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Álvarez-Campos P, García-Castro H, Emili E, Pérez-Posada A, Del Olmo I, Peron S, Salamanca-Díaz DA, Mason V, Metzger B, Bely AE, Kenny NJ, Özpolat BD, Solana J. Annelid adult cell type diversity and their pluripotent cellular origins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3194. [PMID: 38609365 PMCID: PMC11014941 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Many annelids can regenerate missing body parts or reproduce asexually, generating all cell types in adult stages. However, the putative adult stem cell populations involved in these processes, and the diversity of cell types generated by them, are still unknown. To address this, we recover 75,218 single cell transcriptomes of the highly regenerative and asexually-reproducing annelid Pristina leidyi. Our results uncover a rich cell type diversity including annelid specific types as well as novel types. Moreover, we characterise transcription factors and gene networks that are expressed specifically in these populations. Finally, we uncover a broadly abundant cluster of putative stem cells with a pluripotent signature. This population expresses well-known stem cell markers such as vasa, piwi and nanos homologues, but also shows heterogeneous expression of differentiated cell markers and their transcription factors. We find conserved expression of pluripotency regulators, including multiple chromatin remodelling and epigenetic factors, in piwi+ cells. Finally, lineage reconstruction analyses reveal computational differentiation trajectories from piwi+ cells to diverse adult types. Our data reveal the cell type diversity of adult annelids by single cell transcriptomics and suggest that a piwi+ cell population with a pluripotent stem cell signature is associated with adult cell type differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Álvarez-Campos
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM) & Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Helena García-Castro
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Elena Emili
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Alberto Pérez-Posada
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Irene Del Olmo
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM) & Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophie Peron
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - David A Salamanca-Díaz
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Vincent Mason
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Bria Metzger
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 05432, USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis. 1 Brookings Dr. Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Alexandra E Bely
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Nathan J Kenny
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - B Duygu Özpolat
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 05432, USA.
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis. 1 Brookings Dr. Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Jordi Solana
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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Álvarez-Campos P, García-Castro H, Emili E, Pérez-Posada A, Salamanca-Díaz DA, Mason V, Metzger B, Bely AE, Kenny N, Özpolat BD, Solana J. Annelid adult cell type diversity and their pluripotent cellular origins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.25.537979. [PMID: 37163014 PMCID: PMC10168269 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.537979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Annelids are a broadly distributed, highly diverse, economically and environmentally important group of animals. Most species can regenerate missing body parts, and many are able to reproduce asexually. Therefore, many annelids can generate all adult cell types in adult stages. However, the putative adult stem cell populations involved in these processes, as well as the diversity of adult cell types generated by them, are still unknown. Here, we recover 75,218 single cell transcriptomes of Pristina leidyi, a highly regenerative and asexually-reproducing freshwater annelid. We characterise all major annelid adult cell types, and validate many of our observations by HCR in situ hybridisation. Our results uncover complex patterns of regionally expressed genes in the annelid gut, as well as neuronal, muscle and epidermal specific genes. We also characterise annelid-specific cell types such as the chaetal sacs and globin+ cells, and novel cell types of enigmatic affinity, including a vigilin+ cell type, a lumbrokinase+ cell type, and a diverse set of metabolic cells. Moreover, we characterise transcription factors and gene networks that are expressed specifically in these populations. Finally, we uncover a broadly abundant cluster of putative stem cells with a pluripotent signature. This population expresses well-known stem cell markers such as vasa, piwi and nanos homologues, but also shows heterogeneous expression of differentiated cell markers and their transcription factors. In these piwi+ cells, we also find conserved expression of pluripotency regulators, including multiple chromatin remodelling and epigenetic factors. Finally, lineage reconstruction analyses reveal the existence of differentiation trajectories from piwi+ cells to diverse adult types. Our data reveal the cell type diversity of adult annelids for the first time and serve as a resource for studying annelid cell types and their evolution. On the other hand, our characterisation of a piwi+ cell population with a pluripotent stem cell signature will serve as a platform for the study of annelid stem cells and their role in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Álvarez-Campos
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM) & Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena García-Castro
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Emili
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Alberto Pérez-Posada
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Vincent Mason
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Bria Metzger
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, USA, 05432
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis. 1 Brookings Dr. Saint Louis, MO, USA, 63130
| | | | - Nathan Kenny
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - B Duygu Özpolat
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, USA, 05432
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis. 1 Brookings Dr. Saint Louis, MO, USA, 63130
| | - Jordi Solana
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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3
