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Das S, Dey MK, Devireddy R, Gartia MR. Biomarkers in Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:37. [PMID: 38202898 PMCID: PMC10780704 DOI: 10.3390/s24010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Biomarkers are vital in healthcare as they provide valuable insights into disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and personalized medicine. They serve as objective indicators, enabling early detection and intervention, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced costs. Biomarkers also guide treatment decisions by predicting disease outcomes and facilitating individualized treatment plans. They play a role in monitoring disease progression, adjusting treatments, and detecting early signs of recurrence. Furthermore, biomarkers enhance drug development and clinical trials by identifying suitable patients and accelerating the approval process. In this review paper, we described a variety of biomarkers applicable for cancer detection and diagnosis, such as imaging-based diagnosis (CT, SPECT, MRI, and PET), blood-based biomarkers (proteins, genes, mRNA, and peptides), cell imaging-based diagnosis (needle biopsy and CTC), tissue imaging-based diagnosis (IHC), and genetic-based biomarkers (RNAseq, scRNAseq, and spatial transcriptomics).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manas Ranjan Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (S.D.); (M.K.D.); (R.D.)
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2
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Kapetanakis NI, Busson P. Galectins as pivotal components in oncogenesis and immune exclusion in human malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145268. [PMID: 36817445 PMCID: PMC9935586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are galactoside-binding proteins, exerting numerous functions inside and outside the cell, particularly conferring adaptation to stress factors. For most of them, aberrant expression profiles have been reported in the context of cancer. Albeit not being oncogenic drivers, galectins can be harnessed to exacerbate the malignant phenotype. Their impact on disease establishment and progression is not limited to making cancer cells resistant to apoptosis, but is prominent in the context of the tumor microenvironment, where it fosters angiogenesis, immune escape and exclusion. This review focuses mainly on Gal-1, Gal-3 and Gal-9 for which the involvement in cancer biology is best known. It presents the types of galectin dysregulations, attempts to explain the mechanisms behind them and analyzes the different ways in which they favor tumour growth. In an era where tumour resistance to immunotherapy appears as a major challenge, we highlight the crucial immunosuppressive roles of galectins and the potential therapeutic benefits of combinatorial approaches including galectin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikiforos-Ioannis Kapetanakis
- Research & Development (R&D), 4D Lifetec, Cham, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Nikiforos-Ioannis Kapetanakis, ; Pierre Busson,
| | - Pierre Busson
- Host-Tumor Interactions in Head and Neck Carcinoma: Exploration and Therapeutic Modulations, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche(UMR) 9018 - METabolic and SYstemic aspects of oncogenesis for new therapeutic approaches (METSY), Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France,*Correspondence: Nikiforos-Ioannis Kapetanakis, ; Pierre Busson,
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3
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Emerging photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies for urological cancers: progress and challenges. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:437. [PMID: 36195918 PMCID: PMC9531473 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01637-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) that developed from PDT, have been studied for decades to treat solid tumors. Compared with other deep tumors, the accessibility of urological tumors (e.g., bladder tumor and prostate tumor) makes them more suitable for PDT/SDT that requires exogenous stimulation. Due to the introduction of nanobiotechnology, emerging photo/sonosensitizers modified with different functional components and improved physicochemical properties have many outstanding advantages in cancer treatment compared with traditional photo/sonosensitizers, such as alleviating hypoxia to improve quantum yield, passive/active tumor targeting to increase drug accumulation, and combination with other therapeutic modalities (e.g., chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy) to achieve synergistic therapy. As WST11 (TOOKAD® soluble) is currently clinically approved for the treatment of prostate cancer, emerging photo/sonosensitizers have great potential for clinical translation, which requires multidisciplinary participation and extensive clinical trials. Herein, the latest research advances of newly developed photo/sonosensitizers for the treatment of urological cancers, and the efficacy, as well as potential biological effects, are highlighted. In addition, the clinical status of PDT/SDT for urological cancers is presented, and the optimization of the photo/sonosensitizer development procedure for clinical translation is discussed.
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4
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Guda MR, Tsung AJ, Asuthkar S, Velpula KK. Galectin-1 activates carbonic anhydrase IX and modulates glioma metabolism. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:574. [PMID: 35773253 PMCID: PMC9247167 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of β-galactose-specific binding proteins residing within the cytosol or nucleus, with a highly conserved carbohydrate recognition domain across many species. Accumulating evidence shows that Galectin 1 (Gal-1) plays an essential role in cancer, and its expression correlates with tumor aggressiveness and progression. Our preliminary data showed Gal-1 promotes glioma stem cell (GSC) growth via increased Warburg effect. mRNA expression and clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The immunoblot analysis conducted using our cohort of human glioblastoma patient specimens (hGBM), confirmed Gal-1 upregulation in GBM. GC/MS analysis to evaluate the effects of Gal-1 depletion showed elevated levels of α-ketoglutaric acid, and citric acid with a concomitant reduction in lactic acid levels. Using Biolog microplate-1 mitochondrial functional assay, we confirmed that the depletion of Gal-1 increases the expression levels of the enzymes from the TCA cycle, suggesting a reversal of the Warburg phenotype. Manipulation of Gal-1 using RNA interference showed reduced ATP, lactate levels, cell viability, colony-forming abilities, and increased expression levels of genes implicated in the induction of apoptosis. Gal-1 exerts its metabolic role via regulating the expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX), a surrogate marker for hypoxia. CA-IX functions downstream to Gal-1, and co-immunoprecipitation experiments along with proximity ligation assays confirm that Gal-1 physically associates with CA-IX to regulate its expression. Further, silencing of Gal-1 in mice models showed reduced tumor burden and increased survival compared to the mice implanted with GSC controls. Further investigation of Gal-1 in GSC progression and metabolic reprogramming is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheedhara R. Guda
- grid.430852.80000 0001 0741 4132Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL USA
| | - Andrew J. Tsung
- grid.430852.80000 0001 0741 4132Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL USA ,grid.430852.80000 0001 0741 4132Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL USA ,Illinois Neurological Institute, Peoria, IL USA
| | - Swapna Asuthkar
- grid.430852.80000 0001 0741 4132Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL USA
| | - Kiran K. Velpula
- grid.430852.80000 0001 0741 4132Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL USA ,grid.430852.80000 0001 0741 4132Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL USA ,grid.430852.80000 0001 0741 4132Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL USA
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5
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Borzęcka W, Pereira P, Fernandes R, Trindade T, Torres T, Tome J. Spherical and rod shaped mesoporous nanosilicas for cancer-targeted and photosensitizers delivery in photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3248-3259. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) have attracted much attention in many biomedical applications. One of the fields in which smart functional nanosystems have found wide application is in cancer treatment. Here,...
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Galectins in prostate and bladder cancer: tumorigenic roles and clinical opportunities. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 16:433-445. [PMID: 31015643 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced prostate and bladder cancer are two outstanding unmet medical needs for urological oncologists. The high prevalence of these tumours, lack of effective biomarkers and limited effective treatment options highlight the importance of basic research in these diseases. Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins that are frequently altered (upregulated or downregulated) in a wide range of tumours and have roles in different stages of tumour development and progression, including immune evasion. In particular, altered expression levels of different members of the galectin family have been reported in prostate and bladder cancers, which, together with the aberrant glycosylation patterns found in tumour cells and the constituent cell types of the tumour microenvironment, can result in malignant transformation and tumour progression. Understanding the roles of galectin family proteins in the development and progression of prostate and bladder cancer could yield key insights to inform the clinical management of these diseases.
