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Vasquez A, Balakrishnan D, Ayala J, Loftin K, Louis J, Kariyat R. Brown midrib (BMR) and plant age impact fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) growth and development in sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum x drummondii). Sci Rep 2024; 14:12649. [PMID: 38825611 PMCID: PMC11144704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Economic losses from insect herbivory in agroecosystems has driven the development of integrated pest management strategies that reduce pest incidence and damage; however, traditional chemicals-based control is either being complemented or substituted with sustainable and integrated methods. Major sustainable pest management strategies revolve around improving host plant resistance, and one of these traits of interest is Brown midrib (BMR). Originally developed to increase nutritional value and ease of digestion for animal agriculture, BMR is a recessive plant gene usually found in annual grasses, including sorghum and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids. In sorghum-sudangrass, BMR expressed plants have lower amounts of lignin, which produces a less fibrous, more digestible crop, with possible implications for plant defense against herbivores- an area currently unexplored. Fall Armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda) is a ruinous pest posing immense threat for sorghum producers by severely defoliating crops and being present in every plant stage. Using FAW, we tested the effect of seed treatment, BMR, and plant age on FAW growth, development, and plant defense responses in sorghum-sudangrass. Our results show that seed treatment did not affect growth or development, or herbivory. However, presence of BMR significantly reduced pupal mass relative to its non-BMR counterpart, alongside a significant reduction in adult mass. We also found that plant age was a major factor as FAW gained significantly less mass, had longer pupation times, and had lower pupal mass on the oldest plant stage explored, 60-days, compared to younger plants. These findings collectively show that pest management strategies should consider plant age, and that the effects of BMR on plant defenses should also be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Vasquez
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Devi Balakrishnan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jessica Ayala
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kelly Loftin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rupesh Kariyat
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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Rautela K, Kumar A, Rana SK, Jugran AK, Bhatt ID. Distribution, Chemical Constituents and Biological Properties of Genus Malaxis. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301830. [PMID: 38289898 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The genus Malaxis (family Orchidaceae), comprises nearly 183 species available across the globe. The plants of this genus have long been employed in traditional medical practices because of their numerous biological properties, like the treatment of infertility, hemostasis, burning sensation, bleeding diathesis, fever, diarrhea, dysentery, febrifuge, tuberculosis, etc. Various reports highlight their phytochemical composition and biological activities. However, there is a lack of systematic review on the distribution, phytochemistry, and biological properties of this genus. Hence, this study aims to conduct a thorough and critical review of Malaxis species, covering data published from 1965 to 2022 with nearly 90 articles. Also, it examines different bioactive compounds, their chemistry, and pharmacotherapeutics as well as their traditional uses. A total of 189 unique compounds, including the oil constituents were recorded from Malaxis species. The highest active ingredients were obtained from Malaxis acuminata (103) followed by Malaxis muscifera (49) and Malaxis rheedei (33). In conclusion, this review offers an overview of the current state of knowledge on Malaxis species and highlights prospects for future research projects on them. Additionally, it recommends the promotion of domestication studies for rare medicinal orchids like Malaxis and the prompt implementation of conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Rautela
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Garhwal Regional Centre, Upper Bhaktiyana, Srinagar-246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Garhwal Regional Centre, Upper Bhaktiyana, Srinagar-246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Suresh K Rana
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, India
| | - Arun K Jugran
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Garhwal Regional Centre, Upper Bhaktiyana, Srinagar-246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Indra D Bhatt
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263643, India
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Vittorio S, Dank C, Ielo L. Heterocyclic Compounds as Synthetic Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Recent Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109097. [PMID: 37240442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme which is widely distributed in nature (e.g., bacteria, mammals, fungi) and involved in two consecutive steps of melanin biosynthesis. In humans, an excessive production of melanin can determine hyperpigmentation disorders as well as neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease. The development of molecules able to inhibit the high activity of the enzyme remain a current topic in medicinal chemistry, because the inhibitors reported so far present several side effects. Heterocycle-bearing molecules are largely diffuse in this sense. Due to their importance as biologically active compounds, we decided to report a comprehensive review of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors possessing heterocyclic moieties reported within the last five years. For the reader's convenience, we classified them as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase (Agaricus bisporus) and human tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vittorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Dank
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Kim HD, Choi H, Abekura F, Park JY, Yang WS, Yang SH, Kim CH. Naturally-Occurring Tyrosinase Inhibitors Classified by Enzyme Kinetics and Copper Chelation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098226. [PMID: 37175965 PMCID: PMC10178891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are three major assaying methods used to validate in vitro whitening activity from natural products: methods using mushroom tyrosinase, human tyrosinase, and dopachrome tautomerase (or tyrosinase-related protein-2, TRP-2). Whitening agent development consists of two ways, melanin synthesis inhibition in melanocytes and downregulation of melanocyte stimulation. For melanin levels, the melanocyte cell line has been used to examine melanin synthesis with the expression levels of TRP-1 and TRP-2. The proliferation of epidermal surfaced cells and melanocytes is stimulated by cellular signaling receptors, factors, or mediators including endothelin-1, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, nitric oxide, histamine, paired box 3, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, pyrimidine dimer, ceramide, stem cell factors, melanocortin-1 receptor, and cAMP. In addition, the promoter region of melanin synthetic genes including tyrosinase is upregulated by melanocyte-specific transcription factors. Thus, the inhibition of growth and melanin synthesis in gene expression levels represents a whitening research method that serves as an alternative to tyrosinase inhibition. Many researchers have recently presented the bioactivity-guided fractionation, discovery, purification, and identification of whitening agents. Melanogenesis inhibition can be obtained using three different methods: tyrosinase inhibition, copper chelation, and melanin-related protein downregulation. There are currently four different types of inhibitors characterized based on their enzyme inhibition mechanisms: competitive, uncompetitive, competitive/uncompetitive mixed-type, and noncompetitive inhibitors. Reversible inhibitor types act as suicide substrates, where traditional inhibitors are classified as inactivators and reversible inhibitors based on the molecule-recognizing properties of the enzyme. In a minor role, transcription factors can also be downregulated by inhibitors. Currently, the active site copper iron-binding inhibitors such as kojic acid and chalcone exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Because the tyrosinase catalysis site structure is important for the mechanism determination of tyrosinase inhibitors, understanding the enzyme recognition and inhibitory mechanism of inhibitors is essential for the new development of tyrosinase inhibitors. The present review intends to classify current natural products identified by means of enzyme kinetics and copper chelation to exhibit tyrosinase enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Do Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Suk Yang
