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Joshua PR, Lewis V, Simpson S, Kelty SF, Boer DP. What role do early life experiences play in eating disorders? The impact of parenting style, temperament and early maladaptive schemas. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023. [PMID: 37654072 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given that most eating disorders develop in adolescence and early adulthood, early life experiences are said to play a key role in the aetiology of eating disorders. There are well-documented relationships between early maladaptive schemas and eating disorders, early maladaptive schemas and temperament and temperament and perceived parenting style. The present study aimed to test a hypothesis that perceived parenting style predicts temperament, which predicts early maladaptive schemas, which predict eating disorder symptoms in young people. METHOD An online survey measured perceived parenting style, temperament, early maladaptive schemas and eating disorder symptoms in 397 people with disordered eating between the ages of 18 and 29. Path analysis was used to investigate the relationship between these elements. RESULTS The results found support for this hypothesis. Perceived maladaptive parenting ratings for mothers were a stronger predictor of temperament, and only two temperament factors were adequate predictors of early maladaptive schemas. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the present study found preliminary support for a linear relationship where perceived parenting style predicts temperament, which predicts early maladaptive schema levels, which predicts eating disorder symptoms. The present study was the first to propose and test this model; however, further research is required to confirm the nature and extent of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe R Joshua
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Vivienne Lewis
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Susan Simpson
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- NHS Forth Valley, Stirling, UK
| | - Sally F Kelty
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Douglas P Boer
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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2
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Meshkova TA, Mitina OV, Aleksandrova RV. Risk factors of disordered eating in adolescent girls from a community sample: a multidimensional approach. CONSORTIUM PSYCHIATRICUM 2023; 4:21-39. [PMID: 38250642 PMCID: PMC10795956 DOI: 10.17816/cp6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (ED) are severe, chronic, and complex in nature mental illnesses that are difficult to treat. One of the ways to stave off EDs is by screening among adolescents to preempt the development of clinical forms of ED in risk groups. AIM 1) to investigate the prevalence of ED risk among adolescent girls and compare subgroups at high and low risk of ED; 2) to investigate using a multidimensional approach those variables that can interact with temperament and character traits to predict ED symptomatology. METHODS The cross-sectional observational self-report study of a community sample of adolescent girls 1217 years old (n=298; M=14.771.13) was carried out in the city of Ryazan, Russia. The Russian versions of Eating Attitudes Test and Cloningers Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised were used. In addition, an original questionnaire (Risk Factors of Eating Disorders) was developed. Regression models (to test for significant moderation) and path analysis (to test for significant mediations) were used. RESULTS Girls at risk of developing EDs are characterized by a heightened level of concern about weight and dissatisfaction with their body, tend to suffer from low self-directedness, higher novelty seeking and tendency to higher harm avoidance, display high alexithymia, experience self-distrust, negative emotionality and are dissatisfied with family relationships. They also suffer from low self-esteem and tend to be perfectionism and engage in risk behavior. Significant moderating effects were uncovered between the following ED risk factors: (1) self-distrust/risk behavior and BMI; (2) alexithymia/negative emotionality/self-esteem and cooperativeness; and (3) negative emotionality/risk behavior and self-transcendence. Family relationship dissatisfaction mediates the association between self-directedness/cooperativeness/self-transcendence and disordered eating. CONCLUSION There are various mutual influences between the numerous ED risk and prevention factors, which all together determine the paths between the predictors and final outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roza V. Aleksandrova
- Research Educational Center of Applied Psychology and Psychological Services of S. Yesenin Ryazan State University
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3
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Kidwell KM, James TD, Brock RL, Lazarus Yaroch A, Hill JL, Mize Nelson J, Alex Mason W, Andrews Espy K, Nelson TD. Preschool Executive Control, Temperament, and Adolescent Dietary Behaviors. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:260-268. [PMID: 35939404 PMCID: PMC10305800 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child temperament styles characterized by increased emotionality or pleasure seeking may increase risk for less healthful eating patterns, while strong executive control (EC) may be protective. The interaction of these characteristics with longitudinal outcomes has not yet been examined. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the association of preschool temperament and EC, as well as their interaction with adolescent eating. METHODS Preschoolers (N = 313) were recruited into a longitudinal study, with behavioral measurement of EC at age 5.25 years, temperament assessed multiple times across preschool, and eating outcomes assessed in adolescence (mean age = 15.34 years). RESULTS Separate latent moderated structural equation models demonstrated that weaker EC was associated with eating less healthful foods, including high sugar foods, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and convenience foods (p < .05). In the moderation models, negative affectivity temperament was correlated with eating less healthful foods, high sugar foods, and SSBs (p < .05). Children lower in surgency/extraversion temperament were more likely to drink SSBs. There was an interaction between temperament and EC, such that children high in negative affectivity with weaker EC were particularly more likely to consume less healthful foods, high sugar foods, and SSBs (p < .05). There was no interaction of surgency with EC and food consumption. CONCLUSIONS Child characteristics measured early in development were associated with later adolescent eating behaviors. Adequate EC could be necessary to counteract the drive toward eating associated with temperaments high in negative affectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany D James
- Office of Research and Economic Development, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rebecca L Brock
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Jennie L Hill
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jennifer Mize Nelson
- Office of Research and Economic Development, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - W Alex Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tennessee Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Timothy D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Ju S, Iwinski S, Fiese BH, McBride BA, Bost KK. Infant temperament and mealtime distractions as predictors of preschool Children's bite speed during family mealtime. Appetite 2022; 177:106157. [PMID: 35780936 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eating behaviors are shaped at an early age, persist into adulthood, and are implicated in the development of physical health outcomes, including obesity. Faster bite speed has been identified as an obesogenic eating behavior, prompting researchers to examine child and family factors associated with children's variability in bite speed. Child temperament, involving phenotypes of reactivity and regulation, and distractions in family food contexts are fruitful areas of investigation, but few studies have examined the interplay among these factors and their associations with bite speed. To address the gap in the literature, we examined relations between early child temperament, family mealtime distractions, and children's observed bite speed. Caregiver report of child temperament at 3 months was measured using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire Very Short Form - Revised. Child mealtime distractions and bite speed were assessed using family mealtime videos that were collected during home visits when children were 18-24 months of age (n = 109). Results revealed that children who were reported to be higher on orienting/regulation at 3 months, and who were more distracted during mealtimes at 18-24 months, had relatively slower bite speeds. No significant interactions were found. The findings from this correlational study inform further investigations into the implications of early temperament and food contexts for the development of eating behaviors implicated in obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Ju
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Samantha Iwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Barbara H Fiese
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Brent A McBride
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Child Development Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Kelly K Bost
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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5
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Body-Related Attitudes, Personality, and Identity in Female Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa or Other Mental Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074316. [PMID: 35409997 PMCID: PMC8998874 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The psychological integration of body-related attitudes (BodyRA) is a critical developmental task in adolescence. Adolescents must adapt to their changing body image and body satisfaction. For young people, BodyRA (body dissatisfaction, bulimia, and drive for thinness) are connected to insecurities, which can disturb identity integration and personality development. Our goal was to evaluate the importance of BodyRA also for other mental disorders other than anorexia nervosa (AN), and the association between BodyRA with temperament and personality traits and identity diffusion. Data for the period of 2012 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed from a convenience sample of patients in a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital (n = 114). The patients were 13 to 17 years of age and had a BMI of 11.9−36.1 kg/m2. As expected, BodyRA were found to be more pronounced in AN, as well as in borderline personality disorder (BPD), depression (DD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). BodyRA correlated significantly with internalizing problems in patients with DD (r = 0.428−0.565, p < 0.01) and BPD (r = 0.680, p < 0.01) as well as with BMI (r = 0.404, p < 0.01) in patients with DD. Moreover, we detected significant correlations with impaired identity development in patients with DD (r = 0.482−0.565, p < 0.01) and BPD (r = 0.681−0.703, p < 0.01). BodyRA also correlated significantly with the personality traits of harm avoidance (r = 0.377−0.541, p < 0.01) and self-directedness (r = −0.537−−0.635, p < 0.01) in DD. These personality traits and bulimia were used as predictors for identity diffusion in the investigated disorders of this study. We conclude that BodyRA, harm avoidance and self-directedness are associated with identity development in adolescent females with mental disorders.
