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Nardangeli A, Autorino R, Boldrini L, Campitelli M, Reina S, Ferrandina G, Bizzarri N, Tagliaferri L, Macchia G, Valentini V, Gambacorta MA. Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy With Simultaneous Integrated Boost in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: Long Term Results of a Single-Center Experience. Front Oncol 2022; 12:883965. [PMID: 35600370 PMCID: PMC9117618 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.883965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy and tolerability of simultaneous integrated boost volumetric modulated arc therapy (SIB-VMAT) associated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy in preoperative setting of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). From June 2013 to September 2019, we analyzed patients with LACC who had undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT). A radiation dose of 39.6 Gy, 1.8 Gy/fraction was delivered to the pelvis plus a radiation dose to the primary tumor delivered with SIB-VMAT strategy for a total of 50.6Gy, 2.3Gy/fraction in 25 fractions. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy was delivered combined with radiotherapy. Radical hysterectomy plus pelvic with or without aortic lymphadenectomy was performed within 7 to 8 weeks from CRT. One hundred forty-eight patients (median age: 49.5 years; FIGO stage IB2: 7, IIA: 8, IIB: 106, IIIA: 5; IIIB: 16; IVA: 5, IVB: 1; N0: 56, N1: 92) were analyzed. The treatment was well tolerated with good compliance: no grade 3/4 gastrointestinal or genitourinary toxicity was reported; grade 3 neutropenia was described in five cases. Pathological complete response (pCR) was documented in 68 cases (46%) and 32 patients (21.6%) had microscopic residual disease. Pathological nodal involvement was observed in 23 patients (15.5%). At median follow-up of 59 months (range: 27-100), the 3-year local control was 78.5%, whereas the 3-year metastasis-free survival was 70.5%. The 3-year overall survival rate was 89.0%. Neoadjuvant CRT with SIB-VMAT followed by radical surgery results in a high rate of pathologically assessed complete response and a very encouraging local control rate, with acceptable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Nardangeli
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Roma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessia Nardangeli,
| | - Rosa Autorino
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Boldrini
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Roma, Italy
| | - Maura Campitelli
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Reina
- Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Ferrandina
- Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- UOC Ginecologia Oncologica, Dipartimento per la Salute della Donna e del Bambino e della Salute Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Roma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Bizzarri
- UOC Ginecologia Oncologica, Dipartimento per la Salute della Donna e del Bambino e della Salute Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Tagliaferri
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Macchia
- Radiation Oncology Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Valentini
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Gambacorta
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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Gómez-Hidalgo NR, Acosta Ú, Rodríguez TG, Mico S, Verges R, Conesa VB, Bradbury M, Pérez-Hoyos S, Pérez-Benavente A, Gil-Moreno A. Adjuvant therapy in early-stage cervical cancer after radical hysterectomy: are we overtreating our patients? A meta-analysis. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1605-1614. [PMID: 35441353 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a gap in knowledge regarding the ideal management of patients with early-stage cervical cancer and intermediate-risk features. Here, we present a meta-analysis of the published literature on oncological outcomes in these patients and determine trends in postoperative management. METHODS MEDLINE and PubMed were used for literature searches. The inclusion criteria were: English language articles including ≥ 10 patients, patients who underwent radical hysterectomy, nodes negative, studies reporting oncological outcomes and complications treatment-related and compare a surgery-only cohort with a radiotherapy cohort. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Combined relative risk was calculated using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model and a forest plot was drawn. RESULTS We collected 183 manuscripts on early-stage cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy alone or with adjuvant radiotherapy after surgery. A total of eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Regarding oncological outcomes, survival was reported in five studies. The relative risk of recurrence and the relative risk of mortality was similar in both groups independently whether receive or not adjuvant therapy. Most of the studies did not report significant differences regarding morbidity treatment related between the groups, except for a higher rate of lymphedema after radiotherapy. CONCLUSION We found that the relative risk of recurrence and mortality was similar in both groups not depending on adjuvant therapy. Therefore, whether radiotherapy adjuvant treatment is indicated remains a topic of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia R Gómez-Hidalgo
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, Service of Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Úrsula Acosta
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, Service of Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Soraya Mico
- Radiotherapy Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramona Verges
- Radiotherapy Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Bebia Conesa
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, Service of Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melissa Bradbury
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, Service of Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Pérez-Hoyos
- Statistics Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asunción Pérez-Benavente
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, Service of Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Moreno
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, Service of Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
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Kim H, Park W, Kim YS, Kim YJ. Chemoradiotherapy is not superior to radiotherapy alone after radical surgery for cervical cancer patients with intermediate-risk factor. J Gynecol Oncol 2019; 31:e35. [PMID: 31912685 PMCID: PMC7189075 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2020.31.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is no consensus on whether giving adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is more effective than adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) alone in patients with early stage cervical cancer and intermediate-risk factor(s). The purpose of this study was to evaluate survival difference according to adjuvant treatment in the intermediate-risk group. Methods From 2000 to 2014, the medical records of patients with stage IB–IIA cervical cancer and a history of radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection, followed by pelvic RT at a dose ≥40 Gy were retrospectively reviewed. Among these, 316 patients with one or more intermediate-risk factor(s) and no high-risk factors were included. The criteria defined the intermediate-risk group as those patients with any of the following intermediate-risk factors: lymphovascular space involvement, over one-half stromal invasion, or tumor size ≥4 cm. Results The median follow-up duration was 70 months (range: 3–203 months). According to adjuvant treatment (adjuvant RT alone vs. adjuvant CCRT), the 5-year recurrence-free survival rates (90.8% vs. 88.9%, p=0.631) and 5-year overall survival rates (95.9% vs. 91.0%, p=0.287) did not show a significant difference in patients with any of the intermediate-risk factors. In multivariate analysis, a distinct survival difference according to adjuvant treatment was not found regardless of the number of risk factors. Conclusion The present study showed that giving RT together with chemotherapy is not more effective than RT alone for stage IB–IIA cervical cancer patients with intermediate-risk factor(s). Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01101451
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakyoung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
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IMRT with ¹⁸FDG-PET\CT based simultaneous integrated boost for treatment of nodal positive cervical cancer. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:83. [PMID: 24661323 PMCID: PMC4014138 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate toxicity and outcome of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to the positive lymph nodes in patients with loco-regional advanced cervical cancer (LRACC). Methods The study population comprised ten patients with 18FDG-PET\CT positive lymph nodes (LNs), who underwent chemoradiation with IMRT and SIB. A dose of 50.4 Gy, in daily fractions of 1.8 Gy, was delivered to primary tumor and draining LNs. Primary tumor received an additional external beam boost to a total dose of 55.8 Gy. A SIB of 62 Gy, in daily fractions of 2 Gy, was delivered to the 18FDG-PET\CT positive LNs. Finally, a high dose rate brachytherapy (HDRB) boost (15 – 18 Gy) was administered to the primary tumor. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate acute and early late toxicity and loco-regional control. Results The median number of irradiated LNs per patient was 3 (range: 1–6) with a median middle nodal SIB-volume of 26.10 cm3 (range, 11.9-82.50 cm3). Median follow-up was 20 months (range, 12 to 30 months). Acute and late grade 3 toxicity was observed in 1 patient. Three of the patients developed a recurrence, one in the form of a local tumor relapse, one had a paraaortic LN metastasis outside the treated volume and the last one developed a distant metastasis. Conclusion IMRT with SIB in the region of 18FDG-PET positive lymph nodes appears to be an effective therapy with acceptable toxicity and might be useful in the treatment of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer.