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), POSTECH, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang-si 37676, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Alam MB, Park NH, Song BR, Lee SH. Antioxidant Potential-Rich Betel Leaves ( Piper betle L.) Exert Depigmenting Action by Triggering Autophagy and Downregulating MITF/Tyrosinase In Vitro and In Vivo. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020374. [PMID: 36829933 PMCID: PMC9952209 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Each individual has a unique skin tone based on the types and quantities of melanin pigment, and oxidative stress is a key element in melanogenesis regulation. This research sought to understand the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and depigmenting properties of betel leaves (Piper betle L.) extract (PBL) and the underlying mechanism. Ethyl acetate fractions of PBL (PBLA) demonstrated excellent phenolic content (342 ± 4.02 mgGAE/g) and strong DPPH, ABTS radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 41.52 ± 1.02 μg/mL, 45.60 ± 0.56 μg/mL, and 51.42 ± 1.25 μg/mL, respectively. Contrarily, ethanolic extract of PBL (PBLE) showed potent mushroom, mice, and human tyrosinase inhibition activity (IC50 = 7.72 ± 0.98 μg/mL, 20.59 ± 0.83 μg/mL and 24.78 ± 0.56 μg/mL, respectively). According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, PBL is abundant in caryophyllene, eugenol, O-eugenol, 3-Allyl-6-methoxyphenyl acetate, and chavicol. An in vitro and in vivo investigation showed that PBLE suppressed tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein-1 and -2 (Trp-1 and Trp-2), and microphthalmia-associated transcription factors (MITF), decreasing the formation of melanin in contrast to the untreated control. PBLE reduced the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response to an element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation by preventing the synthesis of cAMP. Additionally, it activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38), destroying Tyr and MITF and avoiding melanin production. Higher levels of microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3 (LC3-II), autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5), Beclin 1, and lower levels of p62 demonstrate that PBLE exhibits significant anti-melanogenic effects via an autophagy-induction mechanism, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, PBLE significantly reduced the amount of lipid peroxidation while increasing the activity of several antioxidant enzymes in vivo, such as catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and thioredoxin. PBLE can therefore be employed in topical formulations as a potent skin-whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Inner Beauty/Antiaging Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Rim Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Inner Beauty/Antiaging Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-053-950-7754
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Oliveira ALS, Carvalho MJ, Oliveira DL, Costa E, Pintado M, Madureira AR. Sugarcane Straw Polyphenols as Potential Food and Nutraceutical Ingredient. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244025. [PMID: 36553767 PMCID: PMC9777897 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugarcane processing industry generates a large amount of straw, which has a negative environmental impact, and high costs are associated with their elimination, wasting their potential bioactive value attributed to their richness in polyphenols. In this study, an ethanolic extract produced from sugarcane straw was screened for its phenolic compounds content, and the potential use of this extract in the development of a food ingredient was further evaluated. Fifty different secondary metabolites belonging to the hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ultrahigh-resolution-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-UHR-QqTOF-MS). The predominant phenolic compounds found were 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, chlorogenic acid, and 5-O-feruloylquinic acid. The obtained extracts showed strong potential as food preservatives by exhibiting (a) antioxidant activity using both 2.2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods; and (b) antimicrobial capacity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 74% inhibition for Bacillus cereus, and 44% for Salmonella enterica; and (c) the capacity to inhibit a food browning enzyme, tyrosinase (28-73% for 1-8 mg/ mL). Moreover, the extracts showed antidiabetic potential by inhibiting the enzymes α-glucosidase (15-38% for 1.25-5.00 mg/mL) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) (62-114% for 0.31-5.00 mg/mL). The extract (0.625 mg/mL) also exhibited the capacity to reduce proinflammatory mediators (i.e., interleukins 6 and 8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) when Caco-2 cells were stimulated with interleukin 1 beta. Thus, sugarcane straw extract, which is rich in phenolic compounds, showed high potential to be used in the development of food-preservative ingredients owing to its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, and to be explored as a food supplement in diabetes prevention and as coadjuvant to reduce intestinal inflammation by reducing proinflammatory mediators.
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Papaemmanouil CD, Peña-García J, Banegas-Luna AJ, Kostagianni AD, Gerothanassis IP, Pérez-Sánchez H, Tzakos AG. ANTIAGE-DB: A Database and Server for the Prediction of Anti-Aging Compounds Targeting Elastase, Hyaluronidase, and Tyrosinase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112268. [PMID: 36421454 PMCID: PMC9686885 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products bear a multivariate biochemical profile with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antitumoral properties. Along with their natural sources, they have been widely used both as anti-aging and anti-melanogenic agents due to their effective contribution in the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by oxidative stress. Their anti-aging activity is mainly related to their capacity of inhibiting enzymes like Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE), Hyaluronidase (Hyal) and Tyrosinase (Tyr). Herein, we accumulated literature information (covering the period 1965–2020) on the inhibitory activity of natural products and their natural sources towards these enzymes. To navigate this information, we developed a database and server termed ANTIAGE-DB that allows the prediction of the anti-aging potential of target compounds. The server operates in two axes. First a comparison of compounds by shape similarity can be performed against our curated database of natural products whose inhibitory potential has been established in the literature. In addition, inverse virtual screening can be performed for a chosen molecule against the three targeted enzymes. The server is open access, and a detailed report with the prediction results is emailed to the user. ANTIAGE-DB could enable researchers to explore the chemical space of natural based products, but is not limited to, as anti-aging compounds and can predict their anti-aging potential. ANTIAGE-DB is accessed online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D. Papaemmanouil
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Jorge Peña-García
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Banegas-Luna
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Androniki D. Kostagianni
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis P. Gerothanassis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.P.-S.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Andreas G. Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence: (H.P.-S.); (A.G.T.)
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The Effect of p-Coumaric Acid on Browning Inhibition in Potato Polyphenol Oxidase-Catalyzed Reaction Mixtures. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040577. [PMID: 35206054 PMCID: PMC8870983 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in using natural polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitors to control browning in fruit and vegetable products. p-Coumaric acid (pCA), a common secondary metabolite of plants, has been studied as an inhibitor of PPOs/tyrosinases from several foods (e.g., mushroom, apple, and potato). However, studies on the use of pCA for the inhibition of PPO-initiated browning in actual food systems are limited. Therefore, a study was carried out to ascertain the efficacy of using pCA to limit PPO-initiated browning in fresh potato juice. The extent of browning inhibition by pCA was shown to be reaction system-dependent. Browning in potato juice was unexpectedly enhanced by the addition of pCA. This was interpreted as pCA acting as an alternative substrate with significantly higher browning efficiency; extent of browning under this condition was higher than that observed in the native potato juice. The addition of pCA to any of the model reaction mixtures (i.e., those containing semi-purified enzymes and substrates) significantly inhibited browning. The discrepancy in pCA effects on browning inhibition in different reaction systems is postulated to be mainly due to non-enzyme and non-substrate components in potato juice that participate in the post-PPO reaction sequences, which ultimately lead to brown color formation.
