1
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Patrone PN, DiSalvo M, Kearsley AJ, McFadden GB, Cooksey GA. Reproducibility in cytometry: Signals analysis and its connection to uncertainty quantification. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295502. [PMID: 38134031 PMCID: PMC10745152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Signals analysis for cytometry remains a challenging task that has a significant impact on uncertainty. Conventional cytometers assume that individual measurements are well characterized by simple properties such as the signal area, width, and height. However, these approaches have difficulty distinguishing inherent biological variability from instrument artifacts and operating conditions. As a result, it is challenging to quantify uncertainty in the properties of individual cells and perform tasks such as doublet deconvolution. We address these problems via signals analysis techniques that use scale transformations to: (I) separate variation in biomarker expression from effects due to flow conditions and particle size; (II) quantify reproducibility associated with a given laser interrogation region; (III) estimate uncertainty in measurement values on a per-event basis; and (IV) extract the singlets that make up a multiplet. The key idea behind this approach is to model how variable operating conditions deform the signal shape and then use constrained optimization to "undo" these deformations for measured signals; residuals to this process characterize reproducibility. Using a recently developed microfluidic cytometer, we demonstrate that these techniques can account for instrument and measurand induced variability with a residual uncertainty of less than 2.5% in the signal shape and less than 1% in integrated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N. Patrone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew DiSalvo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Kearsley
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey B. McFadden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Cooksey
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
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2
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Welsh JA, Arkesteijn GJA, Bremer M, Cimorelli M, Dignat-George F, Giebel B, Görgens A, Hendrix A, Kuiper M, Lacroix R, Lannigan J, van Leeuwen TG, Lozano-Andrés E, Rao S, Robert S, de Rond L, Tang VA, Tertel T, Yan X, Wauben MHM, Nolan JP, Jones JC, Nieuwland R, van der Pol E. A compendium of single extracellular vesicle flow cytometry. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12299. [PMID: 36759917 PMCID: PMC9911638 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) offers a multiparametric technology capable of characterizing single extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, most flow cytometers are designed to detect cells, which are larger than EVs. Whereas cells exceed the background noise, signals originating from EVs partly overlap with the background noise, thereby making EVs more difficult to detect than cells. This technical mismatch together with complexity of EV-containing fluids causes limitations and challenges with conducting, interpreting and reproducing EV FCM experiments. To address and overcome these challenges, researchers from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC), and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) joined forces and initiated the EV FCM working group. To improve the interpretation, reporting, and reproducibility of future EV FCM data, the EV FCM working group published an ISEV position manuscript outlining a framework of minimum information that should be reported about an FCM experiment on single EVs (MIFlowCyt-EV). However, the framework contains limited background information. Therefore, the goal of this compendium is to provide the background information necessary to design and conduct reproducible EV FCM experiments. This compendium contains background information on EVs, the interaction between light and EVs, FCM hardware, experimental design and preanalytical procedures, sample preparation, assay controls, instrument data acquisition and calibration, EV characterization, and data reporting. Although this compendium focuses on EVs, many concepts and explanations could also be applied to FCM detection of other particles within the EV size range, such as bacteria, lipoprotein particles, milk fat globules, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Bremer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Cimorelli
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Clinical Research Center, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martine Kuiper
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Metrology Institute, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Support Services, LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shoaib Rao
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stéphane Robert
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Leonie de Rond
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera A Tang
- Flow Cytometry & Virometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