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Watson D, Levin-Aspenson HF, Waszczuk MA, Conway CC, Dalgleish T, Dretsch MN, Eaton NR, Forbes MK, Forbush KT, Hobbs KA, Michelini G, Nelson BD, Sellbom M, Slade T, South SC, Sunderland M, Waldman I, Witthöft M, Wright AGC, Kotov R, Krueger RF. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): III. Emotional dysfunction superspectrum. World Psychiatry 2022; 21:26-54. [PMID: 35015357 PMCID: PMC8751579 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a quantitative nosological system that addresses shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, including arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, frequent disorder co-occurrence, substantial heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic unreliability over time and across clinicians. This paper reviews evidence on the validity and utility of the internalizing and somatoform spectra of HiTOP, which together provide support for an emotional dysfunction superspectrum. These spectra are composed of homogeneous symptom and maladaptive trait dimensions currently subsumed within multiple diagnostic classes, including depressive, anxiety, trauma-related, eating, bipolar, and somatic symptom disorders, as well as sexual dysfunction and aspects of personality disorders. Dimensions falling within the emotional dysfunction superspectrum are broadly linked to individual differences in negative affect/neuroticism. Extensive evidence establishes that dimensions falling within the superspectrum share genetic diatheses, environmental risk factors, cognitive and affective difficulties, neural substrates and biomarkers, childhood temperamental antecedents, and treatment response. The structure of these validators mirrors the quantitative structure of the superspectrum, with some correlates more specific to internalizing or somatoform conditions, and others common to both, thereby underlining the hierarchical structure of the domain. Compared to traditional diagnoses, the internalizing and somatoform spectra demonstrated substantially improved utility: greater reliability, larger explanatory and predictive power, and greater clinical applicability. Validated measures are currently available to implement the HiTOP system in practice, which can make diagnostic classification more useful, both in research and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | | | - Monika A Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael N Dretsch
- US Army Medical Research Directorate - West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Eaton
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Miriam K Forbes
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelsie T Forbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hobbs
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brady D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tim Slade
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Irwin Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Witthöft
- Department for Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Sim L, Peterson CB. The peril and promise of sensitivity in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:2046-2056. [PMID: 34536033 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Differential susceptibility, a reconceptualization of the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology, describes gene-environment interactions that reflect individual differences in responsiveness to environmental influences, both detrimental and beneficial. This model has been described metaphorically by the classification of orchids, which thrive under optimal care but wither under adverse conditions, and dandelions, which weather broad environmental circumstances but are less responsive to careful cultivation. Etiological research in the field of eating disorders has largely focused on the identification of specific behavioral phenotypes, temperamental traits, genotypes and neurobiological processes that confer risk. In this article, we propose that these putative vulnerability factors represent phenotypes and endophenotypes of a genetic predisposition towards environmental sensitivity. We assert that this sensitivity not only transmits eating disorder risk but also confers resilience, depending on the circumstances. In particular, we propose that differential susceptibility can be used as a framework to organize disparate temperamental and neurobiological findings and their complex interplay with various developmental, environmental and sociocultural influences to increase eating disorder risk and treatment responsiveness. Finally, we assert that viewed through the lens of differential susceptibility, sensitivity can be leveraged to refine our interventions and develop novel treatment and prevention strategies to support favorable outcomes for individuals with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Sim
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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8
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van Eeden AE, Hoek HW, van Hoeken D, Deen M, Oldehinkel AJ. Temperament in preadolescence is associated with weight and eating pathology in young adulthood. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:466-475. [PMID: 32073176 PMCID: PMC7318707 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few longitudinal studies have investigated the role of temperament traits on weight and eating problems thus far. We investigated whether temperament in preadolescence influences body weight and the development of eating pathology in adolescence and young adulthood. METHOD This study used data from TRAILS (Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), a Dutch community cohort study (N = 2,230) from preadolescence into adulthood. At age 11, the temperament dimensions negative affectivity and effortful control were measured with the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised. Body mass index (BMI) was measured at all assessment waves. At age 19, the prevalence of eating disorders was investigated by two-stage screening including interviews by eating disorder experts. At age 22 and 26, the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale was used to assess the level of eating pathology. RESULTS Higher negative affectivity in preadolescence was associated with higher BMI and eating pathology in young adulthood. Lower effortful control in preadolescence was found to be a risk factor for the development of obesity in young adulthood. No association was found between effortful control in preadolescence and eating pathology in later life. DISCUSSION Both negative affectivity and effortful control play a role in the development of weight or eating problems during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies E. van Eeden
- Parnassia Psychiatric InstituteThe HagueThe Netherlands,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of PsychiatryGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Hans W. Hoek
- Parnassia Psychiatric InstituteThe HagueThe Netherlands,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of PsychiatryGroningenThe Netherlands,Columbia UniversityMailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, New YorkNew York
| | | | - Mathijs Deen
- Parnassia Psychiatric InstituteThe HagueThe Netherlands
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of PsychiatryGroningenThe Netherlands
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9