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Singh P, Roy T, Kanupriya C, Tripathi P, Kumar P, Shivashankara K. Evaluation of bioactive constituents of Garcinia indica (kokum) as a potential source of hydroxycitric acid, anthocyanin, and phenolic compounds. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Theoretical Exploring of a Molecular Mechanism for Melanin Inhibitory Activity of Calycosin in Zebrafish. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226998. [PMID: 34834088 PMCID: PMC8622928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is an oxidase that is the rate-limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin in the human body. Overproduction of melanin can lead to a variety of skin disorders. Calycosin is an isoflavone from Astragali Radix, which is a traditional Chinese medicine that exhibits several pharmacological activities including skin whitening. In our study, the inhibitory effect of calycosin on melanin production is confirmed in a zebrafish in vivo model by comparing with hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin, known as tyrosinase inhibitors. Moreover, the inhibitory kinetics of calycosin on tyrosinase and their binding mechanisms are determined using molecular docking techniques, molecular dynamic simulations, and free energy analysis. The results indicate that calycosin has an obvious inhibitory effect on zebrafish pigmentation at the concentration of 7.5 μM, 15 μM, and 30 μM. The IC50 of calycosin is 30.35 μM, which is lower than hydroquinone (37.35 μM), kojic acid (6.51 × 103 μM), and arbutin (3.67 × 104 μM). Furthermore, all the results of molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and free energy analysis suggest that calycosin can directly bind to the active site of tyrosinase with very good binding affinity. The study indicates that the combination of computer molecular modeling and zebrafish in vivo assay would be feasible in confirming the result of the in vitro test and illustrating the target-binding information.
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Scavenging Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Biomolecule Para-Coumaric Acid in the Prevention of Oxidative Stress-Induced Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081205. [PMID: 34439453 PMCID: PMC8388950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Para-coumaric acid (p-CA) is a plant derived secondary metabolite belonging to the phenolic compounds. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and found mainly in fruits, vegetables, and cereals. Various in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed its scavenging and antioxidative properties in the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. This evidence-based review focuses on the protective role of p-CA including its therapeutic potential. p-CA and its conjugates possesses various bioactivities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-melanogenic properties. Due to its potent free radical scavenging activity, it can mitigate the ill effects of various diseases including arthritis, neurological disorders, and cardio-vascular diseases. Recent studies have revealed that p-CA can ameliorate the harmful effects associated with oxidative stress in the reproductive system, also by inhibiting enzymes linked with erectile function.
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Chen J, Ran M, Wang M, Liu X, Liu S, Yu Y. Structure-activity relationships of antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of cinnamic acid and its derivatives. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1697-1705. [PMID: 33974002 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The related structure-activity relationships of cinnamic acid and its derivates have not been studied in details yet. Herein, antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of 18 compounds were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the substituents on the phenyl ring of cinnamic acid led to the enhancement of the inhibition on monophenolase and the weakening of the inhibition on diphenolase. Among these tested compounds, 9 was first discovered as a tyrosinase inhibitor in a reversible competitive manner with IC50 value of 68.6 ± 4.2 µm. Docking results demonstrated 9 located into the catalytic center of tyrosinase. Antioxidant assay indicated that only 1 hydroxyl group on the phenyl ring was not enough to possess the radical scavenging activity, and the number of hydroxyl groups may be more important. This study will be helpful in the development of new cinnamic acid derivates as tyrosinase inhibitors and antioxidants with higher efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical technology, Putian University, Fujian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
| | - Mengnan Ran
- School of Pharmacy and Medical technology, Putian University, Fujian, China
| | - Meixia Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Medical technology, Putian University, Fujian, China
| | - Xinying Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Medical technology, Putian University, Fujian, China
| | - Siwan Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Medical technology, Putian University, Fujian, China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
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Oates NC, Abood A, Schirmacher AM, Alessi AM, Bird SM, Bennett JP, Leadbeater DR, Li Y, Dowle AA, Liu S, Tymokhin VI, Ralph J, McQueen-Mason SJ, Bruce NC. A multi-omics approach to lignocellulolytic enzyme discovery reveals a new ligninase activity from Parascedosporium putredinis NO1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2008888118. [PMID: 33903229 PMCID: PMC8106297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008888118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose, the structural component of plant cells, is a major agricultural byproduct and the most abundant terrestrial source of biopolymers on Earth. The complex and insoluble nature of lignocellulose limits its conversion into value-added commodities, and currently, efficient transformation requires expensive pretreatments and high loadings of enzymes. Here, we report on a fungus from the Parascedosporium genus, isolated from a wheat-straw composting community, that secretes a large and diverse array of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) when grown on lignocellulosic substrates. We describe an oxidase activity that cleaves the major β-ether units in lignin, thereby releasing the flavonoid tricin from monocot lignin and enhancing the digestion of lignocellulose by polysaccharidase mixtures. We show that the enzyme, which holds potential for the biorefining industry, is widely distributed among lignocellulose-degrading fungi from the Sordariomycetes phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C Oates
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Amira Abood
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M Schirmacher
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Alessi
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Susannah M Bird
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P Bennett
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Leadbeater
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Li
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adam A Dowle
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Vitaliy I Tymokhin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Simon J McQueen-Mason
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;
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Multifunctional Tyrosinase Inhibitor Peptides with Copper Chelating, UV-Absorption and Antioxidant Activities: Kinetic and Docking Studies. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030675. [PMID: 33810046 PMCID: PMC8004729 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature-derived tyrosinase inhibitors are of great industrial interest. Three monophenolase inhibitor peptides (MIPs) and three diphenolase inhibitor peptides (DIPs) from a previous study were investigated for their in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory effects, mode of inhibition, copper-chelating activity, sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant activities. DIP1 was found to be the most potent tyrosinase inhibitor (IC50 = 3.04 ± 0.39 mM), which could be due to the binding interactions between its aromatic amino acid residues (Y2 and D7) with tyrosinase hotspots (H85, V248, H258, H263, F264, R268, V283 and E322) and its ability to chelate copper ion within the substrate-binding pocket. The conjugated planar rings of tyrosine and tryptophan may interact with histidine within the active site to provide stability upon enzyme-peptide binding. This postulation was later confirmed as the Lineweaver-Burk analysis had identified DIP1 as a competitive inhibitor and DIP1 also showed 36.27 ± 1.17% of copper chelating activity. In addition, DIP1 provided the highest SPF value (11.9 ± 0.04) as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (5.09 ± 0.13 mM FeSO4), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) (11.34 ± 0.90%) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (29.14 ± 1.36%) free radical scavenging activities compared to other peptides. These results demonstrated that DIP1 could be a multifunctional anti-tyrosinase agent with pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.
