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Yedla P, Bhamidipati P, Syed R, Amanchy R. Working title: Molecular involvement of p53-MDM2 interactome in gastrointestinal cancers. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4075. [PMID: 38924101 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and p53, marked by transcriptional induction and feedback inhibition, orchestrates a functional loop dictating cellular fate. The functional loop comprising p53-MDM2 axis is made up of an interactome consisting of approximately 81 proteins, which are spatio-temporally regulated and involved in DNA repair mechanisms. Biochemical and genetic alterations of the interactome result in dysregulation of the p53-mdm2 axis that leads to gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. A large subset of interactome is well known and it consists of proteins that either stabilize p53 or MDM2 and proteins that target the p53-MDM2 complex for ubiquitin-mediated destruction. Upstream signaling events brought about by growth factors and chemical messengers invoke a wide variety of posttranslational modifications in p53-MDM2 axis. Biochemical changes in the transactivation domain of p53 impact the energy landscape, induce conformational switching, alter interaction potential and could change solubility of p53 to redefine its co-localization, translocation and activity. A diverse set of chemical compounds mimic physiological effectors and simulate biochemical modifications of the p53-MDM2 interactome. p53-MDM2 interactome plays a crucial role in DNA damage and repair process. Genetic aberrations in the interactome, have resulted in cancers of GI tract (pancreas, liver, colorectal, gastric, biliary, and esophageal). We present in this article a review of the overall changes in the p53-MDM2 interactors and the effectors that form an epicenter for the development of next-generation molecules for understanding and targeting GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornachandra Yedla
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-IICT (Indian Institute of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Science and Technology (GOI), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Translational Research, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pranav Bhamidipati
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-IICT (Indian Institute of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Science and Technology (GOI), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Riyaz Syed
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-IICT (Indian Institute of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Science and Technology (GOI), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramars Amanchy
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-IICT (Indian Institute of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Science and Technology (GOI), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Kasturirangan S, Nancarrow DJ, Shah A, Lagisetty KH, Lawrence TS, Beer DG, Ray D. Isoform alterations in the ubiquitination machinery impacting gastrointestinal malignancies. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:194. [PMID: 38453895 PMCID: PMC10920915 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of RNAseq and isoform-specific expression platforms has led to the understanding that isoform changes can alter molecular signaling to promote tumorigenesis. An active area in cancer research is uncovering the roles of ubiquitination on spliceosome assembly contributing to transcript diversity and expression of alternative isoforms. However, the effects of isoform changes on functionality of ubiquitination machineries (E1, E2, E3, E4, and deubiquitinating (DUB) enzymes) influencing onco- and tumor suppressor protein stabilities is currently understudied. Characterizing these changes could be instrumental in improving cancer outcomes via the identification of novel biomarkers and targetable signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on highlighting reported examples of direct, protein-coded isoform variation of ubiquitination enzymes influencing cancer development and progression in gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. We have used a semi-automated system for identifying relevant literature and applied established systems for isoform categorization and functional classification to help structure literature findings. The results are a comprehensive snapshot of known isoform changes that are significant to GI cancers, and a framework for readers to use to address isoform variation in their own research. One of the key findings is the potential influence that isoforms of the ubiquitination machinery have on oncoprotein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek J Nancarrow
- Surgery - Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ayush Shah
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kiran H Lagisetty
- Surgery - Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David G Beer
- Surgery - Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dipankar Ray
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Chen C, Cao J, Song L, Wang W, Guo D, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Liu C, Li F. Primary lipoblastic nerve sheath tumor in an inguinal lymph node mimicking metastatic tumor: a case report and literature review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1258769. [PMID: 37965461 PMCID: PMC10642330 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1258769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoblastic nerve sheath tumors of soft tissue are characterized as schwannoma tumors that exhibit adipose tissue and lipoblast-like cells with signet-ring morphology. They have been documented to arise in various anatomic locations, including the thigh, groin, shoulder, and retroperitoneum. However, to our knowledge, this tumor has not been previously reported as a lymph node primary. We present herein the first case of a benign primary lipoblastic nerve sheath tumor arising in an inguinal lymph node in a 69-year-old man. Microscopic examination revealed a multinodular tumor comprising fascicles of spindle cells, as well as adipocytic and lipoblast-like signet-ring cell component in the context of schwannoma. Despite the presence of some bizarre cells with nuclear atypia, no obvious mitotic activity or necrosis was observed. Immunohistochemical analysis showed strong and diffuse expression of S-100, SOX10, CD56, and NSE in the spindle cells as well as in the signet-ring lipoblast-like cells and the mature adipocytes. Sequencing analysis of the neoplasm identified six non-synonymous single nucleotide variant genes, specifically NF1, BRAF, ECE1, AMPD3, CRYAB, and NPHS1, as well as four nonsense mutation genes including MRE11A, CEP290, OTOA, and ALOXE3. The patient remained alive and well with no evidence of recurrence over a period of ten-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Chen
