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Ewunkem AJ, Deve M, Harrison SH, Muganda PM. Diepoxybutane induces the p53-dependent transactivation of the CCL4 gene that mediates apoptosis in exposed human lymphoblasts. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23316. [PMID: 36775894 PMCID: PMC10175094 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Diepoxybutane (DEB) is the most toxic metabolite of the environmental chemical 1,3-butadiene. We previously demonstrated the occurrence of DEB-induced p53-mediated apoptosis in human lymphoblasts. The p53 protein functions as a master transcriptional regulator in orchestrating the genomic response to a variety of stress signals. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that C-C chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) gene expression was elevated in a p53-dependent manner in DEB-exposed p53-proficient TK6 cells, but not in DEB-exposed p53-deficient NH32 cells. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether the CCL4 gene is a transcriptional target of p53 and deduce its role in DEB-induced apoptosis in human lymphoblasts. Endogenous and exogenous wild-type p53 transactivated the activity of the CCL4 promoter in DEB-exposed lymphoblasts, but mutant p53 activity on this promoter was reduced by ∼80% under the same experimental conditions. Knockdown of the upregulated CCL4 mRNA levels in p53-proficient TK6 cells inhibited DEB-induced apoptosis by ∼45%-50%. Collectively, these observations demonstrate for the first time that the CCL4 gene is upregulated by wild-type p53 at the transcriptional level, and this upregulation mediates apoptosis in DEB-exposed human lymphoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akamu J. Ewunkem
- Department of Energy and Environmental Systems, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411 USA
| | - Maya Deve
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411 USA
| | - Scott H. Harrison
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411 USA
| | - Perpetua M. Muganda
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411 USA
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Oostingh EC, Huijgen NA, Koedooder R, Dohle GR, Stricker BH, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Potential benefits of the use of sympathomimetics for asthmatic disease, on semen quality in men of subfertile couples. Reprod Biomed Online 2019; 40:423-428. [PMID: 32122752 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Is there an association between the use of sympathomimetics for asthmatic disease and semen quality in humans? DESIGN Between 2007 and 2012 a prospective cohort study was conducted among couples visiting the preconception counselling clinic at a tertiary hospital in the Netherlands. The study included 882 men of subfertile couples and information on medication use was obtained from self-administered questionnaires. Moreover, data on semen parameters were retrieved from medical records. RESULTS The study population of men revealed a mean (± SD) age of 34 ± 4 years with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 26.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2, and sympathomimetic use was reported by 3.6%. The use of sympathomimetics was positively associated with a 10% higher sperm motility (beta 10.265; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.258-17.272) after adjustment for smoking, alcohol use, age, geographic background, BMI, folic acid supplement use, the four astronomical seasons and asthma/bronchitis. Subgroup analysis between men with total motile sperm count (TMSC) < or ≥10 million showed that this association remained (P ≤ 0.001) after adjustment for these confounders. After adjustment for confounders the sperm concentration was also positively associated with the use of sympathomimetics, but only in men with TMSC ≥10 million (beta 0.300; 95% CI 0.032-0.568). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data show the potential benefits of the use of sympathomimetics to improve sperm motility in men of subfertile couples, which needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsje C Oostingh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole A Huijgen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rivka Koedooder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gert R Dohle
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Hc Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Régine Pm Steegers-Theunissen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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The effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on fetal and adult rat testis. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 90:68-76. [PMID: 31412280 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a widely dispersed synthetic chemical, which accumulates in living organisms and has been connected with male reproductive disorders. To monitor the effects of PFOA, fetal rat testes or seminiferous tubule segments (stage VII-VIII) of adult rats were cultured in 0-100 μg/ml PFOA for 24 h. Afterwards, cAMP, progesterone, testosterone and StAR protein levels were measured from the fetal testes culture. Measurements were combined with immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, TUNEL and flow cytometric analysis to monitor cell death in somatic and germ cells. This study shows that the levels of cAMP, progesterone, testosterone and expression of StAR decreased significantly in PFOA 50 and 100 μg/ml. PFOA affected cell populations significantly by decreasing the amount of diploid, proliferating, meiotic I and G2/M-phase cells in adult rat testis. However, PFOA did not affect fetal, proliferating or adult rat Sertoli cells but an increased tendency of apoptosis in fetal Leydig cells was observed.
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Gurel C, Kuscu GC, Buhur A, Dagdeviren M, Oltulu F, Karabay Yavasoglu NU, Yavasoglu A. Fluvastatin attenuates doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in rats by reducing oxidative stress and regulating the blood–testis barrier via mTOR signaling pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:1329-1343. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119862006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline derivative antibiotic that still frequently used in the treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The clinical use of DOX is largely restricted due to acute and chronic renal, cardiac, hematological, and testicular toxicities. Previous studies have indicated that oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in germ cells are the main factors in DOX-induced testicular toxicity, but the entire molecular mechanisms that responsible for DOX-induced testicular damage are not yet fully understood. Fluvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent that acts by inhibiting hydroxylmethyl glutaryl coenzyme A, the key enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition to its cholesterol-lowering effect, fluvastatin showed an antioxidant effect by cleaning hydroxyl and superoxide radicals and this drug could have a protective effect by acting on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathway in testicular damage caused by obesity. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective and therapeutic effects of fluvastatin on the DOX-induced testicular toxicity model by histochemical, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. The present study indicates that fluvastatin may have a protective and therapeutic effect by removing reactive oxygen species and by regulating the mTOR, connexin 43, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid expressions, which play an important role in regulating the blood–testis barrier. On the other hand, the use of fluvastatin as a protective/prophylactic agent was found to be more effective than the use of this drug for treatment. In light of this information, fluvastatin may be a candidate agent that can be used to prevent testicular toxicity observed in men receiving DOX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevik Gurel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokce Ceren Kuscu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Buhur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melih Dagdeviren
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Oltulu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Altug Yavasoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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5
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Silva RC, Britto DMC, de Fátima Pereira W, Brito-Melo GEA, Machado CT, Pedreira MM. Effect of short- and medium-term toxicity of doxorubicin on spermatogenesis in adult Wistar rats. Reprod Biol 2018; 18:169-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Habas K, Anderson D, Brinkworth MH. Germ cell responses to doxorubicin exposure in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2017; 265:70-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Türedi S, Yuluğ E, Alver A, Kutlu Ö, Kahraman C. Effects of resveratrol on doxorubicin induced testicular damage in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:229-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Castellanos P, del Olmo E, Fernández-Santos MR, Rodríguez-Estival J, Garde JJ, Mateo R. Increased chromatin fragmentation and reduced acrosome integrity in spermatozoa of red deer from lead polluted sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:32-38. [PMID: 25306093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates are constantly exposed to a diffuse pollution of heavy metals existing in the environment, but in some cases, the proximity to emission sources like mining activity increases the risk of developing adverse effects of these pollutants. Here we have studied lead (Pb) levels in spermatozoa and testis, and chromatin damage and levels of endogenous antioxidant activity in spermatozoa of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from a Pb mining area (n=37) and a control area (n=26). Deer from the Pb-polluted area showed higher Pb levels in testis parenchyma, epididymal cauda and spermatozoa, lower values of acrosome integrity, higher activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and higher values of DNA fragmentation (X-DFI) and stainability (HDS) in sperm than in the control area. These results indicate that mining pollution can produce damage on chromatin and membrane spermatozoa in wildlife. The study of chromatin fragmentation has not been studied before in spermatozoa of wildlife species, and the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) has been revealed as a successful tool for this purpose in species in which the amount of sperm that can be collected is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Castellanos