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Austin RM, Zhao C. Type 1 and type 2 cervical carcinomas: some cervical cancers are more difficult to prevent with screening. Cytopathology 2012; 23:6-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2011.00955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ryu SY, Park SI, Nam BH, Cho CK, Kim K, Kim BJ, Kim MH, Choi SC, Lee ED, Lee KH. Is Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Overtreatment in Cervical Cancer Patients With Intermediate Risk Factors? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 79:794-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Macchia G, Ferrandina G, Deodato F, Ruggieri V, Massaccesi M, Salutari V, Valentini V, Cellini N, Scambia G, Morganti AG. Concomitant boost dose escalation plus large-field preoperative chemoradiation in locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Results of a phase I study (LARA-CC-1). Gynecol Oncol 2010; 118:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sartori E, Tisi G, Chiudinelli F, La Face B, Franzini R, Pecorelli S. Early stage cervical cancer: Adjuvant treatment in negative lymph node cases. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107:S170-4. [PMID: 17765298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In early stage cervical carcinoma, most studies of the literature show that adjuvant radiotherapy significantly reduced local relapse; its impact on survival improvement is controversial. In this retrospective study, we analyze the role of adjuvant radiotherapy in negative node patients and the possibility of this treatment to improve survival in selected groups. METHODS Four hundred fifty-four patients with stage IB-IIA carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with primary radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. The patients with negative nodes but with pathologic prognostic factors predictive of a poor outcome, underwent adjuvant radiation therapy, according to personalized indications. RESULTS Disease-free actuarial 5-year survival (DFS) was 80%: 88% and 57% in patients with negative and positive nodes, respectively. The population of negative node patients was stratified in three risk categories according to the number of worsening prognostic factors: parametrial invasion, depth of stromal invasion (SI) >1/3 and presence of lymph vascular space involvement (LVSI). In the medium risk category (1 or 2 unfavorable prognostic factors), DFS showed significant advantage for patients submitted to post-operative external beam radiation. In the subset of cases without parametrial extension (pT1B) with one or two risk factors on the surgical specimen (LVSI and/or SI >1/3), there was no difference in DFS between the two groups treated or not with adjuvant radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Post-operative radiotherapy is controversial in node-negative pathologic stage IB cervical cancer; radical surgery alone has low morbidity, enable more accurate prediction of prognosis and may be sufficient therapy in the majority of patients with lymph node-negative early stage cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Sartori
- Gynecologic-Oncology Division of University of Brescia, Italy.
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Rotman M, Sedlis A, Piedmonte MR, Bundy B, Lentz SS, Muderspach LI, Zaino RJ. A phase III randomized trial of postoperative pelvic irradiation in stage IB cervical carcinoma with poor prognostic features: Follow-up of a gynecologic oncology group study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 65:169-76. [PMID: 16427212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate, in a phase III randomized trial, whether postoperative external-beam irradiation to the standard pelvic field improves the recurrence-free interval and overall survival (OS) in women with Stage IB cervical cancers with negative lymph nodes and certain poor prognostic features treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Eligible patients had Stage IB cervical cancer with negative lymph nodes but with 2 or more of the following features: more than one third (deep) stromal invasion, capillary lymphatic space involvement, and tumor diameter of 4 cm or more. The study group included 277 patients: 137 randomized to pelvic irradiation (RT) and 140 randomized to observation (OBS). The planned pelvic dose was from 46 Gy in 23 fractions to 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions. RESULTS Of the 67 recurrences, 24 were in the RT arm and 43 were in the OBS arm. The RT arm showed a statistically significant (46%) reduction in risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.54, 90% confidence interval [CI] = 0.35 to 0.81, p = 0.007) and a statistically significant reduction in risk of progression or death (HR = 0.58, 90% CI = 0.40 to 0.85, p = 0.009). With RT, 8.8% of patients (3 of 34) with adenosquamous or adenocarcinoma tumors recurred vs. 44.0% (11 of 25) in OBS. Fewer recurrences were seen with RT in patients with adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous histologies relative to others (HR for RT by histology interaction = 0.23, 90% CI = 0.07 to 0.74, p = 0.019). After an extensive follow-up period, 67 deaths have occurred: 27 RT patients and 40 OBS patients. The improvement in overall survival (HR = 0.70, 90% CI = 0.45 to 1.05, p = 0.074) with RT did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Pelvic radiotherapy after radical surgery significantly reduces the risk of recurrence and prolongs progression-free survival in women with Stage IB cervical cancer. RT appears to be particularly beneficial for patients with adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous histologies. Circumstances that may have influenced the overall survival differences are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Rotman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Pieterse QD, Trimbos JBMZ, Dijkman A, Creutzberg CL, Gaarenstroom KN, Peters AAW, Kenter GG. Postoperative radiation therapy improves prognosis in patients with adverse risk factors in localized, early-stage cervical cancer: a retrospective comparative study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:1112-8. [PMID: 16803494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the role of postoperative radiotherapy (RT) in early-stage cervical carcinoma with risk factors other than positive nodes, parametrial invasion, or positive margins and to compare outcomes using the Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) modification of the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) system with the GOG prognostic scoring system itself. Between January 1984 and April 2005, 402 patients with early-stage cervical cancer underwent radical hysterectomy. A total of 51 patients (13%) had two of the three risk factors and had pathologic tumor size (> or =40 mm), invasion (> or =15 mm), and capillary lymphatic space involvement, and were identified as the so-called high-risk (HR). We compared 34 patients who received RT based on the LUMC risk profile (67%) with 17 who did not (33%). The GOG score was calculated as well. We compared the GOG scores within the LUMC risk groups: HR+ (two out of three risk factors) and HR- (less than two out of three risk factors). Differences in 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) between the HR group treated with RT (86%, 85%) and without RT (57%; 43%) were statistically significant. The LUMC criteria did not significantly differ from the GOG risk profile, concerning recurrence, CSS, and DFS. HR patients benefit from adjuvant RT. The LUMC modification of the GOG system seems to be simpler and has a slightly higher threshold for the indication for RT but without a difference in outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q D Pieterse
