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Enantioresolution and Binding Affinity Studies on Human Serum Albumin: Recent Applications and Trends. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between proteins and drugs or other bioactive compounds has been widely explored over the past years. Several methods for analysis of this phenomenon have been developed and improved. Nowadays, increasing attention is paid to innovative methods, such as high performance affinity liquid chromatography (HPALC) and affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), taking into account various advantages. Moreover, the development of separation methods for the analysis and resolution of chiral drugs has been an area of ongoing interest in analytical and medicinal chemistry research. In addition to bioaffinity binding studies, both HPALC and ACE al-low one to perform other type of analyses, namely, displacement studies and enantioseparation of racemic or enantiomeric mixtures. Actually, proteins used as chiral selectors in chromatographic and electrophoretic methods have unique enantioselective properties demonstrating suitability for the enantioseparation of a large variety of chiral drugs or other bioactive compounds. This review is mainly focused in chromatographic and electrophoretic methods using human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant plasma protein, as chiral selector for binding affinity analysis and enantioresolution of drugs. For both analytical purposes, updated examples are presented to highlight recent applications and current trends.
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2
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Ratih R, Wätzig H, Stein M, El Deeb S. Investigation of the enantioselective interaction between selected drug enantiomers and human serum albumin by mobility shift-affinity capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3960-3968. [PMID: 32823373 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mobility shift-affinity capillary electrophoresis was employed for enantioseparation and simultaneous binding constant determination. Human serum albumin was used as a chiral selector in the background electrolyte composed of 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The applied setup supports a high mobility shift since albumin and the drug-albumin complex hold negative net charges, while model compounds of amlodipine and verapamil are positively charged. In order to have an accurate effective mobility determination, the Haarhoff-van der Linde function was utilized. Subsequently, the association constant was determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the dependence of effective mobilities on the total protein concentration. Differences in the apparent binding status between the enantiomers lead to mobility shifts of different extends (α). This resulted in enantioresolutions of Rs = 1.05-3.63 for both drug models. R-(+)-Verapamil (KA 1844 M-1 ) proved to bind stronger to human serum albumin compared to S-(-)-verapamil (KA 6.6 M-1 ). The association constant of S-(-)-amlodipine (KA 25 073 M-1 ) was found to be slightly higher compared to its antipode (KA 22 620 M-1 ) when applying the racemic mixture. The low measurement uncertainty of this approach was demonstrated by the close agreement of the association constant of the enantiopure S-(-)-form (KA 25 101 M-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratih Ratih
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) for propranolol extraction and separation by capillary electrophoresis. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1193-1205. [PMID: 30033745 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The preparation of magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) for propranolol magnetic solid-phase extraction is described. MATERIALS & METHODS A study comparing propranolol adsorption and desorption was performed with only magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and different poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) with and without magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Enantiomeric separation of propranolol took place by cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis and the method was validated in spiked human urine samples. RESULTS Recovery values raised when styrene/divinylbenzene millimoles ratio was 19.57:15.80. Enrichment factors increased up to approximately 100, detection limits were 13.8 and 10.5 ng ml-1 for R- and S-propranolol respectively, quantitation limits were 46.0 and 34.8 ng ml-1 for R- and S-propranolol respectively, recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 90.9 to 109.0%, and relative standard deviations were <6.3%. CONCLUSION This methodology was proven to be more effective than classical solid-phase extraction strategies and may be applied to other kind of biological samples.