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Central Sensitization in Chronic Pain and Eating Disorders: A Potential Shared Pathogenesis. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2019; 28:40-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10880-019-09685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Strickhouser JE, Sutin AR. Family and neighborhood socioeconomic status and temperament development from childhood to adolescence. J Pers 2019; 88:515-529. [PMID: 31442310 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children differ in their temperament and these differences predict consequential outcomes, including mental health, peer relations, substance use, academic performance, and adult personality. Additionally, children's temperament develops over time in response to environmental factors, such as the socioeconomic status (SES) of their family and the neighborhood in which they are raised. However, there has been lack on research on the relation between neighborhood SES and the development of temperament or personality. METHOD Using data from two cohorts of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; N = 9,217) that followed children from 4 to 15 years old, the present analyses examined whether parent income, parent education, and neighborhood disadvantage were associated with three child temperament traits that are precursors to Five-Factor Model (FFM) adult personality traits. RESULTS Longitudinal hierarchical linear models (HLM) generally found that children with lower neighborhood SES or family SES tended to have lower sociability, higher reactivity, and lower persistence and these associations did not decrease over time. CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates that both the neighborhood and the family SES in childhood are important for the development of temperament across childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Strickhouser
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Angelina R Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
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Chapuis-de-Andrade S, Moret-Tatay C, Costa DB, Abreu da Silva F, Irigaray TQ, Lara DR. The Association Between Eating-Compensatory Behaviors and Affective Temperament in a Brazilian Population. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1924. [PMID: 31551850 PMCID: PMC6736602 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating-compensatory behaviors are associated with biological and psychological complications, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Different elements may contribute to the development of eating-compensatory behaviors, such as genetic, physiological, environmental, and temperamental factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between affective temperaments and eating-compensatory behaviors. A sample of 27,501 volunteers, between 18 and 55 years old, mean age 28.9 ± 8.7 years (69.6% women), were assessed by the Brazilian Internet Study on Temperament and Psychopathology (BRAINSTEP). The results showed that eating-compensatory behaviors were associated with distinctive affective temperaments. Cyclothymic types were more associated with eating-compensatory behaviors. The avoidant and irritable types presented lower percentages of eating-compensatory behaviors in women and men, respectively. In conclusion, this study highlighted that participants who adopted frequent eating-compensatory behaviors are more likely to have dysfunctional affective traits. Consequently, the affective temperaments should be considered as a strategy to build capacity for prevention, treatment, and care of eating-compensatory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Moret-Tatay
- Departamento de Neuropsicobiología, Metodología y Psicología Social, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir," Sede de San Juan Bautista, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dalton Breno Costa
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Diogo R Lara
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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12
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McLean MA, Cobham VE, Simcock G, Kildea S, King S. Toddler Temperament Mediates the Effect of Prenatal Maternal Stress on Childhood Anxiety Symptomatology: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111998. [PMID: 31195616 PMCID: PMC6603961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is not known whether alterations to temperamental characteristics associated with prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) exposure account for the development of childhood anxiety symptomatology (internalizing behaviors and anxiety symptoms). The QF2011 Queensland flood study examined whether (1) toddler temperamental characteristics explained the association between PNMS exposure and childhood anxiety symptomatology; and (2) whether effects were dependent upon child sex or the timing of gestational exposure to PNMS. We investigated the effects of various aspects of flood-related stress in pregnancy (objective hardship, cognitive appraisal, subjective distress) on maternal report of 16-month toddler temperament (attentional control, shy-inhibition, negative reactivity), 4-year maternal-reported childhood anxiety symptomatology (internalizing and anxiety symptoms; N = 104), and teacher reports of internalizing behaviors (N = 77). Severity of maternal objective hardship during pregnancy and shy-inhibited behaviors were uniquely associated with 4-year child anxiety symptoms. Mediation analyses found that higher levels of 16-month negative reactivity accounted, in part, for the relationship between increased maternal objective flood-related hardship and greater internalizing behaviors (maternal but not teacher report). Neither child sex nor gestational timing of exposure moderated the hypothesized mediations. Our findings highlight several pathways through which varying aspects of disaster-related PNMS may influence early childhood anxiety symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia A McLean
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Vanessa E Cobham
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle Simcock
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia.
| | - Sue Kildea
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Suzanne King
- Schizophrenia and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Research, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
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Nichols TE, Damiano SR, Gregg K, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ. Psychological predictors of body image attitudes and concerns in young children. Body Image 2018; 27:10-20. [PMID: 30121488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between psychological characteristics, body size, and body image outcomes in 6- to 7-year-old children. Participants were 202 children (91 boys, 111 girls) assessed when 6 and 7 years old. Body image-related variables, body mass index, and psychological characteristics were assessed. Cross-sectionally in the total sample, lower self-esteem was associated with greater body dissatisfaction, internalization of appearance ideals, and rewards of muscularity. Greater perfectionism was associated with greater body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, drive for muscularity, and rewards of thinness and muscularity. Prospectively, internalization and socially prescribed perfectionism at 6 predicted greater body dissatisfaction at 7; higher perfectionism predicted greater rewards of thinness; higher perfectionism and lower self-esteem predicted greater rewards of muscularity; and lower self-esteem and smaller perceived body size predicted higher internalization. Exploratory gender specific analyses suggest that self-esteem may play a greater role in the development of body image attitudes in girls than boys, while perfectionism appears to increase boys' vulnerability to perceive greater rewards from thinness. Findings support the inclusion of psychological characteristics in etiological models of early body image development, and highlight perfectionism, internalization of appearance ideals, and self-esteem as potential targets for preventative interventions in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania E Nichols
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne Australia.
| | - Stephanie R Damiano
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne Australia.
| | - Karen Gregg
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne Australia.
| | - Eleanor H Wertheim
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne Australia.
| | - Susan J Paxton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne Australia.
