1
|
Rabel RAC, Marchioretto PV, Bangert EA, Wilson K, Milner DJ, Wheeler MB. Pre-Implantation Bovine Embryo Evaluation-From Optics to Omics and Beyond. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2102. [PMID: 37443900 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 80% of the ~1.5 million bovine embryos transferred in 2021 were in vitro produced. However, only ~27% of the transferred IVP embryos will result in live births. The ~73% pregnancy failures are partly due to transferring poor-quality embryos, a result of erroneous stereomicroscopy-based morphological evaluation, the current method of choice for pre-transfer embryo evaluation. Numerous microscopic (e.g., differential interference contrast, electron, fluorescent, time-lapse, and artificial-intelligence-based microscopy) and non-microscopic (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and nuclear magnetic resonance) methodologies have been tested to find an embryo evaluation technique that is superior to morphologic evaluation. Many of these research tools can accurately determine embryo quality/viability; however, most are invasive, expensive, laborious, technically sophisticated, and/or time-consuming, making them futile in the context of in-field embryo evaluation. However accurate they may be, using complex methods, such as RNA sequencing, SNP chips, mass spectrometry, and multiphoton microscopy, at thousands of embryo production/collection facilities is impractical. Therefore, future research is warranted to innovate field-friendly, simple benchtop tests using findings already available, particularly from omics-based research methodologies. Time-lapse monitoring and artificial-intelligence-based automated image analysis also have the potential for accurate embryo evaluation; however, further research is warranted to innovate economically feasible options for in-field applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Chanaka Rabel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Paula V Marchioretto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Bangert
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Derek J Milner
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matthew B Wheeler
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pu X, Wu W, Yang D, Zhang Q, Fan X, Du Y, Zu L, Xu Y, Sun C, Zhao K. Rapid, visual and highly sensitive sexing of bovine embryos by recombinase polymerase amplification with CFI staining. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14116. [PMID: 36923860 PMCID: PMC10009442 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Early bovine embryo sexing both increases the number of offspring of the desired sex, and reduces the subsequent costs of processing unwanted offspring of the opposite sex. The need for cattle of different sexes varies from industry to industry, and a range of tools have been set up to meet this need, but most are energy- and time-consuming, hence it is important to establish a fast and convenient method for bovine embryo determination. Herein, we established a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method combined with CFI dye (RPA-CFI) for sexing of bovine embryos. The assay is highly sensitive, specific, rapid and simple; it can be carried out in only 5 min at 37 °C in a metal bath, and results are visualised using a fluorescent colorimeter. Highly specific male-female common and male-specific primers were designed based on the 1399 bp repeating unit of bovine 1.715 satellite DNA and the male-specific S4 repeating sequence, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of RPA-CFI with male-female common primers was 1 pg/μL, and the LOD with male-specific primers was 2 pg/μL. RPA-CFI could determine the sex of bovine embryos from only two cells. This is the first report using RPA-CFI for sex determination of bovine embryos. The assay could be applied to other economically important animals to improve efficiency in livestock industries. Additionally, the assay could relieve pressure on food demand due to human population growth, and contribute to economic development of global stockbreeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Pu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Dan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiaorui Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yanan Du
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Liujing Zu
- Shanghai Bio-full Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Chuanwen Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mishra A, Dhali A, Reddy IJ, Kolte AP. Sexing of pre-implantation ovine embryos through polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of GAPDH, SRY and AMEL genes. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:885-892. [PMID: 32379910 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to identify the sex of embryo and control of sex ratio has a great commercial importance to livestock industry. Prediction of embryonic sex could be useful in the management decisions of sex selection in breeding programs. Several methods have been attempted to determine the sex but the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sexing method is generally favoured, as it is cost effective, simple and reliable. The aim of the present study was to identify sex of sheep embryos produced in vitro through amplification of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), sex-determining region Y (SRY) and amelogenin genes present in genomic DNA (gDNA) of embryos through PCR. To avoid false interpretation of the result by no amplification of SRY in female embryos, a duplex PCR was approached to amplify combinedly SRY and GAPDH genes. Sex-specific blood was used in PCR as positive control. In vitro sheep embryos were produced as per standardized protocol of laboratory. Sexing of sex-specific blood and in vitro produced embryos were approached though PCR to amplify the respective genes using gDNA present in the sample without its traditional isolation. The accuracy of sex prediction for embryos was 100% by this procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - Arindam Dhali
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - Ippala J Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - Atul P Kolte
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zaitsev SY, Bogolyubova NV, Zhang X, Brenig B. Biochemical parameters, dynamic tensiometry and circulating nucleic acids for cattle blood analysis: a review. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8997. [PMID: 32509445 PMCID: PMC7247529 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The animal’s blood is the most complicated and important biological liquid for veterinary medicine. In addition to standard methods that are always in use, recent technologies such as dynamic tensiometry (DT) of blood serum and PCR analysis of particular markers are in progress. The standard and modern biochemical tests are commonly used for general screening and, finally, complete diagnosis of animal health. Interpretation of major biochemical parameters is similar across animal species, but there are a few peculiarities in each case, especially well-known for cattle. The following directions are discussed here: hematological indicators; “total protein” and its fractions; some enzymes; major low-molecular metabolites (glucose, lipids, bilirubin, etc.); cations and anions. As example, the numerous correlations between DT data and biochemical parameters of cattle serum have been obtained and discussed. Changes in the cell-free nucleic acids (cfDNA) circulating in the blood have been studied and analyzed in a variety of conditions; for example, pregnancy, infectious and chronic diseases, and cancer. CfDNA can easily be detected using standard molecular biological techniques like DNA amplification and next-generation sequencing. The application of digital PCR even allows exact quantification of copy number variations which are for example important in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal aberrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Yu Zaitsev
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Farm Animals, Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry Named After Academy Member L.K. Ernst, Podolsk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda V Bogolyubova
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Farm Animals, Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry Named After Academy Member L.K. Ernst, Podolsk, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Xuying Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Strah R, Kunej T. Molecular sexing assays in 114 mammalian species: In silico sequence reanalysis and a unified graphical visualization of diagnostic tests. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5018-5028. [PMID: 31031962 PMCID: PMC6476764 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-based methods for identifying sex in mammals have a wide range of applications, from embryo manipulation to ecological studies. Various sex-specific or homologous genes can be used for this purpose, PCR amplification being a common method. Over the years, the number of reported tests and the range of tested species have increased greatly. The aim of the present analysis was to retrieve PCR-based sexing assays for a range of mammalian species, gathering the gene sequences from either the articles or online databases, and visualize the molecular design in a uniform manner. For nucleotide alignment and diagnostic test visualization, the following genomic databases and tools were used: NCBI, Ensembl Nucleotide BLAST, ClustalW2, and NEBcutter V2.0. In the 45 gathered articles, 59 different diagnostic tests based on eight different PCR-based methods were developed for 114 mammalian species. Most commonly used genes for the analysis were ZFX, ZFY, AMELX, and AMELY. The tests were most commonly based on sex-specific insertions and deletions (SSIndels) and sex-specific sequence polymorphisms (SSSP). This review provides an overview of PCR-based sexing methods developed for mammals. This information will facilitate more efficient development of novel molecular sexing assays and reuse of previously developed tests. Development of many novel and improvement of previously developed tests is also expected with the rapid increase in the quantity and quality of available genetic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Strah