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiachen Cao
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxie Song
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhao Chen
- The People’s Hospital of Suzhou National Hi-Tech District, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Venkataramany AS, Schieffer KM, Lee K, Cottrell CE, Wang PY, Mardis ER, Cripe TP, Chandler DS. Alternative RNA Splicing Defects in Pediatric Cancers: New Insights in Tumorigenesis and Potential Therapeutic Vulnerabilities. Ann Oncol 2022; 33:578-592. [PMID: 35339647 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to adult cancers, pediatric cancers are uniquely characterized by a genomically stable landscape and lower tumor mutational burden. However, alternative splicing, a global cellular process that produces different mRNA/protein isoforms from a single mRNA transcript, has been increasingly implicated in the development of pediatric cancers. DESIGN We review the current literature on the role of alternative splicing in adult cancer, cancer predisposition syndromes, and pediatric cancers. We also describe multiple splice variants identified in adult cancers and confirmed through comprehensive genomic profiling in our institutional cohort of rare, refractory and relapsed pediatric and adolescent young adult cancer patients. Finally, we summarize the contributions of alternative splicing events to neoantigens and chemoresistance and prospects for splicing-based therapies. RESULTS Published dysregulated splicing events can be categorized as exon inclusion, exon exclusion, splicing factor upregulation, or splice site alterations. We observe these phenomena in cancer predisposition syndromes (Lynch syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, CHEK2) and pediatric leukemia (B-ALL), sarcomas (Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma), retinoblastoma, Wilms tumor, and neuroblastoma. Within our institutional cohort, we demonstrate splice variants in key regulatory genes (CHEK2, TP53, PIK3R1, MDM2, KDM6A, NF1) that resulted in exon exclusion or splice site alterations, which were predicted to impact functional protein expression and promote tumorigenesis. Differentially spliced isoforms and splicing proteins also impact neoantigen creation and treatment resistance, such as imatinib or glucocorticoid regimens. Additionally, splice-altering strategies with the potential to change the therapeutic landscape of pediatric cancers include antisense oligonucleotides, adeno-associated virus gene transfers, and small molecule inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Alternative splicing plays a critical role in the formation and growth of pediatric cancers, and our institutional cohort confirms and highlights the broad spectrum of affected genes in a variety of cancers. Further studies that elucidate the mechanisms of disease-inducing splicing events will contribute toward the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Venkataramany
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - K M Schieffer
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - K Lee
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - C E Cottrell
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - P Y Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - E R Mardis
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - T P Cripe
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States; Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - D S Chandler
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States.
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Montoya-Cerrillo DM, Diaz-Perez JA, Velez-Torres JM, Montgomery EA, Rosenberg AE. Novel fusion genes in spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma: The spectrum broadens. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2021; 60:687-694. [PMID: 34184341 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) encompasses a heterogeneous group of tumors with striated muscle differentiation. RMSs are classified as alveolar, embryonal, spindle cell/sclerosing, and pleomorphic types and molecular analysis of these tumors has identified aberrations that are useful in their further subclassification. Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma (SpRMS) is uncommon and has been described with VGLL2 fusions, EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 rearrangements, and myoD1 mutations-the mutations are associated with significantly different prognoses. In addition, the NCOA2-MEIS1 fusion gene was recently described in two primary intraosseous RMS that contained spindle cell components. Herein, we report three cases of SpRMS harboring different novel fusion genes, one possessing EP300-VGLL3, a second with NCOA2-MEIS1 and CAV1-MET, and the third case had HMGA2-NEGR1 and multiple amplified genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Montoya-Cerrillo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Julio A Diaz-Perez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jaylou M Velez-Torres