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15
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Tian S, Li X, Zang S, Jin Y, Zhang Z, Yu Y. α‐Amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities, phenolic contents, and antioxidant capacities of wild and cultivated blueberries. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sizhu Tian
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Xuwen Li
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Shuang Zang
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Yongri Jin
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Yong Yu
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering Jilin University Changchun PR China
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16
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Moon PD, Han NR, Lee JS, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. p-coumaric acid, an active ingredient of Panax ginseng, ameliolates atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions through inhibition of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in mice. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:176-182. [PMID: 33437169 PMCID: PMC7790890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with chronic skin inflammatory reactions. p-coumaric acid (pCA) is an active ingredient of Panax ginseng Meyer (Araliaceae). Methods Here, we estimated an anti-AD effect of pCA on activated mast cells, activated splenocytes, and a mouse model of AD. Cytokines levels were measured by ELISA and protein activation was analyzed by Western blotting. 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was used to induce AD-like skin lesions. Results The treatment with pCA suppressed the productions and mRNA expressions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), TNF-ɑ, IL-6, and IL-1β in HMC-1 cells. pCA downregulated the expressions of RIP2 and caspase-1, phosphorylated-(p)p38/pJNK/pERK, and pIKKβ/pIkBɑ/NF-κB in HMC-1 cells. pCA also decreased the productions of TSLP, TNF-ɑ, IL-6, IL-4, and IFN-γ in the supernatant of stimulated splenic cells. Comparing to DNFB-sensitized control group, pCA-treated group alleviated pathological changes of AD-like lesions. pCA decreased the proteins and mRNA expressions levels of TSLP, IL-6, and IL-4 in the skin lesions. Caspase-1 activation was also downregulated by pCA treatment in the AD-like lesions. The serum levels of histamine, IgE, TSLP, TNF-ɑ, IL-6, and IL-4 were suppressed following treatment with pCA. Conclusion This study suggests that pCA has the potential to improve AD by suppressing TSLP as well as inflammatory cytokines via blocking of caspase-1/NF-κB signal cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil-Dong Moon
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Ra Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, BioChip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Chi G, Wang L, Wang F, He S. Isolation, identification, and inhibitory enzyme activity of phenolic substances present in Spirulina. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13356. [PMID: 32627220 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina species are edible with high nutritional as well as potential therapeutic values. In this work, we show that phenolic extracts from Spirulina (p-Coumaric acid) possessed inhibitory potential on α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.67 ± 0.02 mM) and tyrosinase (IC50 = 52.71 ± 3.01 mM). Moreover, p-Coumaric acid inhibited α-glucosidase and tyrosinase in a reversible mixed-type manner. Interestingly, molecular docking demonstrated that p-Coumaric acid penetrated in depth of the active-site of tyrosinase and α-glucosidase by the noncovalent force or interaction. Among them, making polar interactions with Cu2+ ions and the amino acid residue capable of forming cation-π significantly contribute to the strong binding of p-Coumaric acid on tyrosinase. p-Coumaric acid was isolated and identified from Spirulina for the first time, which can be used as a lead compound for the design of functional food additives and skin-lightening active ingredient in cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals against type 2 diabetes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: A natural, food-derived compound possessing the potential for the development of an anti-hyperglycaemic and skin-lightening supplement is very promising in cosmetics, functional food, and pharmaceuticals against type 2 diabetes. Herein, the present study is the first to present high levels of p-Coumaric acid from Spirulina, which simultaneously possessed inhibition potential on α-glucosidase and tyrosinase. Importantly, we gained initial information about the polypeptide-inhibitor interactions and underlying mechanisms for Spirulina's therapeutic effects, which will provide the bases for developing new drugs for preventing or treating type 2 diabetes and enzyme inhibitors. Moreover, this work also demonstrates the potential of the extraction of high-value chemicals from Spirulina waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Guoxiang Chi
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Quanzhou Normal College, Quanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shansheng He
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, P.R. China
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Lee M, Park HY, Jung KH, Kim DH, Rho HS, Choi K. Anti-melanogenic Effects of Kojic Acid and Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Lee R, Ko HJ, Kim K, Sohn Y, Min SY, Kim JA, Na D, Yeon JH. Anti-melanogenic effects of extracellular vesicles derived from plant leaves and stems in mouse melanoma cells and human healthy skin. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 9:1703480. [PMID: 32002169 PMCID: PMC6968621 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1703480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer interest in cosmetic industry products that produce whitening effects has increased demand for agents that decrease melanin production. Many such anti-melanogenic agents are associated with side effects, such as contact dermatitis and high toxicity, and also exhibit poor skin penetration. Considerable recent research has focused on plant-derived products as alternatives to chemotherapeutic agents that possess fewer side effects. In the current study, we investigated the anti-melanogenic effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) extracted from leaves and stems of Dendropanax morbifera. Using spectrophotometric and biochemical approaches, we found that leaf-derived extracellular vesicles (LEVs) and stem-derived extracellular vesicles (SEVs) reduced melanin content and tyrosinase (TYR) activity in the B16BL6 mouse melanoma cell line in a concentration-dependent manner. An electron microscopy analysis further confirmed that LEVs and SEVs induce a concentration-dependent decrease in melanin content in melanoma cells. Both LEVs and SEVs exerted a greater whitening effect on melanoma cells than arbutin, used as a positive control, with LEVs producing the greater effect. Notably, neither LEVs nor SEVs induced significant cytotoxicity. We also examined the effects of plant-derived EVs on the expression of tyrosinase-related proteins (TRPs) in melanoma cells. LEVs inhibited expression of melanogenesis-related genes and proteins, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), TYR, TRP-1 and TRP-2. In a human epidermis model, LEVs exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on melanin production than arbutin. Collectively, our data suggest that LEVs from D. morbifera may be a novel candidate natural substance for use as an anti-melanogenic agent in cosmeceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Lee
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ju Ko
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kimin Kim
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yehjoo Sohn
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Min
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hun Yeon
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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20
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Zolghadri S, Bahrami A, Hassan Khan MT, Munoz-Munoz J, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Canovas F, Saboury AA. A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:279-309. [PMID: 30734608 PMCID: PMC6327992 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1545767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Asieh Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - J. Munoz-Munoz
- Group of Microbiology, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - F. Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F. Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Boo YC. p-Coumaric Acid as An Active Ingredient in Cosmetics: A Review Focusing on its Antimelanogenic Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E275. [PMID: 31382682 PMCID: PMC6720745 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling unwanted hyperpigmentation is a major challenge in dermatology and cosmetology, and safe and efficacious antimelanogenic agents are deemed useful for this purpose. p-Coumaric acid is a natural metabolite contained in many edible plants, and its antioxidant activities in reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions have been demonstrated in various experimental models. p-Coumaric acid has the optimal structure to be a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase that catalyzes key reactions in the melanin biosynthetic pathway. Experimental evidence supports this notion as it was found to be a more potent inhibitor of tyrosinase, especially toward human enzymes, than other well-known tyrosinase inhibitors such as arbutin and kojic acid. p-Coumaric acid inhibited melanin synthesis in murine melanoma cells, human epidermal melanocytes, and reconstituted three-dimensional human skin models. Ex-vivo skin permeation experiments and in-vivo efficacy tests for p-coumaric acid confirmed its efficient transdermal delivery and functional efficacy in reducing erythema development and skin pigmentation due to ultraviolet radiation exposure. Human studies further supported its effectiveness in hypopigmentation and depigmentation. These findings suggest that p-coumaric acid has good potential to be used as a skin-lightening active ingredient in cosmetics. Future studies are needed to extensively examine its safety and efficacy and to develop an optimized cosmetic formulation for the best performance in skin lightening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
