.70% (0.40-1.2%) in leukemia and 0.51% (0.32-0.79%) in other cancers. The risk of severe infection was not statistically different in leukemia survivors compared to other cancer types in univariate and multivariate analysis (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.40, 95% CI: 0.69-2.85). No significant association was found between a history of leukemia and an increased risk of severe infection after treatment, compared to other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Pelland-Marcotte
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, CHU de Québec - Centre Mère-Enfant Soleil, Quebec City, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason D Pole
- ICES, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Health Services Research, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Paul C Nathan
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Lillian Sung
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Canada
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Tagliamonte M, Petrizzo A, Mauriello A, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Potentiating cancer vaccine efficacy in liver cancer. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1488564. [PMID: 30288355 PMCID: PMC6169594 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1488564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver malignancy with a poor prognosis and an overall 5-year survival rate of approximately 5-6%. This is due because standard of care treatment options are limited and none of them shows a sufficient efficacy. HCC is an "inflammation-induced cancer" and preliminary preclinical and clinical data suggest that immunotherapeutic approaches may be a good alternative candidate for the treatment of HCC patients improving the dismal prognosis associated with this cancer. However, recent findings strongly suggest that an optimal immunotherapy in HCC requires the combination of an immune activator with immune modulators, aiming at compensating the strong liver immune suppressive microenvironment. One of the most promising strategy could be represented by the combination of a cancer vaccine with immunomodulatory drugs, such as chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors. Very limited examples of such combinatorial strategies have been evaluated in HCC to date, because HCC easily develops resistance to standard chemotherapy, which is also poorly tolerated by patients with liver cirrhosis. The present review describes the most update knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Lab of Molecular Biology & Viral Oncology, Dept Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, “Fondazione Pascale” - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Lab of Molecular Biology & Viral Oncology, Dept Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, “Fondazione Pascale” - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with leukemia suffer immune dysfunction from their malignancy and chemotherapy. The immune system components most affected, the degree to which immune suppression occurs, and the duration of immunodeficiency are incompletely characterized. This study measures immunologic parameters following completion of therapy. METHODS This is a prospective, single institution cohort study. Eligible children with acute myelogenous or acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed between 1 and 21 years of age were enrolled at therapy completion. Immune parameters were assessed at the end of therapy and 6 months later: complete blood counts, immunoglobulin levels, quantitative lymphocyte subsets, mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell function, and vaccine titers. RESULTS Twenty patients were evaluated; 13 (65%) were female, 15 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (75%). Mean age at diagnosis was 7.9 years. At end of therapy, all patients had some degree of immune dysfunction. At 6 months posttherapy, persistent abnormalities included: leukopenia (25%), neutropenia (15%), lymphopenia (5%), hypogammaglobulinemia (25%), one or more subtherapeutic vaccine titers (100%), abnormal lymphocyte subset levels (20%), decreased (15%), or absent (10%) natural killer cell function and abnormal lymphocyte proliferative responses (25%). CONCLUSIONS All patients had multiple abnormalities at end of therapy, and all patients had some degree of persistent immune dysfunction at 6 months after completion of therapy. Clinical implications of these laboratory abnormalities are currently unknown; longer term evaluations are ongoing. We demonstrate that survivors of childhood cancer have lasting quantitative and functional immunologic defects and may remain at risk for infectious complications after completion of therapy.
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El-Chennawi FA, Al-Tonbary YA, Mossad YM, Ahmed MA. Immune reconstitution during maintenance therapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, relation to co-existing infection. Hematology 2013; 13:203-9. [DOI: 10.1179/102453308x316086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farha A. El-Chennawi
- Clinical Pathology Department (Immunology Unit)Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Youssef A. Al-Tonbary
- Pediatric Department (Hematology/Oncology Unit)Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Youssef M. Mossad
- Clinical Pathology Department (Immunology Unit)Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona A. Ahmed
- Clinical Pathology Department (Immunology Unit)Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
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Salmaggi A, Milanesi I, Silvani A, Gaviani P, Marchetti M, Fariselli L, Solero CL, Maccagnano C, Casali C, Guzzetti S, Pollo B, Ciusani E, Dimeco F. Prospective study of carmustine wafers in combination with 6-month metronomic temozolomide and radiation therapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: preliminary results. J Neurosurg 2013; 118:821-9. [PMID: 23350777 DOI: 10.3171/2012.12.jns111893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Locoregional chemotherapy with carmustine wafers, positioned at surgery and followed by radiation therapy, has been shown to prolong survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma, as has concomitant radiochemotherapy with temozolomide. A combination of carmustine wafers with the Stupp treatment regimen has only been investigated in retrospective studies. METHODS In a single-institution prospective study, the authors assessed 12-month progression-free survival (PFS), toxicity, and overall survival in patients with glioblastoma treated with surgery, carmustine wafers, radiotherapy, and 6-month metronomic temozolomide chemotherapy. Thirty-five patients with de novo glioblastoma, between the ages of 18 and 70 years, and with Karnofsky Performance Scale scores of at least 70, were included in the study. Patients were followed monthly and assessed using MRI every 2 months. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 15 months, the median time to tumor progression was 12.5 months and median survival was 17.8 months. Due to toxicity (mostly hematological), 7 patients had to prematurely stop temozolomide treatment. Twenty-two patients developed Grade 3 CD4(+) lymphocytopenia. Three patients developed oral-esophageal candidiasis, 2 developed pneumonia, and 1 developed a dorsolumbar zoster. Early intracranial hypertension was observed in 1 patient, and 1 was treated empirically for suspected brain abscess. One patient died of Legionella pneumonia soon after repeat surgery. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this treatment schedule produced promising results in terms of PFS without a marked increase in toxicities as compared with the Stupp regimen. However, the gain in median survival using this schedule was less clear. Only prospective comparative trials will determine whether these preliminary results will translate into a long-term survival advantage with an acceptable toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Salmaggi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy.