- Wildlife Toxicology Group, National Wildlife Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Enrique del Olmo
- SaBio, National Wildlife Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - M Rocío Fernández-Santos
- SaBio, National Wildlife Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Jaime Rodríguez-Estival
- Wildlife Toxicology Group, National Wildlife Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Julián Garde
- SaBio, National Wildlife Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Wildlife Toxicology Group, National Wildlife Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Dere E, Anderson LM, Hwang K, Boekelheide K. Biomarkers of chemotherapy-induced testicular damage. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:1192-202. [PMID: 24182554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of men are having or wanting children after chemotherapy treatment. This can be attributed to improvements in cancer therapies that increase survival. However, a side effect of most chemotherapy drugs is disruption of spermatogenesis and a drastic reduction in sperm count and quality. Although many men eventually recover reproductive function, as indicated by normal semen analyses, there is no clinical test that can assess sperm quality at a high level of sensitivity. Sperm fluorescent in situ hybridization (i.e., FISH) and several different tests for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation have been used infrequently in clinical assessment. Animal models of chemotherapy-induced testicular damage are currently being used to identify potential molecular biomarkers that may be translatable to humans-these include sperm messenger RNAs, microRNAs, histone modifications, and DNA methylation patterns. Changes in these molecular measurements are quantitative and sensitive, potentially making them important clinical biomarkers of testicular function after chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Dere
- Division of Urology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Çeribaşı AO, Sakin F, Türk G, Sönmez M, Ateşşahin A. Impact of ellagic acid on adriamycin-induced testicular histopathological lesions, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation and sperm damages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:717-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Pichiah PBT, Sankarganesh A, Kalaiselvi S, Indirani K, Kamalakkannan S, SankarGanesh D, Hwang PH, Cha YS, Achiraman S. Adriamycin induced spermatogenesis defect is due to the reduction in epididymal adipose tissue mass: a possible hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:218-20. [PMID: 22098724 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Adriamycin is an anthracycline antibiotic used as anticancer drug since past few decades. Though effective against cancer, it is cardiotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and also toxic for reproductive system. Although a number of potential toxic mechanisms have been identified following exposure to adriamycin, the major pathogenic mechanism appears to be the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Animals treated with adriamycin have shown a decrease in total sperm count. This implies that adriamycin impairs the process of spermatogenesis. Epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) is necessary for normal spermatogenesis, and decrease in the EWAT causes disturbance in spermatogenesis. Factor X is an unknown molecule synthesized by EWAT that plays crucial role in spermatogenesis. Adriamycin inhibits Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF-4) and thus downregulates the adipogenesis process needed to maintain the EWAT mass. Apart form adipocytes, KLF-4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) are also found in spermatogonium and testis, implying its vital role in spermatogenesis. Adriamycin treatment inhibits KLF-4 and thus PPAR-γ in EWAT and spermatogonium. Reduction of EWAT might cause a decrease in Factor X level. Declining of Factor X level, KLF-4 and PPAR-γ together will lead to disturbance in spermatogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Tirupathi Pichiah
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Duckjin-dong, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
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12
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Chen L, Feng XC, Lu F, Xu XL, Zhou GH, Li QY, Guo XY. Effects of camptothecin, etoposide and Ca2+ on caspase-3 activity and myofibrillar disruption of chicken during postmortem ageing. Meat Sci 2011; 87:165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Hernández-Ceruelos A, Madrigal-Santillán E, Morales-González JA, Chamorro-Cevallos G, Cassani-Galindo M, Madrigal-Bujaidar E. Antigenotoxic effect of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert essential oil in mouse spermatogonial cells, and determination of its antioxidant capacity in vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:3793-802. [PMID: 21152302 PMCID: PMC2996809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11103793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert (Asteraceae), popularly known as chamomile, is a plant used in traditional medicine for various therapeutic purposes. Chamomile essential oil (CEO) is particularly known to inhibit the genotoxic damage produced by mutagens in mice somatic cells. The aim of this research was to determine the inhibitory potential of CEO on the genotoxic damage produced by daunorubicin (DAU) in mice germ cells. We evaluated the effect of 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg of essential oil on the rate of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induced in spermatogonia by 10 mg/kg of the mutagen. We found no genotoxicity of CEO, but detected an inhibition of SCE after the damage induced by DAU; from the lowest to the highest dose of CEO we found an inhibition of 47.5%, 61.9%, and 93.5%, respectively. As a possible mechanism of action, the antioxidant capacity of CEO was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric thiocyanate assays. In the first test we observed a moderate scavenging potential of the oil; nevertheless, the second assay showed an antioxidant capacity similar to that observed with vitamin E. In conclusion, we found that CEO is an efficient chemoprotective agent against the damage induced by DAU in the precursor cells of the germinal line of mice, and that its antioxidant capacity may induce this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Hernández-Ceruelos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, UAEH, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción. Tilcuautla. Pachuca de Soto, Hgo. Cp 42080, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.H.-C.); (E.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, UAEH, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción. Tilcuautla. Pachuca de Soto, Hgo. Cp 42080, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.H.-C.); (E.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G)
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col Lindavista, D. F. Cp 07738, Mexico; E-Mail: (M.C.-G)
| | - José Antonio Morales-González
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, UAEH, Ex-Hacienda de la Concepción. Tilcuautla. Pachuca de Soto, Hgo. Cp 42080, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.H.-C.); (E.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G)
| | - Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col Lindavista, D. F. Cp 07738, Mexico; E-Mail: (G.C.-C)
| | - Martha Cassani-Galindo
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col Lindavista, D. F. Cp 07738, Mexico; E-Mail: (M.C.-G)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col Lindavista, D. F. Cp 07738, Mexico; E-Mail: (M.C.-G)
- *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: 01-55-57 29 63 00 ext 52402; Fax: 01-55-53 96 35 03
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Marcon L, Zhang X, Hales BF, Nagano MC, Robaire B. Development of a Short-Term Fluorescence-Based Assay to Assess the Toxicity of Anticancer Drugs on Rat Stem/Progenitor Spermatogonia In Vitro1. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:228-37. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.083568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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15
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Codelia VA, Cisterna M, Alvarez AR, Moreno RD. p73 participates in male germ cells apoptosis induced by etoposide. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:734-42. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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16
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Yadavilli S, Chen Z, Albrecht T, Muganda PM. Mechanism of diepoxybutane-induced p53 regulation in human cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 23:373-86. [PMID: 20024960 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diepoxybutane (DEB) is the most potent active metabolite of the environmental chemical 1,3-butadiene (BD). BD is a known mutagen and human carcinogen and possesses multisystems organ toxicity. We previously reported the elevation of p53 in human TK6 lymphoblasts undergoing DEB-induced apoptosis. In this study, we have characterized the DEB-induced p53 accumulation and investigated the mechanisms by which DEB regulates this p53 accumulation. The elevation of p53 levels in DEB-exposed TK6 lymphoblasts and human embryonic lung (HEL) human fibroblasts was found to be largely due to the stabilization of the p53 protein. DEB increased the acetylation of p53 at lys-382, dramatically reduced complex formation between p53 and its regulator protein mdm2 and induced the phosphorylation of p53 at serines 15, 20, 37, 46, and 392 in human lymphoblasts. A dramatic increase in phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 in correlation to total p53 levels was observed in DEB-exposed Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) proficient human lymphoblasts as compared to DEB-exposed ATM-deficient human lymphoblasts; this implicates the ATM kinase in the elevation of p53 levels in DEB-exposed cells. Collectively, these findings explain for the first time the mechanism by which p53 accumulates in DEB-exposed cells and contributes to the understanding of the molecular toxicity of DEB and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Yadavilli