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Ali I, Suhail M, Asnin L. Chiral separation of quinolones by liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2863-2882. [PMID: 28510993 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The quinolones are derivatives of oxoquinolines and mostly known for their antibacterial and antiviral activities. Many quinolones are chiral compounds having asymmetric centers and important due to their enantioselective biological activities. In order to study the biological activities of quinolone enantiomers, to control the manufacturing of homochiral drugs and to prepare necessary quantities of pure enantiomers for preclinical or clinical trials, respective chiral separation methods are urgently needed. In this context, the present review discusses chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the enantioseparation of chiral quinolones and provides some useful information on their physical and pharmaceutical properties. The drawbacks of currently used techniques are revealed and ways to overcome them are outlined. Moreover, recommendations for an optimal choice of a separation protocol are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Leonid Asnin
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
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Xu Y, Hong T, Chen X, Ji Y. Affinity capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence spectroscopy for studying enantioselective interactions between omeprazole enantiomer and human serum albumin. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1366-1373. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Xu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; P.R. China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Tingting Hong
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; P.R. China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; P.R. China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; P.R. China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing P.R. China
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6
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Wu D, Zhai Y, Yan J, Xu K, Wang Q, Li Y, Li H. Binding mechanism of tauroursodeoxycholic acid to human serum albumin: insights from NMR relaxation and docking simulations. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding patterns and structure–affinity relationship of tauroursodeoxycholic acid with human serum albumin were established by NMR methodology and docking simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanming Zhai
- Analytical & Testing Center Sichuan University
- P. R. China
| | - Jin Yan
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- P. R. China
| | - Kailin Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- P. R. China
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Salama N, Zaazaa H, Abd El Halim L, Salem M, Abd El Fattah L. Thin-layer chromatographic enantioseparation of ofloxacin and zopiclone using hydroxy-propyl-beta-cyclodextrin as chiral selector and thermodynamic studies of complexation. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2014; 27:166-173. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.27.2014.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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8
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Fu Y, Duan X, Chen X, Zhang J, Li W. Enantioselective separation of chiral ofloxacin using functional Cu(ii)-coordinated G-rich oligonucleotides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Horiuchi M, Moriyama S, Takahata Y, Aiba T, Kurosaki Y. Effects of peritoneal dialysis on pharmacotherapy: a deductive pharmacokinetic-model approach to predict drug concentration profiles in plasma and peritoneal fluid. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 29:154-61. [PMID: 24025988 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to present a deductive compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model to predict the concentration profiles of drugs in plasma and peritoneal fluid in peritoneal dialysis (PD) rats. PK parameters of model drugs in normal and experimentally induced acute renal failure (ARF) rats not undergoing PD were obtained inductively in a common regression manner with a two-compartment model. In PD normal and ARF rats, PK parameters relating to the transfer of drugs to the peritoneal dialysate and the progress of renal failure were deductively modified to simulate the drug concentration-time profiles in plasma and in the peritoneal fluid in PD rats. The deductively introduced modifiers were the volume of distribution in the peripheral compartment, plasma protein binding, and solvent movement factor to the peritoneal fluid. Predicted profiles of tolbutamide, propranolol and cefazolin in PD normal and ARF rats were compared with the corresponding observed data. This minimal deductive approach yielded satisfactory accuracy in the prediction of both the plasma and peritoneal fluid concentrations of tolbutamide and propranolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Horiuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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10
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Li W, Li Y, Fu Y, Zhang J. Enantioseparation of chiral ofloxacin using biomacromolecules. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Fu Y, Huang T, Chen B, Shen J, Duan X, Zhang J, Li W. Enantioselective resolution of chiral drugs using BSA functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Asensi-Bernardi L, Martín-Biosca Y, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández MJ. Electrokinetic chromatographic estimation of the enantioselective binding of nomifensine to human serum albumin and total plasma proteins. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1357-63. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Asensi-Bernardi
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Valencia; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | - Yolanda Martín-Biosca
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Valencia; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | | | - María J. Medina-Hernández