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14
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Kozieł S, Chakraborty R, Bose K. Relationship between temperament and fatness in 11-year-old children and 17-year-old adolescents from Wrocław, Poland. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2017; 68:479-486. [PMID: 29175059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is increasing globally, and Poland is no exception. Studies indicate that relationship between obesity and psychological well-being is a complex issue and this needs further research. The objective of the present cross sectional study was to analyze the relationship between some temperament components and fatness among children in two developmental periods, approximately before and after adolescence. Participants included 122 children aged 11 years (57 boys and 65 girls), and 153 adolescents aged 17 years (64 boys and 89 girls) from 6 primary and 4 secondary schools in Wrocław, Poland. Height, weight, triceps-, subscapular and abdominal skinfold thicknesses were measured. Temperament was assessed by a questionnaire of Buss and Plomin (1984) in two versions: EAS-C for children completed by parents and EAS-D for youth and adults. Physical activity (PAL) was also assessed by a questionnaire. Mean, median and standard deviation (SD) were calculated and Student's t tests were performed to test for significance of differences between groups. Chi squared (χ2) statistic was used to test the significance of differences in frequencies. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed to show the effect of the social - psychological factors on fatness. Controlling for socioeconomic status and physical activity level, activity, as a component of temperament had a significant effect on body fatness. The only component of temperament, which significantly influenced level of fatness in girls, was emotionality. These relationships differed according to sex and the two age groups concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Rudolf Weigiel 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - R Chakraborty
- Department of Anthropology, Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, Bongaon, West Bengal, India
| | - K Bose
- Department of Anthropology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
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15
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Sutin AR, Kerr JA, Terracciano A. Temperament and body weight from ages 4 to 15 years. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1056-1061. [PMID: 28280272 PMCID: PMC5496782 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives In adulthood, conscientiousness and neuroticism are correlates of body weight and weight gain. The present research examines whether the childhood antecedents of these traits, persistence and negative reactivity, respectively, are associated with weight gain across childhood. We likewise examine sociability as a predictor of childhood weight gain and whether these three traits are associated with weight concerns and weight management strategies in adolescence. Subjects/Methods Participants (N=4,153) were drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, an ongoing, population-based study of child and family health and well-being. At the baseline assessment, caregivers reported on their child's temperament. At every assessment from ages 4-5 to 14-15, study children were weighed and measured by trained staff; there were up to six biennial assessments of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. At age 14-15, study children (n=2,975) also self-reported on their weight concerns and weight management strategies. Results Study children rated lower in persistence or higher in negative reactivity in early childhood gained more weight between the ages of 4 and 15. Sociability was associated with weight gain among girls but not among boys. Lower persistence and higher negative reactivity at age 4-5 were also associated with greater weight concerns, restrained eating, and use of unhealthy weight management strategies at ages 14-15. Conclusions Childhood traits related to conscientiousness and neuroticism are associated with objective weight gain across childhood and with concerns and strategies to manage weight in adolescence. These results are consistent with a lifespan perspective that indicates that trait psychological functioning contributes to health-related markers from childhood through old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahasse, FL, USA
| | - J A Kerr
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahasse, FL, USA
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16
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Krug I, King RM, Youssef GJ, Sorabji A, Wertheim EH, Le Grange D, Hughes EK, Letcher P, Olsson CA. The effect of low parental warmth and low monitoring on disordered eating in mid-adolescence: Findings from the Australian Temperament Project. Appetite 2016; 105:232-41. [PMID: 27212673 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the interactions between low parental warmth and monitoring at age 13-14 years and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours at age 15-16 years. METHOD Data on 1300 (667 females) adolescents and their parents were drawn from The Australian Temperament Project (ATP), a 30 year (15 wave) population based longitudinal study of social-emotional development. Parent participants completed surveys on parenting practices in late childhood, and adolescent participants reported disordered eating using the drive for thinness and bulimia subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and an additional body dissatisfaction scale. Interaction was examined on the additive scale by estimating super-additive risk; i.e., risk in excess of the sum of individual risks. RESULTS For boys, neither parental warmth or monitoring, nor their interaction, was related to disordered eating. For girls, low parental warmth (alone) was associated with bulimic behaviours. In contrast, exposure to both low monitoring and warmth was associated with ∼3½-fold, ∼4-fold and ∼5-fold increases in the odds of reporting body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness and bulimia, respectively. For body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, risk associated with joint exposure exceeded the sum of individual risks, suggesting an additive interaction between parenting styles. CONCLUSION Further investment in family-level interventions that focus on promoting parental monitoring behaviour and a warm parent-child relationship remain important strategies for preventing a range of disordered eating behaviours in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Krug
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Australia, 14-20 Blackwood Street, VIC, 3010, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ross M King
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - George J Youssef
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Anisha Sorabji
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Eleanor H Wertheim
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Box 0503, LH Suite 245, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0503, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Hughes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Primrose Letcher
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Australia, 14-20 Blackwood Street, VIC, 3010, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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Abstract
More than 2 million female Americans have a clinically relevant eating disorder. Although the prevalence and seriousness of this problem has gained increasing attention in recent years, relatively little is known about eating disorder prevention. This article addresses a number of issues related to prevention efforts applied to eating disorders. An overview of putative risk factors that have been identified is presented. In particular, the article emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological and physical developmental processes during adolescence and the sociocultural context in which eating disorders develop. A summary of empirical investigations of the efficacy of eating disorder prevention programs follows, including an illustration of one of the more promising strategies that has been reported to date. The role of counseling psychologists in further refining eating disorder prevention efforts is discussed.
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18
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Burt NM, Boddy LE, Bridgett DJ. Contribution of temperament to eating disorder symptoms in emerging adulthood: Additive and interactive effects. Eat Behav 2015; 18:30-5. [PMID: 25875113 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Temperament characteristics, such as higher negative emotionality (NE) and lower effortful control (EC), are individual difference risk factors for developmental psychopathology. Research has also noted relations between temperament and more specific manifestations of psychopathology, such as eating disorders (EDs). Although work is emerging that indicates that NE and EC may additively contribute to risk for ED symptoms, no studies have considered the interactive effects of NE and EC in relation to ED symptoms. In the current investigation, we hypothesized that (1) low EC would be associated with increased ED symptoms, (2) high NE would be associated with increased ED symptoms, and (3) these temperament traits would interact, such that the relationship between NE and ED symptoms would be strongest in the presence of low EC. After controlling for gender and child trauma history, emerging adults' (N=160) lower EC (i.e., more difficulties with self-regulation) was associated with more ED symptoms. NE did not emerge as a direct predictor of ED symptoms. However, the anticipated interaction of these temperament characteristics on ED symptoms was found. The association between NE and ED symptoms was only significant in the context of low EC. These findings provide evidence that elevated NE may only be a risk factor for the development of eating disorders when individuals also have self-regulation difficulties. The implications of these findings for research and interventions are discussed.