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Ghafary S, Ranjbar S, Larijani B, Amini M, Biglar M, Mahdavi M, Bakhshaei M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Sakhteman A, Khoshneviszadeh M. Novel morpholine containing cinnamoyl amides as potent tyrosinase inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:978-985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Liu J, Xu X, Jiang R, Sun L, Zhao D. Vanillic acid in Panax ginseng root extract inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 cells via inhibition of the NO/PKG signaling pathway. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1205-1215. [PMID: 30999826 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1606694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been widely used in skin care. Our previous study showed that the phenolic acids in ginseng root extract (GRE) impart inhibitory effects on melanogenesis. In this study, we found that as the most abundant component of phenolic acids in GRE, vanillic acid decreased tyrosinase activity and melanin levels with or without α-MSH stimulation and suppressed the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and melanogenic enzymes in B16F10 cells. Furthermore, vanillic acid downregulated NOS activity, nitric oxide (NO) content, cGMP level, guanylate cyclase (GC) and protein kinase G (PKG) activity, and the phosphorylation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), whereas arbutin had no effect on the NO/PKG pathway. These findings indicate that vanillic acid in GRE suppressed melanogenesis by inhibiting the NO/PKG signaling pathways. This study provides a potential mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of ginseng on melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzeng Liu
- a Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , PR China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- b Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine , the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , PR China
| | - Rui Jiang
- c Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science , Beihua University , Jilin , PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- b Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine , the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , PR China.,c Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science , Beihua University , Jilin , PR China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- a Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , PR China
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Crespo MI, Chabán MF, Lanza PA, Joray MB, Palacios SM, Vera DMA, Carpinella MC. Inhibitory effects of compounds isolated from Lepechinia meyenii on tyrosinase. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:383-391. [PMID: 30684603 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To contribute enzymatic browning inhibitors to the food industry and also extend knowledge about the phytochemical profile of the anti-tyrosinase plant Lepechinia meyenii, its ethanol extract was subjected to bioguided fractionation. Three hydroxycinnamic acids, p-coumaric acid (1), caffeic acid (2) and rosmarinic acid (3), were isolated as mainly responsible for its activity. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed themselves highly effective for inhibiting tyrosinase with IC50 values of 0.30, 1.50 and 4.14 μM, respectively, for monophenolase activity and 0.62, 2.30 and 8.59 μM, respectively for diphenolase activity. This is the first report describing the isolation of the compounds causing the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of L. meyenii extract. The inhibitory kinetics of 1-3 using both L-tyrosine and L-DOPA as substrates was investigated and the results obtained were discussed at molecular level by docking analysis. The resulting compounds 1-3 and a phenolic-enriched fraction of the extract, 2.9-fold more active than the starting material, may be suitable as non-toxic and inexpensive alternatives for the control of deleterious enzymatic darkening.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Crespo
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, School of Chemistry, IRNASUS-CONICET, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Macarena Funes Chabán
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, School of Chemistry, IRNASUS-CONICET, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Priscila Ailín Lanza
- Department of Chemistry, QUIAMM - INBIOTEC -CONICET, College of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariana Belén Joray
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, School of Chemistry, IRNASUS-CONICET, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sara María Palacios
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, School of Chemistry, IRNASUS-CONICET, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D Mariano Adolfo Vera
- Department of Chemistry, QUIAMM - INBIOTEC -CONICET, College of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - María Cecilia Carpinella
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, School of Chemistry, IRNASUS-CONICET, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Kaur R, Uppal SK, Sharma P. Phenolic Acids from Sugarcane Bagasse Lignin: Qualitative and Quantitative Determination, Isolation, Derivatization, and Biological Activity Evaluation. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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26
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Llorent-Martínez EJ, Zengin G, Ortega-Barrales P, Zakariyyah Aumeeruddy M, Locatelli M, Mollica A, Mahomoodally MF. Characterization of the Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. chia var. chia and Ajuga bombycina by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MSn). ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1500581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Gunia-Krzyżak A, Słoczyńska K, Popiół J, Koczurkiewicz P, Marona H, Pękala E. Cinnamic acid derivatives in cosmetics: current use and future prospects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:356-366. [PMID: 29870052 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamic acid derivatives are widely used in cosmetics and possess various functions. This group of compounds includes both naturally occurring and synthetic substances. On the basis of the Cosmetic Ingredient Database (CosIng) and available literature, this review summarizes their functions in cosmetics, including their physicochemical and biological properties as well as reported adverse effects. A perfuming function is typical of many derivatives of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, dihydrocinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid itself; these substances are commonly used in cosmetics all over the world. Some of them show allergic and photoallergic potential, resulting in restrictions in maximum concentrations and/or a requirement to indicate the presence of some substances in the list of ingredients when their concentrations exceed certain fixed values in a cosmetic product. Another important function of cinnamic acid derivatives in cosmetics is UV protection. Ester derivatives such as ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (octinoxate), isoamyl p-methoxycinnamte (amiloxiate), octocrylene and cinoxate are used in cosmetics all over the world as UV filters. However, their maximum concentrations in cosmetic products are restricted due to their adverse effects, which include contact and a photocontact allergies, phototoxic contact dermatitis, contact dermatitis, estrogenic modulation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Other rarely utilized functions of cinnamic acid derivatives are as an antioxidant, in skin conditioning, hair conditioning, as a tonic and in antimicrobial activities. Moreover, some currently investigated natural and synthetic derivatives of cinnamic acid have shown skin lightening and anti-ageing properties. Some of them may become new cosmetic ingredients in the future. In particular, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, which is currently indexed as a skin-conditioning cosmetics ingredient, has been widely tested in vitro and in vivo as a new drug candidate for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gunia-Krzyżak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - K Słoczyńska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Popiół
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - P Koczurkiewicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - H Marona
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - E Pękala
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
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Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, Manickam M, Jung SH. Inhibitors of Melanogenesis: An Updated Review. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7395-7418. [PMID: 29763564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are pigment molecules that determine the skin, eye, and hair color of the human subject to its amount, quality, and distribution. Melanocytes synthesize melanin and provide epidermal protection from various stimuli, such as harmful ultraviolet radiation, through the complex process called melanogenesis. However, serious dermatological problems occur when there is excessive production of melanin in different parts of the human body. These include freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars, and cancer. Therefore, controlling the production of melanin is an important approach for the treatment of pigmentation related disorderes. In this Perspective, we focus on the inhibitors of melanogenesis that directly/indirectly target a key enzyme tyrosinase as well as its associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