- Environmental Toxicology Ph.D. Program, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
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Sue Marty M, Singh NP, Stebbins KE, Ann Linscombe V, Passage J, Bhaskar Gollapudi B. Initial insights regarding the role of p53 in maintaining sperm DNA integrity following treatment of mice with ethylnitrosourea or cyclophosphamide. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:244-57. [PMID: 20124494 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309357947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
If p53 is essential to eliminate damaged spermatogenic cells, then mutagen exposure in the absence of p53 would increase sperm containing damaged DNA. p53 knockout (-/-, NULL) and wild-type (+/+, WT) mice (five/group) were exposed to ethylnitrosourea (ENU) or cyclophosphamide (CP). In phase I, mice were exposed by gavage to 0 or 60 mg/kg/day ENU or CP for four days and examined on test day (TD) 4, and in phase II, mice were exposed to 0, 6, 20, or 60 mg/kg/day ENU or CP for four days and evaluated on TD 36 when exposed spermatocytes matured. In phase I, mutagens were not directly cytotoxic to mature sperm. In phase II, WT mice were more sensitive to decreases in reproductive organ weights, whereas both genotypes had decreased sperm counts. Testicular histology revealed similar CP responses, but genotype-specific ENU responses (WT mice had depletion of elongating spermatids; NULL mice had late-stage spermatocyte/early stage spermatid loss). Ethylnitrosourea increased DNA strand breaks in WT mice. Thus, mice responded similarly to CP, suggesting a primarily p53-independent response, whereas the ENU response differed by zygosity, suggesting a role for p53. As DNA damage increased at higher ENU doses, compensatory repair pathways may operate in NULL mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sue Marty
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
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Hayashi T, Yoshida S, Yoshinaga A, Ohno R, Ishii N, Yamada T. Improvement of oligoasthenozoospermia in epileptic patients on switching anti-epilepsy medication from sodium valproate to phenytoin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 39:431-2. [PMID: 16257847 DOI: 10.1080/00365590500252688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We present two cases of infertile male patients with oligoasthenozoospermia who were receiving anti-epilepsy medication. Complete reversal of the spermatic dysfunction followed by a successful conception was achieved after discontinuation of sodium valproate, suggesting that the drug was responsible for spermatic dysfunction in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical School, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
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19
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Okada FK, Stumpp T, Miraglia SM. Carnitine reduces testicular damage in rats treated with etoposide in the prepubertal phase. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 337:269-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Ortiz RJ, Lizama C, Codelia VA, Moreno RD. A molecular evaluation of germ cell death induced by etoposide in pubertal rat testes. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:363-71. [PMID: 19346530 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Etoposide is widely used in the treatment of patients with testicular cancer. The mechanism underlying apoptosis induction in cancer cells has been studied in different cell types, but it is not known whether the same factors participate in viable germ cells undergoing programmed cell death. Since testicular cancer primarily affects young males, we used pubertal rats (21 days old) as a model to determine different apoptotic parameters after etoposide treatment in healthy testes. We found that one intratesticular injection of etoposide (1.2 microg/testis) induced a significant increase in spermatocytes undergoing apoptosis, along with activation of caspase-9, -8 and -3 after 24 h of treatment. Spermatocyte apoptosis was inhibited when a general caspase inhibitor was added along with etoposide. Etoposide induces a significant stabilization/activation of p53, resulting in an increase level of this protein. The mRNA of Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death (BAD), a pro-apoptotic gene and a transcriptional target of p53, was significantly increased after etoposide treatment. Thus, our results suggest a single injection of etoposide induces apoptosis in healthy pachytene spermatocytes mediated by p53 and caspase activation. These findings will assist the search for new therapies to prevent the deleterious effect of cancer drugs upon normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina J Ortiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Wade MG, Kawata A, Williams A, Yauk C. Methoxyacetic Acid-Induced Spermatocyte Death Is Associated with Histone Hyperacetylation in Rats1. Biol Reprod 2008; 78:822-31. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.065151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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22
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Vogt E, Kirsch-Volders M, Parry J, Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Spindle formation, chromosome segregation and the spindle checkpoint in mammalian oocytes and susceptibility to meiotic error. Mutat Res 2007; 651:14-29. [PMID: 18096427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors attachment to microtubules and tension on chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis. It represents a surveillance mechanism that halts cells in M-phase in the presence of unattached chromosomes, associated with accumulation of checkpoint components, in particular, Mad2, at the kinetochores. A complex between the anaphase promoting factor/cylosome (APC/C), its accessory protein Cdc20 and proteins of the SAC renders APC/C inactive, usually until all chromosomes are properly assembled at the spindle equator (chromosome congression) and under tension from spindle fibres. Upon release from the SAC the APC/C can target proteins like cyclin B and securin for degradation by the proteasome. Securin degradation causes activation of separase proteolytic enzyme, and in mitosis cleavage of cohesin proteins at the centromeres and arms of sister chromatids. In meiosis I only the cohesin proteins at the sister chromatid arms are cleaved. This requires meiosis specific components and tight regulation by kinase and phosphatase activities. There is no S-phase between meiotic divisions. Second meiosis resembles mitosis. Mammalian oocytes arrest constitutively at metaphase II in presence of aligned chromosomes, which is due to the activity of the cytostatic factor (CSF). The SAC has been identified in spermatogenesis and oogenesis, but gender-differences may contribute to sex-specific differential responses to aneugens. The age-related reduction in expression of components of the SAC in mammalian oocytes may act synergistically with spindle and other cell organelles' dysfunction, and a partial loss of cohesion between sister chromatids to predispose oocytes to errors in chromosome segregation. This might affect dose-response to aneugens. In view of the tendency to have children at advanced maternal ages it appears relevant to pursue studies on consequences of ageing on the susceptibility of human oocytes to the induction of meiotic error by aneugens and establish models to assess risks to human health by environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vogt
- University of Bielefeld, Faculty of Biology, Gene Technology/Microbiology, Bielefeld, Germany
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23
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Zanetti SR, Maldonado EN, Aveldaño MI. Doxorubicin Affects Testicular Lipids with Long-Chain (C18-C22) and Very Long-Chain (C24-C32) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6973-80. [PMID: 17638909 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Doxorubicin disrupts spermatogenesis by causing apoptosis of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of this agent on adult rat testicular lipids and their fatty acids. A single dose (7.5 mg/kg) and a multidose regime (3 mg/kg once a week for 4 weeks) were evaluated. Both treatments resulted in the gradual loss of spermatogenic cells and determined a marked reduction in testicular size and weight 9 weeks after their start. Germ cell loss was accompanied by a decrease in phospholipids, including glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin. Concomitantly, glycerophospholipids lost selectively their major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), 22:5n-6, and sphingomyelin lost its major very long-chain PUFA (VLCPUFA), 28:4n-6 and 30:5n-6. The molecular species from which the lost polyenes originated were thus a trait of germ cells. A transient peak of 16:0-ceramide was observed 48 h after the single dose. In both doxorubicin regimes, sphingomyelin and ceramide with reduced amounts of VLCPUFA after about 4 weeks and with no VLCPUFA after 9 weeks resulted. By contrast, triglycerides and especially cholesterol esters (CE) tended to accumulate in the testes undergoing germ cell death, probably in the surviving Sertoli cells, their fatty acid patterns suggesting that initially, these lipids retained part of the PUFA coming from, or no longer used for, the synthesis of germ cell glycerophospholipids. As the latter decreased, CE accumulated massively 9 weeks after starting doxorubicin treatment, 20:4n-6 becoming their major PUFA. Part of these CEs may derive from surviving steroidogenic cells. [Cancer Res 2007;67(14):6973–80]
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta R Zanetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Universidad Nacional del Sur, La Carrindanga km. 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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24
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Abstract