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7
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Bermúdez-Oria A, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez G, Rubio-Senent F, Sánchez-Carbayo M, Fernández-Bolaños J. Antiproliferative Activity of Olive Extract Rich in Polyphenols and Modified Pectin on Bladder Cancer Cells. J Med Food 2020; 23:719-727. [PMID: 31939715 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common human cancers. There is an interest in controlling and treating BC and other types of cancer via the use of natural substances and/or combination chemotherapy. Modified forms of pectin have been reported to possess anticancer bioactivity related to the interaction of galactosyl, a main component of pectin, with galectin-3, a carbohydrate-binding protein that is overexpressed on many types of cancer cells. In this study, the antiproliferative effect on BC of novel modified pectins extracted from olives was evaluated. Pectoliv extracts, with high polyphenol content associated to polysaccharides rich in pectin, exhibited an important antiproliferative capacity in vitro against four human BC cells lines, RT112, T24, J82, and SCaBER. Pectoliv treatment reduced the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 and significantly inhibited the agglutination of erythrocytes. Thus, Pectoliv may have the potential for development as a novel galectin-3 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Bermúdez-Oria
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Fat Institute (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Translational Oncology Laboratory, Lucio Lascaray Ikergunea Research Center, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Fátima Rubio-Senent
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Fat Institute (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Sánchez-Carbayo
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Lucio Lascaray Ikergunea Research Center, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Bolaños
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Fat Institute (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), Seville, Spain
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8
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Višnjar T, Romih R, Zupančič D. Lectins as possible tools for improved urinary bladder cancer management. Glycobiology 2019; 29:355-365. [PMID: 30689891 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer in developed countries with poor prognosis and outcome for the patient due to the challenging diagnosis and limited treatment possibilities. Bladder cancer arises mainly from urothelial cells lining the lumen. Urothelial cells form a three- to five-layered urothelium, which maintains the blood-urine barrier. The carbohydrates that cover the apical surface of superficial urothelial cells, i.e. umbrella cells, are crucial for this function. The composition of the carbohydrate covering is altered during urothelial cancer transformation. These bladder cancer-associated carbohydrate changes are a promising field for diagnosis, therapy and management. Lectins, which are carbohydrate-binding proteins, can be used to detect subtle alterations in carbohydrate composition during urothelial cancer transformation. Extensive research into various lectin applications has already been conducted, but the results are often contradictory and confusing. None of these applications have reached clinical trials. We review the literature and discuss (i) current bladder cancer management, (ii) lectin-based assays for detection of various cancer subtypes, (iii) lectin-based strategies for innovative bladder cancer treatment and finally (iv) lectins in nanotheranostics for personalized bladder cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Višnjar
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Romih
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daša Zupančič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Bispo M, Pereira PMR, Setaro F, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Fernandes R, Torres T, Tomé JPC. A Galactose Dendritic Silicon (IV) Phthalocyanine as a Photosensitizing Agent in Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Chempluschem 2018; 83:855-860. [PMID: 31950688 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two protected galacto-dendritic units have been axially coordinated to the central ion of a silicon(IV) phthalocyanine to afford SiPcPGal4 containing four units of galactose per macrocycle. These biological moieties provided better solubility in aqueous medium and a sensitizer with higher absorption peaks at 680-690 nm. The photodynamic activity of SiPcPGal4 was evaluated against UM-UC-3 human bladder cancer cell line and the results were compared with the activity of the reported SiPcPGal2 and SiPc(OH)2 . SiPcPGal4 had a better uptake and it was a better toxicity inducer than SiPcPGal2 and SiPc(OH)2 owing to its four galactose units, protected by isopropylidene groups, which can act as targeted micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Bispo
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autonoma University of Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI) Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia M R Pereira
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI) Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francesca Setaro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Autonoma University of Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Autonoma University of Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Autonoma University of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI) Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Research Consortium University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics, and Oncobiology, 3001-301, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Autonoma University of Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Autonoma University of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - João P C Tomé
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Role of Galectins in Tumors and in Clinical Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020430. [PMID: 29389859 PMCID: PMC5855652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are glycan-binding proteins that contain one or two carbohydrate domains and mediate multiple biological functions. By analyzing clinical tumor samples, the abnormal expression of galectins is known to be linked to the development, progression and metastasis of cancers. Galectins also have diverse functions on different immune cells that either promote inflammation or dampen T cell-mediated immune responses, depending on cognate receptors on target cells. Thus, tumor-derived galectins can have bifunctional effects on tumor and immune cells. This review focuses on the biological effects of galectin-1, galectin-3 and galectin-9 in various cancers and discusses anticancer therapies that target these molecules.
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11
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Azevedo R, Peixoto A, Gaiteiro C, Fernandes E, Neves M, Lima L, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. Over forty years of bladder cancer glycobiology: Where do glycans stand facing precision oncology? Oncotarget 2017; 8:91734-91764. [PMID: 29207682 PMCID: PMC5710962 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The high molecular heterogeneity of bladder tumours is responsible for significant variations in disease course, as well as elevated recurrence and progression rates, thereby hampering the introduction of more effective targeted therapeutics. The implementation of precision oncology settings supported by robust molecular models for individualization of patient management is warranted. This effort requires a comprehensive integration of large sets of panomics data that is yet to be fully achieved. Contributing to this goal, over 40 years of bladder cancer glycobiology have disclosed a plethora of cancer-specific glycans and glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans) accompanying disease progressions and dissemination. This review comprehensively addresses the main structural findings in the field and consequent biological and clinical implications. Given the cell surface and secreted nature of these molecules, we further discuss their potential for non-invasive detection and therapeutic development. Moreover, we highlight novel mass-spectrometry-based high-throughput analytical and bioinformatics tools to interrogate the glycome in the postgenomic era. Ultimately, we outline a roadmap to guide future developments in glycomics envisaging clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azevedo
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- New Therapies Group, INEB-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Gaiteiro
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Fernandes
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biomaterials for Multistage Drug and Cell Delivery, INEB-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Neves
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Lima
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Glycobiology in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Glycobiology in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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13