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of LjubljanaDomzaleSlovenia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of LjubljanaDomzaleSlovenia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ristanic M, Stanisic L, Maletic M, Glavinic U, Draskovic V, Aleksic N, Stanimirovic Z. Bovine foetal sex determination-Different DNA extraction and amplification approaches for efficient livestock production. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:947-954. [PMID: 29740884 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foetal sex determination using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in mammals is based on the amplification of gender-specific foetal DNA sequences circulating in maternal blood. The bovine synepitheliochorial placenta does not allow a direct contact between the trophoblast and the maternal blood, resulting in difficult passage of foetal DNA and, consequently, its very small amounts in maternal bloodstream. Circulating cell-free foetal DNA (ccffDNA) encompasses short nucleotide fragments (300-600 bp) in maternal circulation. The aim of this study was to assess this non-invasive method in accurate prenatal sexing in early and late gestational periods in comparison with ultrasound diagnostics. As various DNA isolation and amplification methods were tested, their success in obtaining reliable results was evaluated. Two groups were tested, each consisting of 20 pregnant cows. Blood of a bull and a non-pregnant heifer was the controls. Extraction of foetal DNA was accomplished by three different methods: using tubes with silicone membranes, a single-tube extraction without silicone membranes and phenol-chloroform extraction. Following each extraction method, foetal DNA was amplified using PCR and real-time PCR with both bAML and TSPY primers in a separate reaction. Positive results were obtained only after amplification of foetal DNA extracted with a single-tube extraction kit. In comparison with ultrasound examination results and foetal gender recorded at birth, the sensitivity of the PCR test was 90% in Group I, but the technique failed to detect male foetuses in Group II. The real-time PCR test sensitivity in Group I was 90% and in Group II 91.6%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ristanic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lj Stanisic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Maletic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - U Glavinic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Draskovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Aleksic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Z Stanimirovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weber J, Rudolph N, Freick M. Facets of Clinical Appearance and Aetiology in an Unusual Bovine Amorphus Globosus. Anat Histol Embryol 2017; 46:502-506. [PMID: 28718952 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Amorphus globosus is a rare entity, more common in the cow but also reported in mares, buffaloes and goats. In respect of both development and clinical presentation, this abnormity can be evolved very variably. Previously, it has been discussed whether it is a form of twin pregnancy or placental teratoma. This case report deals with morphology and genetic observations in an unusual bovine amorphus globosus exhibiting a rudimentary clitoris and vulva, gut-like structures and rudimentary bones. The amorphus globosus was shown to be dizygotic to the normal male twin using the BovineSNP50 v2 BeadChip and had a genetical female sex. Aspects of aetiology and pathogenesis as well as the possible impact of amorphus globosus in the emergence of freemartinism are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Weber
- Veterinary Practice Zettlitz, Straße der Jugend 68, 09306, Zettlitz, Germany
| | - N Rudolph
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Freick
- Veterinary Practice Zettlitz, Straße der Jugend 68, 09306, Zettlitz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ikawa T, Kakegawa A, Nagano T, Ando H, Yamakoshi Y, Tanabe T, Simmer JP, Hu CC, Fukae M, Oida S. Porcine Amelogenin is Expressed from the X and Y Chromosomes. J Dent Res 2016; 84:144-8. [PMID: 15668331 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenin is the major enamel matrix component in developing teeth. In eutherian mammals, amelogenin is expressed from the X chromosome only, or from both the X and Y chromosomes. Two classes of porcine amelogenin cDNA clones have been characterized, but the chromosomal localization of the gene(s) encoding them is unknown. To determine if there are sex-based differences in the expression of porcine amelogenin, we paired PCR primers for exons 1a, 1b, 7a, and 7b, and amplified enamel organ-derived cDNA separately from porcine males and females. The results show that exons 1a/2a and 7a are always together and can be amplified from both males (XY) and females (XX). Exons 1b/2b and 7b are also always paired, but can be amplified only from females. We conclude that porcine amelogenin is expressed from separate genes on the X and Y chromosomes, and not, as previously proposed, from a single gene with two promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang N, Yuan A, Ma J, Deng Z, Xue L. Sexing murine embryos with an indirect immunofluorescence assay using phage antibody B9-Fab against SDM antigen. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:711-4. [PMID: 25715803 PMCID: PMC4488409 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of serologically detectable male (SDM; also called H-Y) antigens to identify male