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19
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Atiye M, Miettunen J, Raevuori-Helkamaa A. A meta-analysis of temperament in eating disorders. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2014; 23:89-99. [PMID: 25546554 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although suggested as an important contributor to the development and maintenance of eating disorders, temperament has not previously been studied adopting a meta-analytical approach. We therefore pooled data (N = 14 studies; N = 3315 cases, N = 3395 controls) on Cloninger's temperament traits (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence) in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED) and eating disorders not otherwise specified. Persistence was significantly higher than in the controls in all eating disorders except for BED the highest levels being observed in AN. Correspondingly, the highest effect sizes for harm avoidance were seen in AN. Novelty seeking was significantly elevated relative to the controls only in BN. Harm avoidance was significantly lower, and reward dependence was significantly higher in individuals who had recovered from AN than in those who remained ill. Future studies with a longitudinal design are needed to explore the temporal relationships between eating disorders and temperament traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Atiye
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Le Grange D, O'Connor M, Hughes EK, Macdonald J, Little K, Olsson CA. Developmental antecedents of abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors in adolescence. Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:813-24. [PMID: 25046731 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study capitalizes on developmental data from an Australian population-based birth cohort to identify developmental markers of abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors in adolescence. The aims were twofold: (1) to develop a comprehensive path model identifying infant and childhood developmental correlates of Abnormal Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in adolescence, and (2) to explore potential gender differences. METHOD Data were drawn from a 30-year longitudinal study that has followed the health and development of a population based cohort across 15 waves of data collection from infancy since 1983: The Australian Temperament Project. Participants in this analysis were the 1,300 youth who completed the 11th survey at 15-16 years (1998) and who completed the eating disorder inventory at this time point. RESULTS Developmental correlates of Abnormal Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in mid-adolescence were temperamental persistence, early gestational age, persistent high weight, teen depression, stronger peer relationships, maternal dieting behavior, and pubertal timing. Overall, these factors accounted for 28% of the variance in Abnormal Eating Attitudes and Behaviors at 15-16 years of age. Depressive symptoms, maternal dieting behavior, and early puberty were more important factors for girls. Late puberty was a more important factor for boys. DISCUSSION Findings address an important gap in our understanding of the etiology of Abnormal Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in adolescence and suggest multiple targets for preventive intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Le Grange
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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21
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Grey KR, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Glynn LM. Human milk cortisol is associated with infant temperament. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1178-85. [PMID: 23265309 PMCID: PMC4777694 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The implications of the biologically active elements in milk for the mammalian infant are largely unknown. Animal models demonstrate that transmission of glucocorticoids through milk influences behavior and modifies brain development in offspring. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between human milk cortisol levels and temperament of the breastfed infant. Fifty-two mother and infant pairs participated when the infants were three-months old. Milk cortisol levels were assessed and each mother completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ), a widely used parent-report measure of infant temperament. Analyses revealed a positive association between milk cortisol and the negative affectivity dimension of the IBQ (partial r=.37, p<.01). No correlation was found between elevated cortisol levels and the surgency/extraversion or the orienting/regulation dimensions. Further, the positive association between increased maternal milk cortisol and negative affectivity was present among girls (β=.59, p<.01), but not among boys. (Although, the sex by milk cortisol interaction term was not statistically significant, suggesting that these results require replication.) Environmental factors such as maternal demographics and negative maternal affect (depression and perceived stress) at the time of assessment did not account for the positive association. The findings support the proposal that exposure to elevated levels of cortisol in human milk influences infant temperament. The findings further suggest that mothers have the ability to shape offspring phenotype through the transmission of biologically active components in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Grey
- Crean School of Health and Life Sciences, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, United States
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Curt A. Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Laura M. Glynn
- Crean School of Health and Life Sciences, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States
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22
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Racine SE, Keel PK, Burt SA, Sisk CL, Neale M, Boker S, Klump KL. Individual differences in the relationship between ovarian hormones and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: a role for personality? Eat Behav 2013; 14:161-6. [PMID: 23557813 PMCID: PMC3618657 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Within-person changes in estradiol and progesterone predict changes in binge eating tendencies across the menstrual cycle. However, all women have menstrual-cycle fluctuations in hormones, but few experience binge eating. Personality traits may be critical individual difference factors that influence who will engage in emotional eating in the presence of a vulnerable hormonal environment. Women (N=239) provided self-reports of emotional eating and saliva samples for hormone measurement for 45 consecutive days. Negative urgency and negative emotionality were measured once and were examined as moderators of hormone-emotional eating associations. Consistent with prior research, within-person changes in the interaction between estradiol and progesterone predicted emotional eating. Neither negative urgency nor negative emotionality interacted with changes in estradiol and progesterone to predict changes in emotional eating. Additional factors, other than the two personality traits examined, may account for individual differences in within-person associations between hormones and emotional eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Racine
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI 48824-1116, USA
| | - Pamela K. Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
32306-4301, USA
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI 48824-1116, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI 48824-1116, USA ,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
48824-1116, USA
| | - Michael Neale
- Departments of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
VA 22904-4400, USA
| | - Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
MI 48824-1116, USA
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23
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Taborelli E, Krug I, Karwautz A, Wagner G, Haidvogl M, Fernandez-Aranda F, Castro R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Anderluh M, Collier D, Treasure JL, Micali N. Maternal Anxiety, Overprotection and Anxious Personality as Risk Factors for Eating Disorder: A Sister Pair Study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-012-9518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Hafstad GS, von Soest T, Torgersen L. Early childhood precursors for eating problems in adolescence: a 15-year longitudinal community study. J Eat Disord 2013; 1:35. [PMID: 24999414 PMCID: PMC4081814 DOI: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This longitudinal community study investigated the role of individual risk factors in early childhood (before age five) for the development of eating problems in adolescence. Nine hundred twenty-one mothers completed the first questionnaire when their child was 1.5 years old, and again when their child was 2.5 (n = 784) and 4.5 (n = 737) years old. Three hundred seventy-three of these children completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) when they were 16 years old. RESULTS Mother-rated early childhood sleep problems (assessed before the age of five) predicted self-rated eating problems in adolescents, with gender, birth weight, and a number of early childhood internal and environmental factors controlled. Unexpectedly, early childhood eating problems were not associated with later eating problems. CONCLUSIONS The possible role of sleep in the development of eating problems needs further investigation. In particular, mediating mechanisms should be studied more closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Sofie Hafstad
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway ; NOVA, Norwegian Social Research, P.O. Box 3223, Elisenberg, 0208, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tilmann von Soest
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway ; NOVA, Norwegian Social Research, P.O. Box 3223, Elisenberg, 0208, Oslo, Norway ; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1094, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leila Torgersen
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
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Rew L, Grady MW, Spoden M. Childhood Predictors of Adolescent Competence and Self-Worth in Rural Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2012; 25:169-77. [DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Rew
- School of Nursing; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - Matthew W. Grady
- Department of Educational Psychology; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - Micajah Spoden
- School of Nursing; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
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Predicting weight outcomes in preadolescence: the role of toddlers' self-regulation skills and the temperament dimension of pleasure. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:937-42. [PMID: 23044856 PMCID: PMC3543516 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of toddlers’ self-regulation skills and temperament in predicting weight outcomes in preadolescence. Method Participants for this study included 195 children (114 girls) obtained from three different cohorts participating in a larger ongoing longitudinal study. At 2 years of age, participants participated in several laboratory tasks designed to assess their self-regulation abilities, including emotion regulation, sustained attention, and delay of gratification, while parents filled out a temperament questionnaire to assess toddlers’ pleasure expression. Height and weight measures were collected when children were 4, 5, 7, and 10 years of age. Children also filled out a body image and eating questionnaire at the 10 year visit. Results Self-regulation skills in toddlers were associated with both BMI development, pediatric obesity, and body image/eating concerns. The temperament dimension of pleasure was also associated with BMI development and pediatric obesity but not body image/eating concerns. Conclusion Self-regulation difficulties across domains as well as temperament based pleasure in toddlers represented significant individual risk factors for the development of pediatric obesity eight years later. Early self-regulation difficulties also contributed to body image and eating concerns that typically accompanied overweight children. The mechanisms by which early self-regulation skills and temperament based pleasure may contribute to the development of pediatric obesity and associated weight concerns are discussed.