- Cellarcus Biosciences, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Jameson VJ, Luke T, Yan Y, Hind A, Evrard M, Man K, Mackay LK, Kallies A, Villadangos JA, McWilliam HEG, Perez‐Gonzalez A. Unlocking autofluorescence in the era of full spectrum analysis: Implications for immunophenotype discovery projects. Cytometry A 2022; 101:922-941. [PMID: 35349225 PMCID: PMC9519814 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex elements affecting signal resolution in cytometry is key for quality experimental design and data. In this study, we incorporate autofluorescence as a contributing factor to our understanding of resolution in cytometry and corroborate its impact in fluorescence signal detection through mathematical predictions supported by empirical evidence. Our findings illustrate the critical importance of autofluorescence extraction via full spectrum unmixing in unmasking dim signals and delineating the expression and subset distribution of low abundance markers in discovery projects. We apply our findings to the precise definition of the tissue and cellular distribution of a weakly expressed fluorescent protein that reports on a low-abundance immunological gene. Exploiting the full spectrum coverage enabled by Aurora 5L, we describe a novel approach to the isolation of pure cell subset-specific autofluorescence profiles based on high dimensionality reduction algorithms. This method can also be used to unveil differences in the autofluorescent fingerprints of tissues in homeostasis and after immunological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanta J. Jameson
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Melbourne Cytometry PlatformThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tina Luke
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Melbourne Cytometry PlatformThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Yuting Yan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Angela Hind
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Melbourne Cytometry PlatformThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kevin Man
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Laura K. Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jose A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hamish E. G. McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alexis Perez‐Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and ImmunityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Melbourne Cytometry PlatformThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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4
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Kinkhabwala A, Herbel C, Pankratz J, Yushchenko DA, Rüberg S, Praveen P, Reiß S, Rodriguez FC, Schäfer D, Kollet J, Dittmer V, Martinez-Osuna M, Minnerup L, Reinhard C, Dzionek A, Rockel TD, Borbe S, Büscher M, Krieg J, Nederlof M, Jungblut M, Eckardt D, Hardt O, Dose C, Schumann E, Peters RP, Miltenyi S, Schmitz J, Müller W, Bosio A. MACSima imaging cyclic staining (MICS) technology reveals combinatorial target pairs for CAR T cell treatment of solid tumors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1911. [PMID: 35115587 PMCID: PMC8813936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many critical advances in research utilize techniques that combine high-resolution with high-content characterization at the single cell level. We introduce the MICS (MACSima Imaging Cyclic Staining) technology, which enables the immunofluorescent imaging of hundreds of protein targets across a single specimen at subcellular resolution. MICS is based on cycles of staining, imaging, and erasure, using photobleaching of fluorescent labels of recombinant antibodies (REAfinity Antibodies), or release of antibodies (REAlease Antibodies) or their labels (REAdye_lease Antibodies). Multimarker analysis can identify potential targets for immune therapy against solid tumors. With MICS we analysed human glioblastoma, ovarian and pancreatic carcinoma, and 16 healthy tissues, identifying the pair EPCAM/THY1 as a potential target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for ovarian carcinoma. Using an Adapter CAR T cell approach, we show selective killing of cells only if both markers are expressed. MICS represents a new high-content microscopy methodology widely applicable for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Rüberg
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Sandy Reiß
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Schäfer
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jutta Kollet
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Vera Dittmer
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Lara Minnerup
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Borbe
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Martin Büscher
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krieg
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Michel Nederlof
- Qi Biotech, Inc., 12261 Beestone Lane, Raleigh, NC, 27614, USA
| | | | | | - Olaf Hardt
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Christian Dose
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Eik Schumann
- Miltenyi Imaging GmbH, Radolfzell am Bodensee, Germany
| | | | | | - Jürgen Schmitz
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andreas Bosio
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany.
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5
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In Situ Flow Cytometer Calibration and Single-Molecule Resolution via Quantum Measurement. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22031136. [PMID: 35161882 PMCID: PMC8839117 DOI: 10.3390/s22031136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent biomarkers are used to detect target molecules within inhomogeneous populations of cells. When these biomarkers are found in trace amounts it becomes extremely challenging to detect their presence in a flow cytometer. Here, we present a framework to draw a detection baseline for single emitters and enable absolute calibration of a flow cytometer based on quantum measurements. We used single-photon detection and found the second-order autocorrelation function of fluorescent light. We computed the success of rare-event detection for different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). We showed high-accuracy identification of the events with occurrence rates below 10−5 even at modest SNR levels, enabling early disease diagnostics and post-disease monitoring.