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Valencia; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
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13
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Chu BL, Lin JM, Wang Z, Guo B. Enantiospecific binding of Rotigotine and its antipode to serum albumins: Investigation of binding constants and binding sites by partial-filling ACE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2845-52. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Sun H, He P. Characterization of interaction between doxycycline and human serum albumin by capillary electrophoresis‐frontal analysis. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1991-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Li HF, Zeng H, Chen Z, Lin JM. Chip-based enantioselective open-tubular capillary electrochromatography using bovine serum albumin-gold nanoparticle conjugates as the stationary phase. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1022-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Monti S, Manet I, Manoli F, Ottani S, Marconi G. Licochalcone A bound to bovine serum albumin: a spectroscopic, photophysical and structural study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:805-13. [DOI: 10.1039/b823227j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Mallik R, Yoo MJ, Chen S, Hage DS. Studies of verapamil binding to human serum albumin by high-performance affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 876:69-75. [PMID: 18980867 PMCID: PMC2597894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The binding of verapamil to the protein human serum albumin (HSA) was examined by using high-performance affinity chromatography. Many previous reports have investigated the binding of verapamil with HSA, but the exact strength and nature of this interaction (e.g. the number and location of binding sites) is still unclear. In this study, frontal analysis indicated that at least one major binding site was present for R- and S-verapamil on HSA, with estimated association equilibrium constants on the order of 10(4)M(-1) and a 1.4-fold difference in these values for the verapamil enantiomers at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. The presence of a second, weaker group of binding sites on HSA was also suggested by these results. Competitive binding studies using zonal elution were carried out between verapamil and various probe compounds that have known interactions with several major and minor sites on HSA. R/S-Verapamil was found to have direct competition with S-warfarin, indicating that verapamil was binding to Sudlow site I (i.e. the warfarin-azapropazone site of HSA). The average association equilibrium constant for R- and S-verapamil at this site was 1.4 (+/-0.1)x10(4)M(-1). Verapamil did not have any notable binding to Sudlow site II of HSA but did appear to have some weak allosteric interactions with l-tryptophan, a probe for this site. An allosteric interaction between verapamil and tamoxifen (a probe for the tamoxifen site) was also noted, which was consistent with the binding of verapamil at Sudlow site I. No interaction was seen between verapamil and digitoxin, a probe for the digitoxin site of HSA. These results gave good agreement with previous observations made in the literature and help provide a more detailed description of how verapamil is transported in blood and of how it may interact with other drugs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangan Mallik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, 704 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Michelle J. Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, 704 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Sike Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, 704 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - David S. Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, 704 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
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18
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Qin W, Liu Q, Fan Y. CE determination of quinolones in the presence of bovine serum albumin. J Sep Sci 2008; 32:118-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Elbashir AA, Saad B, Mohamed Ali AS, Saleh MI, Aboul‐Enein HY. Determination of Ofloxacin Enantiomers in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701780631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A. Elbashir
- a School of Chemical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- a School of Chemical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Hassan Y. Aboul‐Enein
- b Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department , National Research Centre , Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Monti S, Manet I, Manoli F, Sortino S. Binding and photochemistry of enantiomeric 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid (ketoprofen) in the human serum albumin environment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:462-70. [PMID: 17404642 DOI: 10.1039/b614163c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Global analysis of circular dichroism multiwavelength data and time resolved fluorescence was applied to investigate the interaction of R(-)- and S(+)-ketoprofen (KP) with human serum albumin (HSA) in buffer solution at neutral pH. The most stable drug:protein adducts of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 stoichiometry were characterized as regards the stability constants and the absolute circular dichroism spectra. The spectra of the diastereomeric 1 : 1 conjugates are negative with minima at ca. 350 nm for R(-)-KP and 330 nm for S(+)-KP, those of the 2 : 1 complexes are both negative with minimum at 340 nm and quite similar in shape to each other, thereby showing that the protein loses chiral recognition capability upon multiple binding. HSA intrinsic time resolved fluorescence data obtained exciting at 295 nm point to Trp 214 being located in the secondary binding site for both KP enantiomers. The photodegradation of the S(+)- and R(-)-KP:HSA complexes was studied by steady state photolysis using lambda(irr) > 320 nm. No decrease of the photodegradation quantum yields was observed in 1 : 1 complexes. An induction time for the photodegradation course in 2 : 1 complexes was observed. Transient absorption spectroscopy at lambda(exc) = 355 nm showed that triplet KP species were formed with stereo-differentiated lifetimes and high quantum yields (0.7-0.9). Secondary transients were consistent with the occurrence of photodecarboxylation and/or photoreduction within the protein matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Monti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), CNR, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