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Abstract
Eating is necessary for survival, gives great pleasure, and can be perturbed leading to undernutrition, overnutrition, and eating disorders. The development of feeding in humans relies on complex interplay between homeostatic mechanisms; neural reward systems; and child motor, sensory, and socioemotional capability. Furthermore, parenting, social influences, and the food environment influence the development of eating behavior. The rapid expansion of new knowledge in this field, from basic science to clinical and community-based research, is expected to lead to urgently needed research in support of effective, evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies for undernutrition, overnutrition, and eating disorders in early childhood. Using a biopsychosocial approach, this review covers current knowledge of the development of eating behavior from the brain to the individual child, taking into account important contextual influences.
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28
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Powell FC, Farrow CV, Meyer C. Food avoidance in children. The influence of maternal feeding practices and behaviours. Appetite 2011; 57:683-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The consequences of exposure to prenatal maternal anxiety for the development of child temperament were examined in a sample of 120 healthy, 2-year-old children. Prenatal maternal state and pregnancy-specific anxiety (PSA) were measured five times during pregnancy, and maternal state anxiety was measured again at 2 years post partum. Child temperament was measured at 2 years using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. The relationship between the trajectory of maternal anxiety across gestation and negative affectivity was evaluated using hierarchical linear growth curve modeling. Higher maternal PSA between 13 and 17 weeks of gestation was associated with increased negative temperament in the children. This association could not be explained by postnatal maternal anxiety, demographic, or obstetric factors. Prenatal maternal state anxiety was not associated with child temperament. These findings demonstrate that PSA early in gestation has a distinctive influence on the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Blair
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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30
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The role of child temperament in parental child feeding practices and attitudes using a sibling design. Appetite 2011; 57:510-6. [PMID: 21740941 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although previous research indicates that parental child feeding practices are one component of a bidirectional relationship between children and parents, little is known about how child temperament operates in this relationship. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between child temperament and parental feeding practices and attitudes using a sibling design. By collecting data regarding pairs of siblings, we were able to investigate sibling differences and differential parental treatment. We examined mothers' and fathers' perceptions of their two children's temperaments as well as reports of the feeding practices and attitudes they use with each child. Fifty-five mothers and fathers completed questionnaires including the Carey Temperament Scales and the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Results from correlation analyses showed that 6 of the 9 father reports of temperament between two siblings were positively related, whereas 1 of the 9 mother reports were positively related. Mothers' and fathers' perceptions of temperament were positively correlated for a single child. Some patterns were found between parental reports of sibling temperament and child feeding practices and attitudes, suggesting that temperament plays a role in how parents feed their children.
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31
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Haycraft E, Farrow C, Meyer C, Powell F, Blissett J. Relationships between temperament and eating behaviours in young children. Appetite 2011; 56:689-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sand L, Lask B, Høie K, Stormark KM. Body size estimation in early adolescence: factors associated with perceptual accuracy in a nonclinical sample. Body Image 2011; 8:275-81. [PMID: 21570368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated body size estimation in Norwegian adolescents (aged 12-15; N=406) using a distorting photograph technique. The percentage of over- or underestimation was calculated for pictures of the subject, other persons and a neutral object. The Eating Disorders Inventory for Children (EDI-C) was also completed. Among adolescents at risk of eating problems, girls tended to overestimate their own body size while boys showed a pattern of underestimation, compared to a relatively accurate body perception for low-risk subjects. The groups did not differ in the perception of the neutral object. Important predictors of perceived body size included the size estimation of other children, preoccupation with weight and shape, self-esteem, and emotional instability. The results support the predictive value of body size estimation. Gender differences in judgement bias can be interpreted within present aesthetic ideals and their relation to self perception, body image, and eating problems in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Sand
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Uni Health, Bergen, Norway.
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33
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Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-010-2315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Kerremans A, Claes L, Bijttebier P. Disordered eating in adolescent males and females: Associations with temperament, emotional and behavioral problems and perceived self-competence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Evans RR, Roy J, Geiger BF, Werner KA, Burnett D. Ecological strategies to promote healthy body image among children. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2008; 78:359-367. [PMID: 18611210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal habits of children and adolescents related to healthy body image (BI) are influenced by various determinants in the micro- and macroenvironment. These include attitudes and behaviors about eating; exercise and physical appearance modeled by parents, teachers, and peers; as well as opportunities to learn new habits and social praise for healthy choices. The coordinated school health program (CSHP) is compatible with the 5 levels of an ecological approach to developing new health behaviors. METHODS Authors systematically applied the ecological model to all 8 components of coordinated school health. Next, strategies for each of the components were developed using the professional literature as well as author expertise in the areas of health education, exercise science, and dietetics. RESULTS For each strategy, applicable health and physical education standards, as well as goals for each strategy and additional Web resources, were provided to assist educators and administrators in supporting healthy BI among students. CONCLUSIONS Educators may effectively use a coordinated approach to guide multiple intervention activities aimed at increasing healthy habits among adolescents and their families. The strength of the CSHP is its collaborative nature with active participation by students, faculty members, family caregivers, agency professionals, community residents, and health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retta R Evans
- School of Education, University of Alabama at Birmingham, EB 259, 1530 3rd Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35294-1250, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the co-morbidity between eating disorders and substance use in a large nationally representative sample of Canadian women and men while including varied measures of substance consumption and a wide range of substance classes. The research was based on secondary analyses of data collected, using multistage stratified probability sampling, by Statistics Canada in the Mental Health and Well-being cycle 1.2 of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). Data were collected mostly in face to face interviews using the Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing method. Data included the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26), and modules of the short form of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-SF) to assess alcohol and drug use, dependence and interference. Alcohol interference and amphetamine use were associated with the risk for an eating disorder in both women and men. In the women sample only, risk for an eating disorder was associated with illicit drug use, dependence and interference, as well as with the number of substance classes used. The study findings support the importance of developing assessment instruments and treatment strategies that address the co-occurrence of eating disorders and substance use for both women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahany Gadalla
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street W., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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37