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Chang WA, Tsai MJ, Kuo PL, Hung JY. Role of galectins in lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5077-5084. [PMID: 29113148 PMCID: PMC5662908 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide and is also associated with a poor prognosis. As in numerous other types of cancer, galectins have been demonstrated to be involved in the progression of lung cancer. Galectins belong to a superfamily of lectins, which are carbohydrate-binding proteins. There are at least 15 members in the galectin family, however, only galectin-1, −2, −3, −4, −7, −8, −9, −10, −12, and −13 are found in humans. Galectins are able to mediate interactions between cells, including homotypic and heterotypic interactions; they also facilitate the bindings between cells and extracellular matrix components. These cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, as well as the galectin signaling on the cell surface, are able to modulate signaling pathways and thereby influence cellular functions and behaviors. Galectin-1, −3, −4, −7, −8 and −9 are associated with lung cancer. These galectins are associated with tumor invasion, migration, metastasis and progression, and may serve important roles in the tumor microenvironment of lung cancer. The majority of galectins are associated with the progression of lung cancer, with the exception of galectin-9, which is associated with enhanced anticancer immunity. Therefore, galectins may be potential targets for developing novel lung cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-An Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Ju Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Fu Q, Wang Z, Fu H, Liu W, Wang Y, Xu J. Galectin-9 as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:349-355. [PMID: 28347658 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Galectin-9, a member of the "tandem repeat" type galectins performing as animal lectins with an affinity for β-galactosides, has been well documented to exert crucial functions in immunomodulation, survival, and growth of various tumors. This study aims to reveal the clinical significance of galectin-9 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) postoperatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively included 202 patients with UCB who underwent radical cystectomy at a single institute from 2002 to 2014. Galectin-9 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. The Kaplan-Meier method was conducted to plot survival curves. Prognostic nomograms were constructed via integrating all the independent indicators from multivariate Cox analysis for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). In addition, we evaluate whether patients with increased or decreased galectin-9 expression might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS Low galectin-9 expression was significantly correlated with lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.002), early recurrence (P = 0.010), and short CSS (P = 0.002). Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified galectin-9 expression as a potential independent indicator for RFS (hazard ratio = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.40-0.95; P = 0.030) and CSS (hazard ratio = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.26-0.81; P = 0.008). Moreover, the benefit associated with adjuvant chemotherapy was superior among galectin-9 low patients than among galectin-9 high patients (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Expression of galectin-9 is an independent prognostic factor for RFS and CSS in patients with UCB. Evaluation of galectin-9 expression may predict the benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hangcheng Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weisi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Ninth People׳s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Pereira PM, Silva S, Ramalho JS, Gomes CM, Girão H, Cavaleiro JA, Ribeiro CA, Tomé JP, Fernandes R. The role of galectin-1 in in vitro and in vivo photodynamic therapy with a galactodendritic porphyrin. Eur J Cancer 2016; 68:60-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Cousin JM, Cloninger MJ. The Role of Galectin-1 in Cancer Progression, and Synthetic Multivalent Systems for the Study of Galectin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091566. [PMID: 27649167 PMCID: PMC5037834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the role of galectin-1 in the tumor microenvironment. First, the structure and function of galectin-1 are discussed. Galectin-1, a member of the galectin family of lectins, is a functionally dimeric galactoside-binding protein. Although galectin-1 has both intracellular and extracellular functions, the defining carbohydrate-binding role occurs extracellularly. In this review, the extracellular roles of galectin-1 in cancer processes are discussed. In particular, the importance of multivalent interactions in galectin-1 mediated cellular processes is reviewed. Multivalent interactions involving galectin-1 in cellular adhesion, mobility and invasion, tumor-induced angiogenesis, and apoptosis are presented. Although the mechanisms of action of galectin-1 in these processes are still not well understood, the overexpression of galectin-1 in cancer progression indicates that the role of galectin-1 is significant. To conclude this review, synthetic frameworks that have been used to modulate galectin-1 processes are reviewed. Small molecule oligomers of carbohydrates, carbohydrate-functionalized pseudopolyrotaxanes, cyclodextrins, calixarenes, and glycodendrimers are presented. These synthetic multivalent systems serve as important tools for studying galectin-1 mediated cancer cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Cousin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Mary J Cloninger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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Alfano M, Canducci F, Nebuloni M, Clementi M, Montorsi F, Salonia A. The interplay of extracellular matrix and microbiome in urothelial bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2016; 13:77-90. [PMID: 26666363 PMCID: PMC7097604 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many pathological changes in solid tumours are caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic molecular alterations. In addition, tumour progression is profoundly influenced by the environment surrounding the transformed cells. The interplay between tumour cells and their microenvironment has been recognized as one of the key determinants of cancer development and is being extensively investigated. Data suggest that both the extracellular matrix and the microbiota represent microenvironments that contribute to the onset and progression of tumours. Through the introduction of omics technologies and pyrosequencing analyses, a detailed investigation of these two microenvironments is now possible. In urological research, assessment of their dysregulation has become increasingly important to provide diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers for urothelial bladder cancer. Understanding the roles of the extracellular matrix and microbiota, two key components of the urothelial mucosa, in the sequelae of pathogenic events that occur in the development and progression of urothelial carcinomas will be important to overcome the shortcomings in current bladder cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Alfano
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese Italy
| | - Manuela Nebuloni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pathology Unit, L. Sacco Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan Italy
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Clinical implication of the serum galectin-1 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. J Ovarian Res 2015; 8:78. [PMID: 26589590 PMCID: PMC4654803 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-015-0206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background galectin-1 has been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis and is frequently over-expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), but its potential as a biomarker remains unclear. In this novel study, we have explored the possible use of galectin-1 as a biomarker for EOC. Methods galectin-1 in sera was evaluated by ELISA in a pilot panel of EOC patients, healthy volunteers, patients with benign gynecologic tumors or other gynecologic malignancies. We examined galectin-1 expression in EOC tumor samples by Western Blot, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. In vitro experiments were conducted to elucidate the biologic role of galectin-1 in EOC progression using over-expression of galectin-1 in OVCAR-3 cells. We also looked for the association of galectin-1 expression with clinic pathological variables and survival outcomes in EOC. Results A significant difference was detected in serum galectin-1 between EOC patients with non-metastatic and those with metastatic disease, but not between EOC patients and healthy volunteers. It increased in recurrent cases and decreased after debulking surgery. Both of galectin-1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in 90 % of the examined EOC tissue samples, compared with a wedge resection of a normal ovary. High galectin-1 in peritumor stroma was primarily detected in advanced stages of EOC. Over expression of galectin-1 significantly increased the ability of OVCAR-3 cells’ migration and invasion. Conclusions Our results suggest that galectin-1 might play a role in tumor progression and be associated with poor outcome in EOC. It could be a novel prognostic and progression biomarker in EOC patients.
