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Huang Y, Zou K, Jiang H, Li Z. The complex role of IL-10 in malignant ascites: a review. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:32. [PMID: 38279997 PMCID: PMC10821842 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of malignant ascites (MA) indicates poor prognoses in patients with ovarian, gastrointestinal, breast, and pancreatic cancer. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine with immunoregulatory effects in tumor microenvironment. The level of IL-10 in MA varied across cancer types and patients, influencing cancer progression and outcomes. Originating from various immune and cancer cells, IL-10 contributes to complex signaling pathways in MA. Systemic IL-10 administration, although the evidence of its efficacy on MA is limited, still emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy because it can increase CD8+ T cells cytotoxicity and invigorate exhausted CD8+ tumor infiltration lymphocytes (TILs) directly. IL-10 signaling blockade also demonstrates great potential when combined with other immunotherapies in MA treatment. We reviewed the levels, origins, and functions of IL-10 in malignant ascites and overviewed the current IL-10 signaling targeting therapies, aiming to provide insights for MA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangni Zou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Jiang
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Zhengyu Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Monavarian M, Elhaw AT, Tang PW, Javed Z, Shonibare Z, Scalise CB, Arend R, Jolly MK, Sewell-Loftin MK, Hempel N, Mythreye K. Emerging perspectives on growth factor metabolic relationships in the ovarian cancer ascites environment. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:709-719. [PMID: 35259492 PMCID: PMC9441472 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ascites ecosystem in ovarian cancer is inhabited by complex cell types and is bathed in an environment rich in cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that directly and indirectly impact metabolism of cancer cells and tumor associated cells. This milieu of malignant ascites, provides a 'rich' environment for the disease to thrive, contributing to every aspect of advanced ovarian cancer, a devastating gynecological cancer with a significant gap in targeted therapeutics. In this perspective we focus our discussions on the 'acellular' constituents of this liquid malignant tumor microenvironment, and how they influence metabolic pathways. Growth factors, chemokines and cytokines are known modulators of metabolism and have been shown to impact nutrient uptake and metabolic flexibility of tumors, yet few studies have explored how their enrichment in malignant ascites of ovarian cancer patients contributes to the metabolic requirements of ascites-resident cells. We focus here on TGF-βs, VEGF and ILs, which are frequently elevated in ovarian cancer ascites and have all been described to have direct or indirect effects on metabolism, often through gene regulation of metabolic enzymes. We summarize what is known, describe gaps in knowledge, and provide examples from other tumor types to infer potential unexplored roles and mechanisms for ovarian cancer. The distribution and variation in acellular ascites components between patients poses both a challenge and opportunity to further understand how the ascites may contribute to disease heterogeneity. The review also highlights opportunities for studies on ascites-derived factors in regulating the ascites metabolic environment that could act as a unique signature in aiding clinical decisions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Monavarian
- Division of Molecular Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amal Taher Elhaw
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Priscilla W Tang
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Zaineb Javed
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Zainab Shonibare
- Division of Molecular Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Carly Bess Scalise
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mary Kathryn Sewell-Loftin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA.
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Division of Molecular Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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3
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Amer H, Kartikasari AER, Plebanski M. Elevated Interleukin-6 Levels in the Circulation and Peritoneal Fluid of Patients with Ovarian Cancer as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med 2021; 11:1335. [PMID: 34945807 PMCID: PMC8704427 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal cancers, largely due to a late diagnosis. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive meta-analysis on the diagnostic performance of IL6 in the blood and ascites separately for advanced and early-stage OC. We included 37 studies with 6948 participants detecting serum or plasma IL6. The plasma/serum IL6 mean level in the late-stage OC was 23.88 pg/mL (95% CI: 13.84-41.23), and the early-stage OC was 16.67 pg/mL (95% CI: 510.06-27.61), significantly higher than the healthy controls at 3.96 pg/mL (95% CI: 2.02-7.73), but not significantly higher than those found in the controls with benign growths in the ovary, which was 9.63 pg/mL (95% CI: 4.16-22.26). To evaluate IL6 in ascites as a diagnostic marker, we included 26 studies with 1590 participants. The mean level of ascitic IL6 in the late-stage OC was 3676.93 pg/mL (95% CI: 1891.7-7146.7), and the early-stage OC was 1519.21 pg/mL (95% CI: 604.6-3817.7), significantly higher than the benign controls at 247.33 pg/mL (95% CI: 96.2-636.0). There was no significant correlation between the levels of circulating and ascitic IL6. When pooling all OC stages for analysis, we found that serum/plasma IL6 provided 76.7% sensitivity (95% CI: 0.71-0.92) and 72% specificity (95% CI: 0.64-0.79). Ascitic IL6 provided higher sensitivity at 84% (95% CI: 0.710-0.919) and specificity at 74% (95% CI: 0.646-0.826). This study highlights the utility of ascitic IL6 for early detection of OC.
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4
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Kuipers RS, Berghuis MAT, Ogilvie AC, van Wissen SA, Riezebos RK. Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis manifested by ventricular fibrillation in a patient with low grade ovarian carcinoma: case report and literature review. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2021; 5:ytab120. [PMID: 34109290 PMCID: PMC8183660 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is a rare form of endocarditis notably described in patients with advanced malignancy and auto-immune diseases. It is characterized by the formation of sterile, fibrin-containing vegetations on cardiac endothelium, in the absence of positive blood cultures. It is predominantly located on the mitral- and aortic valve (AV). Vegetations in NBTE are prone to embolize. Trousseau syndrome (TS) is defined as unexplained thrombotic events that precede the diagnosis of malignancy. Case summary A 49-year-old pre-menopausal woman with a history of visual disturbances, recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with concurrent pulmonary emboli (PE), and uterine myomas with dysfunctional uterine bleeding was resuscitated for ventricular fibrillation. While echocardiography revealed vegetations on the AV, blood cultures remained negative. Additional work-up for the aetiology of sterile vegetations revealed a low-grade ovarian carcinoma. Cardiac analysis showed evidence of myocardial infarction in the absence of coronary atherosclerosis as a cause for ventricular fibrillation. Discussion Unexplained thrombotic events (venous, arterial, or both) warrant further investigation, e.g., with regard to TS. NBTE is a potential source of thromboembolism in TS and a rare ante-mortem finding, which prompts additional investigation of the underlying cause. In our patient, a triad of (suspected) (i) arterial/systemic embolization (i.e. visual disturbances, splenic infarction, coronary embolism), (ii) peripheral thrombophlebitis/hypercoagulability (i.e. DVT and PE), and (iii) malignancy (i.e. gynaecological abnormalities) raised suspicion of NBTE in the setting of TS. Early diagnosis and treatment of NBTE is of importance due to the high incidence of embolization, with possible fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko S Kuipers
- Department of cardiology, Heart Centre OLVG, Oosterparkstraat 9, 1091 AC Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sanne A van Wissen
- Department of Internal Medicine, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert K Riezebos
- Department of cardiology, Heart Centre OLVG, Oosterparkstraat 9, 1091 AC Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Mogi K, Yoshihara M, Iyoshi S, Kitami K, Uno K, Tano S, Koya Y, Sugiyama M, Yamakita Y, Nawa A, Tomita H, Kajiyama H. Ovarian Cancer-Associated Mesothelial Cells: Transdifferentiation to Minions of Cancer and Orchestrate Developing Peritoneal Dissemination. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1352. [PMID: 33802781 PMCID: PMC8002484 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has one of the poorest prognoses among carcinomas. Advanced ovarian cancer often develops ascites and peritoneal dissemination, which is one of the poor prognostic factors. From the perspective of the "seed and soil" hypothesis, the intra-abdominal environment is like the soil for the growth of ovarian cancer (OvCa) and mesothelial cells (MCs) line the top layer of this soil. In recent years, various functions of MCs have been reported, including supporting cancer in the OvCa microenvironment. We refer to OvCa-associated MCs (OCAMs) as MCs that are stimulated by OvCa and contribute to its progression. OCAMs promote OvCa cell adhesion to the peritoneum, invasion, and metastasis. Elucidation of these functions may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets that can delay OvCa progression, which is difficult to cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Mogi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
| | - Masato Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
| | - Shohei Iyoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 19A, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kazuhisa Kitami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
| | - Kaname Uno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sho Tano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
| | - Yoshihiro Koya
- Bell Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Mai Sugiyama
- Bell Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Yoshihiko Yamakita
- Bell Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Akihiro Nawa
- Bell Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (A.N.)
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (K.M.); (S.I.); (K.K.); (K.U.); (S.T.)