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Kirsh G, McVey G, Tweed S, Katzman DK. Psychosocial profiles of young adolescent females seeking treatment for an eating disorder. J Adolesc Health 2007; 40:351-6. [PMID: 17367728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Children as young as 12 years of age are presenting for treatment of an eating disorder (ED), underscoring the need to understand the psychological and social make-up of this age group. Early adolescent females seeking treatment for an eating disorder were compared with healthy age-matched controls on psychosocial variables relevant to this stage of development. METHODS Self-report measures of individual (e.g., competence and importance ratings across five domains of self-concept, self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism) and contextual factors (e.g., conditional support from mother, father, and peer, and negative peer, family, and school events) were administered to adolescents with EDs (n = 25) and a comparison group comprised of age-matched females from the general population (n = 25 in a low-risk and n = 25 in a high-risk group). RESULTS Compared with the control sample, the ED group had significantly lower ratings of competence in physical appearance and higher ratings on the importance of physical appearance and self-oriented perfectionism. There were no group differences on the parental or peer support variables, or on negative life event variables. CONCLUSION This study has implications for early identification and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Kirsh
- Community Health Systems Resource Group, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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ter Bogt TFM, van Dorsselaer SAFM, Monshouwer K, Verdurmen JEE, Engels RCME, Vollebergh WAM. Body mass index and body weight perception as risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problem behavior among adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39:27-34. [PMID: 16781958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI), body weight perception (BWP), and indicators of internalizing and externalizing distress and social, attention and thought problems in a large representative sample of Dutch youth. METHODS A total of 1826 pupils in the eighth grade of primary education and 5730 students in the first four years of secondary education gave their height and weight to obtain an estimate of their BMI. They reported their evaluation of their body weight and completed Achenbach's Youth Self-Report (YSR) (1991), which assesses eight types of problem behavior. Data were analyzed in a multivariate framework with BMI and BWP as predictors and the YSR scores on different kinds of problem behavior as dependent variables, controlling for background characteristics. RESULTS Both BMI and BWP are associated with internalizing and externalizing problem behavior, and social, attention and thought problems. Multivariate tests show that BWP is more closely linked to problem behavior than BMI. Adolescents who were either underweight or overweight but considered themselves in good shape had no more problems than the group with normal BMI and BWP 'good'. The perception of being 'too thin' and particularly the perception of being 'too heavy' best predict problem behavior in both male and female adolescents. Overweight youngsters with an adequate perception of their weight have less somatic complaints than their normal-weight peers who perceive themselves as too heavy, but they show higher withdrawnness, social problems, and anxiety/depression. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent girls are more dissatisfied with their weight than boys; however, the relationship between weight perception and problem behavior is the same for both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom F M ter Bogt
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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39
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Lilenfeld LRR, Wonderlich S, Riso LP, Crosby R, Mitchell J. Eating disorders and personality: A methodological and empirical review. Clin Psychol Rev 2006; 26:299-320. [PMID: 16330138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Methodological approaches utilized to evaluate models of the relationship between personality and eating disorders, as well as empirical support for each model, are reviewed. Limited prospective research suggests that negative emotionality, perfectionism, drive for thinness, poor interoceptive awareness, ineffectiveness, and obsessive-compulsive personality traits are likely predisposing factors. Limited family study research suggests that obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and anorexia nervosa share a common familial liability. Potential pathoplastic personality factors include Cluster B personality disorders and OCPD, which predict a poorer course and/or outcome, and histrionic personality traits and self-directedness, which predict a more favorable course and/or outcome. Future research should focus upon sophisticated prospective and family study research in order to best evaluate competing models of the eating disorder-personality relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R R Lilenfeld
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30302-5010, USA.
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40
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Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Brook JS. Personality disorder traits evident by early adulthood and risk for eating and weight problems during middle adulthood. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39:184-92. [PMID: 16498587 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current article investigates the association of personality disorder (PD) with the subsequent development of eating and weight problems. METHOD Psychiatric interviews were administered to a community-based sample of 658 individuals at mean ages 14, 16, 22, and 33 years. RESULTS Individuals with PD by age 22 were at an elevated risk for eating disorders at mean age 33 years. PDs were associated with risk for onset of binge eating, purging, daily dietary restriction, and obesity among individuals without a history of these problems. Borderline and histrionic PD symptoms were associated with recurrent binging and purging at mean age 33 years. Antisocial and schizotypal symptoms were associated with recurrent binging and obesity at mean age 33 years. Depressive PD symptoms were associated with recurrent binging and dietary restriction at mean age 33 years. CONCLUSION PD symptoms, evident by early adulthood, may be associated with the risk for the development of eating and weight problems by middle adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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41
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Paxton SJ, Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D. Prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: A five-year longitudinal study. Dev Psychol 2006; 42:888-99. [PMID: 16953694 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated prospective risk factors for increases in body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys in the Eating Among Teens Project. At the time of first assessment (Time 1), participants were a cohort of early adolescent girls (N=440) and boys (N=366) and a cohort of middle adolescent girls (N=946) and boys (N=764). Participants were followed up 5 years later (Time 2). Potential prospective risk factors examined included body mass index, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, parent dieting environment, peer environment, and psychological factors. Predictors of Time 2 body dissatisfaction were Time 1 body dissatisfaction, body mass index, socioeconomic status, being African American, friend dieting and teasing, self-esteem, and depression. However, the profile of predictors differed across the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Paxton
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
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42
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Saling M, Ricciardelli LA, McCabe MP. A Prospective Study of Individual Factors in the Development of Weight and Muscle Concerns Among Preadolescent Children. J Youth Adolesc 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-005-8953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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McCabe MP, Ricciardelli LA, Holt K. A longitudinal study to explain strategies to change weight and muscles among normal weight and overweight children. Appetite 2005; 45:225-34. [PMID: 16182409 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that both boys and girls strive for a slim body, with boys having an additional focus on a muscular body build. The current study was designed to evaluate the utility of a biopsychosocial model to explain body image and body change strategies among children. The study evaluated changes over time in body image and strategies to lose weight and increase muscles among 132 normal weight and 67 overweight boys (mean age = 9.23 years) and 158 normal weight and 55 overweight girls (mean age = 9.33 years). The predictive role of BMI, positive and negative affect, self-esteem and perceived sociocultural pressures to lose weight or increase muscle on body image and body change strategies over a 16 month period was evaluated. All participants completed the questionnaire on both occasions. The results demonstrated that both overweight boys and girls were more likely to be dissatisfied with their weight, place more importance on their weight, engage in more strategies to lose weight as well as perceive more pressure to lose weight. Overweight boys and girls were also more likely to report lower levels of self-esteem and positive affect, and higher levels of negative affect, and reported a reduction in their self-esteem over time. Regression analyses demonstrated that among overweight boys, low self-esteem and high levels of perceived pressure to lose weight predicted weight dissatisfaction; for overweight girls, weight dissatisfaction was also predicted by low levels of self-esteem. The implication of these findings in terms of factors contributing to the adoption of health risk behaviors among children is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P McCabe
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Burwood, Vic. 3125, Australia.