Spermatocytes normally sustain many meiotically induced double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) early in meiotic prophase; in autosomal chromatin, these are repaired by initiation of meiotic homologous-recombination processes. Little is known about how spermatocytes respond to environmentally induced DNA damage after recombination-related DSBs have been repaired. The experiments described here tested the hypothesis that, even though actively completing meiotic recombination, pachytene spermatocytes cultured in the absence of testicular somatic cells initiate appropriate chromatin remodeling and cell-cycle responses to environmentally induced DNA damage. Two DNA-damaging agents were employed for in vitro treatment of pachytene spermatocytes: gamma-irradiation and etoposide, a topoisomerase II (TOP2) inhibitor that results in persistent unligated DSBs. Chromatin modifications associated with DSBs were monitored after exposure by labeling surface-spread chromatin with antibodies against RAD51 (which recognizes DSBs) and the phosphorylated variant of histone H2AFX (herein designated by its commonly used symbol, H2AX), gammaH2AX (which modifies chromatin associated with DSBs). Both gammaH2AX and RAD51 were rapidly recruited to irradiation- or etoposide-damaged chromatin. These chromatin modifications imply that spermatocytes recruit active DNA damage responses, even after recombination is substantially completed. Furthermore, irradiation-induced DNA damage inhibited okadaic acid-induced progression of spermatocytes from meiotic prophase to metaphase I (MI), implying efficacy of DNA damage checkpoint mechanisms. Apoptotic responses of spermatocytes with DNA damage differed, with an increase in frequency of early apoptotic spermatocytes after etoposide treatment, but not following irradiation. Taken together, these results demonstrate modification of pachytene spermatocyte chromatin and inhibition of meiotic progress after DNA damage by mechanisms that may ensure gametic genetic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Matulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
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25
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Robaire B, Codrington AM, Hales BF. Molecular Changes in Sperm and Early Embryos after Paternal Exposure to a Chemotherapeutic Agent. MALE-MEDIATED DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847557643-00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Montreal Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University Montreal Canada
| | | | - Barbara F. Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Montreal Canada
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26
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27
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Borovskaya TG, Gol'dberg VE, Shchemerova YA, Perova AV, Timina EA, Pakhomova AV. Evaluation of the progeny of rats treated with topoisomerase II inhibitor vepesid. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 141:578-80. [PMID: 17181057 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Progeny of Wistar rats treated with vepesid 1, 3, and 6 months before mating is characterized by common pathological changes. These changes were more pronounced and more diverse in animals descending from females receiving the cytostatic compared to the progeny of treated males. The severity of toxic effects depended on the period between mating and vepesid treatment. Cytostatic treatment 3 months before mating was associated with minimum toxicity for the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Borovskaya
- Institute of Pharmacology, Tomsk Research Center, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.
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28
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Hayashi T, Yoshida S, Ohno R, Ishii N, Terao T, Yamada T. Asthenospermia in hay fever patients improved by stopping treatment with histamine H1 receptor antagonists. Int J Urol 2006; 13:1028-30. [PMID: 16882083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report two cases of asthenospermia, which appeared to be associated with exposure to histamine H1 receptor antagonists. A 44-year-old man and a 35-year-old man had continued the treatment with fexofenadine hydrochloride and cetirizine hydrochloride, respectively, under the diagnosis of hay fever. They and their wives had been examined as infertile couples. Infertility evaluations revealed no problems with their wives; the patients, however, were found to have a low sperm motility (<10%). On suspicion of adverse effects of the histamine H1 receptor antagonists, they stopped treatment with these drugs, which resulted in a complete reversal of spermatic dysfunction. Current information identifies the potential fertility hazards of histamine H1 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical School, Kawagoe, Japan.
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29
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Ståhl O, Eberhard J, Jepson K, Spano M, Cwikiel M, Cavallin-Ståhl E, Giwercman A. Sperm DNA integrity in testicular cancer patients. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:3199-205. [PMID: 16931803 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the impact of testicular germ cell cancer (TGCC), its treatment and length of follow-up on sperm DNA integrity. METHODS In 96 TGCC patients, semen was collected at specific intervals until 5 years after treatment. Sperm DNA integrity was assessed by the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA, n = 193) and by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL, n = 159) assay. Results were expressed as DNA fragmentation index (DFI). Controls comprised of 278 military conscripts. RESULTS Post-surgery testicular cancer (TC) patients did not differ from controls. Compared with pretreatment values, radiotherapy induced a transient increase in SCSA(DFI) (medians: 12 versus 19%; P = 0.03), normalizing after 3-5 years. One year or more after therapy, 5/13 (38%) of normozoospermic, irradiated patients had SCSA(DFI) >27% compared with 7% of normozoospermic controls (P = 0.002). More than two cycles of chemotherapy decreased DFI 3-5 years post-therapy (median SCSA(DFI): 12 versus 9.1%, P = 0.02; median TUNEL(DFI): 11 versus 7.5%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Irradiation increases sperm DNA damage 1-2 years after treatment, and 38% of irradiated patients with normozoospermia had high (>27%) DNA damage, which may affect the sperm-fertilizing ability. TC per se is not associated with an increase of DFI, and DFI is reduced by three or more cycles of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ståhl
- Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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30
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Stumpp T, Freymüller E, Miraglia SM. Sertoli cell function in albino rats treated with etoposide during prepubertal phase. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 126:353-61. [PMID: 16550346 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cell plays a key role in spermatogenesis. Many studies refer that this cell is not harmed by the majority of anticancer treatments known to cause damage to the testis. However, in the previous study we observed that etoposide, an efficient chemotherapeutic drug, provokes an increase in numerical density of the Sertoli cells. This phenomenon suggests that this cell was harmed by etoposide. Thus, we decided to investigate a possible direct action of etoposide on Sertoli cells analyzing the function of this cell and relating it with the integrity and damage of the seminiferous epithelium. Prepubertal albino rats received 5 mg/kg of etoposide for eight consecutive days and were sacrificed in different ages. The control groups received 0.9% saline solution. The testes were fixed in Bouin's liquid for transferrin immunolabeling and testicular labeled tissue volume density measurement. Except for the younger rats, all the etoposide-treated rats showed diminution of transferrin immunolabeling in the seminiferous epithelium, and consequently, of total labeled testicular tissue volume density. We concluded that the diminution of transferrin labeling in the seminiferous epithelium was not associated with germ cell absence such as commonly reported. The results suggest etoposide impairs Sertoli cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiza Stumpp
- Federal University of São Paulo, 740, Botucatu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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31
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Prahalathan C, Selvakumar E, Varalakshmi P. Modulatory role of lipoic acid on adriamycin-induced testicular injury. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 160:108-14. [PMID: 16434030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the protective efficacy of dl-alpha-lipoic acid (LA) on adriamycin (ADR)-induced oxidative damage in rat testis. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were administered ADR (1 mg/kg body weight, i.v.), once a week for 10 weeks. ADR injected rats showed increased oxidative stress with a concomitant decrease in cellular thiols. The mRNA level for phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) was also significantly decreased by ADR administration. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations of testicular germ cells revealed abnormal ultrastructural changes in ADR treated rats. Treatment with lipoic acid (35 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) 1 day prior to ADR administration, effectively reverted these abnormal changes towards normalcy. These findings indicate a cytoprotective role of LA in this experimental model of testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambaram Prahalathan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