embryos may be limited by the source of anti-SDM antibody. In the present study, novel
anti-SDM B9-Fab recombinant clones (obtained by chain shuffling of an A8 original clone)
were used to detect SDM antigens on murine embryos. Murine morulae and blastocysts (n=138)
were flushed from the oviducts of Kunming mice and incubated with anti-SDM B9-Fab for 30
min at 37°C. With an indirect immunofluorescence assay, the membrane and inner cell mass
had bright green fluorescence (presumptive males). Overall, 43.5% (60/138) were classified
as presumptive males and 56.5% (78/138) as presumptive females, with 85.0 and 88.5% of
these, respectively, confirmed as correct predictions (based on PCR analysis of a
male-specific [Sry] sequence). We concluded that the anti-SDM B9-Fab molecule had
potential for non-invasive, technically simple immunological sexing of mammalian
embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gokulakrishnan P, Kumar RR, Sharma BD, Mendiratta SK, Malav O, Sharma D. Determination of sex origin of meat and meat products on the DNA basis: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:1303-14. [PMID: 24915321 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.690095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination of domestic animal's meat is of potential value in meat authentication and quality control studies. Methods aiming at determining the sex origin of meat may be based either on the analysis of hormone or on the analysis of nucleic acids. At the present time, sex determination of meat and meat products based on hormone analysis employ gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Most of the hormone-based methods proved to be highly specific and sensitive but were not performed on a regular basis for meat sexing due to the technical limitations or the expensive equipments required. On the other hand, the most common methodology to determine the sex of meat is unquestionably traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that involves gel electrophoresis of DNA amplicons. This review is intended to provide an overview of the DNA-based methods for sex determination of meat and meat products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palanisamy Gokulakrishnan
- a Division of Livestock Products Technology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar, Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
A single blastomere sexing of caprine embryos by simultaneous amplification of sex chromosome-specific sequence of SRY and amelogenin genes. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Gokulakrishnan P, Kumar RR, Sharma BD, Mendiratta SK, Sharma D. Sex Determination of Cattle Meat by Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of the DEAD Box Protein (DDX3X/DDX3Y) Gene. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:733-7. [PMID: 25049620 PMCID: PMC4093110 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Determination of sex origin of cattle meat by fast and reliable molecular methods is an important measure to ensure correct allocation of export refunds particularly in European countries and also female cattle (cow) slaughter is legally banned in India because of religious beliefs. Based on the DEAD box protein gene located on the X and Y chromosomes, 2 pair of primers were designed and the system of PCR was optimized. Upon PCR amplification, male tissue showed 2 bands, while female tissue resulted in only one band. The accuracy and specificity of the primers was assessed using DNA template extracted from cattle meat of known sex. The protocol was subjected to a blind test and showed 100% concordance, proving its accuracy and reliability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Gokulakrishnan
- Genome Mapping Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) 243 122, India
| | - R R Kumar
- Genome Mapping Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) 243 122, India
| | - B D Sharma
- Genome Mapping Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) 243 122, India
| | - S K Mendiratta
- Genome Mapping Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) 243 122, India
| | - D Sharma
- Genome Mapping Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) 243 122, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gokulakrishnan P, Kumar RR, Sharma B, Mendiratta SK, Sharma D. A Duplex PCR Assay for Sex Determination of Cattle Meat by Simultaneous Amplification of SRY, AMELX and AMELY Genes. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2011.645940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
15
|