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Nars MS, Kaneno R. Immunomodulatory effects of low dose chemotherapy and perspectives of its combination with immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2471-8. [PMID: 22927096 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given that cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide, many efforts have been directed toward discovering new treatments and approaches to cure or control this group of diseases. Chemotherapy is the main treatment for cancer; however, a conventional schedule based on maximum tolerated dose (MTD) shows several side effects and frequently allows the development of drug resistance. On the other side, low dose chemotherapy involves antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory processes that help host to fight against tumor cells, with lower grade of side effects. In this review, we present evidence that metronomic chemotherapy, based on the frequent administration of low or intermediate doses of chemotherapeutics, can be better than or as efficient as MTD. Finally, we present some data indicating that noncytotoxic concentrations of antineoplastic agents are able to both up-regulate the immune system and increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Taken together, data from the literature provides us with sufficient evidence that low concentrations of selected chemotherapeutic agents, rather than conventional high doses, should be evaluated in combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Nars
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prutchi-Sagiv S, Golishevsky N, Oster HS, Katz O, Cohen A, Naparstek E, Neumann D, Mittelman M. Erythropoietin treatment in advanced multiple myeloma is associated with improved immunological functions: could it be beneficial in early disease? Br J Haematol 2006; 135:660-72. [PMID: 17107348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is the main growth regulator of red blood cells, and recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) is thus used in clinical practice for the treatment of anaemia, primarily in kidney disease and cancer. rHuEpo treatment was found to be associated with prolonged survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. This clinical observation was then supported by studies on murine myeloma models. It thus appeared that rHuEpo had an anti-myeloma effect, causally related to an immunomodulatory function of rHuEpo. The present study investigated whether rHuEpo-treated MM patients acquire improved immunological functions. Treatment with rHuEpo, prescribed for anaemia that occurs in advanced disease, was associated with effects on a variety of immunological parameters and functions. This was expressed in an actual normalisation of the CD4:CD8 cell ratio, enhanced T cell phytohaemagglutinin-mediated activation and proliferation potential, T cell expression of the costimulatory CD28 and inhibitory CTLA-4 molecules, as well as reduced interleukin-6 serum values to normal levels. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that immunological abnormalities manifest in patients even in the early stages of MM. Our findings thus suggest that rHuEpo treatment might be effective in the early stages of MM, before anaemia develops. It is expected that this would boost the immune system, consequently achieving an anti-myeloma function; affecting disease progression and improving the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Prutchi-Sagiv
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Rabin Medical Centre, Golda-Hasharon Campus, Petah-Tikya, Israel
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Walter CU, Biller BJ, Lana SE, Bachand AM, Dow SW. Effects of Chemotherapy on Immune Responses in Dogs with Cancer. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Ek T, Mellander L, Andersson B, Abrahamsson J. Immune reconstitution after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is most severely affected in the high risk group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005; 44:461-8. [PMID: 15558707 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine the immune reconstitution after current chemotherapy for childhood ALL, with a special focus on finding immunologic variables that predict a poor immune response to vaccinations. PROCEDURE In a cross-sectional study of 31 children after treatment with the NOPHO ALL-1992 protocol peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, T- and B-cell function in vitro and serum immunoglobulins (Ig) were measured. All patients were examined once, at 1 or at 6 months after cessation of chemotherapy, immediately before vaccination with DT and Hib. RESULTS Lymphocytes, T-cells, and CD4+ T-cells were low at 6 months after treatment. Naive T-cell subsets were more reduced than memory subsets. In the high risk (HR) ALL group, CD8+ T-cells were reduced at 6 months. NK-cells were low at 1 month, but normal at 6 months; however, the CD3+CD56+ (NKT) subset was reduced at both time points. Total B-cell number was low at 1 month, but normal at 6 months. A relative increase of CD5+ B-cells (B-1 cells) was evident, particularly in the HR group. Antigen-independent T- and B-cell function in vitro were affected at 1 month, but virtually normalized at 6 months. Serum IgM level was decreased at 1 month and IgG3 level was increased at 1 and 6 months. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that immune reconstitution after childhood ALL is slower than previously reported and emphasizes the influence of treatment intensity. The most intensively treated patients still have persistent abnormalities in T-, B-, and NK-cell subsets at 6 months post therapy and show a poor response to immunization with T-cell dependent antigens. In the HR group, routine re-immunizations before this time point are of limited benefit, and the effect of repeated vaccinations should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Ek
- Department of Paediatrics, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden.