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew E Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Daniyal A, Santoso I, Gunawan NHP, Barliana MI, Abdulah R. Genetic Influences in Breast Cancer Drug Resistance. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2021; 13:59-85. [PMID: 33603458 PMCID: PMC7882715 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s284453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in adult women aged 20 to 50 years. The therapeutic regimens that are commonly recommended to treat breast cancer are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) targeted therapy, endocrine therapy, and systemic chemotherapy. The selection of pharmacotherapy is based on the characteristics of the tumor and its hormone receptor status, specifically, the presence of HER2, progesterone receptors, and estrogen receptors. Breast cancer pharmacotherapy often gives different results in various populations, which may cause therapeutic failure. Different types of congenital drug resistance in individuals can cause this. Genetic polymorphism is a factor in the occurrence of congenital drug resistance. This review explores the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and resistance to breast cancer therapy. It considers studies published from 2010 to 2020 concerning the relationship of genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer therapy. Several gene polymorphisms are found to be related to longer overall survival, worse relapse-free survival, higher pathological complete response, and increased disease-free survival in breast cancer patients. The presence of these gene polymorphisms can be considered in the treatment of breast cancer in order to shape personalized therapy to yield better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhitiya Daniyal
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Ivana Santoso
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Nadira Hasna Putri Gunawan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Intan Barliana
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Abdulah
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
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Jiang D, Chen L, Huang J, Wang H, Song Q, Shi P, Wang H, Hou Y. Mouse double minute 2 amplification in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with better outcome. Histopathology 2020; 77:963-973. [PMID: 32652667 DOI: 10.1111/his.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to determine the frequency of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) amplification in oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) and to clarify its prognostic significance. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated MDM2 amplification on tissue microarrays using fluorescence in-situ hybridisation and analysed its correlations with clinicopathological features and outcomes in 515 Chinese ESCC patients. MDM2 amplifications were found in 37 of 515 ESCC patients (7.2%). They were significantly negatively correlated with tumour size (P = 0.045), disease progression (P = 0.002) and death (P = 0.003). Univariate analysis showed that the following clinicopathological factors were associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS): differentiation (P = 0.025 for DFS and P = 0.061 for OS), vessel invasion (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002), nerve invasion (P = 0.009 and P = 0.001), clinical stage (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) and MDM2 amplification (P = 0.012 and P = 0.014). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that MDM2 amplification was an independent prognostic factor for improved outcomes (P = 0.023 for DFS, P = 0.027 for OS) and the clinical stage was an independent prognostic factor for poor outcomes (P < 0.001). When survival analyses were conducted at different clinical stages, MDM2 amplification was associated with longer DFS and OS in stages I-II ESCC (P = 0.003 for DFS and P = 0.003 for OS), but there was no significant survival difference in stages III-IVa ESCC. CONCLUSIONS MDM2 amplification was significantly correlated with an improved patient outcome, especially in stage I and II disease, and was verified as an independent prognostic factor in our patients. Therefore, MDM2 amplification may be a potential biomarker for risk stratification of the lower stages of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Data Management and Statistics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Finko AV, Stepanova SP, Kukushkin ME, Kovalev SV, Tarasevich BN, Chertkov VA, Zyk NV, Majouga AG, Beloglazkina EK. A Novel S-Arylated Dispiro Derivative of 2-Thiohydantoin. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Barakat A, Islam MS, Ghawas HM, Al-Majid AM, El-Senduny FF, Badria FA, Elshaier YAMM, Ghabbour HA. Design and synthesis of new substituted spirooxindoles as potential inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:598-608. [PMID: 30802707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The designed compounds, 4a-p, were synthesized using a simple and smooth method with an asymmetric 1,3-dipolar reaction as the key step. The chemical structures for all synthesized compounds were elucidated and confirmed by spectral analysis. The molecular complexity and the absolute stereochemistry of 4b and 4e designed analogs were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The anticancer activities of the synthesized compounds were tested against colon (HCT-116), prostate (PC-3), and hepatocellular (HepG-2) cancer cell lines. Molecular modeling revealed that the compound 4d binds through hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions with the essential amino acids (LEU: 57, GLY: 58, ILE: 61, and HIS: 96) in the p53-binding cleft, as a standard p53-MDM2 inhibitor (6SJ). The mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of compound 4d was further evaluated, and the study showed that compound 4d inhibited colony formation, cell migration, arrested cancer cell growth at G2/M, and induced apoptosis through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Transactivation of p53 was confirmed by flow cytometry, where compound 4d increased the level of activated p53 and induced mRNA levels of cell cycle inhibitor, p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad Shahidul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussien Mansur Ghawas