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Zeinali M, Adelinik A, Papian S, Khorramdelazad H, Abedinzadeh M. Role of galectin-3 in the pathogenesis of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:770-4. [PMID: 26429330 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Galectins constitute an evolutionary conserved family that binds to β-galactosides. There is growing evidence that galectins are implicated in essential biological processes such as cellular communication, inflammation, differentiation and apoptosis. Galectin-3 is one of the best-known galectins, which is found in vertebrates. Galectin-3 has been shown to be expressed in some cell lines and plays important roles in several physiological and pathological processes, including cell adhesion, cell activation and chemoattraction, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell growth, and differentiation. Moreover, this galectin is of interest due to its involvement in regulation of cancer. Changes in galectin-3 expression are commonly seen in cancerous and pre-cancerous conditions and galectin-3 may be involved in the regulation of cancer cell activities that contribute to tumourigenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. Finally, galectin-3 seems to be involved in cell events in tumor microenvironment, and therefore it could be considered as a target in transitional cell carcinoma therapies. This review aims to describe recent progress in understanding the role of galectin-3 in cancer biology, with emphasis on bladder tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Zeinali
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Armin Adelinik
- Department of Reproductive Genetics and Biotechnology, Avicenna Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Papian
- Department of Medical Bacteriology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abedinzadeh
- Department of Urology, Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
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20
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Liu J, Liu Y, Wang W, Wang C, Che Y. Expression of immune checkpoint molecules in endometrial carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1947-1952. [PMID: 26640578 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The main obstacle in the development of an effective tumor vaccine is the inherent ability of tumors to evade immune responses. Tumors often use common immune mechanisms and regulators to evade the immune system. The present study aimed to analyze the expression levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), programmed death-ligand (PD-L) 1, PD-L2, B7-H4, galectin-1 and galectin-3 in tissue samples from patients with endometrial carcinoma, in order to detect the immunosuppressive environment of endometrial carcinomas. The levels of IDO, PD-L1, PD-L2 and B7-H4 were analyzed by immunohistochemical methods, and the levels of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in tumor lysates were determined using ELISA. PD-L2 was expressed at low levels in the majority of tumor samples. IDO expression was detected in 38, 63 and 43% of primary endometrial carcinoma, recurrent endometrial carcinoma, and metastatic endometrial carcinoma specimens, respectively. Positive expression rates for PD-L1 were 83% in primary endometrial carcinoma, 68% in recurrent endometrial carcinoma, and 100% in metastatic endometrial carcinoma, whereas B7-H4 expression was detected in 100% of both primary endometrial carcinoma and recurrent endometrial carcinoma samples, and in 96% of metastatic endometrial carcinoma specimens. The expression levels of galectin-1 and galectin-3 were not significantly different between the normal and tumor specimens. The results of the present study suggest that the interaction between PD-1/PD-L1 and B7-H4 may be a potential target for immune intervention in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma. Furthermore, the results may provide the basis for immunosuppressant therapy in the treatment of patients with uterine cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Wuliang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Che
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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21
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Thijssen VL, Heusschen R, Caers J, Griffioen AW. Galectin expression in cancer diagnosis and prognosis: A systematic review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:235-47. [PMID: 25819524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins that bind to specific glycans thereby deciphering the information captured within the glycome. In the last two decades, several galectin family members have emerged as versatile modulators of tumor progression. This has initiated the development and preclinical assessment of galectin-targeting compounds. With the first compounds now entering clinical trials it is pivotal to gain insight in the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectins in cancer as this will allow a more rational selection of the patients that might benefit most from galectin-targeted therapies. Here, we present a systematic review of galectin expression in human cancer patients. Malignant transformation is frequently associated with altered galectin expression, most notably of galectin-1 and galectin-3. In most cancers, increased galectin-1 expression is associated with poor prognosis while elevated galectin-9 expression is emerging as a marker of favorable disease outcome. The prognostic value of galectin-3 appears to be tumor type dependent and the other galectins require further investigation. Regarding the latter, additional studies using larger patient cohorts are essential to fully unravel the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectin expression. Furthermore, to better compare different findings, consensus should be reached on how to assess galectin expression, not only with regard to localization within the tissue and within cellular compartments but also regarding alternative splicing and genomic variations. Finally, linking galectin expression and function to aberrant glycosylation in cancer cells will improve our understanding of how these versatile proteins can be exploited for diagnostic, prognostic and even therapeutic purposes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Roy Heusschen
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Ebrahim AH, Alalawi Z, Mirandola L, Rakhshanda R, Dahlbeck S, Nguyen D, Jenkins M, Grizzi F, Cobos E, Figueroa JA, Chiriva-Internati M. Galectins in cancer: carcinogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:88. [PMID: 25405163 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A major breakthrough in the field of medical oncology has been the discovery of galectins and their role in cancer development, progression and metastasis. In this review article we have condensed the results of a number of studies published over the past decade in an effort to shed some light on the unique role played by the galectin family of proteins in neoplasia, and how this knowledge may alter the approach to cancer diagnosis as well as therapy in the future. In this review we have also emphasized the potential use of galectin inhibitors or modulators in the treatment of cancer and how this novel treatment modality may affect patient outcomes in the future. Based on current pre-clinical models we believe the use of galectin inhibitors/modulators will play a significant role in cancer treatment in the future. Early clinical studies are underway to evaluate the utility of these promising agents in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hasan Ebrahim
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Zainab Alalawi
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mirandola
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Rahman Rakhshanda
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Scott Dahlbeck
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Diane Nguyen
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Marjorie Jenkins
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Everardo Cobos
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Jose A Figueroa
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
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Mapping the immunosuppressive environment in uterine tumors: implications for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:545-57. [PMID: 24658839 PMCID: PMC4024136 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The major hurdle for cancer vaccines to be effective is posed by tumor immune evasion. Several common immune mechanisms and mediators are exploited by tumors to avoid immune destruction. In an attempt to shed more light on the immunosuppressive environment in uterine tumors, we analyzed the presence of PD-L1, PD-L2, B7-H4, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), galectin-1, galectin-3, arginase-1 activity and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) infiltration. IDO, PD-L1, PD-L2 and B7-H4 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. PD-L2 was mostly expressed at low levels in these tumors. We found high IDO expression in 21 % of endometrial carcinoma samples and in 14 % of uterine sarcoma samples. For PD-L1 and B7-H4, we found high expression in 92 and 90 % of endometrial cancers, respectively, and in 100 and 92 % of the sarcomas. Galectin-1 and 3 were analyzed in tissue lysates by ELISA, but we did not find an increase in both molecules in tumor lysates compared with benign tissues. We detected expression of galectin-3 by fibroblasts, immune cells and tumor cells in single-cell tumor suspensions. In addition, we noted a highly significant increase in arginase-1 activity in endometrial carcinomas compared with normal endometria, which was not the case for uterine sarcomas. Finally, we could demonstrate MDSC infiltration in fresh tumor suspensions from uterine tumors. These results indicate that the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and B7-H4 could be possible targets for immune intervention in uterine cancer patients as well as mediation of MDSC function. These observations are another step toward the implementation of inhibitors of immunosuppression in the treatment of uterine cancer patients.
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Abstract
Radiation therapy is a main stay in treating solid tumors and plays a significant role in definitive and adjuvant therapy. Unfortunately, local control remains a challenge, in which the success of radiotherapy is largely dictated by tumor hypoxia, DNA damage repair and the antitumor immune response. Extensive efforts have therefore been devoted to targeting the factors that attenuate tumor radiosensitivity, although with limited success. Mounting evidence suggests that tumor and endothelial cells may utilize galectin-1 (Gal-1) for protection against radiation through several mechanisms. Targeting Gal-1 in combination with radiotherapy provides an exciting approach to address several radiation-prohibitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Kuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Galactodendritic phthalocyanine targets carbohydrate-binding proteins enhancing photodynamic therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95529. [PMID: 24763311 PMCID: PMC3999036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosensitizers (PSs) are of crucial importance in the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. Due to their high reactive oxygen species production and strong absorption in the wavelength range between 650 and 850 nm, where tissue light penetration is rather high, phthalocyanines (Pcs) have been studied as PSs of excellence. In this work, we report the evaluation of a phthalocyanine surrounded by a carbohydrate shell of sixteen galactose units distributed in a dendritic manner (PcGal16) as a new and efficient third generation PSs for PDT against two bladder cancer cell lines, HT-1376 and UM-UC-3. Here, we define the role of galacto-dendritic units in promoting the uptake of a Pc through interaction with GLUT1 and galectin-1. The photoactivation of PcGal16 induces cell death by generating oxidative stress. Although PDT with PcGal16 induces an increase on the activity of antioxidant enzymes immediately after PDT, bladder cancer cells are unable to recover from the PDT-induced damage effects for at least 72 h after treatment. PcGal16 co-localization with galectin-1 and GLUT1 and/or generation of oxidative stress after PcGal16 photoactivation induces changes in the levels of these proteins. Knockdown of galectin-1 and GLUT1, via small interfering RNA (siRNA), in bladder cancer cells decreases intracellular uptake and phototoxicity of PcGal16. The results reported herein show PcGal16 as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of bladder cancer, which is the fifth most common type of cancer with the highest rate of recurrence of any cancer.