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Prahalathan C, Selvakumar E, Varalakshmi P. Lipoic acid modulates adriamycin-induced testicular toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 21:54-9. [PMID: 16112542 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adriamycin (ADR), an anthracycline antibiotic, which is widely used as an antineoplastic drug in the treatment of various solid tumors, has been shown to induce reproductive abnormalities in males. In the present study, the effect of lipoic acid (LA) a universal antioxidant was investigated on ADR-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were administered ADR (1mg/kg body weight, i.v.), once a week for 10 weeks. ADR-injected rats showed increased levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine with high protein carbonyl contents in testicular tissue. These changes were associated with significant increase in DNA damage in the sperm as evidenced by increased single strand breaks in a fluorimetric analysis of DNA unwinding (FADU). The activities of steroidogenic enzymes such as 3beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase and 17beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase, serum testosterone levels were decreased significantly in ADR-treated rats. Flow cytometric evaluation of testicular tissue in ADR-administered rats revealed impaired spermatogenesis and testicular function. Treatment with lipoic acid (35 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) one day prior to ADR administration, maintained near normal steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, thereby proving it to be an effective cytoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambaram Prahalathan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, Tamilnadu, India
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33
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Borovskaya TG, Gol'dberg VE, Poluektova ME, Timina EA, Shchemerova YA, Perova AV. Effect of vepeside on the function of reproductive system in rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2005; 140:317-9. [PMID: 16307047 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-005-0478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on adult rats showed that a single intravenous injection of antitumor drug vepeside in a MTD (maximum tolerable dose) reduced the reproductive status during periods corresponding to exposure of mature sex cells, spermatocytes, and spermatogonia in male rats and exposure of oocytes in ovulating, mature, and primordial follicles in female rats. Reduction of the male and female reproductive function manifested in increased antenatal mortality of the progeny. The toxic effects of the drug on mature male sex cells caused temporary partial infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Borovskaya
- Institute of Pharmacology, Tomsk Research Center, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
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34
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Prahalathan C, Selvakumar E, Varalakshmi P. Protective effect of lipoic acid on adriamycin-induced testicular toxicity. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 360:160-6. [PMID: 15964560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adriamycin (ADR), an anthracycline antibiotic, which is widely used as an antineoplastic drug in the treatment of various solid tumors, has been shown to induce reproductive abnormalities in males. In the present study, the effect of lipoic acid (LA), a universal antioxidant, was investigated on ADR-induced testicular toxicity in rats. METHODS Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were administered ADR (1 mg/kg body weight, i.v.), once a week for 10 weeks. Semen quality was evaluated in terms of sperm count, percentage motility and abnormality. The testicular damage was also assessed by the measurement of marker enzymes activities and histology. RESULTS ADR treated rats showed a significant decrease in sperm count and motility while an increase in dead and abnormal sperms. The activities of testicular marker enzymes such as gamma-glutamyl transferase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were increased whereas the activity of lactate dehydrogenase-X was decreased significantly in the animals treated with ADR. ADR treated rats also showed abnormal histologic findings. Treatment with lipoic acid (35 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) 1 day prior to ADR administration, improved the semen quality and maintained near normal activities of the enzymes. CONCLUSION By the reversal of biochemical and morphological changes towards normalcy, the cytoprotective role of LA is illuminated in ADR-induced testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambaram Prahalathan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai-600 113, India
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35
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Chung SS, Wang X, Wolgemuth DJ. Male sterility in mice lacking retinoic acid receptor alpha involves specific abnormalities in spermiogenesis. Differentiation 2005; 73:188-98. [PMID: 15901285 PMCID: PMC3785313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2005.00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The severe degeneration of the germinal epithelium and subsequent male sterility observed in mice null for the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) gene suggested its critical role in spermatogenesis, although the etiology and progression of these abnormalities remain to be determined. Previous studies have revealed that elongated spermatids in RARalpha(-/-) testes were improperly aligned at the tubular lumen and did not undergo spermiation at stage VIII(*). We now report a distinctive failure of step 8-9 spermatids to orient properly with regard to the basal aspect of Sertoli cells, resulting in stage VIII(*)-IX(*) tubules with randomly oriented spermatids. By in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), we noted that elongating spermatids frequently underwent apoptosis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that while activated caspase-3, the primary effector caspase in the apoptotic cell death machinery, was detected in the nuclei of primary spermatocytes in the first wave of spermatogenesis and occasionally in spermatogonia of both normal and mutant testes, it was not involved in the death of elongating spermatids in RARalpha(-/-) testes. Thus, sterility in RARalpha(-/-) males was associated with specific defects in spermiogenesis, which may correlate with a failure in both spermatid release and spermatid orientation to the basal aspect of Sertoli cells at stage VIII(*) in young adult RARalpha(-/-) testis. Further, the resulting apoptosis in elongating spermatids appears to involve pathways other than that mediated by activated caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanny S.W. Chung
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, 630W, 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA, Fax: (212) 305-6084
| | - Xiangyuan Wang
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia \University Medical Center, 630W, 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA, Fax: (212) 305-6084
| | - Debra J. Wolgemuth
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, 630W, 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA, Fax: (212) 305-6084; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; The Center for Reproductive Sciences, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; The Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Prahalathan C, Selvakumar E, Varalakshmi P. Lipoic acid ameliorates adriamycin-induced testicular mitochondriopathy. Reprod Toxicol 2005; 20:111-6. [PMID: 15808794 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adriamycin (ADR), an anthracycline antibiotic, which is widely used as an antineoplastic drug in the treatment of various solid tumors, has been shown to induce reproductive abnormalities in males. In the present study, the effect of lipoic acid (LA), a universal antioxidant was investigated on ADR-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were administered ADR (1 mg/kg body weight, i.v.), once a week for 10 weeks. Mitochondrial fractions of the testis were obtained by differential centrifugation. The activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were decreased significantly in the animals treated with ADR. The levels of mitochondrial lipid peroxides and hydrogen peroxide were increased in ADR-treated rats. ADR-treated rats also showed decline in the activities of mitochondrial enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH). Treatment with lipoic acid (35 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) 1 day prior to ADR administration, maintained near normal activities of the enzymes, thereby proving to be an effective cytoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambaram Prahalathan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, India
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Aguilar-Mahecha A, Hales BF, Robaire B. Effects of Acute and Chronic Cyclophosphamide Treatment on Meiotic Progression and the Induction of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Rat Spermatocytes1. Biol Reprod 2005; 72:1297-304. [PMID: 15673603 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.038620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Male rats treated with cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent commonly used clinically in both acute and chronic regimens, present with damaged male germ cells and abnormal progeny outcome. The extent and type of damage induced by cyclophosphamide largely depend on the germ cell type exposed to the drug and its ability to respond to insult. In the present study, the response of pachytene spermatocytes to damage was evaluated by assessing their ability to undergo meiotic G2/MI transition following exposure to acute or chronic cyclophosphamide. Male rats were given an acute high dose (70 mg/kg, once) or chronic low doses (6 mg/kg, daily for 5-6 wk) of cyclophosphamide. Pachytene spermatocytes were isolated, cultured, and induced to undergo G2/MI transition with okadaic acid. To determine the effect of DNA damage on meiotic progression, induction of DNA double-strand breaks was detected after each treatment regimen by the formation of foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX. The transition from G2 to MI was impaired after acute cyclophosphamide treatment; this impairment in the progression of pachytene spermatocytes was correlated with extensive DNA double-strand breaks. In contrast, despite the presence of significant levels of DNA damage, meiotic progression was not impaired in spermatocytes after chronic cyclophosphamide exposure. We suggest that the cell cycle impairment induced after acute cyclophosphamide treatment could be mediated by a G2/M checkpoint activated in response to DNA damage. The absence of impairment after chronic treatment raises concern about the functionality of defense mechanisms in male germ cells after repeated exposure to low doses of genotoxic agents.