- Department of Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Chung YL, Jian JJM, Cheng SH, Hsieh CI, Tan TD, Chang HJ, Hung CF, Horng CF, Soong T, Tsou MH. Extended-field radiotherapy and high-dose-rate brachytherapy with concurrent and adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer: a phase I/II study. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 97:126-35. [PMID: 15790448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the toxicity and efficacy of integrating extended-field para-aortic and pelvic external radiation, high-dose-rate intracavity brachytherapy, and concurrent and adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. METHOD A phase I/II study was performed from 1998 to 2003 including sixty-three patients with both clinical FIGO and MRI/CT-based TNM stage IIB-IVA cervical cancer. Patients were treated with extended-field external radiation to the para-aortic and pelvic regions with 45 Gy in 25 fractions, and an additional boost to the gross nodes to 50.4 Gy and the parametrium to 59.4 Gy. Patients also received a high-dose-rate (HDR) intracavity brachytherapy with doses of 22-31 Gy to point A in 4-6 fractions. Concurrently, two cycles of cisplatin (50-80 mg/m(2)) were administered in weeks 1 and 5 during radiotherapy, as well as two cycles of cisplatin (60-80 mg/m(2)) for 1 day and 5-fluorouracil (600-800 mg/m(2)) for 4 days at 1 and 2 months after completion of radiotherapy. The treatment-related acute and late side effects were evaluated using RTOG criteria, and the disease control and survival rate were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The median follow-up interval was 36 months. RESULTS All sixty-three patients completed the planned extended-field radiotherapy and high-dose-rate brachytherapy with 2 concurrent cycles of cisplatin. Fifty-eight (92%) patients received 2 cycles of the post-radiation adjuvant chemotherapy of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. RTOG grade III acute toxicity was gastrointestinal (2%) and hematological (10%). No patient had grade IV acute toxicity. Late grades III-IV morbidity actuarial risk of 6% at 6.5 years primarily involved the injuries to the bowels requiring surgical intervention for intestinal obstruction or fistula formation. Initial sites of recurrence were locoregional failure alone (pelvic and para-aortic regions within the radiation field), 3%; distant metastases only, 8%; and locoregional failure plus distant metastases, 8%. The observed rates at 3-year and 5-year of locoregional control, freedom from distant metastasis, and overall survival were 86% and 86%, 81% and 81%, and 81% and 77%, respectively. CONCLUSION Incorporating HDR brachytherapy into a regimen including concurrent chemotherapy and extended radiation appears safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Lin Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, No. 125, Lih-Der Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Rutledge TL, Kamelle SA, Tillmanns TD, Gould NS, Wright JD, Cohn DE, Herzog TJ, Rader JS, Gold MA, Johnson GA, Walker JL, Mannel RS, McMeekin DS. A comparison of stages IB1 and IB2 cervical cancers treated with radical hysterectomy. Is size the real difference? Gynecol Oncol 2004; 95:70-6. [PMID: 15385112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare stages IB1 and IB2 cervical cancers treated with radical hysterectomy (RH) and to define predictors of nodal status and recurrence. METHODS Patients with stage IB cervical cancers undergoing RH between 1990 and 2000 were evaluated and clinicopathological variables were abstracted. The perioperative complication rate, estimated blood loss (EBL), and OR time were also tabulated. Variables were analyzed using X(2) and t tests. Disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed via stepwise logistic regression. Cox-proportional hazards were used to identify independent predictors of recurrence. RESULTS RH was performed on 109 stage IB1 and 86 stage IB2 patients. Mean age, EBL, and perioperative complication rates were similar. Overall, 38 patients (14 IB1 vs. 24 IB2) had positive nodes (P = 0.01) including 9 patients with positive para-aortic nodes (2 IB1 and 7 IB2). Parametrial involvement (PI) and outer 2/3 depth of invasion (DOI) were significantly more common in the IB2 tumors as well. Patients with IB2 disease received adjuvant radiation more frequently than IB1 patients (52% vs. 37%, P = 0.04). Univariate predictors of nodal status included lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI) (P = 0.001), DOI (P = 0.011), PI (P = 0.001), and stage (P = 0.011). Multivariate analysis identified only LVSI (OR 6.4, CI 2.4-17, P = 0. 0002) and PI (OR 8, CI 3.1-20, P = 0. 0001) as independent predictors of positive nodes. With a median follow-up of 35 months, estimates of DFS revealed tumor size (P = 0.008), nodal status (P = 0.0004), LVSI (P = 0.002), PI (P = 0.004), and DOI (P = 0.0004) as significant univariate predictors. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, age, grade, histology, and adjuvant radiation were not associated with recurrence. The significant independent predictors of DFS were LVSI (ROR 5.7, CI 2-16, P = 0.0064) and outer 2/3 DOI (OR 5.8, CI 2-20, P = 0.0029). Neither tumor size nor nodal status was a significant predictor of DFS. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis in stage IB cervical cancer seems to be most influenced by presence of LVSI and DOI and not by tumor size as the staging criteria would suggest. These factors are best determined pathologically after radical hysterectomy. This report contains the largest comparison of IB1 and IB2 patients managed by RH. Tumor size failed to predict recurrence or nodal status when stratified by LVSI, DOI, and PI. Treatment decisions based on tumor size alone should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rutledge
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Cone Biopsy and Pathologic Findings at Radical Hysterectomy in Stage I Cervical Carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00006250-200111000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Dawson LA, Lawrence T. Radiation as an Adjunct to Surgery. Surgery 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57282-1_77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Sedlis A, Bundy BN, Rotman MZ, Lentz SS, Muderspach LI, Zaino RJ. A randomized trial of pelvic radiation therapy versus no further therapy in selected patients with stage IB carcinoma of the cervix after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 73:177-83. [PMID: 10329031 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1999.5387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 867] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits and risk of adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy aimed at reducing recurrence in women with Stage IB cervical cancer treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. METHODS Two hundred seventy-seven eligible patients were entered with at least two of the following risk factors: >1/3 stromal invasion, capillary lymphatic space involvement, and large clinical tumor diameter. Of 277 patients, 137 were randomized to pelvic radiotherapy (RT) and 140 to no further treatment (NFT). RESULTS Twenty-one (15%) in the RT group and 39 (28%) in the NFT group had a cancer recurrence, 18 of whom were vaginal/pelvic in the RT and 27 in the NFT group. In the RT group, of 18 (13%) who died, 15 died of cancer. In the NFT group, of the 30 (21%) who died, 25 died from cancer. Life table analysis indicated a statistically significant (47%) reduction in risk of recurrence (relative risk = 0.53, P = 0.008, one-tail) among the RT group, with recurrence-free rates at 2 years of 88% versus 79% for the RT and NFT groups, respectively. Severe or life-threatening (Gynecologic Oncology Group grade 3 or 4) urologic adverse effects occurred in 4 (3.1%) in the RT group and 2 (1.4%) in the NFT group; 3 (2.3%) and 1 (0.7%) hematologic; 4 (3.1%) and 0 gastrointestinal (GI); and 1 (0.8%) and 0 neurologic, respectively. One patient's death was attributable to grade 4 GI adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy following radical surgery reduces the number of recurrences in women with Stage IB cervical cancer at the cost of 6% grade 3/4 adverse events versus 2.1% in the NFT group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sedlis
- Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
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16
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Okada M, Kigawa J, Minagawa Y, Kanamori Y, Shimada M, Takahashi M, Oishi T, Terakawa N. Indication and efficacy of radiation therapy following radical surgery in patients with stage IB to IIB cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70:61-4. [PMID: 9698475 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1998.5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of radiation therapy following radical surgery in patients with cervical cancer. METHOD A total of 104 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB to IIB cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection at Tottori University Hospital between 1988 and 1994 were entered in this study. The criteria for postoperative radiotherapy included positive lymph node involvement, compromised surgical margin, parametrial extension, or deep stromal invasion of cervix with less than 3 mm of distance from serosa. Postoperative radiotherapy consisted of 10-20 Gy whole pelvis and an additional parametrial dose with a midline block to deliver a total of 44-50 Gy to the pelvic side wall. RESULTS Sixty-two patients (59.6%) who met the criteria received postoperative radiotherapy. Lymph node metastasis was most frequent in stage IIB followed by stage IIA and then stage IB (36.7, 22.2, and 10.7%, respectively). Parametrial extension was observed 8.7% of patients with stage IB and 27.7% of those with stage IIA. The estimated 5-year survival rate for patients undergoing surgery alone was 97.6% and that for patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy was 82.7% (P = 0.038). Multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis and parametrial extension were major prognostic factor, but the survival rate did not relate to depth of stromal invasion. CONCLUSION Postoperative radiotherapy may improve the survival of patients with cervical cancer exhibiting lymph node metastasis or parametrial extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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17
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Hart K, Han I, Deppe G, Malviya V, Malone J, Christensen C, Chuba P, Porter A. Postoperative radiation for cervical cancer with pathologic risk factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 37:833-8. [PMID: 9128959 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(96)00560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the efficacy of postoperative radiation therapy for early-stage cervical cancer with pathologic risk factors. METHODS AND MATERIALS We reviewed the charts of 83 patients who received postoperative radiation therapy at our facility from March 1980 to November 1993 for early stage cervix cancer with positive surgical margins, positive pelvic or periaortic lymph nodes, lymphovascular space invasion, deep invasion, or for disease discovered incidently at simple hysterectomy. Twenty-eight patients received low dose rate (LDR) intracavitary radiation with or without external beam pelvic irradiation and 55 patients received external beam pelvic irradiation with high dose rate (HDR) intracavitary implants. Of these 83 patients, 66 were evaluable--20 LDR and 46 HDR patients. All patients received 45-50 Gy external beam irradiation and 20 Gy LDR equivalent intracavitary irradiation prescribed to 0.5 cm below the mucosa. Ninety percent of the LDR group and 92% of the HDR group completed treatment within < 56 days. Treatment-related toxicities were scored according to the GOG toxicity scale. Mean and median follow-up times were 101 months and 111 months (3-172 months) for the LDR group and 42 and 40 months (3-98 months) for the HDR group. RESULTS The 5-year disease-free survival was 89% for the LDR group and 72% for the HDR group. Local control was observed in 90% (18 out of 20) of the LDR patients and 89% (41 out of 46) of the HDR patients for an overall local control rate of 89.5%. Two of 20 LDR patients (10%) experienced recurrence (two pelvic with distant metastasis). Nine of 46 HDR patients (22%) had recurrence of disease (three pelvic, four distant metastasis, and two pelvic with distant metastasis). In the HDR group, 6 out of 16 (38%) with positive lymph nodes died of disease whereas, 27 out of 30 (90%) of the patients with negative lymph nodes remain free of disease. Three of 20 (15%) LDR patients and 4 out of 46 (9%) HDR patients experienced Grade 2 or 3 late treatment- related complications. No patient in either group had Grade 4 or 5 complications. Pathologic risk factors were analyzed. Lymph node positivity and lymphovascular space invasion were found to be significant (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02). Positive margins, deep invasion, and age were not significant. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the efficacy of postoperative irradiation for cervical cancer with pathologic risk factors. Overall, the local control rate was 89.5% The HDR results demonstrate that this method can be delivered safely and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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18
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Rotman M, Aziz H, Eifel PJ. Irradiation of pelvic and para-aortic nodes in carcinoma of the cervix. Semin Radiat Oncol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-4296(05)80106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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20
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Bloss JD, Berman ML, Mukhererjee J, Manetta A, Emma D, Ramsanghani NS, DiSaia PJ. Bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma managed by primary radical hysterectomy followed by tailored radiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 1992; 47:21-7. [PMID: 1427395 DOI: 10.1016/0090-8258(92)90069-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The management of bulky, stage IB cervical carcinoma remains controversial. The present study reports the outcome of 84 women treated by radical hysterectomy, in which the surgical specimen revealed a lesion measured to be 4 cm or greater in size following formalin fixation. Of the 84 women, 42 (50%) received postoperative radiotherapy based on additional surgical findings beyond tumor size suggesting a high risk for pelvic recurrence including lymph node metastasis, parametrial spread, and compromised margins. Despite the bulky nature of these lesions, major operative and early postoperative complication rates were low (6%). Delayed complications including fistulae and bowel obstructions occurred in only 2.4% of patients treated with surgery alone and in 14.2% of women treated with combined therapy. Corrected 5-year survival in this series was 70.4% (75.6% in the surgery only group and 65.0% in the surgery plus radiotherapy group). Recurrence and mortality rates were related to lesion size, with most recurrences and deaths occurring in women with lesions measuring 6 cm or greater. Comparison of these data utilizing primary radical hysterectomy followed by tailored radiotherapy with previously published data on similar groups of high-risk patients treated with either radiotherapy alone or with radiotherapy followed by simple hysterectomy suggests comparable survival and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bloss