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Collins PM, Bum-Erdene K, Yu X, Blanchard H. Galectin-3 Interactions with Glycosphingolipids. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:1439-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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A proposed score for assessing progression in pT1 high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2013; 21:218-27. [PMID: 22820663 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31825f3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We tested a selected series of patients with single urothelial high-grade pT1 stage (pT1 HG) or urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) with a set of immunohistochemical markers to elaborate a risk score for progression. We retrospectively reviewed all first diagnoses of single, <3 cm, urothelial papillary carcinoma pT1 HG or isolated CIS between 2006 and 2009. Galectin-3, CD44, E-cadherin, CD138, p16, survivin, HYAL-1, and topoisomerase-II α were used. A grading score 0 or 1 for each immunohistochemical staining was assigned to obtain a total score for assessing the progression. The median "progression score" was selected as cutoff value for statistical analysis. Overall, 23 patients (19 pT1 HG and 4 CIS) were included in the study. After a median follow-up of 21 months (range, 12 to 34 mo), 9 patients (39.1%) showed disease recurrence whereas 4 patients (17.4%) showed tumor progression. Topoisomerase-II α, p16, survivin, galectin-3, and CD138 were significantly associated with progression. Progression score ranged from 0 (best prognosis) to 7 (worst prognosis). Using a score ≥5 as a threshold, specificity was 78.9%, sensitivity 100%, positive predictive value 50%, and negative predictive value 100%. ROC area (a 95% confidence interval, 0.807-1.000; P<0.001). This immunohistochemistry-based progression score using a threshold ≥5, might help the clinician to focus on patients with HG pT1 or extended CIS at high risk for disease progression. These patients might benefit from a more intensive follow-up program or early cystectomy.
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Chung H, Kim B, Jung SH, Won KJ, Jiang X, Lee CK, Lim SD, Yang SK, Song KH, Kim HS. Does phosphorylation of cofilin affect the progression of human bladder cancer? BMC Cancer 2013; 13:45. [PMID: 23374291 PMCID: PMC3568060 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We determined the differently expressed protein profiles and their functions in bladder cancer tissues with the aim of identifying possible target proteins and underlying molecular mechanisms for taking part in their progression. Methods We examined the expression of proteins by proteomic analysis and western blot in normal urothelium, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBCs), and muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs). The function of cofilin was analyzed using T24 human bladder cancer cells. Results The expression levels of 12 proteins were altered between bladder cancers and normal bladder tissues. Of these proteins, 14-3-3σ was upregulated in both NMIBCs and MIBCs compared with controls. On the other hand, myosin regulatory light chain 2, galectin-1, lipid-binding AI, annexin V, transthyretin, CARD-inhibitor of NF-κB-activating ligand, and actin prepeptide were downregulated in cancer samples. Cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing factor, was prominent in both NMIBCs and MIBCs compared with normal bladder tissues. Furthermore, we confirmed that cofilin phosphorylation was more prominent in MIBCs than in NMIBCs using immunoblotting and immunohistochemcal analyses. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) increased the phosphorylation of cofilin and elevated the migration in T24 cells. Knockdown of cofilin expression with small interfering RNA attenuated the T24 cell migration in response to EGF. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the increased expression and phosphorylation of cofilin might play a role in the occurrence and invasiveness of bladder cancer. We suspected that changes in cofilin expression may participate in the progression of the bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chung
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 82 Gugwon-daero, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-704, Republic of Korea
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Radiation-induced galectin-1 by endothelial cells: a promising molecular target for preferential drug delivery to the tumor vasculature. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:497-506. [PMID: 23090010 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports on a new strategy for selective, radiation therapy-amplified drug delivery using an antiangiogenic 33-a.a., tumor vasculature-targeting ligand, anginex, to improve the therapeutic ratio for strategies developed against solid tumors. Our findings indicate that galectin-1 is (a) one of the major receptors for anginex (b) overexpressed by tumor neovasculature and (c) further specifically upregulated in endothelial cells in response to radiation exposure as low as 0.5 Gy. An investigation of [18]-F-labeled anginex biodistribution in SCK tumors indicates that anginex is an effective targeting molecule for image and radiation-guided therapy of solid tumors. An anginex-conjugated liposome capable of being loaded with drug was shown to selectively target endothelial cells post-radiation. The presence of endothelial cells in a three-dimensional co-culture system with tumor cells developed to study tumor/endothelial cell interactions in vitro led to higher levels of galectin-1 and showed a further increase in expression upon radiation exposure when compared to tumor cell spheroids alone. Similar increase in galectin-1 was observed in tumor tissue originating from the tumor-endothelial cell spheroids in vivo and radiation exposure further induced galectin-1 in these tumors. The overall results suggest feasibility of using a clinical or subclinical radiation dose to increase expression of the galectin-1 receptor on the tumor microvasculature to promote delivery of therapeutics via the anginex peptide. This approach may reduce systemic toxicity, overcome drug resistance, and improve the therapeutic efficacy of conventional chemo/radiation strategies.