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Lee B, Moon KM, Lim JS, Park Y, Kim DH, Son S, Jeong HO, Kim DH, Lee EK, Chung KW, An HJ, Chun P, Seo AY, Yang JH, Lee BS, Ma JY, Cho WK, Moon HR, Chung HY. 2-(3, 4-dihydroxybenzylidene)malononitrile as a novel anti-melanogenic compound. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91481-91493. [PMID: 29207659 PMCID: PMC5710939 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key player in ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis. Because excessive melanin accumulation in the skin can induce hyperpigmentation, the development of tyrosinase inhibitors has attracted attention in cosmetic-related fields. However, side effects including toxicity and low selectivity have limited the use of many tyrosinase inhibitors in cosmetics. We synthesized 12 novel 2-(substituted benzylidene)malononitrile derivatives and investigated their anti-melanogenic activities. Of these 12 compounds, 2-(3, 4-dihydroxy benzylidene)malononitrile (BMN11) exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against tyrosinase (IC50 = 17.05 μM). In parallel with this, BMN11 treatment notably decreased alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced melanin accumulation in B16F10, cells without toxicity and also decreased melanin accumulation in a human skin model. As a mechanism underlying the BMN11-mediated anti-melanogenic effect, docking simulation showed that BMN11 can directly bind to tyrosinase by forming two hydrogen bonds with GLY281 and ASN260 residues, and via three hydrophobic interactions with VAL283, PHE264, and ALA286 residues in the tyrosinase binding pocket, and this likely contributes to its inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. Consistently, Lineweaver-Burk and Cornish-Bowden plots showed that BMN11 is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase. We concluded that BMN11 may be a novel tyrosinase inhibitor that could be used in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonggi Lee
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoung Mi Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jong Seung Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Son
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Oh Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin An
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Arnold Y Seo
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Huge Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Ju-Hye Yang
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bong-Seon Lee
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Jiang R, Xu XH, Wang K, Yang XZ, Bi YF, Yan Y, Liu JZ, Chen XN, Wang ZZ, Guo XL, Zhao DQ, Sun LW. Ethyl acetate extract from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and its main constituents inhibit α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced melanogenesis by suppressing oxidative stress in B16 mouse melanoma cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 208:149-156. [PMID: 28689798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hyperpigmentation disease involves darkening of the skin color due to melanin overproduction. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and has a long history of use as a skin lightener to inhibit melanin formation in China, Korea and some other Asian countries. However, the constituents and the molecular mechanisms by which they affect melanogenesis are not fully clear. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to identify the active ingredient in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer extract that inhibits mushroom tyrosinase activity and to investigate the antioxidative capacity and molecular mechanisms of the effective extract on melanogenesis in B16 mouse melanoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer were successively fractionated with an equal volume of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butyl alcohol to determine the effects by examining the activity of mushroom tyrosinase. The effective fraction was analyzed using HPLC and LC-MS. The antioxidative capacity and the inhibitory effects on melanin content, cell intracellular tyrosinase activity, and melanogenesis protein levels were determined in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-treated B16 mouse melanoma cells. RESULTS The ethyl acetate extract from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG-2) had the highest inhibiting effect on mushroom tyrosinase, mainly contained phenolic acids, including protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid, and caffeic acid, and exhibited apparent antioxidant activity in vitro. PG-2 and its main constituents significantly decreased melanin content, suppressed cellular tyrosinase activity, and reduced expression of tyrosinase protein to inhibit B16 cells melanogenesis induced by α-MSH, and no cytotoxic effects were observed. They also inhibited cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) level in α-MSH-treated B16 cells effectively. And those activities of its main constituents could reach more than 80% of PG-2. The ROS scavengers N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) had a similar inhibitory effect on melanogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ethyl acetate extract from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has the highest effect on inhibiting melanogenesis, and that its main components are polyphenolic compounds, which may inhibit melanogenesis by suppressing oxidative stress. This work provides new insight into the active constituents and molecular mechanisms underlying skin-lightening effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiang
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin Province 132013, China
| | - Xiao-Hao Xu
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin Province 132013, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin Province 132013, China
| | - Xin-Zhao Yang
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin Province 132013, China
| | - Ying-Fei Bi
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin Province 132013, China
| | - Yao Yan
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin Province 132013, China
| | - Jian-Zeng Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province 130000, China
| | - Xue-Nan Chen
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province 130000, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Wang
- Kanion Group CO. LTD., Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province 222000, China
| | - Xiao-Li Guo
- Kanion Group CO. LTD., Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province 222000, China
| | - Da-Qing Zhao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province 130000, China
| | - Li-Wei Sun
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin Province 132013, China.
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Garcia-Jimenez A, Munoz-Munoz JL, García-Molina F, Teruel-Puche JA, García-Cánovas F. Spectrophotometric Characterization of the Action of Tyrosinase on p-Coumaric and Caffeic Acids: Characteristics of o-Caffeoquinone. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3378-3386. [PMID: 28388092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
New methods are proposed to determine the activity of tyrosinase on caffeic and p-coumaric acids. Because o-quinone from caffeic acid is unstable in its presence, it has been characterized through spectrophotometric measurements of the disappearance of coupled reducing agents, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form. It has also been characterized by a chronometric method, measuring the time that a known concentration of ascorbic acid takes to be consumed. The activity on p-coumaric acid has been followed by measuring the formation of o-quinone of caffeic acid at the isosbestic point originated between caffeic acid and o-caffeoquinone and measuring the formation of o-quinone at 410 nm, which is stable in the presence of p-coumaric acid (both of them in the presence of catalytic amounts of caffeic acid, maintaining the ratio between p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid constant; R = 0.025). The kcat value of tyrosinase obtained for caffeic acid was higher than that obtained for p-coumaric acid, while the affinity was higher for p-coumaric acid. These values agree with those obtained in docking studies involving these substrates and oxytyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Luis Munoz-Munoz
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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33
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Kang OJ, Kim JS. Comparison of Ginsenoside Contents in Different Parts of Korean Ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Prev Nutr Food Sci 2016; 21:389-392. [PMID: 28078264 PMCID: PMC5216893 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2016.21.4.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the ginsenoside profiles of the main root, root hair, and leaf of ginseng in order to demonstrate their possible application in medicine. The total ginsenoside content of the leaf was up to 12 times than that in the main root, and the content of protopanaxadiol groups was higher than that of protopanaxatriol groups in all the samples. The leaf was shown to contain high amounts of ginsenosides Rb3 and Rh1, whereas the main root contained large amounts of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc. Moreover, Rb2, Rb3, and Rg1 were only detected in the root hair, leaf, and main root, respectively. The ginsenoside Re content of Panax ginseng leaf and root hair was 2.6~4 times higher than that of the main root. Therefore, the results indicate that the ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng is higher in the leaf and root hair, and lower in the main root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Ju Kang
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University, Gyeongnam 51767,
Korea
| | - Ji-Sang Kim
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University, Gyeongnam 51767,
Korea