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Hödl H, Koidl J, Schmid MG, Gübitz G. Chiral resolution of tryptophan derivatives by CE using canine serum albumin and bovine serum albumin as chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4755-62. [PMID: 17136718 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with the application of BSA and canine serum albumin (CSA) for enantioseparation of tryptophan derivatives with CE. The aim of this work was the investigation of the influence of different functional groups of tryptophan derivatives on enantioseparation. CSA as a chiral selector was tested to compare its selector properties with those of BSA. The enantiomers of the tryptophan derivatives were separated by adding BSA or CSA to the BGE. The influence of pH, temperature, BSA and CSA concentration and organic modifiers was investigated. It was found that the stereoselectivity for the different tryptophan derivatives is dependent on the albumin species. It turned out that the different functional groups of the derivatives showed a significant influence on stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Hödl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
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22
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Zhou S, Ouyang J, Baeyens WRG, Zhao H, Yang Y. Chiral separation of four fluoroquinolone compounds using capillary electrophoresis with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:296-301. [PMID: 16774760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) investigation on the enantiomeric separation of lomefloxacin, gatifloxacin, pazufloxacin and ofloxacin was undertaken. Resolution of the enantiomers was achieved using hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) as the chiral selector. Parameters influencing separation include cyclodextrin concentration, separational potential, pH and organic additive are discussed. A buffer consisting of 70 mM phosphate and 40 mM HP-beta-CD at pH 3.96 was found to be highly efficient for the separation of lomefloxacin, at pH 3.90 for gatifloxacin, at pH 5.04 for pazufloxacin and at pH 2.16 for ofloxacin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the enantiomeric resolution of lomefloxacin and gatifloxacin applying CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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23
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Ostergaard J, Heegaard NHH. Bioanalytical interaction studies executed by preincubation affinity capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2590-608. [PMID: 16732622 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of CE is beneficial for the study of many types of molecular interactions, because different experimental designs can be made to suit the characteristics of a particular interaction. A very versatile starting point is the preequilibration type of affinity CE that has been used extensively for characterizing biomolecular interactions in the last 15 years. We review this field here and include a comprehensive overview of the existing preincubation ACE modes including their advantages and limitations as well as the methodological developments and applications within the bioanalytical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Ostergaard
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Martínez-Gómez MA, Martínez-Pla JJ, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camañas RM, Medina-Hernández MJ. Chiral separation of oxprenolol by affinity electrokinetic chromatography-partial filling technique using human serum albumin as chiral selector. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:76-81. [PMID: 15927439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic characteristics of capillary electrophoresis have made this technique a powerful tool in the chiral separation field. The present paper deals with the enantiomeric separation of oxprenolol enantiomers by affinity electrokinetic chromatography-partial filling technique using human serum albumin (HSA) as chiral selector. Several experimental conditions and variables affecting the separation such as pH, HSA concentration and plug length, background electrolyte concentration, temperature and voltage were studied. Baseline separation of oxprenolol enantiomers was obtained in less than 8 min under the following selected conditions: electrophoretic buffer composed of 50 mM Tris-(hydroximethyl)-aminomethane (Tris) at pH 8.5; 190 microM HSA solution applied at 50 mbar for 225 s as chiral selector; oxprenolol samples contained 190 microM HSA solution injected hydrodynamically at 30 mbar for 2s and the electrophoretic runs performed at 30 degrees C applying 15 kV voltage. The proposed methodology was applied for the analysis of two pharmaceutical preparations. Resolution, accuracy, reproducibility, speed and cost of the proposed method make it suitable for quality control of the enantiomeric composition of oxprenolol in drugs. The results show that a different affinity between oxprenolol enantiomers and HSA exists and can contribute to the pharmacokinetic differentiation of these enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Martínez-Gómez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultat de Farmacia. Universitat de Valencia, Spain