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Kim HJ, Do IG, Jeon HK, Cho YJ, Park YA, Choi JJ, Sung CO, Lee YY, Choi CH, Kim TJ, Kim BG, Lee JW, Bae DS. Galectin 1 expression is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis in stage IB to IIA cervical cancer. Hum Pathol 2012; 44:62-8. [PMID: 22939954 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Galectin 1 is a 14-kd laminin-binding lectin involved in important biologic mechanisms of tumors, including neoplastic transformation, cell survival, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and metastasis. In this study, we investigated the role of galectin 1 in cell survival and metastasis in cervical cancer. The expression of galectin 1 was determined in 73 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical cancer tissues using an immunohistochemical method and compared with clinicopathologic risk factors for recurrence after surgery. To evaluate the role of galectin 1 in cell proliferation and invasion, we performed proliferation and invasion assays with galectin 1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) using cervical cancer cell lines, including HeLa and SiHa cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that galectin 1 expression was found in most peritumoral stroma samples (72/73; 98.6%). Galectin 1 expression was significantly correlated with the depth of invasion in the cervix (P=.015) and lymph node metastasis (P=.045) on univariate analysis. When progression-free survival of all of the patients studied was analyzed based upon galectin 1 expression, galectin 1 expression was not correlated with progression-free survival (P=.32). Down-regulation of galectin 1 using small interfering RNA resulted in the inhibition of cell growth and proliferation of HeLa and SiHa cells. Moreover, the ability of cells to invade was significantly reduced by galectin 1 small interfering RNA. Our results revealed that high galectin 1 expression in peritumoral stroma was significantly correlated with depth of invasion in cervical lesions and lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer and that galectin 1 may be functionally involved in cell proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Jeong Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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Kim HJ, Jeon HK, Cho YJ, Park YA, Choi JJ, Do IG, Song SY, Lee YY, Choi CH, Kim TJ, Bae DS, Lee JW, Kim BG. High galectin-1 expression correlates with poor prognosis and is involved in epithelial ovarian cancer proliferation and invasion. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:1914-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wu H, Chen P, Liao R, Li YW, Yi Y, Wang JX, Sun TW, Zhou J, Shi YH, Yang XR, Jin JJ, Cheng YF, Fan J, Qiu SJ. Overexpression of galectin-1 is associated with poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma following resection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:1312-9. [PMID: 22432916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The high expression of the galectin-1 predicts poor patient outcome in several tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate its prognostic value in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after resection. METHODS Galectin-1 and tumor-infiltrating FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) were validated by tissue microarrays from HCC patients (n = 386) and statistically assessed for correlations with the clinical profiles and the prognosis of the patients. RESULTS We found that galectin-1, which was prevalently upregulated in HCC, was significantly associated with tumor invasive characteristics (such as vascular invasion, incomplete encapsulation, poor differentiation, multiple number, and large tumor size). Patients with high galectin-1 expression had a significantly poorer tumor recurrence (P = 0.025) and overall survival (P = 0.021) than those with low galectin-1 expression. Even in early-stage disease, high galectin-1 expression was also independently associated with shortened survival (P < 0.001) and increased tumor recurrence (P = 0.005). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that galectin-1 was an independent marker for predicting the poor prognosis of HCC. The galectin-1 level was positively related to the number of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3(+) Tregs (r = 0.416, P < 0.001), and their combination served as a better prognosticator. The postoperative tumor recurrence and survival of HCC patients with galectin-1(high) and FoxP3(high) were significantly poorer than the other groups (both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Galectin-1 might be a new prognostic factor for HCC after resection and could potentially be a high-priority therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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de Vasconcelos Carvalho M, Pereira JDS, Alves PM, Silveira EJDD, de Souza LB, Queiroz LMG. Alterations in the immunoexpression of galectins-1, -3 and -7 between different grades of oral epithelial dysplasia. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:174-9. [PMID: 22845866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a potentially malignant lesion characterized by a combination of cytological and architectural anomalies, which are essential for its diagnosis. Galectins are proteins that participate in cell cycle, adhesion and differentiation, apoptosis, and immune responses, as well as in cancer development and progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aim of this study was to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of galectins-1, -3, and -7 in the OED (21 low risk and 29 high risk) and normal oral mucosa (NOM). The binary grading system was used. RESULTS Galectin-1 was expressed in the middle/lower third in most OED cases. Nuclear/cytoplasmic staining was observed in most low-risk and high-risk OEDs. All cases of NOM were negative for galectin-1. Galectin-3 was expressed in the middle/lower third in most low-risk cases. Nuclear/cytoplasmic staining was noted in most low-risk and high-risk OEDs. Middle/lower third and in membrane staining was detected in four cases of NOM for galectin-3. Galectin-7 was expressed in the upper/middle third in most of OED cases. Nuclear/cytoplasmic staining predominated in low-risk and high-risk OEDs. Galectin-7 was detected in four cases of NOM, all of them presenting staining in the upper/middle third and in the membrane. CONCLUSION The differences in the immunoexpression of galactin-1, -3, and -7 between different grades of OEDs suggest the involvement of this protein in the progression of dysplasias.
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Elliott RL, Head JF. Cancer: Tumor Iron Metabolism, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Tumor Immunosuppression; “A Tight Partnership—Was Warburg Correct?”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2012.34039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Verschuere T, De Vleeschouwer S, Lefranc F, Kiss R, Van Gool SW. Galectin-1 and immunotherapy for brain cancer. Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 11:533-43. [PMID: 21469926 DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of patients diagnosed with high-grade glioma continues to be dismal in spite of multimodal treatment. Active specific immunotherapy by means of dendritic cell vaccination is considered to be a new promising concept that aims at generating an anti-tumoral immune response. However, it is now widely accepted that the success of immunotherapeutic strategies to promote tumor regression will rely not only on enhancing the effector arm of the immune response but also on downregulation of the counteracting tolerogenic signals. In this article, we summarize evidence that galectin-1, an evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding protein that is abundantly expressed in high-grade glioma, is an important player in glioma-mediated immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Verschuere
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Tumor evasion from T cell surveillance. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:918471. [PMID: 22190859 PMCID: PMC3228689 DOI: 10.1155/2011/918471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An intact immune system is essential to prevent the development and progression of neoplastic cells in a process termed immune surveillance. During this process the innate and the adaptive immune systems closely cooperate and especially T cells play an important role to detect and eliminate tumor cells. Due to the mechanism of central tolerance the frequency of T cells displaying appropriate arranged tumor-peptide-specific-T-cell receptors is very low and their activation by professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, is frequently hampered by insufficient costimulation resulting in peripheral tolerance. In addition, inhibitory immune circuits can impair an efficient antitumoral response of reactive T cells. It also has been demonstrated that large tumor burden can promote a state of immunosuppression that in turn can facilitate neoplastic progression. Moreover, tumor cells, which mostly are genetically instable, can gain rescue mechanisms which further impair immune surveillance by T cells. Herein, we summarize the data on how tumor cells evade T-cell immune surveillance with the focus on solid tumors and describe approaches to improve anticancer capacity of T cells.
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Chang RS, Tsai JZ, Li TY. Design and control of a ferromagnetic coded micro-carrier biochip sensor for multiplex detection of antibodies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:7851-7864. [PMID: 22164049 PMCID: PMC3231740 DOI: 10.3390/s110807851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for producing a novel type of ferromagnetic coded micro-carrier. The ferromagnetic coded micro-carriers are about 200 μm in length, 200 μm in width and 50 μm in thickness, and contain eight code elements with two distinguishable codes (hollow and solid), allowing for 2(8) unique codes. The code shapes include rectangle, circle, etc. Differently shaped coded micro-carriers could carry different antigens for detection of its complementary antibody. These many shapes of coded micro-carriers would be used simultaneously allowing us to make multiple detections for different antibodies at the same time. A molding process is applied for fabrication of the ferromagnetically coded micro-carriers where Fe material (Fe powder mixed with binder) is shaped in many tiny molds to produce the coded shapes used for identification of the bio-molecules. Magnetic force is used to control the movement and location of the ferromagnetic coded micro-carriers to prevent the loss during the hybridization process. The results of image process and analysis system testing are satisfactory. The results of our micro-carrier detection system for two sets of R and B color analysis are proportional to those obtained from ELISA antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Seng Chang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, 300 Chung-Da Rd., Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Zern Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, 300 Chung-Da Rd., Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-Z.T.); (T.-Y.L.)
| | - Tung-Yen Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, 300 Chung-Da Rd., Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-Z.T.); (T.-Y.L.)