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Su YB, Sohn S, Krown SE, Livingston PO, Wolchok JD, Quinn C, Williams L, Foster T, Sepkowitz KA, Chapman PB. Selective CD4+ lymphopenia in melanoma patients treated with temozolomide: a toxicity with therapeutic implications. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:610-6. [PMID: 14726505 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Standard schedule temozolomide (TMZ; daily for 5 days every 4 weeks) is often used in melanoma patients, but phase III data show that it is no more effective than standard dacarbazine. Extended TMZ dosing regimens may be superior by delivering the drug continuously at a higher dose over time. Using an extended dosing schedule, we noted a high incidence of lymphopenia and occasional opportunistic infections (OIs). Here we report our retrospective experience in the first 97 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS TMZ was administered at 75 mg/m(2)/d orally for 6 weeks every 8 weeks, although nine patients were treated continuously without a break. Seventeen patients were treated with TMZ alone; 73 patients received TMZ with thalidomide; seven patients received TMZ with low-dose interferon alfa. RESULTS Median duration of TMZ treatment was 113 days; 29% received > or = 24 weeks of therapy. Lymphopenia was seen in 60% of patients (absolute lymphocyte count < 800/microL) with a median of 101 days to lymphopenia. TMZ did not cause significant neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. Lymphopenia was not more common in patients treated concomitantly with thalidomide. In all patients analyzed for lymphocyte subsets, lymphopenia induced by TMZ affected the CD4(+) compartment preferentially. There were two documented OIs (Pneumocystis and Aspergillus pneumonia) as well as other infections indicative of T-cell dysfunction in another 21 patients. CONCLUSION TMZ at this dose and schedule results in CD4(+) lymphopenia in a majority of patients that can result in OIs. Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis should be considered for patients who develop sustained lymphopenia on TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Su
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Nilsson A, De Milito A, Engström P, Nordin M, Narita M, Grillner L, Chiodi F, Björk O. Current chemotherapy protocols for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia induce loss of humoral immunity to viral vaccination antigens. Pediatrics 2002; 109:e91. [PMID: 12042585 DOI: 10.1542/peds.109.6.e91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate viral vaccination immunity and booster responses in children treated successfully for acute lymphoblastic leukemia by chemotherapy and to study the response to treatment of antibody-producing plasma cells that are important for persistence of humoral immunity. METHODS Forty-three children who were in continuous first remission for a median of 5 years (range: 2-12 years) were studied. Before the leukemia was diagnosed, all children had been immunized against measles, mumps, and rubella according to the Swedish National immunization program. We analyzed levels of serum antibodies against measles and rubella by enzyme immunoassays. Avidity tests for measles antibodies were concomitantly performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measles virus immunoglobulin G detection. The proportion of plasma cells in bone marrow was studied by flow cytometry at different times during treatment and follow-up. Children who lacked protective levels of antibodies to vaccination antigens were reimmunized. Serum was collected 3 months after immunization to assess vaccination responses. RESULTS After completion of the treatment, only 26 of the 43 children (60%) were found to be immune against measles and 31 (72%) against rubella. The proportion of bone marrow plasma cells decreased during treatment but returned to normal after 6 months. Revaccination caused both primary and secondary immune responses. Six of the 14 children without immunity failed to achieve protective levels of specific antibodies against measles and 3 against rubella. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of loss of antibodies against measles and rubella in children treated with intensive chemotherapy suggests that reimmunization of these patients is necessary after completion of the treatment. To determine reimmunization schedules for children treated with chemotherapy, vaccination responses need to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Pediatric Cancer Research Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Steele
- Osteopathic Medical Center, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA.
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