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Majid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Farid A Badria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yaseen A M M Elshaier
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufiya 32958, Egypt
| | - Hazem A Ghabbour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Islam MS, Ghawas HM, El-Senduny FF, Al-Majid AM, Elshaier YAMM, Badria FA, Barakat A. Synthesis of new thiazolo-pyrrolidine-(spirooxindole) tethered to 3-acylindole as anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2018; 82:423-430. [PMID: 30508794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer therapeutics with profiles of high potency, low toxicity, and low resistance is of considerable interest. A new series of functionalized spirooxindole linked with 3-acylindole scaffold is reported, starting from chalcones derived from 3-acetyl indole with isatin, and l-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid. The reactions proceeded regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, without side products in high yield (71-89%). The new spirooxindole hybrids have been evaluated in vitro for their antiproliferative effects against colon cancer (HCT-116), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and prostate cancer (PC-3). The selectivity of their activity was evaluated. Some of the synthesized compounds showed considerable anticancer activities. Compound 4k proved to retain a high cytotoxic activity and selectivity against colon cancer cells HCT-116 (IC50 = 7 ± 0.27 µM, SI: 3.7), and HepG2 (IC50 = 5.5 ± 0.2 µM, SI: 4.7) in comparison to (IC50 = 12.6 ± 0.5, SI: 0.4 and 5.5 ± 0.3 µM, SI: 0.9, respectively). Compound 4k was less active (IC50 = 6 ± 0.3 µM, SI: 4.3) than cisplatin (IC50 = 5 ± 0.56 µM, SI: 1.0) but showed greater selectivity towards prostate cancer cells PC-3 in comparison to cisplatin. The details of the binding mode of the active compounds were clarified by molecular docking. Ligand Efficiency (LE) and Ligand Lipophilic Efficiency (LLE) were evaluated and revealed that compound 4k had acceptable value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahidul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussien Mansur Ghawas
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Majid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaseen A M M Elshaier
- Department of organic and medicinal chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menofia, Egypt
| | - Farid A Badria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt.
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Al-Eryani L, Waigel S, Tyagi A, Peremarti J, Jenkins SF, Damodaran C, States JC. Differentially Expressed mRNA Targets of Differentially Expressed miRNAs Predict Changes in the TP53 Axis and Carcinogenesis-Related Pathways in Human Keratinocytes Chronically Exposed to Arsenic. Toxicol Sci 2018; 162:645-654. [PMID: 29319823 PMCID: PMC5889014 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a widely distributed toxic natural element. Chronic arsenic ingestion causes several cancers, especially skin cancer. Arsenic-induced cancer mechanisms are not well defined, but several studies indicate that mutation is not the driving force and that microRNA expression changes play a role. Chronic low arsenite exposure malignantly transforms immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT), serving as a model for arsenic-induced skin carcinogenesis. Early changes in miRNA expression in HaCaT cells chronically exposed to arsenite will reveal early steps in transformation. HaCaT cells were maintained with 0/100 nM NaAsO2 for 3 and 7 weeks. Total RNA was purified. miRNA and mRNA expression was assayed using Affymetrix microarrays. Targets of differentially expressed miRNAs were collected from TargetScan 6.2, intersected with differentially expressed mRNAs using Partek Genomic Suite software, and mapped to their pathways using MetaCore software. MDM2, HMGB1 and TP53 mRNA, and protein levels were assayed by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Numerous miRNAs and mRNAs involved in carcinogenesis pathways in other systems were differentially expressed at 3 and 7 weeks. A TP53 regulatory network including MDM2 and HMGB1 was predicted by the miRNA and mRNA networks. Total TP53 and TP53-S15-phosphorylation were induced. However, TP53-K382-hypoacetylation suggested that the induced TP53 is inactive in arsenic exposed cells. Our data provide strong evidence that early changes in miRNAs and target mRNAs may contribute to arsenic-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashish Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Jana Peremarti
- Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Chendil Damodaran
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - J C States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
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12
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Comiskey DF, Jacob AG, Sanford BL, Montes M, Goodwin AK, Steiner H, Matsa E, Tapia-Santos AS, Bebee TW, Grieves J, La Perle K, Boyaka P, Chandler DS. A novel mouse model of rhabdomyosarcoma underscores the dichotomy of MDM2-ALT1 function in vivo. Oncogene 2017; 37:95-106. [PMID: 28892044 PMCID: PMC5756115 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of the oncogene murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is induced in response to genotoxic stress. MDM2-ALT1, the major splice variant generated, is known to activate the p53 pathway and impede full-length MDM2's negative regulation of p53. Despite this perceptible tumor-suppressive role, MDM2-ALT1 is also associated with several cancers. Furthermore, expression of MDM2-ALT1 has been observed in aggressive metastatic disease in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), irrespective of histological subtype. Therefore, we