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Monti S, Manoli F, Sortino S, Morrone R, Nicolosi G. Binding of a chiral drug to a protein: an investigation of the 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid/bovine serum albumin system by circular dichroism and fluorescence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:4002-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b509911k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Blatt DH, Pryor WA, Mata JE, Rodriguez-Proteau R. Re-evaluation of the relative potency of synthetic and natural α-tocopherol: experimental and clinical observations. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:380-95. [PMID: 15219923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nutritionists generally consider all-rac-alpha-tocopherol and RRR-alpha-tocopherol equivalent in vitamin E activity but disagree whether equivalency requires a dosage ratio of 1.36:1 or 2:1. In contrast, we hypothesize that all-rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherols are not equivalent in any dosage ratio. Previous observations that all-rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherols are distributed and eliminated via saturable and stereospecific pathways imply that their relative bioavailability varies with the saturation of these pathways and therefore varies with dosage. Indeed, previous studies observed that the relative bioavailability of all-rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherols varies between tissues as well as with dose, time after dosing, and duration of dosing. This non-constant relative bioavailability predicts non-constant relative activity (i.e., non-parallel dose-concentration curves predict non-parallel dose-effect curves). Non-constant relative bioavailability suggests that a fixed dosage ratio of all-rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherols cannot produce a fixed ratio of effects on all processes in all tissues at all times after all dosages. However, previous studies suggest that all-rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherols have equivalent effects (parallel dose-effect curves) in vitamin E-deficient animals and non-vitamin E-deficient humans. We re-evaluate the data from these animal studies and find non-parallel dose-effect and concentration-effect curves. We discuss pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic reasons why previous studies in non-vitamin E-deficient humans did not find non-parallel dose-effect curves for all-rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherols. We note that saturable elimination predicts that all-rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherols might inhibit and/or induce elimination of other compounds (including 30-40% of prescription drugs) eliminated via the same saturable pathways, and stereospecific elimination predicts that all-rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherol have non-parallel dose-effect curves for these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Blatt
- Biodynamics Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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27
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Martı́nez-Pla JJ, Martı́n-Biosca Y, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camañas RM, Medina-Hernández MJ. Fast enantiomeric separation of propranolol by affinity capillary electrophoresis using human serum albumin as chiral selector: application to quality control of pharmaceuticals. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Awadallah B, Schmidt PC, Wahl MA. Quantitation of the enantiomers of ofloxacin by capillary electrophoresis in the parts per billion concentration range for in vitro drug absorption studies. J Chromatogr A 2003; 988:135-43. [PMID: 12647828 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)02015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ofloxacin, a chiral fluoroquinolone, possesses two optical isomers. The antibacterial activity of S-(-)-ofloxacin is reported to be 8-128 times higher than that of R-(+)-ofloxacin. A capillary zone electrophoresis method has been developed to quantify the enantiomers of ofloxacin in high diluted samples (20-700 ng/ml for each enantiomer). After fluid-fluid extraction of ofloxacin from physiological solution electrokinetic injection was employed to improve the sensitivity. The method was optimised using a central composite design. Four experimental factors were investigated: the background electrolyte concentration, the methyl-beta-cyclodextrin concentration, the buffer pH and the temperature. The amount migrated into the capillary, determined by the peak area, the resolution between the ofloxacin enantiomers, the migration time and the generated current were evaluated as responses. The quantification limit is 11.4 ng/ml for S-ofloxacin and 10.8 ng/ml for R-ofloxacin. The method has shown good validation data in terms of precision and recovery rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Awadallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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29
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Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in the characterization of antibiotics. Many capillary electrophoretic techniques have been utilized in their analyses, addressing various aspects of quantifying, profiling and monitoring. Sensitive electrochemical and laser-induced fluorescence detection systems have been utilized, demonstrating trace level determinations in clinical settings and in environmental samples. Different sample introduction methods have been explored, enhancing detection sensitivity, or reducing or eliminating sample manipulation prior to injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Flurer
- Forensic Chemistry Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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30
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Abstract
This review article with 223 references describes recent developments in capillary electrophoresis (CE) of proteins and covers papers published during last two years, from the previous review (V. Dolnik, Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 3106-3115) through Spring 2001. It describes the topics related to CE of proteins including modeling of the electrophoretic properties of proteins, sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving selectivity, detection, special electrophoretic techniques, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dolnik
- Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA.