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Hayashi T, Yoshinaga A, Ohno R, Ishii N, Kamata S, Watanabe T, Yamada T. Asthenozoospermia: Possible association with long-term exposure to an anti-epileptic drug of carbamazepine. Int J Urol 2005; 12:113-4. [PMID: 15661067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Little attention has been paid to infertility in men with epilepsy and little information exists about the mechanisms by which anti-epileptic drugs affect spermatogenesis or sperm function. We report a case of a male infertility patient with asthenozoospermia during long-term treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. A 29-year-old man had continued treatment with anti-epileptic drugs under the diagnosis of epilepsy for 13 years. He and his wife had been examined and treated as an infertile couple for 3 years. The patient was found to have no motile sperm with a normal sperm count, while taking a dose of 400 mg/day of carbamazepine. On suspicion of an adverse effect of carbamazepine, he was switched to phenytoin monotherapy. One month after that, sperm motility was vastly improved (65%) and they conceived a child 5 months after that. One must be cautious in extrapolating from a case report, but these findings strongly suggest a direct effect of carbamazepine on spermatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical School, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan.
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Stumpp T, Sasso-Cerri E, Freymüller E, Miraglia SM. Apoptosis and testicular alterations in albino rats treated with etoposide during the prepubertal phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 279:611-22. [PMID: 15224403 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide is a podophyllotoxin semiderivative that is used in a variety of chemotherapy treatments, including therapy for children tumors. This drug promotes the formation of a ternary DNA-topoisomerase II-etoposide complex that triggers apoptosis. The purpose of this work was to analyze the occurrence of apoptosis in the seminiferous epithelium of prepubertal, pubertal, and adult rats treated with 10, 20, and 40 mg/Kg of etoposide during the prepubertal phase, as well as the role of apoptosis in etoposide-induced testicular damage. The rat testes were fixed in Bouin's liquid, and the apoptotic cells were quantified by means of the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) technique (all groups) and the terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method (prepubertal groups only). The results obtained from both the H&E and TUNEL methods showed an increased frequency of apoptosis in the seminiferous epithelium of treated animals, except for the subgroup that received the 10-mg/Kg dose and was sacrificed 12 hr after the treatment and for the etoposide-treated pubertal group, that did not show cells suggesting apoptosis during H&E analysis. The labeled cells were mainly primary spermatocytes and differentiated spermatogonia. The prepubertal rats showed an etoposide-dose-dependent diminution of differentiated spermatogonia. Etoposide treatment during the prepubertal phase increases the frequency of apoptosis in the seminiferous epithelium, and causes serious harm to male fertility. 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiza Stumpp
- Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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40
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Yan W, Ma L, Burns KH, Matzuk MM. Haploinsufficiency of kelch-like protein homolog 10 causes infertility in male mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7793-8. [PMID: 15136734 PMCID: PMC419685 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308025101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a testis-specific gene encoding a protein containing a BTB/POZ domain and six kelch repeats, which we named kelch homolog 10 (KLHL10). KLHL10 displays high evolutionary conservation in mammals, as evidenced by 98.7% amino acid identity between mouse and human KLHL10. KLHL10 is exclusively expressed in the cytoplasm of elongating and elongated spermatids (steps 9-16). We generated a Klhl10 null allele in 129S6/SvEv mouse embryonic stem cells, and obtained 47 chimeras from six independent embryonic stem cell lines. Whereas low-percentage male chimeras only produce C57BL/6J offspring, high-percentage chimeric and heterozygous males were completely infertile because of disrupted spermiogenesis characterized by asynchronous spermatid maturation, degeneration of late spermatids, sloughing of postmeiotic germ cells from the seminiferous epithelium, and marked reduction in the numbers of late spermatids. Our data demonstrate that, like protamine-1 and -2, both alleles of Klhl10 are required for male fertility and that haploinsufficiency caused by a mutation in one allele of Klhl10 prevents genetic transmission of both mutant and WT alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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41
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Yadavilli S, Muganda PM. Diepoxybutane induces caspase and p53-mediated apoptosis in human lymphoblasts. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 195:154-65. [PMID: 14998682 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 11/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diepoxybutane (DEB) is the most potent metabolite of the environmental chemical 1,3-butadiene (BD), which is prevalent in petrochemical industrial areas. BD is a known mutagen and human carcinogen, and possesses multiorgan systems toxicity that includes bone marrow depletion, spleen, and thymus atrophy. Toxic effects of BD are mediated through its epoxy metabolites. In working towards elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of BD toxicity, we investigated the ability of DEB to induce apoptosis in human lymphoblasts. DEB induced a concentration and exposure time-dependent apoptosis, which accounted for the DEB-induced loss of cell viability observed in TK6 lymphoblasts. The DEB-induced apoptosis was inhibited by inhibitors of caspases 3 and 9. The role of p53 in mediating the DEB-induced apoptosis was also investigated. DEB induced elevated p53 levels in direct correlation to the extent of DEB-induced apoptosis, as the concentration of DEB increased up to 5 microM. The extent of DEB-induced apoptosis was dramatically higher in TK6 lymphoblasts as compared to the genetically paired p53-deficient NH32 lymphoblasts under the same experimental conditions. Our results confirm and extend observations on the occurrence of apoptosis in DEB exposed cells, and demonstrate for the first time the elevation of p53 levels in human lymphoblasts in response to DEB exposure. In addition, our results demonstrate for the first time that DEB-induced apoptosis is mediated by caspases 3 and 9, as well as the p53 protein. It is possible that DEB-induced apoptosis may explain BD-induced bone marrow depletion, spleen and thymus atrophy in BD-exposed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Yadavilli
- Environmental Toxicology Ph.D. Program, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
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42
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Abstract
Doxorubicin is an effective anticancer drug but its use is limited due to its adverse side effects such as infertility and cardiomyopathy. Some possible mechanisms of the action of doxorubicin have been postulated, but the initial gene deregulation response has not been investigated. Fetal life stages are critical periods in mammalian oogenesis. This study analyzes gene expression alterations in mouse fetal oocytes exposed in vitro to this anticancer agent. cDNA libraries were generated from isolated fetal oocytes and differential screenings performed with cDNAs from in vitro doxorubicin-treated and -untreated oocytes. Differentially expressed genes were assessed by real-time RT-PCR to quantify the extent of their transcriptional control in doxorubicin-exposed oocytes. The results show that doxorubicin alters the expression of genes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, intracellular transport and cell differentiation. Finally, the up-regulation of a differentially expressed gene (metaxin) mediated by its promoter was evaluated in a functional assay. When treated with doxorubicin, somatic cells transfected with a genetic construct including the promoter of metaxin and a reporter gene showed increases in expression similar to those observed in fetal oocytes. This demonstrates the direct effect of agent on the regulation of a specific gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo Bonilla