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6
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de Rond L, Coumans FAW, Welsh JA, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG, van der Pol E. Quantification of Light Scattering Detection Efficiency and Background in Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 99:671-679. [PMID: 33085220 PMCID: PMC8359315 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie de Rond
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Frank A. W. Coumans
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institute of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Ton G. van Leeuwen
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation CenterAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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7
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Wood JCS. How well can your flow cytometer detect photons? Cytometry A 2020; 99:664-667. [PMID: 33289284 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C S Wood
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Jeong S, González G, Ho A, Nowell N, Austin LA, Hoballah J, Mubarak F, Kapur A, Patankar MS, Cramer DW, Krauledat P, Hansen WP, Evans CL. Plasmonic Nanoparticle-Based Digital Cytometry to Quantify MUC16 Binding on the Surface of Leukocytes in Ovarian Cancer. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2772-2782. [PMID: 32847358 PMCID: PMC7871419 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although levels of the circulating ovarian cancer marker (CA125) can distinguish ovarian masses that are likely to be malignant and correlate with severity of disease, serum CA125 has not proved useful in general population screening. Recently, cell culture studies have indicated that MUC16 may bind to the Siglec-9 receptor on natural killer (NK) cells where it downregulates the cytotoxicity of NK cells, allowing ovarian cancer cells to evade immune surveillance. We present evidence that the presence of MUC16 can be locally visualized and imaged on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in ovarian cancer via a novel "digital" cytometry technique that incorporates: (i) OC125 monoclonal antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles as optical nanoprobes, (ii) a high contrast dark-field microscopy system to detect PBMC-bound gold nanoparticles, and (iii) a computational algorithm for automatic counting of these nanoparticles to estimate the quantity of surface-bound MUC16. The quantitative detection of our technique was successfully demonstrated by discriminating clones of the ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR3, based on low, intermediate, and high expression levels of MUC16. Additionally, PBMC surface-bound MUC16 was tracked in an ovarian cancer patient over a 17 month period; the results suggest that the binding of MUC16 on the surface of immune cells may play an early indicator for recurrent metastasis 6 months before computational tomography-based clinical diagnosis. We also demonstrate that the levels of surface-bound MUC16 on PBMCs from five ovarian cancer patients were greater than those from five healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinyoung Jeong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Germán González
- PNP Research Corporation, LLC, Drury, Massachusetts 01343, United States
| | - Alexander Ho
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Nicholas Nowell
- PNP Research Corporation, LLC, Drury, Massachusetts 01343, United States
| | - Lauren A Austin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jawad Hoballah
- PNP Research Corporation, LLC, Drury, Massachusetts 01343, United States
| | - Fatima Mubarak
- PNP Research Corporation, LLC, Drury, Massachusetts 01343, United States
| | - Arvinder Kapur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53705, United States
| | - Manish S Patankar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53705, United States
| | - Daniel W Cramer
- Ob/Gyn Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Petra Krauledat
- PNP Research Corporation, LLC, Drury, Massachusetts 01343, United States
| | - W Peter Hansen
- PNP Research Corporation, LLC, Drury, Massachusetts 01343, United States
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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9
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Hoffman RA(B. A Career in Cytometry R&D. Cytometry A 2020; 97:563-565. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Spurgeon BE, Naseem KM. Platelet Flow Cytometry: Instrument Setup, Controls, and Panel Performance. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2019; 98:19-27. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalid M. Naseem
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of Leeds Leeds UK
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11
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Go with the flow: advances and trends in magnetic flow cytometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1839-1862. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Wood JCS. Non-Parametric Comparison of Single Parameter Histograms. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2018; 83:10.20.1-10.20.20. [PMID: 29345330 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of methods have been developed to compare single parameter histograms. Some perform a channel-by-channel analysis and others give a single statistic about how the histograms may or may not differ. If they do differ, then the significance of the difference or confidence limit is usually provided. The specific location(s) for the greatest deviations may also be given. Some are more effective at resolving severely overlapping populations and others work poorly when there is any significant overlap. Each method makes certain assumptions about the data. It is important to understand the assumptions being made and to understand the limitations of each method. It is essential to know how to identify when a comparison method will work for a given set of histograms. This unit explores the different methods, and provides a guide for the reader to choose the most appropriate method(s) to use for a specific data set(s). © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C S Wood