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Estermann M, Huang YL, Septiadi D, Ritz D, Liang CY, Jacob F, Drasler B, Petri-Fink A, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Patient-derived and artificial ascites have minor effects on MeT-5A mesothelial cells and do not facilitate ovarian cancer cell adhesion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241500. [PMID: 33270665 PMCID: PMC7714103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of ascites in the peritoneal cavity leads to morphological and functional changes of the peritoneal mesothelial cell layer. Cells loose cell-cell interactions, rearrange their cytoskeleton, activate the production of fibronectin, and change their cell surface morphology in a proinflammatory environment. Moreover, ovarian cancer cell adhesion has been shown to be facilitated by these changes due to increased integrin- and CD44-mediated binding sites. In this study, the biological responsiveness of the human pleural mesothelial cell line MeT-5A to patient-derived and artificial ascites was studied in vitro and adhesion of ovarian cancer cells, i.e. SKOV-3 cells, investigated. Changes were mainly observed in cells exposed to artificial ascites containing higher cytokine concentrations than patient-derived ascites. Interestingly, reduced cell-cell interactions were already observed in untreated MeT-5A cells and effects on tight junction protein expression and permeability upon exposure to ascites were minor. Ascites induced upregulation of CDC42 effector protein 2 expression, which affects stress fiber formation, however significant F-actin reorganization was not observed. Moreover, fibronectin production remained unchanged. Analysis of mesothelial cell surface characteristics showed upregulated expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, slightly increased hyaluronic acid secretion and decreased microvillus expression upon exposure to ascites. Nevertheless, the observed changes were not sufficient to facilitate adhesion of SKOV-3 cells on MeT-5A cell layer. This study revealed that MeT-5A cells show a reduced biological responsiveness to the presence of ascites, in contrast to published studies on primary human peritoneal mesothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Estermann
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yen-Lin Huang
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Danilo Ritz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ching-Yeu Liang
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francis Jacob
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Drasler
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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7
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Jordan KR, Sikora MJ, Slansky JE, Minic A, Richer JK, Moroney MR, Hu J, Wolsky RJ, Watson ZL, Yamamoto TM, Costello JC, Clauset A, Behbakht K, Kumar TR, Bitler BG. The Capacity of the Ovarian Cancer Tumor Microenvironment to Integrate Inflammation Signaling Conveys a Shorter Disease-free Interval. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:6362-6373. [PMID: 32928797 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer has one of the highest deaths to incidence ratios across all cancers. Initial chemotherapy is effective, but most patients develop chemoresistant disease. Mechanisms driving clinical chemo-response or -resistance are not well-understood. However, achieving optimal surgical cytoreduction improves survival, and cytoreduction is improved by neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). NACT offers a window to profile pre- versus post-NACT tumors, which we used to identify chemotherapy-induced changes to the tumor microenvironment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We obtained matched pre- and post-NACT archival tumor tissues from patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (patient, n = 6). We measured mRNA levels of 770 genes (756 genes/14 housekeeping genes, NanoString Technologies), and performed reverse phase protein array (RPPA) on a subset of matched tumors. We examined cytokine levels in pre-NACT ascites samples (n = 39) by ELISAs. A tissue microarray with 128 annotated ovarian tumors expanded the transcriptional, RPPA, and cytokine data by multispectral IHC. RESULTS The most upregulated gene post-NACT was IL6 (16.79-fold). RPPA data were concordant with mRNA, consistent with elevated immune infiltration. Elevated IL6 in pre-NACT ascites specimens correlated with a shorter time to recurrence. Integrating NanoString (n = 12), RPPA (n = 4), and cytokine (n = 39) studies identified an activated inflammatory signaling network and induced IL6 and IER3 (immediate early response 3) post-NACT, associated with poor chemo-response and time to recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Multiomics profiling of ovarian tumor samples pre- and post-NACT provides unique insight into chemo-induced changes to the tumor microenvironment. We identified a novel IL6/IER3 signaling axis that may drive chemoresistance and disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew J Sikora
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jill E Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angela Minic
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marisa R Moroney
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Junxiao Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rebecca J Wolsky
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Zachary L Watson
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tomomi M Yamamoto
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James C Costello
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aaron Clauset
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico.,BioFrontiers Institute, The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kian Behbakht
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - T Rajendra Kumar
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado. .,Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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8
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Wang W, Wu J, Mukherjee A, He T, Wang XY, Ma Y, Fang X. Lysophosphatidic acid induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha to regulate a pro-inflammatory cytokine network in ovarian cancer. FASEB J 2020; 34:13935-13948. [PMID: 32851734 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001136r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma tissues express high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and other inflammatory cytokines. The underlying mechanism leading to the abnormal TNF-α expression in ovarian cancer remains poorly understood. In the current study, we demonstrated that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lipid mediator present in ascites of ovarian cancer patients, induced expression of TNF-α mRNA and release of TNF-α protein in ovarian cancer cells. LPA also induced expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA but no significant increase in IL-1β protein was detected. LPA enhanced TNF-α mRNA through NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activation. Inactivation of ADAM17, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase, with a specific inhibitor TMI-1 or by shRNA knockdown prevented ovarian cancer cells from releasing TNF-α protein in response to LPA, indicating that LPA-mediated TNF-α production relies on both transcriptional upregulations of the TNF-α gene and the activity of ADAM17, the membrane-associated TNF-α-converting enzyme. Like many other biological responses to LPA, induction of TNF-α by LPA also depended on the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Interestingly, our results revealed that ADAM17 was also the shedding protease responsible for the transactivation of EGFR by LPA in ovarian cancer cells. To explore the biological outcomes of LPA-induced TNF-α, we examined the effects of a TNF-α neutralizing antibody and recombinant TNF-α soluble receptor on LPA-stimulated expression of pro-tumorigenic cytokines and chemokines overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Blockade of TNF-α signaling significantly reduced the production of IL-8, IL-6, and CXCL1, suggesting a hierarchy of mechanisms contributing to the robust expression of the inflammatory mediators in response to LPA in ovarian cancer cells. In contrast, TNF-α inhibition did not affect LPA-dependent cell proliferation. Taken together, our results establish that the bioactive lipid LPA drives the expression of TNF-α to regulate an inflammatory network in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jinhua Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Abir Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tianhai He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yibao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xianjun Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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9
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Lu CS, Shiau AL, Su BH, Hsu TS, Wang CT, Su YC, Tsai MS, Feng YH, Tseng YL, Yen YT, Wu CL, Shieh GS. Oct4 promotes M2 macrophage polarization through upregulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:62. [PMID: 32487125 PMCID: PMC7268452 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Expression of Oct4 maintains cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties in lung cancer cells and is correlated with poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote cancer cell migration and metastasis. Tumor microenvironments promote monocyte differentiation into M2 TAMs via a complex cytokine-based connection. We explored the role of Oct4 in cytokine secretion in lung cancer and its impact on M2 TAM polarization. Methods Monocytes co-cultured with the conditioned medium from Oct4-overexpressing lung cancer cells were used to investigate M2 TAM differentiation. The inflammatory factors in the conditioned medium of Oct4-overexpressing A549 cells were examined using human inflammation antibody arrays. The correlations of Oct4, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and M2 TAMs were validated in lung cancer cells, syngeneic mouse lung tumor models, and clinical samples of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Results Oct4-overexpressing A549 cells expressed elevated levels of M-CSF, which contributed to increased M2 macrophages and enhanced tumor migration. Overexpression of Oct4 enhanced tumor growth and reduced the survival of lung tumor-bearing mice, which was correlated with increased number of M2 macrophages in lung cancer. Notably, NSCLC patients with high expression levels of Oct4, M-CSF, and M2 TAMs had the poorest recurrence-free survival. A positive correlation between Oct4, M-CSF, and M2 TAMs was observed in the tumor tissue of NSCLC patient. Treatment with all-trans retinoic acid exerted anti-tumor effects and reduced M2 TAMs in tumor-bearing mice. Conclusions Our results indicate that Oct4 expressed by lung cancer cells promotes M2 macrophage polarization through upregulation of M-CSF secretion, leading to cancer growth and metastasis. Our findings also implicate that the Oct4/M-CSF axis in M2 macrophage polarization may be potential therapeutic targets for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Sing Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hua Su
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Shan Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Teng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chu Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shian Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsun Feng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Lin Tseng
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Yen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Gia-Shing Shieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Urology, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Tainan, Taiwan.