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange 92668
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21
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Lowrey GC, Mendenhall WM, Million RR. Stage IB or IIA-B carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix treated with irradiation: a multivariate analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 24:205-10. [PMID: 1526856 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(92)90672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although treatment results for Stage IB-IIA-B carcinoma of the cervix are generally stratified only by stage, several authors have found that other parameters such as tumor size, patient age, histology, and pretreatment hematocrit may influence pelvic control and/or survival. This is an analysis of 306 patients with carcinoma of the cervix treated with irradiation alone at the University of Florida between October 1964 and June 1984. Results were analyzed for the end points of pelvic control, distant metastasis, relapse-free survival, and overall survival. Stage for stage, there was a decrease of at least 20 percentage points in pelvic control rates of tumors greater than or equal to 6 cm versus those of tumors 0 to 3 cm in diameter, by univariate analysis; a similar pattern was also observed for the end point of relapse-free survival. When patients were stratified by Stages IB-IIA (greater than or equal to 6 cm and less than 6 cm) and IIB (greater than or equal to 6 and less than 6 cm), there was a clear pattern of improved pelvic control and relapse-free survival for patients over 50 years old and for patients with pretreatment hematocrits greater than 40%. The parameters of stage, tumor size, patient age, histology, and pretreatment hematocrit were evaluated in a multivariate analysis. For the end points of pelvic control, distant metastasis, and relapse-free survival, only tumor size was of independent prognostic significance for all three end points with p-values of 0.022, 0.003, and 0.0006, respectively. Stage did not show independent prognostic significance for any of these end points with p-values of 0.257, 0.878, and 0.284, respectively. The data suggest that tumor size is an important prognostic factor and should be incorporated into the reporting of cervical cancer treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Lowrey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
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22
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Rotman M, Choi K, Guse C, Marcial V, Hornback N, John M, Guze C. Prophylactic irradiation of the para-aortic lymph node chain in stage IIB and bulky stage IB carcinoma of the cervix, initial treatment results of RTOG 7920. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990; 19:513-21. [PMID: 2211198 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(90)90475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
From November 1979 to October 1986, 367 patients were entered onto RTOG 7920 and randomized to receive either pelvic irradiation alone or pelvic plus para-aortic radiation. Patients with Stage IIB cervical carcinoma who had not undergone curative surgery and patients with Stages IB and IIA cervical carcinoma who were determined by digital exam to have primary tumors measuring 4 cm or greater in lateral dimension were eligible for this study. Clinically apparent or surgically involved para-aortic nodes were reason for exclusion from the study. Pelvic irradiation consisted of 1.6-1.8 Gy per day for 5 days per week to a total of 40-50 Gy. Para-aortic irradiation delivered 44 to 45 Gy in 1.6-1.8 Gy per day, 5 days per week. Pelvic irradiation was to be completed in 4 1/2 to 6 1/2 weeks and para-aortic irradiation in 4 1/2 to 5 1/2 weeks. Intracavitary brachytherapy delivered a total of 4000-5000 mg hr of radium-equivalents or 30-40 Gy to point A. Patients were stratified prior to random treatment assignment by histology, para-aortic nodal status (negative vs. unevaluated), and FIGO stage. As of June 1, 1989, 30 cases were excluded, including five patients who were inevaluable. Two patients who refused the assigned treatment were also excluded. Therefore, a total of 330 cases were analyzable. At 5 years the estimates of survival, the primary endpoint, for the pelvic only and pelvic plus para-aortic irradiation arms are 55% and 65%, respectively (p = 0.043). Several secondary endpoints were also analyzed. Estimates for loco-regional control at 5 years are, for pelvic irradiation only, 66%, and for pelvic plus para-aortic irradiation, 75% (p = 0.21). Distant metastases are estimated in 32% of pelvic irradiation only patients and 25% of pelvic plus para-aortic irradiation patients at 5 years (p = 0.17). When the first disease failure patterns are examined, more patients fail distally when treated only with pelvic radiation than when using pelvic plus para-aortic fields (p = .04). In analysis of patients with grade 3 (severe), grade 4 (life-threatening), and grade 5 (fatal complications), 8% of the patients in both groups had grade 3 severe complications. In the pelvic plus para-aortic group, 11 patients had grade 4 and 2 had grade 5 complications, whereas 6 had grade 4 and none had grade 5 in the pelvic only treatment group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rotman
- State University of New York, Health Science Center, Brooklyn 11203
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23
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Abstract
The majority of patients with low stage cervical and endometrial cancer are cured. Results obtained in the past only in the categorical cancer centers are currently being achieved more broadly. This reflects the work of formally trained gynecologic oncologists often in collaboration with formally trained radiation therapists distributing themselves in a horizontal fashion to more and more university medical centers, teaching hospitals, and quality tertiary hospitals in the private sector. The formalization of training in gynecologic oncology has been pivotal in this development. This group of physicians, working with physicians in other disciplines, have impacted significantly on patient care and have provided many clinical and pathologic studies to better define favorable low stage cases and poor prognosis cases. The need to explore the use of currently available modalities in a variety of different combinations and to define and develop new techniques to apply to these poor prognosis subsets of disease represent areas of progress and challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Boronow
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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24
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Ludgate SM, Crandon AJ, Hudson CN, Walker Q, Langlands AO. Synchronous 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin-C and radiation therapy in the treatment of locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1988; 15:893-9. [PMID: 3141318 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(88)90123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix has a poor prognosis with a high incidence of persistent or recurrent local disease contributing to distressing symptoms and poor survival. This has remained unaltered over the past 30 years in spite of the addition of other therapeutic modalities. Between 1983 and January 1986, 38 patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix were treated with synchronous 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin-C, and radiotherapy. The results of this pilot study indicate both an improvement in pelvic control and in 3-year survival rate for the chemosensitized therapy compared to conventional radiotherapy alone (55% v 28%) using historical controls. Improved survival was only significant for bulky FIGO Stage IIb tumors. The toxicity of this combination was predominantly gastro-intestinal and led to modification of both radiation dose and technique with subsequent improvement in the incidence of side effects. The results suggest that the combination of synchronous chemotherapy with radiotherapy is an improved method of treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix and that a prospective randomized trial is now justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ludgate