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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13
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Smith ER, Hewitson TD, Cai MMX, Aghagolzadeh P, Bachtler M, Pasch A, Holt SG. A novel fluorescent probe-based flow cytometric assay for mineral-containing nanoparticles in serum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5686. [PMID: 28720774 PMCID: PMC5515983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calciprotein particles, nanoscale aggregates of insoluble mineral and binding proteins, have emerged as potential mediators of phosphate toxicity in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Although existing immunochemical methods for their detection have provided compelling data, these approaches are indirect, lack specificity and are subject to a number of other technical and theoretical shortcomings. Here we have developed a rapid homogeneous fluorescent probe-based flow cytometric method for the detection and quantitation of individual mineral-containing nanoparticles in human and animal serum. This method allows the discrimination of membrane-bound from membrane-free particles and different mineral phases (amorphous vs. crystalline). Critically, the method has been optimised for use on a conventional instrument, without the need for manual hardware adjustments. Using this method, we demonstrate a consistency in findings across studies of Chronic Kidney Disease patients and commonly used uraemic animal models. These studies demonstrate that renal dysfunction is associated with the ripening of calciprotein particles to the crystalline state and reveal bone metabolism and dietary mineral as important modulators of circulating levels. Flow cytometric analysis of calciprotein particles may enhance our understanding of mineral handling in kidney disease and provide a novel indicator of therapeutic efficacy for interventions targeting Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Medicine - Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tim D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine - Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael M X Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine - Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Matthias Bachtler
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen G Holt
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine - Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Maciorowski Z, Chattopadhyay PK, Jain P. Basic Multicolor Flow Cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 117:5.4.1-5.4.38. [DOI: 10.1002/cpim.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paresh Jain
- BDB Asia‐Pacific, BD Life Sciences Gurgaon India
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15
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Wang L, Hoffman RA. Standardization, Calibration, and Control in Flow Cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 79:1.3.1-1.3.27. [PMID: 28055116 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Because flow cytometers are designed to measure particle characteristics, particles are the most common materials used to calibrate, control, and standardize the instruments. Definitions and cautions are provided for common terms to alert the reader to critical distinctions in meaning. This unit presents extensive background on particle types and cautions and describes practical aspects of methods to standardize and calibrate instruments. Procedures are provided to characterize performance in terms of optical alignment, fluorescence and light scatter resolution, and sensitivity. Finally, suggestions follow for analyzing particles used for calibration. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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16
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Barsky LW, Black M, Cochran M, Daniel BJ, Davies D, DeLay M, Gardner R, Gregory M, Kunkel D, Lannigan J, Marvin J, Salomon R, Torres C, Walker R. International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC) flow cytometry shared resource laboratory (SRL) best practices. Cytometry A 2016; 89:1017-1030. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lora W. Barsky
- Department of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
| | - Michele Black
- Department of Immunology; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
| | - Matthew Cochran
- Flow Cytometry Resource; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester New York
| | - Benjamin J. Daniel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas HSC; San Antonio Texas
| | - Derek Davies
- Flow Cytometry Facility; Francis Crick Institute; London United Kingdom
| | - Monica DeLay
- Division of Rheumatology; Cincinnati Children's Hospital; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Rui Gardner
- Flow Cytometry SRL; Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Michael Gregory
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Office of Collaborative Science; New York New York
| | - Desiree Kunkel
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Berlin Germany
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- University of Virginia School of Medicine; Flow Cytometry Shared Resource Lab; Charlottesville Virginia
| | - James Marvin
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah