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10
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Ovarian Cancer Dissemination-A Cell Biologist's Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121957. [PMID: 31817625 PMCID: PMC6966436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) comprises multiple disease states representing a variety of distinct tumors that, irrespective of tissue of origin, genetic aberrations and pathological features, share common patterns of dissemination to the peritoneal cavity. EOC peritoneal dissemination is a stepwise process that includes the formation of malignant outgrowths that detach and establish widespread peritoneal metastases through adhesion to serosal membranes. The cell biology associated with outgrowth formation, detachment, and de novo adhesion is at the nexus of diverse genetic backgrounds that characterize the disease. Development of treatment for metastatic disease will require detailed characterization of cellular processes involved in each step of EOC peritoneal dissemination. This article offers a review of the literature that relates to the current stage of knowledge about distinct steps of EOC peritoneal dissemination, with emphasis on the cell biology aspects of the process.
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11
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Dieterly AM, Uzunalli G, Kemet CM, Soepriatna AH, Goergen CJ, Lyle LT. Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition Phenotypes in Vertebral Metastases of Lung Cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:515-527. [PMID: 31064271 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319838491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vertebral metastases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are frequently diagnosed in the metastatic setting and are commonly identified in the thoracic vertebrae in patients. Treatment of NSCLC bone metastases, which are often multiple, is palliative, and the median survival times are 3 to 6 months. We have characterized spontaneous vertebral metastases in a brain metastases model of NSCLC and correlated these findings with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Brain metastases were established in athymic nude mice following intracardiac injection of brain-seeking adenocarcinoma NSCLC cells. Thirty-nine percent of mice (14/36) developed spontaneous vertebral metastases, spinal cord compression, and hind-limb paralysis. Vertebral metastases consisted of an adenocarcinoma phenotype with neoplastic epithelial cells arranged in cords or acini and a mesenchymal phenotype with spindloid neoplastic cells arranged in bundles and streams. Quantitative and qualitative immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated an increase in vimentin expression compared to cytokeratin expression in vertebral metastases. A correlation with EMT was supported by an increase in CD44 in vertebral metastases and parenchymal metastases. These data demonstrate a translational lung cancer metastasis model with spontaneous vertebral metastasis. The mesenchymal and epithelial phenotype of these spontaneous metastases coupled with EMT provide a conduit to improve drug delivery and overall patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Dieterly
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gozde Uzunalli
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chinyere M Kemet
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Arvin H Soepriatna
- 2 Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University College of Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Craig J Goergen
- 2 Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University College of Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,3 Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - L Tiffany Lyle
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,3 Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,4 Center for Comparative Translational Research, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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12
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Thymoquinone Enhances the Effect of Gamma Knife in B16-F10 Melanoma Through Inhibition of Phosphorylated STAT3. World Neurosurg 2019; 128:e570-e581. [PMID: 31054338 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.04.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with brain metastasis from melanoma have a dismal prognosis with poor survival time. Gamma Knife (GK) is an effective treatment to control brain metastasis from melanoma. Thymoquinone (TQ) has emerged as a potential therapeutic option due to its antiproliferative effects on various cancers. The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of GK on B16-F10 melanoma cells in vitro and intracerebral melanoma in vivo, and its synergistic effect in combination with TQ. METHODS The effects of GK and combination treatment of GK and TQ were studied on B16-F10 melanoma cells by evaluating cytotoxicity with an adenosine triphosphate assay, apoptosis by acridine orange staining, and genotoxicity by comet assay. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the expression of STAT3, p-STAT3 (Tyr705), JAK2, p-JAK2, caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, survivin, and β-actin. Expression of inflammatory cytokines was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. GK alone and in combination with TQ was assessed in an established intracerebral melanoma tumor in mice. RESULTS The effects of GK on cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and apoptosis were enhanced by TQ in B16-F10 melanoma cells. GK induced apoptosis through inhibition of p-STAT3 expression, which in turn regulated pro- and antiapoptotic proteins such as caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, and survivin. Adding TQ to GK irradiation further enhanced this apoptotic effect of GK irradiation. GK was shown to reduce the levels of tumor-related inflammatory cytokines in B16-F10 melanoma cells. This effect was more pronounced when TQ was added to GK irradiation. GK with 15 Gy increased the survival of mice with intracerebral melanoma compared with untreated mice. However, despite the additive effect of TQ in addition to GK irradiation on B16-F10 melanoma cells in vitro, TQ did not add any significant survival benefit to GK treatment in mice with intracerebral melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that TQ would be a potential therapeutic agent in addition to GK to enhance the antitumor effect of irradiation. Further studies are required to support our findings.
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13
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Evaluation of the metabolic response to open and minimally invasive resection of the oesophagus due to oesophageal cancer. POLISH JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2018; 15:151-156. [PMID: 30310392 PMCID: PMC6180019 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2018.78438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to compare the metabolic response in the early postoperative period after radical resection of stage I and II oesophageal cancer applying a minimally invasive procedure and an open procedure involving classical laparotomy and thoracotomy. Material and methods Serum concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and total serum protein (TP) and leukocyte count (WBC) in blood collected on the day of surgery prior to the procedure (day 0) and on days 1, 2 and 7 after the surgery were measured in two groups of patients undergoing oesophageal resection due to cancer: applying a minimally invasive procedure involving laparoscopy and videothoracoscopy (group A) and applying a classical procedure involving full opening of the chest and abdominal cavity (group B). The study involved a total of 24 patients divided into two groups of 12 patients each. Results Tumour necrosis factor-α concentration was lower in group A compared to group B on day 0, PCT concentration was lower in group A compared to group B on day 2 after surgery, and on the remaining days TNF-α and PCT concentrations were not statistically different between groups. Conclusions Lower concentration of PCT on post-surgery day 2 in the group of patients undergoing minimally invasive oesophageal resection seems to be associated with a smaller perioperative injury. Lower TNF-α concentration in serum collected on day 0 in the group of patients undergoing minimally invasive resection is associated with a lower stage of oesophageal cancer in this group.
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14
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Klymenko Y, Nephew KP. Epigenetic Crosstalk between the Tumor Microenvironment and Ovarian Cancer Cells: A Therapeutic Road Less Traveled. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E295. [PMID: 30200265 PMCID: PMC6162502 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) predominantly occurs through direct cell shedding from the primary tumor into the intra-abdominal cavity that is filled with malignant ascitic effusions. Facilitated by the fluid flow, cells distribute throughout the cavity, broadly seed and invade through peritoneal lining, and resume secondary tumor growth in abdominal and pelvic organs. At all steps of this unique metastatic process, cancer cells exist within a multidimensional tumor microenvironment consisting of intraperitoneally residing cancer-reprogramed fibroblasts, adipose, immune, mesenchymal stem, mesothelial, and vascular cells that exert miscellaneous bioactive molecules into malignant ascites and contribute to EOC progression and metastasis via distinct molecular mechanisms and epigenetic dysregulation. This review outlines basic epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA regulators, and summarizes current knowledge on reciprocal interactions between each participant of the EOC cellular milieu and tumor cells in the context of aberrant epigenetic crosstalk. Promising research directions and potential therapeutic strategies that may encompass epigenetic tailoring as a component of complex EOC treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Klymenko
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
| | - Kenneth P Nephew
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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15
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The Role of Inflammation and Inflammatory Mediators in the Development, Progression, Metastasis, and Chemoresistance of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080251. [PMID: 30061485 PMCID: PMC6116184 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a role in the initiation and development of many types of cancers, including epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), a type of EOC. There are connections between EOC and both peritoneal and ovulation-induced inflammation. Additionally, EOCs have an inflammatory component that contributes to their progression. At sites of inflammation, epithelial cells are exposed to increased levels of inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species, cytokines, prostaglandins, and growth factors that contribute to increased cell division, and genetic and epigenetic changes. These exposure-induced changes promote excessive cell proliferation, increased survival, malignant transformation, and cancer development. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment environment (TME) contributes to EOC metastasis and chemoresistance. In this review we will discuss the roles inflammation and inflammatory mediators play in the development, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance of EOC.