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Kramer MW, Waalkes S, Serth J, Hennenlotter J, Tezval H, Stenzl A, Kuczyk MA, Merseburger AS. Decreased galectin-8 is a strong marker for recurrence in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urol Int 2011; 87:143-50. [PMID: 21757871 DOI: 10.1159/000328439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate galectin-8 expression patterns in normal urothelium and bladder cancer specimens and to elucidate its prognostic value. MATERIALS AND METHODS 162 samples of non-muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma, 25 samples of muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma and 10 samples of normal urothelium were investigated by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays. Complete patient and tumor characteristics were compared with galectin-8 staining patterns. The likelihood of tumor recurrence and progression was analyzed based on a 3-year follow-up. RESULTS Loss of galectin-8 was associated with the likelihood of tumor recurrence in univariate (p < 0.05) and multivariate analyses (p < 0.01). No significance was observed for tumor progression. Patients whose specimens showed weak galectin-8 expression had a shorter recurrence-free interval (42 vs. 12 months; p < 0.01, log-rank test). All of the 10 normal urothelium samples showed high galectin-8 expression. Decreased staining was found to be associated with higher tumor stages and grades (p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA). A significant difference was found comparing normal urothelium with any tumor stage (p < 0.01), pTa vs. pT1 tumors (p < 0.05) and non-muscle-invasive vs. muscle-invasive tumors (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Loss of galectin-8 might be an early step in the development of malignant lesions of the bladder and is a significant independent predictor of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Wolfgang Kramer
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Banh A, Zhang J, Cao H, Bouley DM, Kwok S, Kong C, Giaccia AJ, Koong AC, Le QT. Tumor galectin-1 mediates tumor growth and metastasis through regulation of T-cell apoptosis. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4423-31. [PMID: 21546572 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a carbohydrate-binding protein whose secretion is enhanced by hypoxia, promotes tumor aggressiveness by promoting angiogenesis and T-cell apoptosis. However, the importance of tumor versus host Gal-1 in tumor progression is undefined. Here we offer evidence that implicates tumor Gal-1 and its modulation of T-cell immunity in progression. Comparing Gal-1-deficient mice as hosts for Lewis lung carcinoma cells where Gal-1 levels were preserved or knocked down, we found that tumor Gal-1 was more critical than host Gal-1 in promoting tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis. Enhanced growth and metastasis associated with Gal-1 related to its immunomodulatory function, insofar as the benefits of Gal-1 expression to Lewis lung carcinoma growth were abolished in immunodeficient mice. In contrast, angiogenesis, as assessed by microvessel density count, was similar between tumors with divergent Gal-1 levels when examined at a comparable size. Our findings establish that tumor rather than host Gal-1 is responsible for mediating tumor progression through intratumoral immunomodulation, with broad implications in developing novel targeting strategies for Gal-1 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Banh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Kuo PL, Hung JY, Huang SK, Chou SH, Cheng DE, Jong YJ, Hung CH, Yang CJ, Tsai YM, Hsu YL, Huang MS. Lung cancer-derived galectin-1 mediates dendritic cell anergy through inhibitor of DNA binding 3/IL-10 signaling pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1521-30. [PMID: 21191065 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer, one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is often associated with a state of immune suppression, but the molecular and functional basis remains enigmatic. Evidence is provided in this paper supporting the role of lung cancer-derived soluble lectin, galectin-1, as a culprit in dendritic cell (DC) anergy. We have shown that galectin-1 is highly expressed in lung cancer cell lines, together with the serum and surgical samples from lung cancer patients. Functionally, lung cancer-derived galectin-1 has been shown to alter the phenotypes of monocyte-derived DCs (MdDCs) and impair alloreactive T cell response, concomitant with the increase of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells. The regulatory effect of galectin-1 is mediated, in part, through its ability to induce, in an Id3 (inhibitor of DNA binding 3)-dependent manner, the expression of IL-10 in monocytes and MdDCs. This effect is inhibited by the addition of lactose, which normalizes the phenotypic and functional alterations seen in MdDCs. Of note, significant upregulation of IL-10 was seen in tumor-infiltrating CD11c(+) DCs in human lung cancer samples. This was also noted in mice transplanted with lung cancer cells, but not in those receiving tumor cells with galectin-1 knockdown. Furthermore, a significant reduction was noted in lung cancer incidence and in the levels of IL-10-expressing, tumor-infiltrating DCs, in mice receiving galectin-1-silenced tumor cells. These results thus suggest that the galectin-1/IL-10 functional axis may be crucial in lung cancer-mediated immune suppression, and that galectin-1 may serve as a target in the development of lung cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Galectin-1 is a powerful marker to distinguish chondroblastic osteosarcoma and conventional chondrosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1220-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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[Galectin expression in urological cancer. Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential]. Urologe A 2010; 49:387-91. [PMID: 20238481 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-009-2175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of 15 proteins. They interact with glycoproteins in both the extracellular and intracellular milieu and regulate various biological cycles including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell adhesion and apoptosis. In biomolecular studies certain patterns of expression showed a correlation with metastasis and apoptosis. Therefore, galectins could be used as potential markers for early tumour recognition, long-term prognosis and a better-founded choice of therapy. Acknowledging these possibilities this review points out the standing of galectins with all currently available data in the development and progression of renal, bladder and prostatic tumours. The expression patterns of galectin-1 and -3 have been researched extensively. For example, several studies could show a decreased expression of galectin-3 in clear renal cell carcinoma, which correlated with a poor clinical prognosis. On the contrary, patients with a bladder tumour showed an elevated serum level of galectin-3. Furthermore, in analysis of prostatic tumour tissue galectin-1 was found to be an independent predictor of a PSA relapse. In addition, pathological patterns of galectin expression could be detected in non-urological malignancies such as breast cancer. Though all findings indicate a future significance of galectins as markers of urological malignancies with clinical relevance, more research will be necessary to particularly assess the evolutional-dependent function of galectins in the process of tumourigenesis.
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Sakaki M, Fukumori T, Fukawa T, Elsamman E, Shiirevnyamba A, Nakatsuji H, Kanayama HO. Clinical significance of Galectin-3 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2010; 57:152-7. [PMID: 20299755 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.57.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of galectin-3 in a variety of cancer cell lines has been shown to correlate with tumor progression and metastasis. In this study, we investigated the expression of galectin-3 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CC-RCC) and evaluated the relationship between galectin-3 expression levels and the clinicopathological features of CC-RCC. Expression of galectin-3 in the kidney cancer cell lines Caki-1, Caki-2, A704, ACHN and KPK-1 were evaluated using western blot analysis, while galectin-3 expression in CC-RCC tissues and normal parenchyma were measured by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. We found that galectin-3 was overexpressed in the Caki-1, Caki-2, A704, ACHN and KPK-1 cell lines and that the expression level in CC-RCC was also significantly higher than that in renal parenchyma obtained from the same patient samples (p=0.039). Galectin-3 expression in CC-RCC with distant metastasis was also significantly higher than that in CC-RCC without distant metastasis (p=0.045). In conclusion, we revealed that galectin-3 is highly expressed in CC-RCC, especially in CC-RCC with distant metastasis, suggesting that galectin-3 may serve as a novel target molecule for predicting CC-RCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Sakaki
- Department of Urology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduated School, Tokushima, Japan
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Balan V, Nangia-Makker P, Raz A. Galectins as cancer biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:592-610. [PMID: 23658855 PMCID: PMC3645499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a group of proteins that bind β-galactosides through evolutionarily conserved sequence elements of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Proteins similar to galectins can be found in very primitive animals such as sponges. Each galectin has an individual carbohydrate binding preference and can be found in cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. They also can be secreted through non-classical pathways and function extracellularly. Experimental and clinical data demonstrate a correlation between galectin expression and tumor progression and metastasis, and therefore, galectins have the potential to serve as reliable tumor markers. In this review, we describe the expression and role of galectins in different cancers and their clinical applications for diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Avraham Raz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mails: (V.B.); (P.N.M.)