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico DF, Mexico
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43
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Yamamoto H, Ochiya T, Tamamushi S, Toriyama-Baba H, Takahama Y, Hirai K, Sasaki H, Sakamoto H, Saito I, Iwamoto T, Kakizoe T, Terada M. HST-1/FGF-4 gene activation induces spermatogenesis and prevents adriamycin-induced testicular toxicity. Oncogene 2002; 21:899-908. [PMID: 11840335 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2001] [Revised: 10/11/2001] [Accepted: 10/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated expression of the HST-1/FGF-4 gene in the testis of normal adult animals, which suggests its possible role in spermatogenesis. For an understanding of its functional significance in the testis, conditional transgene expression was used. Precise genetic switches can be efficiently generated in a straightforward manner using adenovirus-carrying Cre recombinase, which means our new strategies promise to contribute substantially to a better and prompt understanding of the functions of genes in vivo by controlling the expression of any gene to any organ at any desired time. Our new method demonstrated for the first time that the specific gain of function of the HST-1/FGF-4 gene in the testis resulted in markedly enhanced spermatogenesis. To further investigate the function and therapeutic potency of HST-1/FGF-4, transgenic mice with enhanced HST-1/FGF-4 expression in the testis were exposed to adriamycin (ADR), an anticancer drug causing severe testicular toxicity. Degree of damage to spermatogenesis was assessed by sperm count, testicular weight, histology, and DNA ploidy. Induced expression of HST-1/FGF-4 markedly enhanced the recovery of ADR-induced testicular damage. Furthermore, adenoviruses carrying the HST-1/FGF-4 gene ameliorated testicular toxicity of ADR. These results with new adenovirus-mediated Cre/lox conditional mice indicated that HST-1/FGF-4 could be an important factor for spermatogenesis, presenting a new paradigm to treat impaired fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Yamamoto
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji, 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
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44
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Jansen J, Olsen AK, Wiger R, Naegeli H, de Boer P, van Der Hoeven F, Holme JA, Brunborg G, Mullenders L. Nucleotide excision repair in rat male germ cells: low level of repair in intact cells contrasts with high dual incision activity in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:1791-800. [PMID: 11292852 PMCID: PMC31314 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.8.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of genotoxin-induced mutations in the mammalian germline is detrimental to the stable transfer of genomic information. In somatic cells, nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a major pathway to counteract the mutagenic effects of DNA damage. Two NER subpathways have been identified, global genome repair (GGR) and transcription-coupled repair (TCR). In contrast to somatic cells, little is known regarding the expression of these pathways in germ cells. To address this basic question, we have studied NER in rat spermatogenic cells in crude cell suspension, in enriched cell stages and within seminiferous tubules after exposure to UV or N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Surprisingly, repair in spermatogenic cells was inefficient in the genome overall and in transcriptionally active genes indicating non-functional GGR and TCR. In contrast, extracts from early/mid pachytene cells displayed dual incision activity in vitro as high as extracts from somatic cells, demonstrating that the proteins involved in incision are present and functional in premeiotic cells. However, incision activities of extracts from diplotene cells and round spermatids were low, indicating a stage-dependent expression of incision activity. We hypothesize that sequestering of NER proteins by mispaired regions in DNA involved in synapsis and recombination may underlie the lack of NER activity in premeiotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jansen
- MGC-Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, Leiden University Medical Center, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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45
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Marchetti F, Bishop JB, Lowe X, Generoso WM, Hozier J, Wyrobek AJ. Etoposide induces heritable chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy during male meiosis in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:3952-7. [PMID: 11274416 PMCID: PMC31160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.061404598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor widely used in cancer therapy, is suspected of inducing secondary tumors and affecting the genetic constitution of germ cells. A better understanding of the potential heritable risk of etoposide is needed to provide sound genetic counseling to cancer patients treated with this drug in their reproductive years. We used a mouse model to investigate the effects of clinical doses of etoposide on the induction of chromosomal abnormalities in spermatocytes and their transmission to zygotes by using a combination of chromosome painting and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. High frequencies of chromosomal aberrations were detected in spermatocytes within 64 h after treatment when over 30% of the metaphases analyzed had structural aberrations (P < 0.01). Significant increases in the percentages of zygotic metaphases with structural aberrations were found only for matings that sampled treated pachytene (28-fold, P < 0.0001) and preleptotene spermatocytes (13-fold, P < 0.001). Etoposide induced mostly acentric fragments and deletions, types of aberrations expected to result in embryonic lethality, because they represent loss of genetic material. Chromosomal exchanges were rare. Etoposide treatment of pachytene cells induced aneuploidy in both spermatocytes (18-fold, P < 0.01) and zygotes (8-fold, P < 0.05). We know of no other report of an agent for which paternal exposure leads to an increased incidence of aneuploidy in the offspring. Thus, we found that therapeutic doses of etoposide affect primarily meiotic germ cells, producing unstable structural aberrations and aneuploidy, effects that are transmitted to the progeny. This finding suggests that individuals who undergo chemotherapy with etoposide may be at a higher risk for abnormal reproductive outcomes especially within the 2 months after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marchetti
- Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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46
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West A, Lähdetie J. X-irradiation--induced changes in the progression of type B spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 58:78-87. [PMID: 11144224 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2795(200101)58:1<78::aid-mrd11>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In response to induced DNA damage, proliferating cells arrest in their cell cycle or go into apoptosis. Ionizing radiation is known to induce degeneration of mammalian male germ cells. The effects on cell-cycle progression, however, have not been thoroughly studied due to lack of methods for identifying effects on a particular cell-cycle phase of a specific germ cell type. In this study, we have utilized the technique for isolation of defined segments of seminiferous tubules to examine the cell-cycle progression of irradiated rat mitotic (type B spermatogonia) and meiotic (preleptotene spermatocytes) G1/S cells. Cells irradiated as type B spermatogonia in mitotic S phase showed a small delay in progression through meiosis. Thus, it seems that transient arrest in the progression can occur in the otherwise strictly regulated progression of germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Contrary to the arrest observed in type B spermatogonia and in previous studies on somatic cells, X-irradiation did not result in a G1 delay in meiotic cells. This lack of arrest occurred despite the presence of unrepaired DNA damage that was measured when the cells had progressed through the two meiotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A West
- Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku, Finland.