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16
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Nunes SC, Ramos C, Lopes-Coelho F, Sequeira CO, Silva F, Gouveia-Fernandes S, Rodrigues A, Guimarães A, Silveira M, Abreu S, Santo VE, Brito C, Félix A, Pereira SA, Serpa J. Cysteine allows ovarian cancer cells to adapt to hypoxia and to escape from carboplatin cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9513. [PMID: 29934500 PMCID: PMC6015047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynaecologic malignancy and the main cause of death from gynaecologic cancer, due to late diagnosis and chemoresistance. Studies have reported the role of cysteine in cancer, by contributing for hydrogen sulphide (H2S) generation and as a precursor of glutathione (GSH). However, the role of cysteine in the adaptation to hypoxia and therapy response remains unclear. We used several ovarian cancer cell lines, ES2, OVCAR3, OVCAR8, A2780 and A2780cisR, to clarify cysteine relevance in ovarian cancer cells survival upon hypoxia and carboplatin. Results show that ES2 and OVCAR8 cells presented a stronger dependence on cysteine availability upon hypoxia and carboplatin exposure than OVCAR3 cells. Interestingly, the A2780 cisR, but not A2780 parental cells, benefits from cysteine upon carboplatin exposure, showing that cysteine is crucial for chemoresistance. Moreover, GSH degradation and subsequent cysteine recycling pathway is associated with ovarian cancer as seen in peripheral blood serum from patients. Higher levels of total free cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (HCys) were found in ovarian cancer patients in comparison with benign tumours and lower levels of GSH were found in ovarian neoplasms patients in comparison with healthy individuals. Importantly, the total and S-Homocysteinylated levels distinguished blood donors from patients with neoplasms as well as patients with benign from patients with malignant tumours. The levels of S-cysteinylated proteins distinguish blood donors from patients with neoplasms and the free levels of Cys in serum distinguish blood from patients with benign tumours from patients with malignant tumours. Herein we disclosed that cysteine contributes for a worse disease prognosis, allowing faster adaptation to hypoxia and protecting cells from carboplatin. The measurement of serum cysteine levels can be an effective tool for early diagnosis, for outcome prediction and follow up of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C Nunes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Ramos
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Lopes-Coelho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina O Sequeira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Silva
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Gouveia-Fernandes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Armanda Rodrigues
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Guimarães
- Serviço de Oncologia Médica do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Silveira
- Serviço de Patologia Clinica do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Abreu
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vítor E Santo
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Félix
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Momeny M, Yousefi H, Eyvani H, Moghaddaskho F, Salehi A, Esmaeili F, Alishahi Z, Barghi F, Vaezijoze S, Shamsaiegahkani S, Zarrinrad G, Sankanian G, Sabourinejad Z, Hamzehlou S, Bashash D, Aboutorabi ES, Ghaffari P, Dehpour AR, Tavangar SM, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A, Ghaffari SH. Blockade of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Chechlinska M, Kaminska J, Markowska J, Kramar A, Steffen J. Peritoneal Fluid Cytokines and the Differential Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Ovarian Tumors and Residual/Recurrent Disease Examination. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 22:172-80. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080702200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the potential value of peritoneal fluid cytokine examination for the differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors and for evaluating residual or recurrent disease after treatment. The cytokines that are commonly elevated in ovarian cancer, VEGF, IL-6, bFGF, IL-8 and M-CSF, and a reference ovarian tumor marker, CA 125, were measured in peritoneal fluids of 53 previously untreated patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, 18 ovarian cancer patients after surgical treatment and chemotherapy, and 17 patients with benign epithelial ovarian tumors. Non-parametric statistical analysis of data was performed. Ovarian cancer peritoneal fluids, as compared to peritoneal fluids of patients with benign ovarian tumors, contained significantly higher concentrations of IL-6, VEGF and CA 125, and significantly lower concentrations of bFGF and M-CSF, but only the levels of IL-6 and VEGF were significantly higher in peritoneal fluids of stage I and II ovarian cancer patients than of patients with benign ovarian conditions. IL-6 at the cutoff level of 400 pg/mL discriminated benign and malignant ovarian tumors with 92% sensitivity and 60% specificity, while VEGF at the cutoff of 400 pg/mL had 90% sensitivity and 80% specificity. At the cutoff level of 1200 pg/mL, IL-6 had 84% sensitivity and 87% specificity. A radical decrease in local cytokine and CA 125 levels in patients after treatment was independent of therapy outcome. IL-6 and VEGF measurements in peritoneal fluids might be useful for the differential diagnosis of malignant and benign ovarian conditions, but not for residual or recurrent disease examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Chechlinska
- Department of Immunology, Cancer
Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw
| | - J. Kaminska
- Department of Tumor Markers, Cancer
Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw - Poland
| | - J. Markowska
- Oncology Division, University of
Medical Science, Poznan - Poland
| | - A. Kramar
- Department of Biostatistics, CRLC Val
d'Aurelle, Parc Euromédecine, Montpellier - France
| | - J. Steffen
- Department of Immunology, Cancer
Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw
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19
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Cho U, Kim B, Kim S, Han Y, Song YS. Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage enhances metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells through NF-κB activation. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:235-242. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Untack Cho
- Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Boyun Kim
- Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Soochi Kim
- Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Youngjin Han
- Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Biomodulation; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Biomodulation; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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20
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most fatal gynecologic cancer and is an important source of cancer-related mortality, particularly in developed countries. Despite substantial research examining adiposity (primarily adult body mass index [BMI]), the overall evidence suggests only a weak positive association between adiposity and risk of ovarian cancer, with stronger associations observed for population-based case-control studies compared to prospective studies. Ovarian cancer is not one disease and emerging data suggest that higher BMI may only be associated with risk of certain histologic subtypes, including low-grade serous and invasive mucinous tumors. Interestingly, some larger studies and meta-analyses have reported a stronger relationship with premenopausal ovarian cancers, which are more likely to be of these subtypes. Relatively few studies have conducted detailed examinations of other adiposity-related factors such as measures of abdominal adiposity, early-life body size and weight change. While the underlying mechanisms that may relate adiposity to risk are unclear, increased inflammatory biomarkers have been associated with risk and hormonal factors, including androgen levels, may be important for the development of mucinous tumors. Future research should leverage the large sample sizes of consortia to evaluate associations by key tumor characteristics as well as consider patterns of weight change over the life course with both ovarian cancer risk and survival.
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21
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Windmüller C, Zech D, Avril S, Boxberg M, Dawidek T, Schmalfeldt B, Schmitt M, Kiechle M, Bronger H. CXCR3 mediates ascites-directed tumor cell migration and predicts poor outcome in ovarian cancer patients. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e331. [PMID: 28504691 PMCID: PMC5523062 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraabdominal tumor dissemination is a major hallmark of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The CXCR3 chemokine receptor supports migration of tumor cells to metastatic sites, but its role in ovarian cancer metastasis is largely unknown. Herein, we first screened two independent cohorts of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSCs, discovery set n=60, validation set n=117) and 102 metastatic lesions for CXCR3 expression. In primary tumors, CXCR3 was particularly overexpressed by tumor cells at the invasive front. In intraabdominal metastases, tumor cells revealed a strong CXCR3 expression regardless of its expression in the corresponding primary tumor, suggesting a selection of CXCR3-overexpressing cancer cells into peritoneal niches. In support of this, CXCR3 mediated the migration of tumor cell lines OVCAR3 and SKOV3 toward malignant ascites, which was inhibited by a monoclonal anti-CXCR3 antibody in vitro. These results were prospectively validated in ascites-derived tumor cells from EOC patients ex vivo (n=9). Moreover, tumor cell-associated overexpression of CXCR3 in advanced ovarian cancer patients was associated with a reduced progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), which remained independent of optimal debulking, age, FIGO stage and lymph node involvement (PFS: hazard ratio (HR) 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30–3.45, P=0.003; OS: HR 2.36, 95% CI 1.50–3.71, P<0.001). These results in ovarian cancer patients identify CXCR3 as a potential new target to confine peritoneal spread in ovarian cancer after primary cytoreductive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Windmüller
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Zech
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Avril
- Department of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Boxberg
- Department of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Dawidek
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B Schmalfeldt
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Schmitt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Kiechle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - H Bronger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Sipak-Szmigiel O, Włodarski P, Ronin-Walknowska E, Niedzielski A, Karakiewicz B, Słuczanowska-Głąbowska S, Laszczyńska M, Malinowski W. Serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of soluble human leukocyte antigen, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 10 in patients with selected ovarian pathologies. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:25. [PMID: 28376925 PMCID: PMC5381140 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although immune system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of both endometriosis and ovarian cancer, its function is different. Therefore, we hypothesized, that selected immune parameters can serve as diagnostic markers of these two conditions. The aim of this study was to compare serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of sHLA-G, IL-10 and TNF-alpha in women with selected ovarian pathologies: benign serous cysts, endometrioma and malignant tumors. Clinical significance of using them for diagnostic purposes in women with serous ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer, which in the future may improve the early diagnosis of ovarian diseases. Case Presentation The study included women treated surgically for benign serous ovarian cysts, ovarian endometrioma and serous ovarian adenocarcinomas. Peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid samples were obtained intraoperatively. Patients with benign serous cysts, endometrioma and ovarian malignancies did not differ significantly in terms of their serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of sHLA-G. Ovarian cancer patients presented with significantly higher median serum concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-alpha than other study subjects. Median concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-alpha in peritoneal fluid turned out to be the highest in ovarian cancer patients, followed by women with endometrioma and subjects with benign serous cysts. All these intergroup differences were statistically significant. Irrespective of the group, median concentrations of sHLA-G, IL-10 and TNF-alpha in peritoneal fluid were higher than serum levels of these markers. Conclusions Elevated serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-alpha distinguish ovarian malignancies and endometriomas from benign serous ovarian cysts. In contrast to endometriosis, ovarian malignancies are characterized by elevated peritoneal fluid concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-alpha, elevated serum concentrations of IL-10 and low serum levels of TNF-alpha. Serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of sHLA-G have no diagnostic value in differentiating between ovarian malignancies and endometriomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Sipak-Szmigiel