- Combined Clinic in Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, NSW, Australia
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25
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Rotman M, Aziz H, Boyce J. Post-operative irradiation in stage IB carcinoma of cervix. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1988; 15:1045-6. [PMID: 3182314 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(88)90147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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26
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Grimard L, Genest P, Girard A, Gerig L, Prefontaine M, Drouin P, Nair RC, Stats M. Prognostic significance of endometrial extension in carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1988; 31:301-9. [PMID: 3169619 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-8258(88)80008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of 343 consecutive patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the cervix, treated at the Ottawa General Hospital, was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic significance of endometrial extension. All these patient had a D + C as part of their work-up. Sixty-seven patients had a (+) D + C: 34/150 (23%) in Stage IB, 21/106 (20%) in Stage II, and 12/87 (14%) in Stage III. Survival was closely related to the D + C findings in early stages. In Stage IB, the 5-year survival of D + C (-) patients was 90% vs 50% in D + C (+) patients (P less than 0.003) and in Stage II, the 5-year survival was 77% and 55%, respectively (P = 0.089). There was, however, no difference in survival in Stage III patients (35% vs 29%). Pelvic failures were similar in both groups, stage for stage, but those with a (+) D + C had a higher incidence of distant metastasis. In Stage IB, distant metastases were found in 8.5% (10/116) of D + C (-) patients compared to 38% (13/34) in D + C (+) patients (P less than 0.001) and in Stage II, in 18.5% (16/85 and 33% (7/21) of the patients (P = 0.126), respectively. There was no difference in Stage III patients (28% vs 25%). This study suggests that endometrial extension is a significant prognostic factor in early stages and is associated with a higher risk of distant metastases. Management of these high risk patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grimard
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ottawa Regional Cancer Center, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Horiot JC, Pigneux J, Pourquier H, Schraub S, Achille E, Keiling R, Combes P, Rozan R, Vrousos C, Daly N. Radiotherapy alone in carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix according to G. H. Fletcher guidelines: a French cooperative study of 1383 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1988; 14:605-11. [PMID: 3280531 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(88)90080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A French Cooperative study of 1383 cases with invasive carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix treated with radiation therapy alone, using the guidelines provided by G. H. Fletcher led to the following conclusions: The techniques of treatment were easily reproducible in 9 French centers, working in a prospective cooperative study; Results similar to those of the original study were achieved in Stages I and IIA (MDAH substaging) with a locoregional failure rate of 7%; In Stage IIB, the locoregional failure rate of 16% is also comparable in both studies; Locoregional failures in Stage III are slightly lower than those reported in Houston, probably reflecting differences in patient's prognostic factors in France and Texas; The 5-year survival rate obtained in advanced Stages (UICC FIGO staging) are among the highest in the literature (76% in Stage IIb, 62% in Stage IIIa and 50% in Stage IIIb); The rate of severe complications remains acceptable and decreased throughout the study thanks to a better use of computer dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Horiot
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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28
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Souhami L, Melo JA, Pareja G. The treatment of stage III carcinoma of the uterine cervix with telecobalt irradiation. Gynecol Oncol 1987; 28:262-7. [PMID: 3678977 DOI: 10.1016/0090-8258(87)90171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This is a retrospective analysis of 148 patients with histologically proven carcinoma of the cervix, stage III, treated with irradiation. All patients received external irradiation with cobalt 60 followed by intracavitary radium application. The median age was 55 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was found in 96.5% of the cases. The 8-year actuarial survival rate was 41%. Bilateral parametrial invasion proved to be a strong prognostic factor. Patients with unilateral disease had a survival rate of 43% whereas in those with bilateral involvement it was only 15% (P less than 0.005). The total pelvic failure rate was 29.5%. The overall incidence of distant metastasis was 11%. The complication rate (minor and major complications) was high, with vaginal stenosis (22.5%), proctitis (21.5%), cystitis (13.5%), and fistulae (4%) occurring in 33, 32, 20, and 6 patients, respectively. New treatment modalities are urgently needed for advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Bilateral parametrial involvement is an unfavorable prognostic factor and this should be kept in mind when designing new protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Souhami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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29
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van Bommel PF, van Lindert AC, Kock HC, Leers WH, Neijt JP. A review of prognostic factors in early-stage carcinoma of the cervix (FIGO I B and II A) and implications for treatment strategy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1987; 26:69-84. [PMID: 3311843 DOI: 10.1016/0028-2243(87)90010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several prognostic factors in stages I B and II A cervical carcinoma have been widely studied to define groups of patients with a poor prognosis. Most of these factors are interrelated. The characteristics which should be regarded as main factors have not yet been defined, because the studies reported were based on mainly retrospective and non-randomized analysis. Reviewing the literature, lymph node metastasis, differentiation grade, tumor size, parametrial extension, lymph-blood vessel invasion and cervical invasion seem to be prognostically important factors, which suggests that the subdivision of patients according to the FIGO classification alone is inaccurate. It seems useful to define subgroups of patients according to tumor characteristics, determined after surgical treatment and accurate histologic examination of the surgical specimen. Patients with one or more of these tumor features need additional treatment to improve survival. The current treatment modalities, such as postoperative radiotherapy, have not been thoroughly evaluated, but doubt exists as to their efficacy. Data in the literature suggest that particularly patients with para-aortic or multiple pelvic lymph node metastasis (greater than 3) have already developed distant metastases at the time of primary treatment and therefore need adjuvant systemic therapy. Patients with tumors larger than 4 cm in diameter, differentiation grade III, lymph-blood vessel invasion or cervical invasion (of more than 70%) seem to have high recurrence rates at both pelvic and distant sites, indicating that there is also a need for better pelvic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F van Bommel