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47
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Doerksen T, Benoit G, Trasler JM. Deoxyribonucleic acid hypomethylation of male germ cells by mitotic and meiotic exposure to 5-azacytidine is associated with altered testicular histology. Endocrinology 2000; 141:3235-44. [PMID: 10965894 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.9.7661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genomic methylation patterns originate during gametogenesis and are postulated to be involved in important developmental events, including gene regulation, embryogenesis, and genomic imprinting. In previous work, treatment of male rats with 5-azacytidine, a drug that blocks DNA methylation, resulted in abnormal embryo development when germ cells were exposed throughout spermatogenesis, encompassing mitotic, meiotic, and postmeiotic development, but not if they were only exposed postmeiotically. To explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of 5-azacytidine on sperm function, we determined the effects of the drug on testicular morphology, assessed whether exposure of meiotic spermatocytes resulted in abnormal pregnancy outcome, and examined the role of germ cell genomic demethylation in mediating the effects of 5-azacytidine on spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated three times a week with saline or 5-azacytidine (2.5 and 4.0 mg/kg) for 6 weeks (meiotic and postmeiotic germ cell exposure) and 11 weeks (mitotic, meiotic, and postmeiotic exposure). Six weeks of paternal treatment with the highest dose of 5-azacytidine resulted in an increase in preimplantation loss (corpora lutea minus implantation sites) without affecting testicular morphology or altering sperm DNA methylation levels. Eleven weeks of 5-azacytidine treatment at doses that cause preimplantation loss resulted in severe abnormalities of the seminiferous tubules, such as degeneration and loss of germ cells, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, presence of multinuclear giant cells, and sloughing of immature germ cells into the lumen, and a 22-29% decrease in genomic methylation levels in epididymal sperm. On closer evaluation of testicular histology using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end-labeling detection in situ, both 6 and 11 weeks of 5-azacytidine treatment resulted in an increase over the control value in the number of apoptotic germ cells in the seminiferous tubules. Analysis of DNA methylation levels in isolated germ cells of treated males indicated that spermatogonia were more susceptible to the hypomethylating effects of 5-azacytidine than were spermatocytes. These studies provide evidence of an association between demethylation of germ cell DNA and alterations in testicular histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Doerksen
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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48
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Jahnukainen K, Hou M, Parvinen M, Eksborg S, Söder O. Stage-specific inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and induction of apoptosis by antracyclines in cultured rat spermatogenic cells. Biol Reprod 2000; 63:482-7. [PMID: 10906053 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod63.2.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid in vitro method has been developed to detect early effects of cytostatic drugs on rat spermatogenesis. The induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) and changes in DNA synthesis induced by doxorubicin and idarubicin were measured in specific stages of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium including mitotic (stage V) and meiotic (stage VIII-IX) S-phase cells. The model was used to investigate the protective effect of an organic thiophosphate, amifostine, against the toxicity of antracyclines. Premitotic DNA synthesis was found to be more sensitive than premeiotic DNA synthesis to antracyclines. Idarubicin was more toxic than doxorubicin to germ cells in inducing apoptosis and suppressing DNA synthesis. Amifostine had no protective effect against doxorubicin- or idarubicin-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis. In contrast, a significant stimulation of DNA synthesis in premitotic cells by amifostine was found, suggesting that this compound may have a stimulative effect on spermatogenic stem cells. These data show that stage-specific dissection of the seminiferous tubules and their in vitro exposure to predetermined doses of drugs may give us a unique possibility to detect drug action and protection against the cytotoxicity of antineoplastic agents at the cellular level of the spermatogenic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jahnukainen
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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49
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Yan W, Suominen J, Toppari J. Stem cell factor protects germ cells from apoptosis in vitro. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 1):161-8. [PMID: 10591635 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.1.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) plays an important role in migration, adhesion, proliferation, and survival of primordial germ cells and spermatogonia during testicular development. However, the function of SCF in the adult testis is poorly described. We have previously shown that, in the presence of SCF, there were more type A spermatogonia incorporating thymidine at stage XII of rat seminiferous tubules cultured in vitro than in the absence of SCF, implying that the increased DNA synthesis might result from enhanced survival of spermatogonia. To explore the potential pro-survival function of SCF during spermatogenesis, the seminiferous tubules from stage XII were cultured in the presence or absence of SCF (100 ng/ml) for 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively, and apoptosis was analyzed by DNA laddering and in situ 3′-end labeling (ISEL) staining. Surprisingly, not only spermatogonia, but also spermatocytes and spermatids, were protected from apoptosis in the presence of SCF. Apoptosis took place much later and was less severe in the SCF-treated tubules than in the controls. Based on previous studies showing that FSH prevents germ cells from undergoing apoptosis in vitro, and that SCF level is increased dramatically in response to FSH stimulation, we also tested if the pro-survival effect of FSH is mediated through SCF by using a function-blocking monoclonal antibody, ACK-2, to block SCF/c-kit interaction. After 24 hours of blockade, the protective effect of FSH was partially abolished, as manifested by DNA laddering and ISEL analyses. The present study demonstrates that SCF acts as an important survival factor for germ cells in the adult rat testis and FSH pro-survival effect on germ cells is mediated partially through the SCF/c-kit pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yan
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
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50
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Pacchierotti F, Adler ID, Anderson D, Brinkworth M, Demopoulos NA, Lähdetie J, Osterman-Golkar S, Peltonen K, Russo A, Tates A, Waters R. Genetic effects of 1,3-butadiene and associated risk for heritable damage. Mutat Res 1998; 397:93-115. [PMID: 9463556 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(97)00199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A summary of the results of the studies conducted in the EU Project "Multi-endpoint analysis of genetic damage induced by 1,3-butadiene and its major metabolites in somatic and germ cells of mice, rats and man" is presented. Results of the project are summarized on the detection of DNA and hemoglobin adducts, on the cytotoxic and clastogenic effects in somatic and germinal cells of mice and rats, on the induction of somatic mutations at the hprt locus of experimental rodents and occupationally exposed workers, on the induction of dominant lethal mutations in mice and rats, and on heritable translocations induced in mice, after exposure to butadiene (BD) or its major metabolites, butadiene monoepoxide (BMO), diepoxybutane (DEB) and butadiene diolepoxide (BDE). The primary goal of this project was to collect experimental data on the genetic effects of BD in order to estimate the germ cell genetic risk to humans of exposure to BD. To achieve this, the butadiene exposure are based on data for heritable translocations and bone marrow micronuclei induced in mice and chromosome aberrations observed in lymphocytes of exposed workers. A doubling dose for heritable translocations in human germ cells of 4900 ppm/h is estimated, which, assuming cumulative BD exposure over the sensitive period of spermatogenesis, corresponds to 5-6 weeks of continuous exposure at the workplace to 20-25 ppm. Alternatively, the rate of heritable translocation induction per ppm/h of BD exposure is estimated to be approximately 0.8 per million live born, compared to a spontaneous incidence of balanced translocations in humans of approximately 800 per million live born. These estimates have large confidence intervals and are only intended to indicate orders of magnitude of human genetic risk. These risk estimates are based on data from germ cells of BD-exposed male mice. The demonstration that clastogenic damage was induced by DEB in preovulatory oocytes at doses which were not ovotoxic implies that additional studies on the response of mammalian female germ cells to BD and its metabolites are needed. The basic assumption of the above genetic risk estimates is that experimental mouse data obtained after BD exposure can be extrapolated to humans. Several points exist in the present report and in the literature which contradict this assumption: (1) the level of BMO-hemoglobin adducts was significantly elevated in BD-exposed workers; however, it was considerably lower than would have been predicted from comparable rat and mouse exposures; (2) the concentrations of the metabolites DEB and BMO were significantly higher in mouse than in rat blood after BD exposure. Thus, while metabolism of BD is qualitatively similar in the two species, it is quantitatively different; (3) no increase of HPRT mutations was shown in 19 workers exposed on average to 1.8 ppm of BD, while in a different population of workers from a US plant exposed on average to 3.5 ppm of BD, a significant increase of HPRT variants was detected; and (4) data from cancer bioassays and cancer epidemiology suggest that rat is a more appropriate model than mouse for human cancer risk from BD exposure. However, the dominant lethal study in rats gave a negative result. At present, we do not know which BD metabolite(s) may be responsible for the genetic effects even though the bifunctional alkylating agent DEB is the most likely candidate for the induction of clastogenic events. Unfortunately, methods to measure DEB adducts in hemoglobin or DNA are only presently being developed. Despite these several uncertainties the use of the mouse genetic data is regarded as a justifiable and conservative approach to human genetic risk estimation given the considerable heterogeneity observed in the biotransformation of BD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pacchierotti
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy.
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