- Department of Obstetrical and Gynecological Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University, 48 Żołnierska, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Włodarski
- Clinical Hospital SPS ZOZ "Zdroje", Mączna 4, 70-780, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Ronin-Walknowska
- Clinic of Maternofetal Medicine and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-242, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Beata Karakiewicz
- Public Health Department, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Słuczanowska-Głąbowska
- Deparment of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maria Laszczyńska
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Witold Malinowski
- Department of Obstetrical and Gynecological Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University, 48 Żołnierska, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
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Ding DC, Liu HW, Chu TY. Interleukin-6 from Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Proliferation, Sphere and Colony Formation and Tumorigenesis of an Ovarian Cancer Cell Line SKOV3. J Cancer 2016; 7:1815-1823. [PMID: 27698921 PMCID: PMC5039365 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of the majority of epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) is regarded as extraovarian, with the ovary being the secondary site. The aim of this study was to explore the possible role of ovarian mesenchymal stem cells (OvMSCs) and secreted IL-6 in the development of EOC. OvMSCs were derived from normal ovarian stroma. Cell surface markers and differentiation capability were determined. The effects of IL-6 and conditioned medium of OvMSCs on the malignant phenotype of SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells were tested, and the status of STAT3 and ERK phosphorylation was investigated. OvMSCs had similar surface marker profiles as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, i.e., CD44 (+), CD90 (+) and CD45 (-), and was readily inducible to osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. OvMSCs secreted an extremely high level (>2500 pg/ml) of IL-6. Treatment of SKOV3 cells with conditioned media from OvMSCs increased cell proliferation, tumor sphere formation and anchorage independent growth, and resulted in activation of STAT3 but not ERK. Coinjection of OvMSCs with SKOV3 cell enhanced tumorigenesis in NOD-SCID mice. All of these behaviors were blocked by IL-6 receptor blocking antibody administered in vitro or in vivo. The OvMSCs alone injected into mice had no tumor growth after 3 months. By secreting high levels of IL-6, OvMSCs enhance the proliferation, sphere and colony formation and tumorigenesis of SKOV3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital;; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-Wun Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan;; Department of Occupational Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital;; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan;; Cervical cancer prevention center, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital
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24
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Zeng F, Wei H, Yeoh E, Zhang Z, Ren ZF, Colditz GA, Tworoger SS, Su X. Inflammatory Markers of CRP, IL6, TNFα, and Soluble TNFR2 and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:1231-9. [PMID: 27277846 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been growing evidence showing that inflammatory markers play an important role in the development of ovarian cancer. We conducted a meta-analysis on the associations between circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and soluble TNFα receptor 2 (TNFR2), and the risk of ovarian cancer. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE up until January 19, 2016 was conducted to retrieve prospective studies. The summary risk estimates were pooled using random-effects models. The dose-response relationship was assessed using generalized least-squares trend estimation. RESULTS Seven nested case-control studies and one prospective cohort study were included in the review. For circulating CRP, women in the highest category had a significantly increased risk of ovarian cancer than women in the lowest category, with no significant between-study heterogeneity [pooled relative risk (RR) = 1.91; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.51-2.40; P < 0.001; I(2) = 0.0%]. Influence analyses further supported this positive association. A positive dose-response relationship was also observed (pooled RR = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.30 per 5 mg/L of CRP). Publication bias was found. However, the association persisted after correction using the trim-and-fill method. No significant association was observed for circulating IL6, TNFα, and soluble TNFR2. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides evidence that elevated levels of CRP, but not circulating IL6, TNFα, or soluble TNFR2, are significantly associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. IMPACT These results suggest that circulating CRP may play a role in the etiology of ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(8); 1231-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zeng
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huishan Wei
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Engkiong Yeoh
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Fang Ren
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Xuefen Su
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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25
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Gupta M, Babic A, Beck AH, Terry K. TNF-α expression, risk factors, and inflammatory exposures in ovarian cancer: evidence for an inflammatory pathway of ovarian carcinogenesis? Hum Pathol 2016; 54:82-91. [PMID: 27068525 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), are elevated in ovarian cancer. Differences in cytokine expression by histologic subytpe or ovarian cancer risk factors can provide useful insight into ovarian cancer risk and etiology. We used ribonucleic acid in situ hybridization to assess TNF-α and IL-6 expression on tissue microarray slides from 78 epithelial ovarian carcinomas (51 serous, 12 endometrioid, 7 clear cell, 2 mucinous, 6 other) from a population-based case-control study. Cytokine expression was scored semiquantitatively, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using polytomous logistic regression. TNF-α was expressed in 46% of the tumors, whereas sparse IL-6 expression was seen in only 18% of the tumors. For both markers, expression was most common in high-grade serous carcinomas followed by endometrioid carcinomas. Parity was associated with a reduced risk of TNF-α-positive (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7 for 3 or more children versus none) but not TNF-α-negative tumors (P heterogeneity=.02). In contrast, current smoking was associated with a nearly 3-fold increase in risk of TNF-α-negative (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2-6.6) but not TNF-α-positive tumors (P heterogeneity = .06). Our data suggest that TNF-α expression in ovarian carcinoma varies by histologic subtype and provides some support for the role of inflammation in ovarian carcinogenesis. The novel associations detected in our study need to be validated in a larger cohort of patients in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215.
| | - Ana Babic
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Kathryn Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215; Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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26
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Schrepf A, Lutgendorf SK, Pyter LM. Pre-treatment effects of peripheral tumors on brain and behavior: neuroinflammatory mechanisms in humans and rodents. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:1-17. [PMID: 25958011 PMCID: PMC4567396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients suffer high levels of affective and cognitive disturbances, which have been attributed to diagnosis-related distress, impairment of quality of life, and side effects of primary treatment. An inflammatory microenvironment is also a feature of the vast majority of solid tumors. However, the ability of tumor-associated biological processes to affect the central nervous system (CNS) has only recently been explored in the context of symptoms of depression and cognitive disturbances. In this review, we summarize the burgeoning evidence from rodent cancer models that solid tumors alter neurobiological pathways and subsequent behavioral processes with relevance to affective and cognitive disturbances reported in human cancer populations. We consider, in parallel, the evidence from human clinical cancer research demonstrating that affective and cognitive disturbances are common in some malignancies prior to diagnosis and treatment. We further consider the underlying neurobiological pathways, including altered neuroinflammation, tryptophan metabolism, prostaglandin synthesis and associated neuroanatomical changes, that are most strongly implicated in the rodent literature and supported by analogous evidence from human cancer populations. We focus on the implications of these findings for behavioral researchers and clinicians, with particular emphasis on methodological issues and areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schrepf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Susan K Lutgendorf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Departments of Urology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Leah M Pyter
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health and Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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27
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The Mesothelial Origin of Carcinoma Associated-Fibroblasts in Peritoneal Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1994-2011. [PMID: 26426054 PMCID: PMC4695872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are complex and unstructured organs that, in addition to cancer cells, also contain other cell types. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent an important population in the tumor microenviroment and participate in several stages of tumor progression, including cancer cell migration/invasion and metastasis. During peritoneal metastasis, cancer cells detach from the primary tumor, such as ovarian or gastrointestinal, disseminate through the peritoneal fluid and colonize the peritoneum. Tumor cells metastasize by attaching to and invading through the mesothelial cell (MC) monolayer that lines the peritoneal cavity, then colonizing the submesothelial compact zone where CAFs accumulate. CAFs may derive from different sources depending on the surrounding metastatic niche. In peritoneal metastasis, a sizeable subpopulation of CAFs originates from MCs through a mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT), which promotes adhesion, invasion, vascularization and subsequent tumor growth. The bidirectional communication between cancer cells and MC-derived CAFs via secretion of a wide range of cytokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix components seems to be crucial for the establishment and progression of the metastasis in the peritoneum. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of novel advances in understanding how peritoneal CAFs provide cancer cells with a supportive microenvironment, as well as the development of future therapeutic approaches by interfering with the MMT in the peritoneum.