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Canesin G, Gonzalez-Peramato P, Palou J, Urrutia M, Cordón-Cardo C, Sánchez-Carbayo M. Galectin-3 expression is associated with bladder cancer progression and clinical outcome. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:277-85. [PMID: 20401558 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 belongs to a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins whose function is not fully characterized. However, it is believed to play a role in adhesion, proliferation and apoptosis in solid tumors. We aimed at investigating galectin-3 expression in bladder cancer. Galectin-3 expression was assessed by transcript profiling (U133A arrays) in a series or frozen bladder tumors (n = 105). Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue arrays containing bladder tumors (n = 389) to evaluate associations of protein expression patterns of galectin-3 with proliferation (Ki67), apoptosis (apopdetek), bcl-2, and clinicopathologic variables. Galectin-3 protein levels were then quantified in 160 urinary specimens of bladder cancer patients and controls by enzymeimmunoanalysis. Galectin-3 gene expression levels increased in invasive tumours as compared with non-muscle invasive lesions (p = 0.001) and were associated with poor survival in patients with advanced disease (p = 0.03). Protein expression patterns also correlated galectin-3 with tumor stage (p < 0.001), grade (p = 0.03), Ki67 and apopdetek (p < 0.001), and overall survival in patients with T1G3 tumors (p < 0.001). Furthermore, galectin-3 urinary levels segregated bladder cancer patients from controls with high diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.7). Independent series of bladder tumors showed that transcript and protein levels of galectin-3 were differentially expressed along bladder cancer progression. Urinary protein levels served to identify bladder cancer patients. These observations suggest a role for galectin-3 as a biomarker for bladder cancer diagnostics, staging, and outcome prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Canesin
- Tumor Markers Group, Molecular Pathology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center, Madrid, Spain
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From the endometrium physiology to a comprehensive strategy for the discovery of ovarian cancer biomarkers. Oncol Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-010-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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CD24 and galectin-1 expressions in gastric adenocarcinoma and clinicopathologic significance. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 16:569-77. [PMID: 20177845 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CD24 and galectin-1 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma and their clinicopathologic significance remained largely unknown. We aimed to evaluate expressions and staining intensities of CD24 and galectin-1 in gastric adenocarcinoma and to investigate the interrelation with clinicopathologic parameters including survival. 93 cases with gastric adenocarcinoma were reevaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against CD24 and galectin-1. Staining intensities of both markers in tumor cells and staining intensity of galectin-1 in tumor-associated stromal cells were scored semiquantitatively. The relationship between expression and staining intensity of CD24 and galectin-1 and clinicopathologic variables were assessed. CD24 staining intensity was associated with lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.007), serosal invasion (p = 0.001), stage (p = 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.005). Galectin-1 staining intensity in tumor-associated stromal cells was associated with tumor location (p = 0.031), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.001), perineural invasion (p = 0.001), serosal invasion (p = 0.001), differentiation (p = 0.003), stage (p = 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.001). Staining intensity of CD24 (p = 0.019) and gal-1 (p = 0.018) were associated with patient survival. Staining intensity of CD24 in tumor cells and galectin-1 in tumor-associated stromal cells were related with certain clinicopathologic variables. Our findings suggest that these markers are independent prognostic indicators of poor survival and may serve as useful targets for novel therapies.
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Spano D, Russo R, Di Maso V, Rosso N, Terracciano LM, Roncalli M, Tornillo L, Capasso M, Tiribelli C, Iolascon A. Galectin-1 and its involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma aggressiveness. Mol Med 2009; 16:102-15. [PMID: 20200618 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Despite several efforts to elucidate hepatocellular carcinoma molecular pathogenesis, it is still not fully understood. To acquire further insights into the molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma, we performed a systematic functional genomic approach on human HuH-7 and JHH-6 cells. The subsequent analysis of the differentially expressed genes in human specimens revealed a molecular signature of 11 genes from which we selected the LGALS1 gene, which was overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. The expression analysis in humans of Galectin-1 (Gal-1), the protein encoded by LGALS1, showed a Gal-1 preferential accumulation in the stromal tissue around hepatocellular carcinoma tumors. Moreover, a significant association between increased expression of Gal-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma and the presence of metastasis was observed. Interestingly, Gal-1 overexpression resulted in an increase of cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, this study provides a portfolio of targets useful for future investigations into molecular marker-discovery studies on a large number of patients and functional assays. In addition, our data provide evidence that Gal-1 plays a role in hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion, and we suggest that further studies should be conducted to fully establish the role of Gal-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis and evaluate Gal-1 as a potential molecular therapeutic target.
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Segersten MU, Edlund EK, Micke P, de la Torre M, Hamberg H, Edvinsson AEL, Andersson SEC, Malmström PU, Wester HK. A novel strategy based on histological protein profiling in-silico for identifying potential biomarkers in urinary bladder cancer. BJU Int 2009; 104:1780-5. [PMID: 19522865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen a publicly available immunohistochemistry (IHC) based web-atlas, to identify key proteins in bladder cancer that might serve as potential biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first version of the Human Protein Atlas (HPA 1.0), with 660 proteins, was visually examined to identify proteins with a variable staining pattern among the 12 tissue samples representing bladder cancer. None or limited previous characterization in bladder cancer, as well as a supportive Western blot, were also required. The selected proteins were then evaluated in an independent set of patient samples (106 tumour samples of differing stage and grade) represented in a tissue microarray (TMAi). The IHC expression of the identified proteins in the TMAi was scored and related to tumour stage and grade. RESULTS The expression profiles of the 13 proteins selected from the web-atlas were confirmed in the TMAi. Expression patterns for seven proteins were significantly altered (P < 0.05) with higher stage and/or grade. Three of those (CN130, DSG3, PHF6) lack characterization in bladder cancer, whereas the remaining four proteins have previously been suggested as key proteins/potential biomarkers in cancer, some of them also in bladder cancer. CONCLUSION New candidate proteins for urinary bladder cancer were identified through screening of the publicly available HPA 1.0. Although further evaluation is necessary, this strategy is promising in the search for new biomarkers, with potential to improve the management of patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ulrika Segersten
- Department of Surgical Sciences/Urology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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D’Auria S, Petrova L, John C, Russev G, Varriale A, Bogoeva V. Tumor-specific protein human galectin-1 interacts with anticancer agents. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1331-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b905921k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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