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Arab T, Raffo-Romero A, Van Camp C, Lemaire Q, Le Marrec-Croq F, Drago F, Aboulouard S, Slomianny C, Lacoste AS, Guigon I, Touzet H, Salzet M, Fournier I, Lefebvre C, Vizioli J, Sautière PE. Proteomic characterisation of leech microglia extracellular vesicles (EVs): comparison between differential ultracentrifugation and Optiprep™ density gradient isolation. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1603048. [PMID: 31069026 PMCID: PMC6493217 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1603048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Mammals, microglial cells are considered as the resident immune cells in central nervous system (CNS). Many studies demonstrated that, after injury, these cells are activated and recruited at the lesion site. Leech microglia present a similar pattern of microglial activation and migration upon experimental lesion of CNS. This activation is associated with the release of a large amount of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We collected EVs released by microglia primary culture and compared two different protocols of isolation: one with differential ultracentrifugation (UC) and one using an additional Optiprep™ Density Gradient (ODG) ultracentrifugation. Nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to assess vesicles size and morphology. The protein content of isolated EVs was assessed by mass spectrometry approaches. Results showed the presence of EV-specific proteins in both procedures. The extensive proteomic analysis of each single ODG fractions confirmed the efficiency of this protocol in limiting the presence of co-isolated proteins aggregates and other membranous particles during vesicles isolation. The present study permitted for the first time the characterisation of microglial EV protein content in an annelid model. Interestingly, an important amount of proteins found in leech vesicles was previously described in EV-specific databases. Finally, purified EVs were assessed for neurotrophic activity and promote neurites outgrowth on primary cultured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arab
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - A Raffo-Romero
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - C Van Camp
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Q Lemaire
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - F Le Marrec-Croq
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - F Drago
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - S Aboulouard
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - C Slomianny
- Inserm U1003, PHYCEL Laboratory, Physiologie Cellulaire, Univ Lille, Lille, France
- Bio Imaging Center Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - A-S Lacoste
- Bio Imaging Center Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - I Guigon
- CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 - CRIStAL - Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, Bilille and Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - H Touzet
- CNRS, Centrale Lille, Inria, UMR 9189 - CRIStAL - Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - M Salzet
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - I Fournier
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - C Lefebvre
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - J Vizioli
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - P-E Sautière
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
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4
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Raffo-Romero A, Arab T, Al-Amri IS, Le Marrec-Croq F, Van Camp C, Lemaire Q, Salzet M, Vizioli J, Sautiere PE, Lefebvre C. Medicinal Leech CNS as a Model for Exosome Studies in the Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124124. [PMID: 30572617 PMCID: PMC6321190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy or pathological brains, the neuroinflammatory state is supported by a strong communication involving microglia and neurons. Recent studies indicate that extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, play a key role in the physiological interactions between cells allowing central nervous system (CNS) development and/or integrity. The present report used medicinal leech CNS to investigate microglia/neuron crosstalk from ex vivo approaches as well as primary cultures. The results demonstrated a large production of exosomes from microglia. Their incubation to primary neuronal cultures showed a strong interaction with neurites. In addition, neurite outgrowth assays demonstrated microglia exosomes to exhibit significant neurotrophic activities using at least a Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) family member, called nGDF (nervous Growth/Differentiation Factor). Of interest, the results also showed an EV-mediated dialog between leech microglia and rat cells highlighting this communication to be more a matter of molecules than of species. Taken together, the present report brings a new insight into the microglia/neuron crosstalk in CNS and would help deciphering the molecular evolution of such a cell communication in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Raffo-Romero
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Tanina Arab
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Issa S Al-Amri
- DARIS Centre for Scientific Research and Technology Development, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al-Mouz, PC 616 Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Francoise Le Marrec-Croq
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Christelle Van Camp
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Quentin Lemaire
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Michel Salzet
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Pierre-Eric Sautiere
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Christophe Lefebvre
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
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5
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Peter A, Stick R. Evolutionary aspects in intermediate filament proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 32:48-55. [PMID: 25576801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins, together with tubulins and actins, constitute the majority of cytoskeletal proteins in metazoans. Proteins of the IF family fulfil increasingly diverse functions but share common structural features. Phylogenetic analysis within the metazoan lineage traces back their origin to a common lamin-like ancestor. Major steps in lamin evolution occurred at the base of the vertebrate radiation, while cytoplasmic IF protein subfamilies evolved independently in the major metazoan lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Peter
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Reimer Stick
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Germany.