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28
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BRCA1 185delAG Mutation Enhances Interleukin-1β Expression in Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:652017. [PMID: 26357657 PMCID: PMC4556869 DOI: 10.1155/2015/652017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Familial history remains the strongest risk factor for developing ovarian cancer (OC) and is associated with germline BRCA1 mutations, such as the 185delAG founder mutation. We sought to determine whether normal human ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells expressing the BRCA1 185delAG mutant, BRAT, could promote an inflammatory phenotype by investigating its impact on expression of the proinflammatory cytokine, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Cultured OSE cells with and without BRAT were analyzed for differential target gene expression by real-time PCR, western blot, ELISA, luciferase reporter, and siRNA assays. We found that BRAT cells expressed increased cellular and secreted levels of active IL-1β. BRAT-expressing OSE cells exhibited 3-fold enhanced IL-1β mRNA expression, transcriptionally regulated, in part, through CREB sites within the (−1800) to (−900) region of its promoter. In addition to transcriptional regulation, BRAT-mediated IL-1β expression appears dualistic through enhanced inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 cleavage and activation of IL-1β. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) of BRAT-mediated IL-1β expression since increased IL-1β expression may represent an early step contributing to OC.
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29
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Huang Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Li W, Sun L, Li G. Ultrasensitive and feasibly achieved protein detection based on the integration of three signal amplification reactions via sharing a DNA sequence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11004-7. [PMID: 26051912 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03700j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This communication reports a novel strategy for the detection of proteins based on the integration of three signal amplification reactions via sharing a specially designed DNA sequence. This strategy has been demonstrated by the assay of human TNF-α in the serum of ovarian cancer patients, showing potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
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30
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Ovarian cancer microenvironment: implications for cancer dissemination and chemoresistance acquisition. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:17-39. [PMID: 24357056 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian adenocarcinoma is characterized by a late detection, dissemination of cancer cells into the whole peritoneum, and the frequent acquisition of chemoresistance. If these particularities can be explained in part by intrinsic properties of ovarian cancer cells, an increased number of studies show the importance of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression. Ovarian cancer cells can regulate the composition of their stroma in promoting the formation of ascitic fluid, rich in cytokines and bioactive lipids, and in stimulating the differentiation of stromal cells into a pro-tumoral phenotype. In return, cancer-associated fibroblasts, cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells, tumor-associated macrophages, or other peritoneal cells, such as adipocytes and mesothelial cells can regulate tumor growth, angiogenesis, dissemination, and chemoresistance. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the roles of stromal cells and the associated secreted factors on tumor progression. We also summarize the different studies showing that targeting the microenvironment represents a great potential for improving the prognosis of patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma.
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31
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Isobe A, Sawada K, Kinose Y, Ohyagi-Hara C, Nakatsuka E, Makino H, Ogura T, Mizuno T, Suzuki N, Morii E, Nakamura K, Sawada I, Toda A, Hashimoto K, Mabuchi S, Ohta T, Morishige KI, Kurachi H, Kimura T. Interleukin 6 receptor is an independent prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target of ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118080. [PMID: 25658637 PMCID: PMC4319819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecologic cancer and new targeted molecular therapies against this miserable disease continue to be challenging. In this study, we analyzed the expressional patterns of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its receptor (IL-6R) expression in ovarian cancer tissues, evaluated the impact of these expressions on clinical outcomes of patients, and found that a high-level of IL-6R expression but not IL-6 expression in cancer cells is an independent prognostic factor. In in vitro analyses using ovarian cell lines, while six (RMUG-S, RMG-1, OVISE, A2780, SKOV3ip1 and OVCAR-3) of seven overexpressed IL-6R compared with a primary normal ovarian surface epithelium, only two (RMG-1, OVISE) of seven cell lines overexpressed IL-6, suggesting that IL-6/IL-6R signaling exerts in a paracrine manner in certain types of ovarian cancer cells. Ovarian cancer ascites were collected from patients, and we found that primary CD11b+CD14+ cells, which were predominantly M2-polarized macrophages, are the major source of IL-6 production in an ovarian cancer microenvironment. When CD11b+CD14+ cells were co-cultured with cancer cells, both the invasion and the proliferation of cancer cells were robustly promoted and these promotions were almost completely inhibited by pretreatment with anti-IL-6R antibody (tocilizumab). The data presented herein suggest a rationale for anti-IL-6/IL-6R therapy to suppress the peritoneal spread of ovarian cancer, and represent evidence of the therapeutic potential of anti-IL-6R therapy for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Isobe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Sawada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasuto Kinose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chifumi Ohyagi-Hara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, JCHO Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erika Nakatsuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Makino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ogura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mizuno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Noriko Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Sawada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aska Toda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kae Hashimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Mabuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ken-ichirou Morishige
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Kurachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Stommel MWJ, Strik C, van Goor H. Response to pathological processes in the peritoneal cavity--sepsis, tumours, adhesions, and ascites. Semin Pediatr Surg 2014; 23:331-5. [PMID: 25459437 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The peritoneum is one of the commonest sites for pathological processes in pediatric surgery. Its response to pathological processes is characterized by an inflammatory reaction with specific pathways depending on the type of injury or peritoneal process involved. This review discusses the current understanding of peritoneal inflammation, adhesion formation, intra-abdominal sepsis, peritoneal metastasis, and ascites and briefly reviews new therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent these pathological entities. Recent studies have improved the understanding of peritoneal responses, resulting in possible new targets for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn W J Stommel
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Chema Strik
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Trabert B, Pinto L, Hartge P, Kemp T, Black A, Sherman ME, Brinton LA, Pfeiffer RM, Shiels MS, Chaturvedi AK, Hildesheim A, Wentzensen N. Pre-diagnostic serum levels of inflammation markers and risk of ovarian cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer (PLCO) screening trial. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:297-304. [PMID: 25158036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pro-inflammatory mechanisms may explain the increased ovarian cancer risk linked to more lifetime ovulations, endometriosis, and exposure to talc and asbestos, as well as decreased risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Limited data are available to estimate ovarian cancer risk associated with levels of circulating inflammatory markers. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Pre-diagnostic serum levels of 46 inflammation-related biomarkers (11 with a priori hypotheses; 35 agnostic) were measured in 149 incident ovarian cancer cases and 149 matched controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression and adjusted for identified covariates. RESULTS Increased ovarian cancer risk was associated with elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) [tertile (T)3 vs. T1: OR (95% CI) 2.04 (1.06-3.93), p-trend=0.03], interleukin (IL)-1α [detectable vs. undetectable: 2.23 (1.14-4.34)] and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [T3 vs. T1: 2.21 (1.06-4.63), p-trend=0.04]. Elevated IL-8 was non-significantly associated with risk [T3 vs. T1: 1.86 (0.96-3.61), p-trend=0.05]. In analyses restricted to serous ovarian cancer (n=83), the associations with CRP and IL-8 remained or strengthened [CRP T3 vs. T1: 3.96 (1.14-11.14), p-trend=0.008; IL-8 T3 vs. T1: 3.05 (1.09-8.51), p-trend=0.03]. Elevated levels of CRP and TNF-α remained positively associated with ovarian cancer risk in analysis restricted to specimens collected at least 5years before diagnosis (n=56). CONCLUSION These results suggest that CRP, IL-1α, IL-8, and TNF-α are associated with increased risk of subsequently developing ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ligia Pinto
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA; HPV Immunology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Hartge
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Troy Kemp
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meredith S Shiels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anil K Chaturvedi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Circulating serum sVCAM-1 concentration in advanced ovarian cancer patients: correlation with concentration in ascites. Radiol Oncol 2014; 48:307-13. [PMID: 25177246 PMCID: PMC4110088 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2013-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is associated with ovarian cancer progression but the origin of its soluble form (sVCAM-1) in serum is not well investigated. The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether the concentration of sVCAM-1 in serum correlates with the concentration in ascites, that represents local tumour environment, and with systemic inflammation, various clinicopathological characteristics, and patient outcome. Patients and methods. Thirty-six patients with advanced ovarian cancer were included in the study. Serum for sVCAM-1 analysis was obtained prior to surgery. Ascites samples were collected at the beginning of the operation. Clinical data were collected from patients’ medical records. sVCAM-1 in samples was analysed by flow cytometric bead-based assay. The mean follow-up period was 11 months (range 0–23) from the time of surgery. Results Serum sVCAM-1 concentrations are positively correlated to ascites sVCAM-1 concentrations. There was a weakly positive correlation of serum sVCAM-1 with tumour size and no correlation with inflammatory tumour markers, FIGO stage or grade. Higher concentrations of sVCAM-1 were associated with poor disease outcome (death from ovarian cancer) in almost all cases before chemotherapy was started. Conclusions This is the first study demonstrating that serum concentrations of sVCAM-1 in advanced ovarian cancer patients correlate with sVCAM-1 concentrations in ascites, thus expressing the biologic potential of malignant disease to metastasis, rather than systemic inflammation. Higher serum and ascites sVCAM-1 concentrations might have predictive potential for different biologic behaviour.