Rattanasuk S, Parnpai R, Ketudat-Cairns M. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction used for bovine embryo sex determination. J Reprod Dev 2011; 57:539-42. [PMID: 21532257 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.10-126m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely used bovine sexing primers were compared in terms of suitability in determining the sex of bovine embryos. Under optimized multiplex PCR conditions, the ConBV/ConEY couple primers did not show accurate results when combined together in multiplex PCR, but worked well when the couple primers were used separately. The S4BF/S4BR primers showed accurate results; however, some unexpected bands were detected. When the BY/BSP couple primers were used to determine one-cell, two-cell, four-cell and eight-cell stage embryos of known sexed SCNT-derived embryos, the results showed 100% accuracy. The BY/BSP couple primers were also able to identify the sex of one-cell and two-cell IVF-derived embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surachai Rattanasuk
- Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tsai TC, Wu SH, Chen HL, Tung YT, Cheng WTK, Huang JC, Chen CM. Identification of sex-specific polymorphic sequences in the goat amelogenin gene for embryo sexing. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2407-14. [PMID: 21421829 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenin (AMEL) is a conserved gene located on the sex chromosomes of mammals. It is involved in the formation of enamel, which is the hard, white material that forms the protective outer layer of each tooth. In this study, we first cloned and determined the intron sequences of the goat AMELX and AMELY genes from female and male ear tissues. The polymorphic AMEL alleles were further analyzed by PCR-based RFLP and Southern blot hybridization analyses. Results showed that intron 5 nucleotide sequences of the goat AMELY gene contains multiple deletions/insertions and shares only 48.5% identity to intron 5 of the goat AMELX gene. Based on the polymorphic AMEL intron sequences, a set of sex-specific triplex primers was designed to PCR amplify a single fragment of 264 bp from the X chromosome of female goats and 2 fragments of 264 and 206 bp from the X and Y chromosomes, respectively, of male goats. An increased sensitivity for sex determination was reached with a single blastomere at the blastula stage isolated from goat embryos. A total of 43 goat embryos were used to estimate a 100% accuracy rate of this method confirmed by chromosomal karyotyping and live births. The embryo sexing technique has been successfully applied in different strains of goats including Alpine, Saanen, Nubian, and Taiwan goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zoheir KMA, Allam AA. A rapid improved method for sexing embryo of water buffalo. Theriogenology 2011; 76:83-7. [PMID: 21396688 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the experiment of this paper is to develop and improve in the sexing method for preimplantation embryos of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction. Embryo sexing has been recognized to control effectively the sex of offspring in the embryo transfer industry. A rapid and simple detection system was established by adding ethidium bromide (EB) or 5 μl of CuSO4 (3M) to the product of LAMP reaction. The result of these additions after 2 min was a color change and a precipitate. It could be employed as an alternative method in the detection of the reaction products in place of the time consuming electrophoresis or the turbidity meter. The in vitro produced buffalo embryos were divided into one to eight pieces using a microblade attached to a micromanipulator. The cell number in each piece was counted before sexing. Sexing of DNA samples extracted from one to five biopsies cells was performed by LAMP. After biopsy, the remaining part of the embryos was used to confirm the sex by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fifty buffalo embryos were used and the accuracy of sex prediction was 100% when the blastomeres dissociated from a morula exceeds three. In conclusion, the present procedure without turbidity meter and electrophoresis was reliable and applicable for sexing the water buffalo embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M A Zoheir
- King Saud University, College of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Department, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ballin NZ. Authentication of meat and meat products. Meat Sci 2010; 86:577-87. [PMID: 20685045 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, interest in meat authenticity has increased. Many consumers are concerned about the meat they eat and accurate labelling is important to inform consumer choice. Authentication methods can be categorised into the areas where fraud is most likely to occur: meat origin, meat substitution, meat processing treatment and non-meat ingredient addition. Within each area the possibilities for fraud can be subcategorised as follows: meat origin-sex, meat cuts, breed, feed intake, slaughter age, wild versus farmed meat, organic versus conventional meat, and geographic origin; meat substitution-meat species, fat, and protein; meat processing treatment-irradiation, fresh versus thawed meat and meat preparation; non-meat ingredient addition-additives and water. Analytical methods used in authentication are as diverse as the authentication problems, and include a diverse range of equipment and techniques. This review is intended to provide an overview of the possible analytical methods available for meat and meat products authentication. In areas where no authentication methods have been published, possible strategies are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Z Ballin