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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te Velde ER, Habbema JD, Gelpke GJ, Ballieux RE. Prognostic significance of pretreatment variables in patients with invasive cervical cancer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1987; 23:1357-64. [PMID: 3678327 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(87)90120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In 119 consecutive patients with invasive cervical cancer 92 variables of potential significance in predicting recurrence were determined before treatment. In 49 patients recurrent disease was diagnosed during follow-up after therapy. The investigated variables include: clinical data, routinely performed hematological and biochemical tests, histopathological data, oncofetal antigens, placental and pregnancy associated substances, serum levels of acute phase reactants, complement components, immunoglobulins and circulating immune complexes, and assays measuring the general immune competence of the patient. Thirty-three of the variables appeared to give statistically significant differences between values of future recurrence and non-recurrence patients. Further selection was carried out by stepwise forward discriminant analysis. This selection resulted in a prognosis rule using a subset of 7 variables. Carcino-embryonic antigen and the complement component C3PA appeared to be the most powerful variables. Although the stage of disease was the third most important single variable, it did not add prognostic information, once CEA and C3PA were used. By applying the prognosis rule a probabilistic prediction is obtained for each patient. In about 60% of the future recurrences and 40% of the future non-recurrence patients, these predictions reached a high level of accuracy. It was argued that the prediction of non-recurrence does not warrant to change the treatment protocol at present. Whether the prediction of recurrence is clinically useful remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R te Velde
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Leibel S, Bauer M, Wasserman T, Marcial V, Rotman M, Hornback N, Cooper J, Gillespie B, Pakuris E, Conner N. Radiotherapy with or without misonidazole for patients with stage IIIB or stage IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: preliminary report of a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987; 13:541-9. [PMID: 3104249 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(87)90069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Between August 1980 and November 1984, 119 patients with FIGO Stage IIIB or IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were randomized to receive radiation therapy (4600 cGy pelvis plus 1000 cGy parametrial boost) followed by intracavitary or external boost to the primary with or without misonidazole (MISO) (400 mg/m2 daily 2 to 4 hours prior to radiation therapy). Patients in the two treatment groups were evenly distributed with respect to stratification variables including stage, Karnofsky Performance score, and positivity of para-aortic nodes. Eighty-nine percent of patients had Stage IIIB disease and 88% had a Karnofsky score of 80 or better. Seventy-five percent of patients treated with radiation therapy alone and 79% of patients treated with radiation therapy plus MISO received a boost via intracavitary application. Life threatening (Grade 4) complications occurred in 5 patients receiving radiation therapy alone and one patient receiving radiation therapy plus MISO. MISO toxicity (Grade 3) was limited to severe nausea and vomiting in two patients. With 119 evaluable patients and a median follow-up of 33 months, 64% of patients receiving radiation therapy alone are alive at 18 months compared with 54% for patients assigned to radiation therapy plus MISO. The median survival for patients treated with radiation therapy alone and radiation therapy plus MISO was 1.9 years and 1.6 respectively. At this point in the study the difference in survival is inconsistent with the hypothesis of an improvement associated with MISO. There have been 23 deaths among the 49 patients treated with radiation therapy plus MISO who have been followed for at least 18 months compared with 17 deaths in 48 patients treated with radiation therapy alone. The chance of observing this number of deaths with radiation therapy plus MISO if the addition of MISO improves survival by 10 to 20% is 0.003 and less than 0.001, respectively. The addition of MISO to radiation failed to improve survival for these patients. The results cannot be explained by an uncharacteristically high survival on the radiation therapy alone arm or by an imbalance in the distribution of prognostic factors. Local-regional control remains a problem in the management of patients with advanced cervical carcinoma. More effective and less toxic radiosensitizing agents are needed.
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Ng HT, Kan YY, Chao KC, Yuan CC, Shyu SK. The outcome of the patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma in terms of lymph node metastasis and treatment. Gynecol Oncol 1987; 26:355-63. [PMID: 3557197 DOI: 10.1016/0090-8258(87)90027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Of the 908 patients who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for invasive cervical cancer from 1973 to 1983, 139 (or 15.30%) had recurrences. The recurrent rate in the 175 patients with positive pelvic lymph nodes was 32.6%, compared with a 11.2% in the 733 patients with negative nodes (P less than 0.001). This suggests that cervical cancer patients with negative nodes acquire better prognosis after surgical treatments. Not only is recurrence much less frequent in patients with negative nodes, but also the outcome of treatments is significantly in favor of such patients: (A) 51 recurrent patients refused further treatments owing to personal reasons. None survived over 3 years; (B) The survival rate is far higher for treated patients formerly with negative nodes. Sixty of the 82 patients achieved a 5-year survival of 17.74% compared with a 2-year survival of 21.64% only in 28 patients with positive nodes. This suggests that our treatments on patients with recurrent cervical cancer are more effective when the patients have previously had negative nodes, and that refusal of treatment results in quick death.
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Remy JC, Fruchter RG, Choi K, Rotman M, Boyce JG. Complications of combined radical hysterectomy and pelvic radiation. Gynecol Oncol 1986; 24:317-26. [PMID: 3721303 DOI: 10.1016/0090-8258(86)90308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term gastrointestinal (GI) and urinary tract (UT) complications were evaluated in 48 women treated by radical hysterectomy (RH) and pelvic node dissection (PND) and in 25 women who received 5000-5400 rad of external pelvic radiation (RT) after RH-PND. No major complications developed in the surgery-only group, but the 5-year minor GI complication rate was 4% and the 5-year minor UT complication rate was 10%. In 9 patients receiving RT at 200 rad/day, one major GI complication (13%) and one major UT complication (14%) developed. In 16 patients receiving RT at 180 rad/day only minor GI complications (7%) and minor UT complications (13%) developed. The conclusion is that after RH-PND, adjunctive RT delivered at 180 rad/day through four ports results in acceptable, minimal complications.