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Kim SC, Kim MK, Kim YH, Ahn SA, Kim KH, Kim K, Kim WK, Lee JH, Cho JY, Yoo BC. Differential levels of L-homocysteic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine (16:0) in sera of patients with ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:566-574. [PMID: 25013471 PMCID: PMC4081284 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OVC) is one of the most difficult types of cancer to detect in the early stages of its development. There have been numerous attempts to identify a biomarker for OVC; however, an accurate diagnostic marker has yet to be identified. The present study profiled OVC candidate metabolites from the serum to identify potential diagnostic markers for OVC. Data regarding low-mass ions (LMIs) in the serum were obtained using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight analysis. MALDI-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of each serum sample was repeated six times in order to reduce the likelihood of experimental errors. The intensity of the LMI mass peaks were normalized using total peak area sums. The normalized intensity of LMI was used in principal component analysis-discriminant analysis to differentiate between 142 patients with OVC and 100 healthy control participants. Liquid chromatography-MS/MS was used to identify the selected LMIs. Extracted ion chromatogram analysis was used to measure the relative quantity of candidate metabolites from the LMI mass peak areas. The concentration of common metabolites in the serum was determined using ELISA. The top 20 LMI mass peaks with a weigh factor over 0.05 were selected to distinguish between the patients with OVC and the controls. Among the LMIs, two with 184.05 and 496.30 m/z were identified as L-homocysteic acid (HCA) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (16:0), respectively. The relative quantity of LPC (16:0) was found to be decreased in the OVC serum (P=0.05), while the quantity of HCA was observed to be significantly higher in the OVC serum (P<0.001). HCA was not detected in 59 cases out of the 63 control participants; however, the majority of the cases of OVC (16/25) exhibited significantly higher quantities of HCA. When the cutoff was 10 nmol/ml, the sensitivity and specificity of HCA were 64.0 and 96.9%, respectively. The level of LPC (16:0) was significantly correlated with tumor grade (P=0.045). HCA and LPC (16:0) showed correlation with stage and tumor histology, but the limited sample size resulted in a lack of statistical significance. The findings of the present study suggest that HCA may have potential to be a biomarker for OVC. The stratified screening including LPC (16:0) did not significantly increase the power for OVC screening; however, the present study showed that profiling LMIs in serum may be useful for identifying candidate metabolites for OVC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Cheol Kim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Woman's University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Woman's University School of Medicine, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kim
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hwan Kim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Woman's University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Woman's University School of Medicine, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Ahn
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Kim
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ki Kim
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwa Lee
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Woman's University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Woman's University School of Medicine, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
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Poole EM, Lee IM, Ridker PM, Buring JE, Hankinson SE, Tworoger SS. A prospective study of circulating C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 levels and risk of ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:1256-64. [PMID: 23966559 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation may play a role in ovarian carcinogenesis. We examined associations between 3 plasma biomarkers of inflammation-C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2-and risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in prospectively collected samples from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1989-2010), Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II; 1996-2009), and the Women's Health Study (WHS; 1992-2011) and performed a meta-analysis including data from previous publications. Associations with ovarian cancer risk were calculated using logistic regression (NHS/NHS II; n = 217 cases) or Cox proportional hazards regression (WHS; n = 159 cases). Study-specific results were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. In the NHS/NHS II and WHS, we observed a 53% increased risk of invasive ovarian cancer when comparing women in the fourth quartile of CRP with women in the first quartile (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 2.23). A CRP level of >10 mg/L versus a level of ≤1 mg/L was associated with a 2.16-fold increased risk (95% CI: 1.23, 3.78). In a meta-analysis of published studies, women in the third tertile of CRP had a 35% increased risk (95% CI: 1.10, 1.67) compared with women in the first tertile. There were no significant associations between interleukin 6 or tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 and risk in the NHS/NHS II. Our results support the hypothesis that higher levels of circulating CRP are associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer, indicating that the role of inflammation in ovarian cancer requires further elucidation.
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Impaired Th1 immunity in ovarian cancer patients is mediated by TNFR2+ Tregs within the tumor microenvironment. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:97-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Desai S, Laskar S, Pandey B. Autocrine IL-8 and VEGF mediate epithelial–mesenchymal transition and invasiveness via p38/JNK-ATF-2 signalling in A549 lung cancer cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1780-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Silencing of the STAT3 signaling pathway reverses the inherent and induced chemoresistance of human ovarian cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:188-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Desai S, Kumar A, Laskar S, Pandey B. Cytokine profile of conditioned medium from human tumor cell lines after acute and fractionated doses of gamma radiation and its effect on survival of bystander tumor cells. Cytokine 2013; 61:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Son DS, Kabir SM, Dong YL, Lee E, Adunyah SE. Inhibitory effect of tumor suppressor p53 on proinflammatory chemokine expression in ovarian cancer cells by reducing proteasomal degradation of IκB. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51116. [PMID: 23300534 PMCID: PMC3534106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, one of inflammation-associated cancers, is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among women. Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment is associated with peritoneal tumor dissemination and massive ascites, which contribute to high mortality in ovarian cancer. Tumor suppressor p53 is frequently deleted or mutated in aggressive and high-grade ovarian cancer, probably aggravating cancer progression and increasing mortality. We therefore investigated the influence of p53 on proinflammatory chemokines in ovarian cancer cells. A PCR array of the chemokine network revealed that ovarian cancer cells with low or mutated p53 expression expressed high levels of proinflammatory chemokines such as CXCL1, 2, 3 and 8. Transient transfection of p53 into p53-null ovarian cancer cells downregulated proinflammatory chemokines induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine abundantly expressed in ovarian cancer. Furthermore, p53 restoration or stabilization blocked TNF-induced NF-κB promoter activity and reduced TNF-activated IκB. Restoration of p53 increased ubiquitination of IκB, resulting from concurrently reduced proteasome activity followed by stability of IκB. A ubiquitination PCR array on restoration of p53 did not reveal any significant change in expression except for Mdm2, indicating that the balance between p53 and Mdm2 is more important in regulating NF-κB signaling rather than the direct effect of p53 on ubiquitin-related genes or IκB kinases. In addition, nutlin-3, a specific inducer of p53 stabilization, inhibited proinflammatory chemokines by reducing TNF-activated IκB through p53 stabilization. Taken together, these results suggest that p53 inhibits proinflammatory chemokines in ovarian cancer cells by reducing proteasomal degradation of IκB. Thus, frequent loss or mutation of p53 may promote tumor progression by enhancing inflammation in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Platinum-resistance in ovarian cancer cells is mediated by IL-6 secretion via the increased expression of its target cIAP-2. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:357-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
The peritoneal metastatic route of cancer dissemination is shared by cancers of the ovary and gastrointestinal tract. Once initiated, peritoneal metastasis typically proceeds rapidly in a feed-forward manner. Several factors contribute to this efficient progression. In peritoneal metastasis, cancer cells exfoliate into the peritoneal fluid and spread locally, transported by peritoneal fluid. Inflammatory cytokines released by tumor and immune cells compromise the protective, anti-adhesive mesothelial cell layer that lines the peritoneal cavity, exposing the underlying extracellular matrix to which cancer cells readily attach. The peritoneum is further rendered receptive to metastatic implantation and growth by myofibroblastic cell behaviors also stimulated by inflammatory cytokines. Individual cancer cells suspended in peritoneal fluid can aggregate to form multicellular spheroids. This cellular arrangement imparts resistance to anoikis, apoptosis, and chemotherapeutics. Emerging evidence indicates that compact spheroid formation is preferentially accomplished by cancer cells with high invasive capacity and contractile behaviors. This review focuses on the pathological alterations to the peritoneum and the properties of cancer cells that in combination drive peritoneal metastasis.