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6
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Drago F, Sautière PE, Le Marrec-Croq F, Accorsi A, Van Camp C, Salzet M, Lefebvre C, Vizioli J. Microglia of medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) express a specific activation marker homologous to vertebrate ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1/alias aif-1). Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:987-1001. [PMID: 24723370 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ionized calcium-Binding Adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), also known as Allograft Inflammatory Factor 1 (AIF-1), is a 17 kDa cytokine-inducible protein, produced by activated macrophages during chronic transplant rejection and inflammatory reactions in Vertebrates. In mammalian central nervous system (CNS), Iba1 is a sensitive marker associated with activated macrophages/microglia and is upregulated following neuronal death or brain lesions. The medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis is able to regenerate its CNS after injury, leading to a complete functional repair. Similar to Vertebrates, leech neuroinflammatory processes are linked to microglia activation and recruitment at the lesion site. We identified a gene, named Hmiba1, coding a 17.8 kDa protein showing high similarity with Vertebrate AIF-1. The present work constitutes the first report on an Iba1 protein in the nervous system of an invertebrate. Immunochemistry and gene expression analyses showed that HmIba1, like its mammalian counterpart, is modulated in leech CNS by mechanical injury or chemical stimuli (ATP). We presently demonstrate that most of leech microglial cells migrating and accumulating at the lesion site specifically expressed the activation marker HmIba1. While the functional role of Iba1, whatever species, is still unclear in reactive microglia, this molecule appeared as a good selective marker of activated cells in leech and presents an interesting tool to investigate the functions of these cells during nerve repair events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Drago
- Université Lille 1, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée, EA4550, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59655, France
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Kuo DH, Weisblat DA. Intermediate filament genes as differentiation markers in the leech Helobdella. Dev Genes Evol 2011; 221:225-40. [PMID: 21938507 PMCID: PMC3240748 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-011-0375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton is a general feature of differentiated cells. Its molecular components, IF proteins, constitute a large family including the evolutionarily conserved nuclear lamins and the more diverse collection of cytoplasmic intermediate filament (CIF) proteins. In vertebrates, genes encoding CIFs exhibit cell/tissue type-specific expression profiles and are thus useful as differentiation markers. The expression of invertebrate CIFs, however, is not well documented. Here, we report a whole-genome survey of IF genes and their developmental expression patterns in the leech Helobdella, a lophotrochozoan model for developmental biology research. We found that, as in vertebrates, each of the leech CIF genes is expressed in a specific set of cell/tissue types. This allows us to detect earliest points of differentiation for multiple cell types in leech development and to use CIFs as molecular markers for studying cell fate specification in leech embryos. In addition, to determine the feasibility of using CIFs as universal metazoan differentiation markers, we examined phylogenetic relationships of IF genes from various species. Our results suggest that CIFs, and thus their cell/tissue-specific expression patterns, have expanded several times independently during metazoan evolution. Moreover, comparing the expression patterns of CIF orthologs between two leech species suggests that rapid evolutionary changes in the cell or tissue specificity of CIFs have occurred among leeches. Hence, CIFs are not suitable for identifying cell or tissue homology except among very closely related species, but they are nevertheless useful species-specific differentiation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Han Kuo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 385 Life Science Addition, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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8
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Croq F, Vizioli J, Tuzova M, Tahtouh M, Sautiere PE, Van Camp C, Salzet M, Cruikshank WW, Pestel J, Lefebvre C. A homologous form of human interleukin 16 is implicated in microglia recruitment following nervous system injury in leech Hirudo medicinalis. Glia 2011; 58:1649-62. [PMID: 20578037 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis can completely repair its central nervous system (CNS) after injury. This invertebrate model offers unique opportunities to study the molecular and cellular basis of the CNS repair processes. When the leech CNS is injured, microglial cells migrate and accumulate at the site of lesion, a phenomenon known to be essential for the usual sprouting of injured axons. In the present study, we demonstrate that a new molecule, designated HmIL-16, having functional homologies with human interleukin-16 (IL-16), has chemotactic activity on leech microglial cells as observed using a gradient of human IL-16. Preincubation of microglial cells either with an anti-human IL-16 antibody or with anti-HmIL-16 antibody significantly reduced microglia migration induced by leech-conditioned medium. Functional homology was demonstrated further by the ability of HmIL-16 to promote human CD4+ T cell migration which was inhibited by antibody against human IL-16, an IL-16 antagonist peptide or soluble CD4. Immunohistochemistry of leech CNS indicates that HmIL-16 protein present in the neurons is rapidly transported and stored along the axonal processes to promote the recruitment of microglial cells to the injured axons. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of a functional interleukin-16 homologue in invertebrate CNS. The ability of HmIL-16 to recruit microglial cells to sites of CNS injury suggests a role for HmIL-16 in the crosstalk between neurons and microglia in the leech CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Croq