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31
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Amini A. Recent developments in chiral capillary electrophoresis and applications of this technique to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3107-30. [PMID: 11589272 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:15<3107::aid-elps3107>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current status of chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE). The emphasis is placed on the application of CE in chiral separation of various racemic compounds. During the last two years about 280 papers, several review articles, and two entire issues, edited by S. Fanali (Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 2577-2798, and H. Nishi and S. Terabe (J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 879, 1-471.) have been devoted to chiral CE. Enantiomeric separations of various compounds, e.g., pharmaceuticals, drug candidates, drugs and related metabolites in biological fluids, amino acids, di- and tri peptides, pesticides and fungicides, have been performed using different chiral selectors. Native and derivatized cyclodextrins continue to be the most widely used chiral selectors. Other chiral selectors such as natural and synthetic chiral micelles, crown ethers, chiral ligands, proteins, oligo- and polysaccharides, and macrocyclic antibiotics have also been applied to chiral CE separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amini
- Medical Product Agency, Division of Biotechnology, Uppsala, Sweden.
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32
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Zarbl E, Lämmerhofer M, Franco P, Petracs M, Lindner W. Development of stereoselective nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis system for the resolution of cationic and amphoteric analytes. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3297-307. [PMID: 11589294 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:15<3297::aid-elps3297>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective ion-pair nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) method employing the partial filling technique with N-derivatized amino acids, e.g., (R)- and (S)-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-leucine (DNB-Leu), as chiral selector for the separation of "pseudoenantiomeric" cinchona alkaloid derivatives and other structurally related basic compounds like the enantiomers of mefloquine is presented. Originating from NACE with cinchona alkaloid derivatives as chiral counterions, this method was developed by application of the reciprocity principle of chiral recognition, which was proven to be valid for stereoselective ion-pair capillary electrophoresis (CE). A variety of basic and amphoteric selectands (SAs) could be well resolved. Thereby, the separation was primarily based on stereoselective ion-pair formation of corresponding SA stereoisomers and mobility differences of free and complexed (ion-paired) SAs. Additionally, in the case of diastereomeric SAs, naturally existing mobility differences between the diastereomers played also a role, but was shown by control experiments with racemic DNB-Leu and without selector (SO) to be of minor contribution to overall separation selectivity. Due to its simplicity, speed, and good reproducibility, the established method can be utilized for fast screening of cationic as well as amphoteric chiral compounds, and therefore is a valuable tool in the development of new chiral selectors and chiral stationary phases. Small sample amounts of the SO (4-5 mg) and only analytical amounts of SAs are needed, and about 20-50 compounds per day can be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zarbl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
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33
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Horstkötter C, Blaschke G. Stereoselective determination of ofloxacin and its metabolites in human urine by capillary electrophoresis using laser-induced fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 754:169-78. [PMID: 11318412 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous separation and enantioseparation of the antibacterial drug ofloxacin and its metabolites desmethyl ofloxacin and ofloxacin N-oxide in human urine has been developed and validated. Enantioseparation was achieved by adding sulfobutyl beta-cyclodextrin to the running buffer. The detection of the analytes was performed by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection using a HeCd-laser with an excitation wavelength of 325 nm. In comparison with conventional UV detection, LIF detection provides higher sensitivity and selectivity. The separation can be performed after direct injection of urine into the capillary without any sample preparation, because no matrix compounds interfere with the assay. Additionally, the high sensitivity of this method allows the quantification of the very low concentrations of enantiomers of both metabolites. The limit of quantification was 250 ng/ml for ofloxacin enantiomers and 100 ng/ml for each metabolites' enantiomers. This method was applied to the analysis of human urine samples collected from a volunteer after oral administration of 200 mg of (+/-)-ofloxacin to elucidate stereoselective differences in the formation and excretion of the metabolites. It could be demonstrated that the renal excretion of the S-configured metabolites, especially S-desmethyl ofloxacin, within the first 20 h after dosage, is significantly lower than that of the R-enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Horstkötter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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34