| | | | | | - Rachael Walker
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility; Babraham Institute; Cambridge United Kingdom
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17
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Simon P, Frankowski M, Bock N, Neukammer J. Label-free whole blood cell differentiation based on multiple frequency AC impedance and light scattering analysis in a micro flow cytometer. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2326-38. [PMID: 27229300 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We developed a microfluidic sensor for label-free flow cytometric cell differentiation by combined multiple AC electrical impedance and light scattering analysis. The measured signals are correlated to cell volume, membrane capacity and optical properties of single cells. For an improved signal to noise ratio, the microfluidic sensor incorporates two electrode pairs for differential impedance detection. One-dimensional sheath flow focusing was implemented, which allows single particle analysis at kHz count rates. Various monodisperse particles and differentiation of leukocytes in haemolysed samples served to benchmark the microdevice applying combined AC impedance and side scatter analyses. In what follows, we demonstrate that AC impedance measurements at selected frequencies allow label-free discrimination of platelets, erythrocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes in whole blood samples involving dilution only. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to validate the results of the label-free cell analysis. Reliable differentiation and enumeration of cells in whole blood by AC impedance detection have the potential to support medical diagnosis for patients with haemolysis resistant erythrocytes or abnormally sensitive leucocytes, i.e. for patients suffering from anaemia or leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simon
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Chandler WL. Measurement of microvesicle levels in human blood using flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 90:326-36. [PMID: 26606416 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles are fragments of cells released when the cells are activated, injured, or apoptotic. Analysis of microvesicle levels in blood has the potential to shed new light on the pathophysiology of many diseases. Flow cytometry is currently the only method that can simultaneously separate true lipid microvesicles from other microparticles in blood, determine the cell of origin and other microvesicle characteristics, and handle large numbers of clinical samples with a reasonable effort, but expanded use of flow cytometric measurement of microvesicle levels as a clinical and research tool requires improved, standardized assays. The goal of this review is to aid investigators in applying current best practices to microvesicle measurements. First pre-analytical factors are evaluated and data summarized for anticoagulant effects, sample transport and centrifugation. Next flow cytometer optimization is reviewed including interference from background in buffers and reagents, accurate microvesicle counting, swarm interference, and other types of coincidence errors, size calibration, and detection limits using light scattering, impedance and fluorescence. Finally current progress on method standardization is discussed and a summary of current best practices provided. © 2016 Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne L Chandler
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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19
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Wang L, Degheidy H, Abbasi F, Mostowski H, Marti G, Bauer S, Hoffman RA, Gaigalas AK. Quantitative Flow Cytometry Measurements in Antibodies Bound per Cell Based on a CD4 Reference. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 75:1.29.1-1.29.14. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0129s75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Heba Degheidy
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland
| | - Fatima Abbasi
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland
| | - Howard Mostowski
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland
| | - Gerald Marti
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland
| | - Steven Bauer
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland
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20
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Nolan JP. Flow Cytometry of Extracellular Vesicles: Potential, Pitfalls, and Prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 73:13.14.1-13.14.16. [PMID: 26132176 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy1314s73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can play roles in physiology and pathology, providing impetus to explore their use as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. However, EVs are also small, heterogeneous, and difficult to measure, and so this potential has not yet been realized. The development of improved approaches to EV detection and characterization will be critical to further understanding their roles in physiology and disease. Flow cytometry has been a popular tool for measuring cell-derived EVs, but has often been used in an uncritical manner in which fundamental principles and limitations of the instrument are ignored. Recent efforts to standardize procedures and document the effects of different methodologies have helped to address this shortcoming, but much work remains. In this paper, I address some of the instrument, reagent, and analysis considerations relevant to measurement of individual EVs in flow, with the aim of clarifying a path to quantitative and standardized measurement of these interesting and potentially important biological nanoparticles.