- Université Lille Nord de France, Université Lille 1, Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie des Annélides, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE 3249, IFR 147, F59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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9
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Meriaux C, Arafah K, Tasiemski A, Wisztorski M, Bruand J, Boidin-Wichlacz C, Desmons A, Debois D, Laprévote O, Brunelle A, Gaasterland T, Macagno E, Fournier I, Salzet M. Multiple changes in peptide and lipid expression associated with regeneration in the nervous system of the medicinal leech. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18359. [PMID: 21526169 PMCID: PMC3081291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adult medicinal leech central nervous system (CNS) is capable of regenerating specific synaptic circuitry after a mechanical lesion, displaying evidence of anatomical repair within a few days and functional recovery within a few weeks. In the present work, spatiotemporal changes in molecular distributions during this phenomenon are explored. Moreover, the hypothesis that neural regeneration involves some molecular factors initially employed during embryonic neural development is tested. RESULTS Imaging mass spectrometry coupled to peptidomic and lipidomic methodologies allowed the selection of molecules whose spatiotemporal pattern of expression was of potential interest. The identification of peptides was aided by comparing MS/MS spectra obtained for the peptidome extracted from embryonic and adult tissues to leech transcriptome and genome databases. Through the parallel use of a classical lipidomic approach and secondary ion mass spectrometry, specific lipids, including cannabinoids, gangliosides and several other types, were detected in adult ganglia following mechanical damage to connected nerves. These observations motivated a search for possible effects of cannabinoids on neurite outgrowth. Exposing nervous tissues to Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) receptor agonists resulted in enhanced neurite outgrowth from a cut nerve, while exposure to antagonists blocked such outgrowth. CONCLUSION The experiments on the regenerating adult leech CNS reported here provide direct evidence of increased titers of proteins that are thought to play important roles in early stages of neural development. Our data further suggest that endocannabinoids also play key roles in CNS regeneration, mediated through the activation of leech TRPVs, as a thorough search of leech genome databases failed to reveal any leech orthologs of the mammalian cannabinoid receptors but revealed putative TRPVs. In sum, our observations identify a number of lipids and proteins that may contribute to different aspects of the complex phenomenon of leech nerve regeneration, establishing an important base for future functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Meriaux
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Karim Arafah
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jocelyne Bruand
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Céline Boidin-Wichlacz
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Annie Desmons
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Delphine Debois
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Terry Gaasterland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Macagno
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Bruand J, Sistla S, Mériaux C, Dorrestein PC, Gaasterland T, Ghassemian M, Wisztorski M, Fournier I, Salzet M, Macagno E, Bafna V. Automated querying and identification of novel peptides using MALDI mass spectrometric imaging. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:1915-28. [PMID: 21332220 DOI: 10.1021/pr101159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MSI is a molecular imaging technique that allows for the generation of topographic 2D maps for various endogenous and some exogenous molecules without prior specification of the molecule. In this paper, we start with the premise that a region of interest (ROI) is given to us based on preselected morphological criteria. Given an ROI, we develop a pipeline, first to determine mass values with distinct expression signatures, localized to the ROI, and second to identify the peptides corresponding to these mass values. To identify spatially differentiated masses, we implement a statistic that allows us to estimate, for each spectral peak, the probability that it is over- or under-expressed within the ROI versus outside. To identify peptides corresponding to these masses, we apply LC-MS/MS to fragment endogenous (nonprotease digested) peptides. A novel pipeline based on constructing sequence tags de novo from both original and decharged spectra and a subsequent database search is used to identify peptides. As the MSI signal and the identified peptide are only related by a single mass value, we isolate the corresponding transcript and perform a second validation via in situ hybridization of the transcript. We tested our approach, MSI-Query, on a number of ROIs in the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, including the central nervous system (CNS). The Hirudo CNS is capable of regenerating itself after injury, thus forming an important model system for neuropeptide identification. The pipeline helps identify a number of novel peptides. Specifically, we identify a gene that we name HmIF4, which is a member of the intermediate filament family involved in neural development and a second novel, uncharacterized peptide. A third peptide, derived from the histone H2B, is also identified, in agreement with the previously suggested role of histone H2B in axon targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Bruand