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Gallion HH, van Nagell JR, Donaldson ES, Hanson MB, Powell DE, Maruyama Y, Yoneda J. Combined radiation therapy and extra-fascial hysterectomy in the treatment of stage IB barrel-shaped cervical cancer. Cancer 1985; 56:262-5. [PMID: 4005798 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19850715)56:2<262::aid-cncr2820560210>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-five patients with bulky barrel-shaped Stage IB cervical cancers, treated at the University of Kentucky from 1965 to 1981, were the subjects of this investigation. Thirty-two of these patients were treated with radiation therapy alone and 43 were treated with radiation followed by extra-fascial hysterectomy. There were no significant differences in age, gravidity, or tumor cell type between the two treatment groups. Patients were seen at regular intervals from 2 to 11 years after treatment and none were lost to follow-up. Recurrent cancer was noted in 47% of patients treated by radiation alone as compared to 16% of those treated with combined therapy (P less than 0.01). The incidence of pelvic recurrence was reduced from 19% to 2% and extrapelvic recurrence from 16% to 7% in patients treated by combination therapy. No rectal or urinary tract fistulae were noted after extra-fascial hysterectomy. The findings of this study suggest that the use of extra-fascial hysterectomy following radiation therapy in patients with bulky Stage IB cervical cancer causes a significant reduction in tumor recurrence without producing an increase in treatment-related complications.
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Martinez A, Edmundson GK, Cox RS, Gunderson LL, Howes AE. Combination of external beam irradiation and multiple-site perineal applicator (MUPIT) for treatment of locally advanced or recurrent prostatic, anorectal, and gynecologic malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1985; 11:391-8. [PMID: 3918967 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(85)90163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have devised a single after-loading applicator, the Martinez Universal Perineal Interstitial Template (MUPIT), which has been used in combination with external beam irradiation to treat 104 patients with either locally advanced or recurrent malignancies of the cervix, vagina, female urethra, prostate, or anorectal region. Twenty-six patients treated for prostate cancer are excluded because of their short follow-up. Local failure developed in 13 of the 78 remaining patients (16.6%)--major complications developed in 4 patients (5.1%). Follow-up has been 1 year to 7 1/2 years; 60/78 patients have been followed for more than 2 years. All local recurrences and complications occurred before 18 months. The device consists of two acrylic cylinders, an acrylic template with an array of holes that serve as guides for trocars, and a cover plate. In use, the cylinders are placed in the vagina and/or rectum or both and then fastened to the template so that a fixed geometric relationship among the tumor volume, normal structures, and source placement is preserved throughout the course of the implantation. Appropriate computer programs have been developed to calculate the dose from these implants. The advantages of the system are (a) greater control of the placement of sources relative to the tumor volume and critical structures, as a result of the fixed geometry provided by the template and cylinders, and (b) improved dose-rate distributions obtained by means of computerized optimization of the source placement and strength during the planning phase. We conclude that the local control rate (83.4%) with low morbidity (5.1%) achieved with the combination of external beam irradiation and MUPIT applicator in these patients with locally advanced malignancies represents an improvement over previous published results with other applicators.
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Friedlander ML, Atkinson K, Coppleson JV, Elliot P, Green D, Houghton R, Solomon HJ, Russell P, Tattersall MH. The integration of chemotherapy into the management of locally advanced cervical cancer: a pilot study. Gynecol Oncol 1984; 19:1-7. [PMID: 6205943 DOI: 10.1016/0090-8258(84)90150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been traditionally reserved as a last-time treatment for cervical cancer patients and in this setting long-term remissions are unusual. Platinum-based combination chemotherapy has been associated with high tumor response rates in patients with advanced and metastatic cervical tumors and past experience encouraged evaluation of chemotherapy as a first-line treatment in patients with locally advanced tumors where there is a high likelihood of relapse with local treatment. Thirty patients were treated initially with three courses of cis-platinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin with an overall response rate of 67%, and then had either radiotherapy or surgical resection. The initial results have been encouraging and the integration of chemotherapy into the management of locally advanced cervical cancer warrants further investigation.
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Friedlander ML, Hedley DW, Taylor IW. Clinical and biological significance of aneuploidy in human tumours. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37:961-74. [PMID: 6381555 PMCID: PMC498910 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.37.9.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a well recognised feature of human tumours, but the investigation of its biological and clinical significance has been hampered by technological constraints. Quantitative DNA analysis reflects the total chromosomal content of tumour cells and can now be determined rapidly and reliably using flow cytometry; this has resulted in renewed interest in its potential clinical applications. This article reviews the accumulating evidence that tumour ploidy reflects the biological behaviour of a large number of tumour types and that diploid tumours in particular have a relatively good prognosis. The measurement of tumour ploidy is likely to become a valuable adjunct to the clinical and histopathological assessment of cancers.
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Friedlander M, Kaye SB, Sullivan A, Atkinson K, Elliott P, Coppleson M, Houghton R, Solomon J, Green D, Russell P. Cervical carcinoma: a drug-responsive tumor--experience with combined cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin therapy. Gynecol Oncol 1983; 16:275-81. [PMID: 6195052 DOI: 10.1016/0090-8258(83)90102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five patients with advanced cervical cancer were treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen comprising cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin (PVB). Sixty-six percent of 33 evaluable patients showed objective tumor response and complete remissions were seen in six (18%) patients. The median duration of tumor response in patients with recurrent cervical cancer was 24 weeks (range 8 to 104 weeks). Multivariate analysis of pretreatment variables including prior radiotherapy did not identify patients with a higher response probability. Nausea and vomiting were usual side effects of chemotherapy and there was one definite treatment-related death. Cervical cancer is responsive to cisplatin based combination chemotherapy. The role of chemotherapy in conjunction with radiotherapy or surgery in the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer remains to be defined.
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Abstract
Optimal management of patients with gynecologic malignancies requires a multidisciplinary approach with close cooperation between the primary care physician, the gynecologic oncologist and the radiation therapist. In order to obtain maximum survival rates with minimal morbidity, treatment should be based on a detailed knowledge of tumor localization, potential sites of occult spread, and tumor-host interactions. A careful delineation of patterns of recurrence will permit the identification of patients at increased risk for treatment failure and will aid in the design of alternative treatment protocols tailor-made to control potential site(s) of tumor spread. The technological advances in radiation oncology and their influence on survival rates are presented, with illustrations taken from the literature and from the recent results of the Patterns of Care Study for treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of carcinomas of the cervix, uterus, and the epithelial tumors of the ovary are reviewed, emphasizing treatment protocols based on consideration of technical, tumor, and host factors. Ongoing clinical research trials and potential areas for further improvement in the management of gynecologic malignancies are discussed.
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