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44
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Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ, Tilgner L. Test-retest reliability and construct validity of Contour Drawing Rating Scale scores in a sample of early adolescent girls. Body Image 2004; 1:199-205. [PMID: 18089152 DOI: 10.1016/s1740-1445(03)00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Test-retest and construct validity of Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS) scores were examined in 1056 Grades 7 and 8 girls. Questionnaires were completed four times, including retests at 2, 6 and 14 weeks. Test-retest reliability for current size, ideal size and current-ideal discrepancy mostly exceeded 0.70 (0.65-0.87, for the full sample, with higher rs for shorter retest periods). Ideal and current size ratings increased slightly over time. High correlations between perceived current figure and measured body mass index; moderate rs between current-ideal discrepancy and body dissatisfaction and restrained eating; and very low or no significant correlations with social desirability supported construct validity in this group. The study supported the use of the CDRS in early adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor H Wertheim
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Vic. 3086, Australia
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45
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Tilgner L, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ. Effect of social desirability on adolescent girls' responses to an eating disorders prevention program. Int J Eat Disord 2004; 35:211-6. [PMID: 14994359 DOI: 10.1002/eat.10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examined whether a social desirability response bias is a source of measurement error in prevention research. METHOD Six hundred and seventy-seven female students in Grade 7 (n = 345) and Grade 8 (n = 332) were divided into either an intervention condition, in which participants watched a videotape promoting body acceptance and discouraging dieting and then discussed issues related to the video, or a control condition. Questionnaires were completed at baseline, postintervention, and at 1-month follow-up. RESULTS Social desirability scores were correlated at a low but significant level with baseline body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, bulimic tendencies, intention to diet, and size discrepancy for intervention participants. Social desirability did not correlate significantly with change over time in the outcome measures. DISCUSSION The findings suggested that changes in girls' self-reports related to a prevention program were relatively free of social desirability response bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tilgner
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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46
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Jacobi C, Hayward C, de Zwaan M, Kraemer HC, Agras WS. Coming to Terms With Risk Factors for Eating Disorders: Application of Risk Terminology and Suggestions for a General Taxonomy. Psychol Bull 2004; 130:19-65. [PMID: 14717649 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 808] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present review are to apply a recent risk factor approach (H. C. Kraemer et al., 1997) to putative risk factors for eating disorders, to order these along a timeline, and to deduce general taxonomic questions. Putative risk factors were classified according to risk factor type, outcome (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, full vs. partial syndromes), and additional factor characteristics (specificity, potency, need for replication). Few of the putative risk factors were reported to precede the onset of the disorder. Many factors were general risk factors; only few differentiated between the 3 eating disorder syndromes. Common risk factors from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies were gender, ethnicity, early childhood eating and gastrointestinal problems, elevated weight and shape concerns, negative self-evaluation, sexual abuse and other adverse experiences, and general psychiatric morbidity. Suggestions are made for the conceptualization of future risk factor studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Jacobi
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany.
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47
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Littleton HL, Ollendick T. Negative body image and disordered eating behavior in children and adolescents: what places youth at risk and how can these problems be prevented? Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2003; 6:51-66. [PMID: 12659451 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022266017046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we examine the prevalence of negative body image and disordered eating behaviors (i.e., excessive dieting, binge eating, inappropriate weight loss techniques) in children and adolescents. We also explore correlates and predictors of the development of these problems, including individual, familial, and social factors, as well as discuss factors that may serve a protective function. In addition, we critically evaluate the psychoeducational programs that have been developed to prevent the onset of these problems and reduce the severity of symptoms in children and adolescents. Moreover, we suggest several possible strategies for how such prevention programs can be modified to enhance their efficacy. Finally, likely moderator and mediator variables of the effectiveness of such programs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Littleton
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA.
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48
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Martínez-González MA, Gual P, Lahortiga F, Alonso Y, de Irala-Estévez J, Cervera S. Parental factors, mass media influences, and the onset of eating disorders in a prospective population-based cohort. Pediatrics 2003; 111:315-20. [PMID: 12563057 DOI: 10.1542/peds.111.2.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for eating disorders. METHODS A community cohort study was conducted in Navarra, Spain. A region-wide representative sample of 2862 girls who were 12 to 21 years of age completed the Eating Attitudes Test (40-item version) and other questionnaires in 1997. Girls who scored high in the Eating Attitudes Test-40 were interviewed by a psychiatrist who applied Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria to diagnose prevalent cases of eating disorders. Girls who were free of any eating disorder in 1997 were reassessed after 18 months of follow-up using the same methods. RESULTS Ninety new cases of eating disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria were identified during the follow-up. In the multivariate logistic analysis, a higher risk of incident eating disorder was found for several exposures assessed at the beginning of follow-up, such as younger age, usually eating alone (odds ratio [OR]: 2.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.9-4.6), and frequently reading girls' magazines or listening to radio programs (OR: 2.1; 1.2-3.8 for those most frequently using both media). No independent association was found for television viewing or socioeconomic status. A marital status of parents different from "being married" was associated with a significantly higher risk in the multivariate analysis (OR: 2.0; 1.1-3.5). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the role of mass media influences and parental marital status in the onset of eating disorders. The habit of eating alone should be considered as a warning sign of eating disorders.
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49
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Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kotler L, Kasen S, Brook JS. Psychiatric disorders associated with risk for the development of eating disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002; 70:1119-28. [PMID: 12362962 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.70.5.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal data were used to investigate whether anxiety, depressive, disruptive, personality, or substance use disorders are associated with risk for the development of eating disorders during adolescence or early adulthood. Psychiatric disorders were assessed among 726 youths from a random community sample during adolescence and early adulthood. Depressive disorders during early adolescence were associated with elevated risk for the onset of eating disorders, dietary restriction, purging behavior, and recurrent weight fluctuations after preexisting eating problems and other psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically. Disruptive and personality disorders were independently associated with elevated risk for specific eating or weight problems. The present findings suggest that depressive disorders during early adolescence may contribute to the development of eating disorders during middle adolescence or early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA.
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50
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Wertheim EH, Martin G, Prior M, Sanson A, Smart D. Parent influences in the transmission of eating and weight related values and behaviors. Eat Disord 2002; 10:321-34. [PMID: 16864275 DOI: 10.1080/10640260214507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Early adolescent boys (n = 587) and girls (n = 619) and a parent completed questionnaires, that assessed child dieting behaviors, body dissatisfaction and tendency to overeat, child's current and ideal size, mother and father dieting, and encouragement of the child to diet.
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