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21
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Zucker R. Separating the signal from the noise: expanding flow cytometry into the sub-micron range. Cytometry A 2014; 85:744-5. [PMID: 25139806 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zucker
- Toxicology Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
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22
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Bustos ML, Huleihel L, Meyer EM, Donnenberg AD, Donnenberg VS, Sciurba JD, Mroz L, McVerry BJ, Ellis BM, Kaminski N, Rojas M. Activation of human mesenchymal stem cells impacts their therapeutic abilities in lung injury by increasing interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1RN levels. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:884-95. [PMID: 24089414 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, with no currently effective therapies. Several preclinical studies have shown that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have therapeutic potential for patients with ARDS because of their immunomodulatory properties. The clinical use of hMSCs has some limitations, such as the extensive manipulation required to isolate the cells from bone marrow aspirates and the heterogeneity in their anti-inflammatory effect in animal models and clinical trials. The objective of this study was to improve the protective anti-inflammatory capacity of hMSCs by evaluating the consequences of preactivating hMSCs before use in a murine model of ARDS. We injected endotoxemic mice with minimally manipulated hMSCs isolated from the bone marrow of vertebral bodies with or without prior activation with serum from ARDS patients. Minimally manipulated hMSCs were more efficient at reducing lung inflammation compared with isolated and in vitro expanded hMSCs obtained from bone marrow aspirates. Where the most important effect was observed was with the activated hMSCs, independent of their source, which resulted in increased expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (RN), which was associated with enhancement of their protective capacity by reduction of the lung injury score, development of pulmonary edema, and accumulation of bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cells and cytokines compared with nonactivated cells. This study demonstrates that a low manipulation during hMSC isolation and expansion increases, together with preactivation prior to the therapeutic use of hMSCs, would ensure an appropriate immunomodulatory phenotype of the hMSCs, reducing the heterogeneity in their anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Bustos
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
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23
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Giorgi D, Farina A, Grosso V, Gennaro A, Ceoloni C, Lucretti S. FISHIS: fluorescence in situ hybridization in suspension and chromosome flow sorting made easy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57994. [PMID: 23469124 PMCID: PMC3585268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The large size and complex polyploid nature of many genomes has often hampered genomics development, as is the case for several plants of high agronomic value. Isolating single chromosomes or chromosome arms via flow sorting offers a clue to resolve such complexity by focusing sequencing to a discrete and self-consistent part of the whole genome. The occurrence of sufficient differences in the size and or base-pair composition of the individual chromosomes, which is uncommon in plants, is critical for the success of flow sorting. We overcome this limitation by developing a robust method for labeling isolated chromosomes, named Fluorescent In situ Hybridization In suspension (FISHIS). FISHIS employs fluorescently labeled synthetic repetitive DNA probes, which are hybridized, in a wash-less procedure, to chromosomes in suspension following DNA alkaline denaturation. All typical A, B and D genomes of wheat, as well as individual chromosomes from pasta (T. durum L.) and bread (T. aestivum L.) wheat, were flow-sorted, after FISHIS, at high purity. For the first time in eukaryotes, each individual chromosome of a diploid organism, Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy, was flow-sorted regardless of its size or base-pair related content. FISHIS-based chromosome sorting is a powerful and innovative flow cytogenetic tool which can develop new genomic resources from each plant species, where microsatellite DNA probes are available and high quality chromosome suspensions could be produced. The joining of FISHIS labeling and flow sorting with the Next Generation Sequencing methodology will enforce genomics for more species, and by this mightier chromosome approach it will be possible to increase our knowledge about structure, evolution and function of plant genome to be used for crop improvement. It is also anticipated that this technique could contribute to analyze and sort animal chromosomes with peculiar cytogenetic abnormalities, such as copy number variations or cytogenetic aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Giorgi
- ENEA – Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, CASACCIA Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Farina