- Department of Food Chemistry, Regional Veterinary and Food Control Authority, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Soendervang 4, DK-4100 Ringsted, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zoheir KM, Allam AA. A rapid method for sexing the bovine embryo. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 119:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Fontanesi L, Scotti E, Russo V. Differences of the porcine amelogenin X and Y chromosome genes (AMELX and AMELY) and their application for sex determination in pigs. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 75:1662-8. [PMID: 18384076 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Molecular sexing in wild and domestic animals has becoming an important issue in several fields including reproduction. X and Y chromosome-specific sequence differences of the amelogenin genes (AMELX and AMELY) have been described in different mammalian species and used for sex determination. We studied the possibility to use sequence variability between the porcine AMELX and AMELY genes for sex determination in pigs. Sequence analysis of about 400 bp of intron 3 of the porcine amelogenin genes showed the presence of a 9-10 bp deletion in AMELY gene compared to AMELX sequences. Moreover, one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was detected for the AMELY sequence. Four other SNPs and 1 bp insertion differentiated three AMELX haplotypes indicating an unexpected quite high nucleotide diversity for a chromosome X region. Two sex determination assays targeting the 9-10 bp difference between AMELX and AMELY were developed. Assessment of the accuracy of the amelogenin assays to correctly sex individuals was tested on 329 pigs belonging to different breeds/lines. All analysed animals were correctly sexed with the new designed amelogenin tests. No amplification was obtained in human, cattle, goat, sheep, and horse genomic DNA. These assays can be used for sex diagnosis of small amounts of genomic DNA (20 pg) obtained from different sources including embryo biopsies, hair, meat, and other biological specimens. Thus, apart from the application in the reproduction field, these tests can be useful in several other sectors including forensics, archaeozoology, meat production, and processing as well as for quality control in sample identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fontanesi
- Faculty of Agriculture, DIPROVAL, Sezione di Allevamenti Zootecnici,University of Bologna, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sex identification of pigs using polymerase chain reaction amplification of the amelogenin gene. ZYGOTE 2008; 16:327-32. [PMID: 18616845 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199408004826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The amelogenin (AMEL) gene exists on both sex chromosomes of various mammalian species and the length and sequence of the noncoding regions differ between the two chromosome-specific alleles. Because both forms can be amplified using a single primer set, the use of AMEL in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods has facilitated sex identification in various mammalian species, including cattle, sheep and humans. In this study, we designed PCR primers to yield different-sized products from the AMEL genes on the X (AMELX) and Y (AMELY) chromosomes of pigs. PCR amplification of genomic DNA samples collected from various breeds of pigs (European breeds: Landrace, Large White, Duroc and Berkshire; Chinese breeds: Meishan and Jinhua and their crossbreeds) yielded the expected products. For all breeds, DNA from male pigs produced two bands (520 and 350 bp; AMELX and AMELY, respectively), whereas samples from female pigs generated only the 520 bp product. We then tested the use of PCR of AMEL for sex identification of in vitro-produced (IVP) porcine embryos sampled at 2 or 5 to 6 days after fertilization; germinal vesicle (GV)-stage oocytes and electroactivated embryos were used as controls. More than 88% of the GV-stage oocytes and electroactivated embryos yielded a single 520 bp single band and about 50% of the IVP embryos tested produced both bands. Our findings show that PCR analysis of the AMEL gene is reliable for sex identification of pigs and porcine embryos.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang N, Xu D, Yuan A, Deng Z, Xue L, Cui S. Construction and characterization of phage display library: Recognition of mouse serologically detected male (SDM) antigen. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 104:93-110. [PMID: 17280806 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of animal embryo sexing depends upon high-titer serologically detected male (SDM) antibody fragments. SDM sera collected from isogenic C57BL/7 female mice after inoculation with male spleen cells were characterized and used for construction of a recombinant Fab antibody library against SDM antigen, and used for analysis of the binding capacity and specificity to SDM antigen. The heavy-chain Fd and full-length light-chain kappa were amplified by RT-PCR from a mouse (#6) that'ed high-titer antiserum. The amplified product was inserted into the pComb3 vector followed by co-infections with the help phage VCSM 13 for construction of the phage library, which gave 1.5x10(7) colonies with the titer of 3.2x10(11) pfu/ml by a recombination rate of 80%. Sequence analysis of the PCR products of plasmid DNA of E5 clones showed that V(H) and V(kappa) had common characteristics shared by other known variable region of antibodies. The Fab antibody libraries against SDM antigen were enriched by three cycles of affinity enrichment with male spleen cells, and two cycles of non-specific absorption with female spleen cells. The ELISA results showed that 9 of 15 clones had binding capacity to the SDM antigen. This is the first report on a phage display library of SDM antigen. The mouse Fab antibody library could be used for identifying SDM antigen, and for the development of sex determination of early embryos in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sex determination in beef by melting curve analysis of PCR amplicons from the amelogenin locus. Meat Sci 2007; 77:384-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Hirayama H, Kageyama S, Takahashi Y, Moriyasu S, Sawai K, Onoe S, Watanabe K, Kojiya S, Notomi T, Minamihashi A. Rapid sexing of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryos using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Theriogenology 2006; 66:1249-56. [PMID: 16672158 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel DNA amplification method that amplifies a target sequence specifically under isothermal conditions. The objective of this study was to identify a Y chromosome-specific sequence in water buffalo and to establish an efficient procedure for embryo sexing by LAMP. The homologues of a Y chromosome-specific sequence, bovine repeat Y-associated.2, in swamp and river buffalo were cloned, and designated swamp buffalo repeat Y-associated.2 and river buffalo repeat Y-associated.2, respectively. Sexing by LAMP was performed using primers for swamp buffalo repeat Y-associated.2. A 12S rRNA was also amplified by LAMP as a control reaction in both male and female. The minimal amount of the template DNA required for LAMP appeared to be 0.1-10 pg. The sensitivity was further examined using swamp buffalo fibroblasts as templates. When fibroblasts were lysed with NaOH, the minimal cell number required for detection of both male-specific and male-female common DNA appeared to be two cells, whereas correct determination of sex could not be achieved using fibroblasts lysed by heat denaturation. Embryo sexing was also performed using blastomeres from interspecies nuclear transfer embryos. The sex determined by LAMP for blastomeres corresponded with the sex of nuclear donor cells in analyses using four or five blastomeres as templates. The LAMP reaction required only about 45 min, and the total time for embryo sexing, including DNA extraction, was about 1 h. In conclusion, the present procedure without thermal cycling and electrophoresis was reliable and applicable for water buffalo embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hirayama
- Hokkaido Animal Research Center, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hirayama H, Kageyama S, Moriyasu S, Sawai K, Onoe S, Takahashi Y, Katagiri S, Toen K, Watanabe K, Notomi T, Yamashina H, Matsuzaki S, Minamihashi A. Rapid sexing of bovine preimplantation embryos using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Theriogenology 2004; 62:887-96. [PMID: 15251240 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2003] [Accepted: 12/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel DNA amplification method that amplifies a target sequence specifically under isothermal conditions. The product of LAMP is detected by the turbidity of the reaction mixture without electrophoresis. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid sexing method for bovine preimplantation embryos using LAMP. The first experiment was conducted to optimize the DNA extraction method for LAMP-based embryo sexing. The DNA of single blastomeres was extracted using three methods: heat, NaOH, and proteinase K-Tween 20 (PK-TW) treatments. Sexing was performed with two LAMP reactions, male-specific and male-female common reaction, after DNA extraction. The rates of correct determination of sex were 88.9-94.4%, with no difference among methods. The sensitivity and accuracy of LAMP-based embryo sexing were evaluated in the next experiment. The proportion of samples in which the sex was correctly determined was 75-100% for one to five biopsied cells. Lastly, in vivo-derived embryos were examined to verify the usefulness of LAMP-based embryo sexing, and some of these fresh, sexed embryos were transferred into recipient animals. The time needed for sexing was <1 h. The pregnancy rate was 57.4% and all calves born were of the predicted sex (12 male and 21 female). Therefore, LAMP-based embryo sexing accurately determined gender and is suitable for field application.