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Namjoyan F, Jahangiri A, Azemi ME, Arkian E, Mousavi H. Inhibitory Effects of Physalis alkekengi L., Alcea rosea L., Bunium persicum B. Fedtsch. and Marrubium vulgare L. on Mushroom Tyrosinase. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2015; 10:e23356. [PMID: 25866725 PMCID: PMC4386320 DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The key enzyme in the process of melanin biosynthesis is tyrosinase. Skin hyperpigmentation and browning of foods are undesirable phenomena which tyrosinase represents. Therefore, tyrosinase inhibitors have been used increasingly for medicinal and cosmetic products. OBJECTIVES In this study, inhibitory effects of four plants including: physalis alkekengi L., Alcea rosea L., Bunium persicum B. Fedtsch. and Marrubium vulgare L. on diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitory activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of plants against oxidation of L-Dopa (as a substrate) by mushroom tyrosinase were investigated. RESULTS The hydroalcoholic extract of P. alkekengi showed the most tyrosinase inhibitory effect with IC50 of 0.09 mg/mL vs. 0.38, 0.38 and 2.82 mg/mL of B. persicum, A. rosea and M. vulgare, respectively. M. vulgare exhibited uncompetitive inhibition and other plants showed mixed type inhibition on mushroom tyrosinase. CONCLUSIONS All plants could inhibit mushroom tyrosinase, but more investigations on human tyrosinase and clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foroogh Namjoyan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Alireza Jahangiri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahim Azemi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Elaheh Arkian
- Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Hamideh Mousavi
- Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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Kim K. Effect of ginseng and ginsenosides on melanogenesis and their mechanism of action. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:1-6. [PMID: 25535470 PMCID: PMC4268563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal changes in skin color induce significant cosmetic problems and affect quality of life. There are two groups of abnormal change in skin color; hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation. Hyperpigmentation, darkening skin color by excessive pigmentation, is a major concern for Asian people with yellow–brown skin. A variety of hypopigmenting agents have been used, but treating the hyperpigmented condition is still challenging and the results are often discouraging. Panax ginseng has been used traditionally in eastern Asia to treat various diseases, due to its immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antioxidative, and antitumor activities. Recently, several reports have shown that extract, powder, or some constituents of ginseng could inhibit melanogenesis in vivo or in vitro. The underlying mechanisms of antimelanogenic properties in ginseng or its components include the direct inhibition of key enzymes of melanogenesis, inhibition of transcription factors or signaling pathways involved in melanogenesis, decreasing production of inducers of melanogenesis, and enhancing production of antimelanogenic factor. Although there still remain some controversial issues surrounding the antimelanogenic activity of ginseng, especially in its effect on production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, these recent findings suggest that ginseng and its constituents might be potential candidates for novel skin whitening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangmi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Korea
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Jiang R, Sun L, Wang Y, Liu J, Liu X, Feng H, Zhao D. Chemical Composition, and Cytotoxic, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oil from Ginseng Leaves. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicines. In this study, the essential oil of ginseng leaves (EOGL), collected using hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS, contained a complex mixture of aliphatic (69.0%), terpenoid (21.5%) and aromatic compounds (2.4%). Among 54 components identified, the major ones were palmitic acid (36.1%), β-farnesene (15.4%), linoleic acid (9.8%) and phytol (5.6%). In the cytotoxicity study, EOGL exhibited obvious cytotoxic activities against different cancer cell lines, including Hela, A549, ZR-75-1, HT-29, SGC7901 and B16 cells. Furthermore, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining assay indicated that EOGL can induce late apoptosis of ZR-75-1 cells, and the percentage of apoptotic cells increased in a concentration-dependent manner (0.9% to 5.6% and 67.4%). In addition to this, we also found that EOGL exhibited weak DPPH radical scavenging (12.0 ± 0.4 mg/mL) and ABTS radical scavenging activities (1.6 ± 0.1 mg/mL), and showed antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and the Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. The data suggest that EOGL, which possesses important biological activities, especially significant anticancer activity, could be a potential medicinal resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiang
- Center for New Medicine Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yanbing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Hao Feng
- College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Center for New Medicine Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
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Antioxidant, antityrosinase, anticholinesterase, and nitric oxide inhibition activities of three malaysian macaranga species. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:312741. [PMID: 24319356 PMCID: PMC3834986 DOI: 10.1155/2013/312741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The methanol extracts of three Macaranga species (M. denticulata, M. pruinosa, and M. gigantea) were screened to evaluate their total phenolic contents and activities as cholinesterase inhibitors, nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitors, tyrosinase inhibitors, and antioxidants. The bark of M. denticulata showed the highest total phenolic content (2682 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g) and free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.063 mg/mL). All of the samples inhibited linoleic acid peroxidation by greater than 80%, with the leaves of M. gigantea exhibiting the highest inhibition of 92.21%. Most of the samples exhibited significant antioxidant potential. The bark of M. denticulata and the leaves of both M. pruinosa and M. gigantea exhibited greater than 50% tyrosinase inhibition, with the bark of M. denticulata having the highest percentage of inhibition (68.7%). The bark and leaves of M. denticulata exhibited greater than 50% inhibition (73.82% and 54.50%, resp.) of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE), while none of the samples showed any significant inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Only the bark of M. denticulata and M. gigantea displayed greater than 50% inhibition of nitric oxide production in cells (81.79% and 56.51%, resp.). These bioactivities indicate that some Macaranga spp. have therapeutic potential in medicinal research.
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Song M, Mun JH, Ko HC, Kim BS, Kim MB. Korean red ginseng powder in the treatment of melasma: an uncontrolled observational study. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:170-5. [PMID: 23717059 PMCID: PMC3659531 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the sun, ultraviolet radiation, and oxidative stress are the chief etiologic factors responsible for melasma. The ingredients of Korean red ginseng powder, which include ginsenoside and phenolic compounds, have antioxidative effects and reduce ultraviolet B-induced pigmentation. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Korean red ginseng powder in patients with melasma. In 25 female patients, 3 g of Korean red ginseng powder was orally administered for a 24 week period. The level of pigmentation and erythema were determined and clinical improvement was evaluated by the melasma area and severity index (MASI), melasma quality of life scale (MELASQoL), and patient- and investigator-rated global improvement scale. After 24 weeks, the MASI score decreased from 8.8 to 5.6, and MELASQoL showed improvement in 91% of patients (p<0.05). The mean level of pigmentation decreased from 184.3 to 159.7 and erythema levels decreased from 253.6 to 216.4 (p<0.05). Additionally, 74% of the patients showed some improvement in both patient- and investigator-rated global improvement scales at week 24. Korean red ginseng powder was well tolerated by most of the patients. In conclusion, Korean red ginseng powder showed good tolerability and beneficial effects in patients with melasma. The use of Korean red ginseng would be counted as a useful adjunctive therapy for patients with melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Song
- Department of Dermatology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 602-739, Korea
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Seo DH, Jung JH, Lee JE, Jeon EJ, Kim W, Park CS. Biotechnological production of arbutins (α- and β-arbutins), skin-lightening agents, and their derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1417-25. [PMID: 22843425 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Arbutins (α- and β-arbutins) are glycosylated hydroquinones that are commercially used in the cosmetic industry. These compounds have an inhibitory function against tyrosinase, a critical enzyme for generating pigments, which leads to the prevention of melanin formation, resulting in a whitening effect on the skin. Although β-arbutin is found in various plants including bearberry, wheat, and pear, α-arbutin and other arbutin derivatives are synthesized by chemical and enzymatic methods. This article presents a mini-review of recent studies on the production of α-arbutin and other α- and β-arbutin derivatives via enzymatic bioconversion methods. In addition, the structures of α- and β-arbutin derivatives and their biological activities are discussed. The catalytic characteristics of various enzymes used in the biosynthesis of arbutin derivatives are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Seo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, South Korea