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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11
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Tasiemski A, Salzet M. Leech Immunity: From Brain to Peripheral Responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 708:80-104. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Schikorski D, Cuvillier-Hot V, Boidin-Wichlacz C, Slomianny C, Salzet M, Tasiemski A. Deciphering the Immune Function and Regulation by a TLR of the Cytokine EMAPII in the Lesioned Central Nervous System Using a Leech Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7119-28. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Vergote D, Macagno ER, Salzet M, Sautière PE. Proteome modifications of the medicinal leech nervous system under bacterial challenge. Proteomics 2006; 6:4817-25. [PMID: 16888763 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Once considered as lacking intrinsic immune mechanisms, the CNS of vertebrates is now known to be capable of mounting its own innate immune response. Interestingly, while invertebrates have been very useful in the interpretation of general vertebrate innate immunity mechanisms, only scarce data are available on the immune response of nervous tissue within this group. This study provides new data on the innate immune response of medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis CNS. We identified several spots in 2-D gels of leech CNS proteins that showed specific changes following bacterial challenge, thus demonstrating the ability of the leech nervous system to mount a response to an immune stress. Protein identifications were based on comparison of sequence data with publicly available databases and a recently established leech ESTs database. The broad nature of the identified proteins suggests a clear involvement of cytoskeletal rearrangements, endoplasmic reticulum stress, modulation of synaptic activity and calcium mobilization, all during the first 24 hours of this response. Moreover, several of these proteins are specifically expressed in glial cells, suggesting an important role for glial cells in the immune response of the leech nervous system, similar to what has been observed in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vergote
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie des Annélides, FRE CNRS 2933, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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14
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Zimek A, Weber K. The gene for a cytoplasmic intermediate filament (IF) protein of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii; definition of the unique features of chordate IF proteins. Gene 2002; 288:187-93. [PMID: 12034508 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated full length cDNAs encoding a cytoplasmic intermediate filament (IF) protein of a priapulid (Priapulus caudatus) and of a hemichordate (Saccoglossus kowalevskii) and determined the organisation of the hemichordate gene. As expected, the priapulid protein shows the long coil 1b subdomain and the lamin tail homology segment already known for cytoplasmic IF proteins from 11 other protostomic phyla. Surprisingly, the hemichordate protein follows in domain organisation much more closely the protostomic IF proteins than the chordate IF proteins. Thus, the lack of a lamin tail homology segment together with a deletion of 42 residues in the coil 1b domain is a molecular feature restricted to the chordates. We propose that the known IF subfamilies I to IV developed by gene duplications and sequence drift after the deletion in coil 1b arose at the base of the chordate branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zimek
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Ji Y, Schroeder D, Byrne D, Zipser B, Jellies J, Johansen KM, Johansen J. Molecular identification and sequence analysis of Hillarin, a novel protein localized at the axon hillock. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1519:246-9. [PMID: 11418193 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody Lan3-15 identifies a novel protein, Hillarin, that is localized to the axon hillock of leech neurons. Using this antibody we have identified a full length cDNA coding for leech Hillarin and determined its sequence. The gene encodes a 1274 residue protein with a predicted molecular mass of 144013 Da. Data base searches revealed that leech Hillarin has potential orthologues in fly and nematode and that these proteins share two novel protein domains. The W180 domain is characterized by five conserved tryptophans whereas the H domains share 21 invariant residues. In contrast to the arrangement in fly and nematode the cassette containing the W180 and H domains is repeated twice in leech Hillarin. This suggests that the leech Hillarin sequence originated from a duplication event of an ancestral protein with single cassette structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ji
- Department of Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Abstract
The nervous system of the leech has been the subject of numerous studies since its "rediscovery" in the 1960s as a unique system for the study of the properties of glial cells. Subsequently, anatomical, physiological, and embryological studies of identified neurons have yielded a wealth of information about the differentiation of neuronal structure and function. In recent years, cellular approaches to the development of identified central and peripheral neurons have been complemented by molecular studies that promise to reveal the mechanisms by which neurons form their complex arbors and innervate specific targets.
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