Collapse
|
26
|
De-Giuli L, Magnino S, Vigo PG, Labalestra I, Fabbi M. Development of a polymerase chain reaction and restriction typing assay for the diagnosis of bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 2, and bovine herpesvirus 4 infections. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14:353-6. [PMID: 12152821 DOI: 10.1177/104063870201400417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method coupled with a restriction analysis of PCR products (PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism) was developed for the simultaneous detection of bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 2, and bovine herpesvirus 4 infections. The specificity, sensitivity, and practical diagnostic applicability of this method were evaluated. This assay may be also adapted to the diagnosis of suid herpesvirus 1 and equine herpesviruses 1 and 3 and could become a powerful diagnostic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana De-Giuli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna Bruno Ubertini, Sezione diagnostica di Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Virta J, Markola J, Peippo J, Markkula M, Vilkki J. Sex determination of bovine embryo blastomeres by fluorogenic probes. Theriogenology 2002; 57:2229-36. [PMID: 12141572 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges of using genetic information in marker assisted selection (MAS) is the detection of multiple marker loci from a small biopsy sample of a preimplantation stage embryo. The objective of this study was to develop a fast, nested, multiplex preamplification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the determination of sex in bovine embryo blastomeres. For this aim, ZFX/ZFY sequences were preamplified simultaneously with other genomic regions. The preamplification product was used as a template in an allelic discrimination assay, with nested primers and sex specific fluorogenic probes for ZFX and ZFY. Fluorogenic probes were used to eliminate the need for time consuming electrophoresis. Compared to sexing with Bovy/kappa-casein co-amplification method and other replicates from the same embryo, the accuracy of sexing with the use of fluorogenic probes after preamplification was 99% (112/113 blastomeres). The amplification efficiency was 96% (113/117 blastomeres).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Virta
- Animal Production Research, Animal Breeding, MTT Agrifood Research, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ensminger AL, Hoffman SMG. Sex identification assay useful in great apes is not diagnostic in a range of other primate species. Am J Primatol 2002; 56:129-34. [PMID: 11793419 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ability to identify the sex of individuals from noninvasive samples can be a powerful tool for field studies. Amelogenin, a nuclear gene proximate to the pseudoautosomal region of mammalian sex chromosomes, has a 6 base-pair (bp) size difference between human X and Y chromosomes that can be PCR-amplified and sized to distinguish male from female DNA. We examined whether this test can be used to identify sex from different DNA sources across a number of nonhuman primate taxa. Using human amelogenin primers, we were able to amplify diagnostic products from the four great ape species tested, but products from five other primate species were not sexually dimorphic.
Collapse
|
29
|
Park JH, Lee JH, Choi KM, Joung SY, Kim JY, Chung GM, Jin DI, Im KS. Rapid sexing of preimplantation bovine embryo using consecutive and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with biopsied single blastomere. Theriogenology 2001; 55:1843-53. [PMID: 11414489 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(01)00526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish a rapid and reliable PCR method for the sexing of 8- to 16-cell stage bovine embryos. The BOV97M and bovine 1.715 satellite DNA sequences were selected for amplification of male- and bovine-specific DNA, respectively. But the unequal number of copies of these two repetitive sequences required some modification of the multiplex PCR method. In consecutive and multiplex PCR, the first 10 PCR cycles were done with male-specific primer followed by an additional 23 cycles with bovine-specific primer. In this PCR method, the appearance of male- and bovine-specific bands was independent of the DNA concentration. This PCR method was applied successfully using groups of 8, 4, 2, and 1 blastomeres dissociated from the embryos, and the sexing efficiency was 100.0, 96.3, 94.3 and 92.1%, respectively. The coincident rate of sex determination between biopsied single blastomere and matched blastocyst was 90.0%. Therefore the developmental potential from 8- to 16-cell stage embryos to the blastocyst stage was not significantly different (P>0.2) for intact embryo (42.3%) than for demi-embryos (53.8%), suggesting that trauma to the demi-embryo caused by single-blastomere aspiration using a bevelled micropipette was very small. In conclusion, we developed a rapid (within 2 hours) and effective PCR method for the sexing of 8- to 16-cell stage bovine embryos using a single blastomere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Park
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Suweon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|