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Extracellular tyrosinase from the fungus Trichoderma reesei shows product inhibition and different inhibition mechanism from the intracellular tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:598-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Husni A, Jeon JS, Um BH, Han NS, Chung D. Tyrosinase inhibition by water and ethanol extracts of a far eastern sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1541-1547. [PMID: 21384380 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosinase plays a key role in hyperpigmentaion and enzymatic browning. The present study was aimed at investigating the inhibitory effects of water and 70% aqueous ethanol extracts of Stichopus japonicus, a sea cucumber long consumed as a tonic food and traditional medicine, on the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase. RESULTS In the tyrosinase inhibition study, high-performance liquid chromatography completely separated L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopachrome from other compounds present in the extracts, and provided more reliable results than the commonly used spectrophotometry. The ethanol extract (IC(50)=0.49-0.61 mg mL(-1)) showed higher inhibitory activity than the water extract (IC(50)=1.80-1.99 mg mL(-1)). Enzyme inhibition by the extracts was reversible and of mixed type. For both extracts, the dissociation constants for binding to free enzyme were significantly smaller than those for binding to enzyme-substrate complex. Ethyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (IC(50)=0.19 mg mL(-1)), isolated for the first time from sea cucumber, and adenosine (IC(50)=0.13 mg mL(-1)), were identified as key tyrosinase inhibitors. CONCLUSION The sea cucumber extracts were demonstrated to possess considerable inhibitory potency against the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase, suggesting that the sea cucumber may be a good source of safe and effective tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Husni
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Medical and Bio-Materials Research Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
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Song K, An SM, Kim M, Koh JS, Boo YC. Comparison of the antimelanogenic effects of p-coumaric acid and its methyl ester and their skin permeabilities. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 63:17-22. [PMID: 21530181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND p-Coumaric acid (PCA) inhibits human tyrosinase (TYR) activity and melanin synthesis in human epidermal melanocytes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to examine the potential of PCA and its hydrophobic derivative, methyl p-coumarate (MPC), as hypopigmenting agents for topical use. METHODS PCA and MPC were comparatively tested against in vitro human TYR enzyme activity and cellular melanin synthesis in human epidermal melanocytes. Permeation studies were undertaken using an artificial lipophilic membrane and an excised porcine skin. In vivo hypopigmenting efficacy was assessed on the skin of melanin-possessing hairless mice exposed to UVB. RESULTS Although PCA was a stronger inhibitor than MPC against TYR activity in vitro, the former inhibited cellular melanin synthesis less effectively than the latter. A non-cell based permeability assay indicated that PCA was practically impermeable through the lipophilic barrier while MPC was highly permeable. In contrast, an ex vivo skin permeation study demonstrated that topically applied PCA in the form of a cream can diffuse into the aqueous medium underneath the skin. No MPC was released from a MPC cream but PCA was released instead as a bio-converted product. Topical application of PCA cream attenuated the UVB-induced erythema formation and pigmentation in mice models, more effectively compared with MPC cream. CONCLUSION PCA may be useful as an active ingredient for topical applications for a hypopigmenting effect. MPC has potential as a hypopigmenting agent but requires rather invasive methods for its delivery to the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosun Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Medical Education Program for Human Resources, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Seo YK, Kim SJ, Boo YC, Baek JH, Lee SH, Koh JS. Effects of p-coumaric acid on erythema and pigmentation of human skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 36:260-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim KD, Song MH, Yum EK, Jeon OS, Ju YW, Chang MS. Melanogenesis Inhibition by Mono-hydroxycinnamic Ester Derivatives in B16 Melanoma Cells. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.01.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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An SM, Koh JS, Boo YC. p
-coumaric acid not only inhibits human tyrosinase activity in vitro
but also melanogenesis in cells exposed to UVB. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1175-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wang H, Peng D, Xie J. Ginseng leaf-stem: bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions. Chin Med 2009; 4:20. [PMID: 19849852 PMCID: PMC2770043 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng root is used more often than other parts such as leaf stem although extracts from ginseng leaf-stem also contain similar active ingredients with pharmacological functions. Ginseng's leaf-stems are more readily available at a lower cost than its root. This article reviews the pharmacological effects of ginseng leaf-stem on some diseases and adverse effects due to excessive consumption. Ginseng leaf-stem extract contains numerous active ingredients, such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, flavonoids, volatile oils, polyacetylenic alcohols, peptides, amino acids and fatty acids. The extract contains larger amounts of the same active ingredients than the root. These active ingredients produce multifaceted pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, as well as on the cardiovascular, reproductive and metabolic systems. Ginseng leaf-stem extract also has anti-fatigue, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties. In normal use, ginseng leaf-stem extract is quite safe; adverse effects occur only when it is over dosed or is of poor quality. Extracts from ginseng root and leaf-stem have similar multifaceted pharmacological activities (for example central nervous and cardiovascular systems). In terms of costs and source availability, however, ginseng leaf-stem has advantages over its root. Further research will facilitate a wider use of ginseng leaf-stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Chang TS. An updated review of tyrosinase inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:2440-2475. [PMID: 19582213 PMCID: PMC2705500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10062440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 873] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional, glycosylated, and copper-containing oxidase, which catalyzes the first two steps in mammalian melanogenesis and is responsible for enzymatic browning reactions in damaged fruits during post-harvest handling and processing. Neither hyperpigmentation in human skin nor enzymatic browning in fruits are desirable. These phenomena have encouraged researchers to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors for use in foods and cosmetics. This article surveys tyrosinase inhibitors newly discovered from natural and synthetic sources. The inhibitory strength is compared with that of a standard inhibitor, kojic acid, and their inhibitory mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National University of Tainan, 33 sec. 2 Shu-Lin St., Tainan, Taiwan; E-Mail:
; Tel. +886 6 2606283; Fax: +886 6 2909502
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Comparison of substrate specificity of tyrosinases from Trichoderma reesei and Agaricus bisporus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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An S, Lee S, Choi S, Moon SW, Boo Y. p-Coumaric acid, a constituent ofSasa quelpaertensisNakai, inhibits cellular melanogenesis stimulated by -melanocyte stimulating hormone. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:292-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zhu W, Gao J. The use of botanical extracts as topical skin-lightening agents for the improvement of skin pigmentation disorders. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2008; 13:20-4. [PMID: 18369335 DOI: 10.1038/jidsymp.2008.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Both physicians and dermatology patients are searching for long-term topical skin care solutions (both cosmetic and cosmeceutical) to address problems presented by skin hyperpigmentation. Specifically, some women often express a desire to "lighten" skin tone by achieving improved visible tone, reduction in yellowness (or sallow tone), and reduction in the appearance of hyperpigmented spots ("age" or "sun" spots). Traditional depigmenting agents, such as hydroquinone, corticosteroids, and kojic acid, although highly effective, can raise several safety concerns (for example, ochronosis, atrophy, carcinogenesis, and other local or systemic side effects) with long-term exposure. An understanding of the benefits of natural and botanical extracts provides opportunities to develop new products to address pigmentation problems. Active compounds isolated from plants, such as arbutin, aloesin, gentisic acid, flavonoids, hesperidin, licorice, niacinamide, yeast derivatives, and polyphenols, inhibit melanogenesis without melanocytotoxicity by different mechanisms. This review presents an overview of trends in the application of plant extracts as topical treatments for hyperpigmentation disorders. It highlights some of the most relevant natural extracts, providing in vitro screening results and relevant available clinical study trial findings supporting their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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