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Proksa B, Čižmáriková RE. Separation of β-adrenolytics derived from 4-hydroxyacetophenone by capillary electrophoresis in the presence of cyclodextrins. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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de Boer T, Mol R, de Zeeuw RA, de Jong GJ, Ensing K. Enantioseparation of ofloxacin in urine by capillary electrokinetic chromatography using charged cyclodextrins as chiral selectors and assessment of enantioconversion. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:1413-8. [PMID: 11379965 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200105)22:7<1413::aid-elps1413>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the enantioseparation of ofloxacin, a member of the fluoroquinolones, using an anionic cyclodextrin-derivative with or without combination with a neutral cyclodextrin-derivative, as the chiral selector (s) in an electrokinetic chromatography system. The best results were obtained with 0.35 mM sulfated beta-cyclodextrin dissolved in a 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 2.5, and at 15 degrees C. Under these conditions, a resolution of 2 was readily achieved. Furthermore, under adequate separation conditions, studies were performed in order to assess possible in vitro and in vivo enantioconversion of levofloxacin. The current method allows detection of 2 microg R-(+)-ofloxacine/mL diluted urine without the necessity of sample cleanup.
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Affiliation(s)
- T de Boer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University Center for Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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36
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Tanaka Y, Terabe S. Recent advances in enantiomer separations by affinity capillary electrophoresis using proteins and peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 48:103-16. [PMID: 11356482 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(01)00143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomer separations by capillary electrophoresis (CE), using proteins as chiral selectors--affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) with free solutions and capillary electrochromatography (CEC)--with protein immobilized capillaries, are reviewed. The separation principle, recent advances in this field and some interesting topics are presented. In ACE, various enantiomer separations have been already reported using either plasma proteins or egg white ones. Miscellaneous proteins were also explored in the last few years. On the contrary, only a limited number of enantiomer separations have been successfully achieved in CEC. CEC is not yet mature enough to date, and further investigations, such as efficiency, durability and reproducibility of capillaries, will be necessary for the use of routine analyses. The study of enantioselective drug-protein binding is important in pharmaceutical developments. Some applications including high-performance CE/frontal analysis (HPCE/FA) are introduced in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., 3-10-1, Yato, Hyogo 666-0193, Kawanishi, Japan
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37
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Gotti R, Cavrini V, Pomponio R, Andrisano V. Analysis and enantioresolution of donepezil by capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24:863-70. [PMID: 11248479 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of donepezil, a centrally acting acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, is described by a CZE method suitable for applications in pharmaceutical field. A rapid migration of the analyte was obtained under acidic conditions (pH 3.0); with detection wavelength of 320 nm a LOD of 0.8 x 10(-3) mg/ml was provided. Applications on real sample (pharmaceuticals) were carried out using two different instruments with comparable results in terms of reproducibility and accuracy. The use of chiral selectors in the running buffer allowed the enantioseparation of donepezil; charged cyclodextrins (carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin and sulfated-beta-cyclodextrin) were suitable for the chiral resolution of the analyte. Interesting results were also obtained using human serum albumin. The protein-based CE enantioseparation was carried out at pH 7.4 avoiding the partial filling technique due to the good absorptivity of donepezil at 320 nm. Interestingly, the use of bicine as BGE provided a significative improvement in the enantioresolution compared to that obtained by phosphate buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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