- ENEA – Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, CASACCIA Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Grosso
- ENEA – Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, CASACCIA Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gennaro
- DAFNE – Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Carla Ceoloni
- DAFNE – Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Sergio Lucretti
- ENEA – Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, CASACCIA Research Center, Rome, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Interest in measuring the complete fluorescence spectra of individual cells in flow can be traced to the earliest days of flow cytometry. Recent advances in detectors, optics, and computation have made it possible to make full spectral measurements in the sub-millisecond time frame in which flow cytometry measurements typically occur. This opens up new possibilities for applying spectroscopy to the analysis of individual cells. This unit reviews historical and contemporary approaches to spectral flow cytometry, as well as instrument design, calibration, and data analysis for spectral flow cytometry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Nolan
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute Suite 210 3535 General Atomics Court San Diego, CA 92037
| | - Danilo Condello
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute Suite 210 3535 General Atomics Court San Diego, CA 92037
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25
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Nolan JP, Condello D, Duggan E, Naivar M, Novo D. Visible and near infrared fluorescence spectral flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2012; 83:253-64. [PMID: 23225549 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is a long standing interest in measuring complete emission spectra from individual cells in flow cytometry. We have developed flow cytometry instruments and analysis approaches to enable this to be done routinely and robustly. Our spectral flow cytometers use a holographic grating to disperse light from single cells onto a CCD for high speed, wavelength-resolved detection. Customized software allows the single cell spectral data to be displayed and analyzed to produce new spectra-derived parameters. We show that familiar reference and calibration beads can be employed to quantitatively assess instrument performance. We use microspheres stained with six different quantum dots to compare a virtual bandpass filter approach with classic least squares (CLS) spectral unmixing, and then use antibody capture beads and CLS unmixing to demonstrate immunophenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells using spectral flow cytometry. Finally, we characterize and evaluate several near infrared (NIR) emitting fluorophores for use in spectral flow cytometry. Spectral flow cytometry offers a number of attractive features for single cell analysis, including a simplified optical path, high spectral resolution, and streamlined approaches to quantitative multiparameter measurements. The availability of robust instrumentation, software, and analysis approaches will facilitate the development of spectral flow cytometry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Nolan
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, San Diego, California, USA.
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26
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Clutter MR, Heffner GC, Krutzik PO, Sachen KL, Nolan GP. Tyramide signal amplification for analysis of kinase activity by intracellular flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2011; 77:1020-31. [PMID: 20824632 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular flow cytometry permits quantitation of diverse molecular targets at the single-cell level. However, limitations in detection sensitivity inherently restrict the method, sometimes resulting in the inability to measure proteins of very low abundance or to differentiate cells expressing subtly different protein concentrations. To improve these measurements, an enzymatic amplification approach called tyramide signal amplification (TSA) was optimized for assessment of intracellular kinase cascades. First, Pacific Blue, Pacific Orange, and Alexa Fluor 488 tyramide reporters were shown to exhibit low nonspecific binding in permeabilized cells. Next, the effects of antibody concentration, tyramide concentration, and reaction time on assay resolution were characterized. Use of optimized TSA resulted in a 10-fold or greater improvement in measurement resolution of endogenous Erk and Stat cell signaling pathways relative to standard, nonamplified detection. TSA also enhanced assay sensitivity and, in conjunction with fluorescent cell barcoding, improved assay performance according to a metric used to evaluate high-throughput drug screens. TSA was used to profile Stat1 phosphorylation in primary immune system cells, which revealed heterogeneity in various populations, including CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. We anticipate the approach will be broadly applicable to intracellular flow cytometry assays with low signal-to-noise ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Clutter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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