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Furuya M. Ovarian cancer stroma: pathophysiology and the roles in cancer development. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:701-24. [PMID: 24213462 PMCID: PMC3712711 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer represents one of the cancers with the worst prognostic in adult women. More than half of the patients who present with clinical signs such as abdominal bloating and a feeling of fullness already show advanced stages. The majority of ovarian cancers grow as cystic masses, and cancer cells easily spread into the pelvic cavity once the cysts rupture or leak. When the ovarian cancer cells disseminate into the peritoneal cavity, metastatic nests may grow in the cul-de-sac, and in more advanced stages, the peritoneal surfaces of the upper abdomen become the next largest soil for cancer progression. Ascites is also produced frequently in ovarian cancers, which facilitates distant metastasis. Clinicopathologic, epidemiologic and molecular studies on ovarian cancers have improved our understanding and therapeutic approaches, but still further efforts are required to reduce the risks in the patients who are predisposed to this lethal disease and the mortality of the patients in advanced stages. Among various molecules involved in ovarian carcinogenesis, special genes such as TP53, BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been well investigated. These genes are widely accepted as the predisposing factors that trigger malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the ovary. In addition, adnexal inflammatory conditions such as chronic salpingitis and ovarian endometriosis have been great research interests in the context of carcinogenic background of ovarian cancers. In this review, I discuss the roles of stromal cells and inflammatory factors in the carcinogenesis and progression of ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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Wang Y, Li L, Guo X, Jin X, Sun W, Zhang X, Xu RC. Interleukin-6 signaling regulates anchorage-independent growth, proliferation, adhesion and invasion in human ovarian cancer cells. Cytokine 2012; 59:228-36. [PMID: 22595649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely reported that Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is overexpressed in the serum and ascites of ovarian cancer (OVCA) patients, and elevated IL-6 level correlates with poor prognosis and survival. However, the exact role that IL-6 plays in this malignancy or whether IL-6 can regulate tumorigenic properties has not been established. Here we demonstrate that overexpression of IL-6 in non-IL-6-expressing A2780 cells (by transfecting with plasmid encoding for sense IL-6) increases anchorage-independent growth, proliferation, adhesion and invasion, while depletion of endogenous IL-6 expression in IL-6-overexpressing SKOV-3 cells (by transfecting with plasmid encoding for antisense IL-6) decreases. Further investigation indicates that IL-6 promotes OVCA cell proliferation by altering cell cycle distribution rather than inhibiting apoptosis and that IL-6-enhanced OVCA cell invasive may be associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 but not MMP-2 proteolytic activity. In addition, overexpressing or deleting of IL-6 in OVCA cells enhances or reduces its receptor (IL-6Rα and gp130) expression and basal phosphorylation levels of both ERK and Akt, and additional treatment with specific inhibitor of the ERK or Akt signaling pathway significantly inhibits the proliferation of IL-6-overexpressing A2780 cells. Our data suggest that the autocrine production of IL-6 by OVCA cells regulates tumorigenic properties of these cells by inducing IL-6 signaling pathways. Thus, regulation of IL-6 expression or its related signaling pathway may be a promising strategy for controlling the progression of OVCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Immunology, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China.
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Zerumbone inhibits interleukin-6 and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in ovarian and cervical cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:594-602. [PMID: 22330084 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 is one of the factors affecting sensitivity to cytotoxic agents. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the role of IL-6 and IL6 receptors in the cytotoxic effects of zerumbone in ovarian and cervical cancer cell lines (Caov-3 and HeLa, respectively). Exposure of both cancer cells to zerumbone or cisplatin demonstrated growth inhibition at a dose-dependent manner as determined by the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,Sdiphenyltetrazolium bromide) reduction assay. Both laser scanning confocal microscopy and TUNEL assay showed typical apoptotic features in treated cells. The studies conducted seems to suggest that zerumbone induces cell death by stimulating apoptosis better than cisplatin, based on the significantly higher percentage of apoptotic cells in zerumbone's treated cancer cells as compared to cisplatin. In addition, zerumbone and cisplatin arrest cancer cells at G2/M phase as analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results indicated that zerumbone significantly decreased the levels of IL-6 secreted by both cancer cells. In contrast, HeLa and Caov-3 cells were still sensitive to cisplatin and zerumbone, even in the presence of exogenous IL-6. However, membrane-bound IL-6 receptor is still intact after zerumbone treatment as demonstrated using an immune-fluorescence technique. This study concludes that the compound, zerumbone inhibits both cancer cell growth through the induction of apoptosis, arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase and inhibits the secretion levels of IL-6 in both cancer cells. Therefore, zerumbone is a potential candidate as a useful chemotherapeutic agent in treating both cervical and ovarian cancers in future.
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Clendenen TV, Lundin E, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Koenig KL, Berrino F, Lukanova A, Lokshin AE, Idahl A, Ohlson N, Hallmans G, Krogh V, Sieri S, Muti P, Marrangoni A, Nolen BM, Liu M, Shore RE, Arslan AA. Circulating inflammation markers and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:799-810. [PMID: 21467242 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors contributing to chronic inflammation appear to be associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between circulating levels of inflammation mediators and subsequent risk of ovarian cancer. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 230 cases and 432 individually matched controls nested within three prospective cohorts to evaluate the association of prediagnostic circulating levels of inflammation-related biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNFα, IL-1Ra, sIL-1RII, sIL-2Ra, sIL-4R, sIL-6R, sTNF-R1, and sTNF-R2) measured using Luminex xMap technology with risk of ovarian cancer. RESULTS We observed a trend across quartiles for IL-2 (OR(Q4 vs. Q1): 1.57, 95% CI: 0.98-2.52, P = 0.07), IL-4 (OR(Q4 vs. Q1): 1.50, 95% CI: 0.95-2.38, P = 0.06), IL-6 (OR(Q4 vs. Q1): 1.63, 95% CI: 1.03-2.58, P = 0.03), IL-12p40 (OR(Q4 vs. Q1): 1.60, 95% CI: 1.02-2.51, P = 0.06), and IL-13 (OR(Q4 vs. Q1): 1.42, 95% CI: 0.90-2.26, P = 0.11). Trends were also observed when cytokines were modeled on the continuous scale for IL-4 (P trend = 0.01), IL-6 (P trend = 0.01), IL-12p40 (P trend = 0.01), and IL-13 (P trend = 0.04). ORs were not materially different after excluding cases diagnosed less than 5 years after blood donation or when limited to serous tumors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPACT This study provides the first direct evidence that multiple inflammation markers, specifically IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-13, may be associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer, and adds to the evidence that inflammation is involved in the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess V Clendenen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Braun TP, Marks DL. Pathophysiology and treatment of inflammatory anorexia in chronic disease. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2010; 1:135-145. [PMID: 21475703 PMCID: PMC3060655 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-010-0015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased appetite and involuntary weight loss are common occurrences in chronic disease and have a negative impact on both quality of life and eventual mortality. Weight loss in chronic disease comes from both fat and lean mass, and is known as cachexia. Both alterations in appetite and body weight loss occur in a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, heart failure, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and HIV. An increase in circulating inflammatory cytokines has been implicated as a uniting pathogenic mechanism of cachexia and associated anorexia. One of the targets of inflammatory mediators is the central nervous system, and in particular feeding centers in the hypothalamus located in the ventral diencephalon. Current research has begun to elucidate the mechanisms by which inflammation reaches the hypothalamus, and the neural substrates underlying inflammatory anorexia. Research into these neural mechanisms has suggested new therapeutic possibilities, which have produced promising results in preclinical and clinical trials. This review will discuss inflammatory signaling in the hypothalamus that mediates anorexia, and the opportunities for therapeutic intervention that these mechanisms present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239 USA
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Rath KS, Funk HM, Bowling MC, Richards WE, Drew AF. Expression of soluble interleukin-6 receptor in malignant ovarian tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:230.e1-8. [PMID: 20471626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R) isoforms and sheddases in the ovarian tumor microenvironment. STUDY DESIGN Expression of IL6R and sheddases was measured in tissue samples of papillary serous ovarian carcinomas and benign ovaries by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Murine xenograft samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to discriminate and evaluate tumor and host contributions of IL6R. RESULTS IL6R expression was increased in malignant ovarian tumors and localized to epithelial cells. Expression of a soluble splice variant of IL6R was increased in malignant tumors, as were the sheddases for the full-length isoform. An in vivo xenograft model showed that host IL6R expression is also increased and regulated by tumor-associated inflammation. CONCLUSION IL6R is overexpressed in epithelial ovarian malignancies because of increases in a soluble IL6R variant, in the sheddases for full-length IL6R and host IL6R expression. Soluble IL6R may be an efficacious target for reducing IL6-mediated ovarian tumor progression.
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