generated a transgenic MDM2-ALT1 mouse model that would allow us to investigate the effects of this splice variant on the progression of tumorigenesis. Here we show that when MDM2-ALT1 is ubiquitously expressed in p53 null mice it leads to increased incidence of spindle cell sarcomas, including RMS. Our data provide evidence that constitutive MDM2-ALT1 expression is itself an oncogenic lesion that aggravates the tumorigenesis induced by p53 loss. On the contrary, when MDM2-ALT1 is expressed solely in B-cells in the presence of homozygous wild-type p53 it leads to significantly increased lymphomagenesis (56%) when compared with control mice (27%). However, this phenotype is observable only at later stages in life (⩾18 months). Moreover, flow cytometric analyses for B-cell markers revealed an MDM2-ALT1-associated decrease in the B-cell population of the spleens of these animals. Our data suggest that the B-cell loss is p53 dependent and is a response mounted to persistent MDM2-ALT1 expression in a wild-type p53 background. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of an MDM2 splice variant as a critical modifier of both p53-dependent and -independent tumorigenesis, underscoring the complexity of MDM2 posttranscriptional regulation in cancer. Furthermore, MDM2-ALT1-expressing p53 null mice represent a novel mouse model of fusion-negative RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Comiskey
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A G Jacob
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B L Sanford
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M Montes
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A K Goodwin
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - H Steiner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - E Matsa
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A S Tapia-Santos
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T W Bebee
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Grieves
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Takeda California, Inc., Drug Safety Research & Evaluation 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - K La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - P Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D S Chandler
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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13
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Nihira NT, Ogura K, Shimizu K, North BJ, Zhang J, Gao D, Inuzuka H, Wei W. Acetylation-dependent regulation of MDM2 E3 ligase activity dictates its oncogenic function. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/466/eaai8026. [PMID: 28196907 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the oncogenic E3 ubiquitin ligase murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is frequently observed in human cancers. By ubiquitinating the tumor suppressor p53 protein, which leads to its proteasome-mediated destruction, MDM2 limits the tumor-suppressing activity of p53. On the other hand, by ubiquitinating itself, MDM2 targets itself for destruction and promotes the p53 tumor suppressor pathway, a process that can be antagonized by the deubiquitinase herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP). We investigated the regulation of MDM2 substrate specificity and found that acetyltransferase p300-mediated acetylation and stabilization of MDM2 are molecular switches that block self-ubiquitination, thereby shifting its E3 ligase activity toward p53. In vitro and in cancer cell lines, p300-mediated acetylation of MDM2 on Lys182 and Lys185 enabled HAUSP to bind, presumably deubiquitinate, and stabilize MDM2. This acetylation within the nuclear localization signal domain decreased its interaction with the acidic domain, subsequently increased the interaction between the acidic domain and RING domain in MDM2, enabled the binding of HAUSP to the acidic domain in MDM2, and shifted MDM2 activity from autoubiquitination to p53 ubiquitination. However, upon genotoxic stress through exposure to etoposide, the deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) deacetylated MDM2 at Lys182 and Lys185, thereby promoting self-ubiquitination and less ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of p53, thus increasing p53-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, this study indicates that dynamic acetylation is a molecular switch in the regulation of MDM2 substrate specificity, revealing further insight into the posttranslational regulation of the MDM2/p53 cell survival axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoe T Nihira
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kohei Ogura
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daming Gao
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Gansmo LB, Bjørnslett M, Halle MK, Salvesen HB, Romundstad P, Hveem K, Vatten L, Dørum A, Lønning PE, Knappskog S. MDM2 promoter polymorphism del1518 (rs3730485) and its impact on endometrial and ovarian cancer risk. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:97. [PMID: 28158999 PMCID: PMC5291962 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The del1518 (rs3730485) polymorphism is an in/del variant in the MDM2 promoter P1. The variant is in complete linkage disequilibrium with MDM2 SNP309 (rs2279744) and has previously been found associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. In this study we assessed the impact of MDM2 del1518 on risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer. Methods Here, we genotyped del1518 in two large hospital-based series of patients diagnosed with ovarian (n = 1,385) or endometrial (n = 1,404) cancer and performed risk estimations as compared to the genotype distribution among 1,872 healthy female controls. Results In overall analysis we observed no association between del1518 and risk of either ovarian or endometrial cancer. However, stratifying according to SNP309 status, we found the del1518 variant to be associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer among individuals carrying the SNP309TT genotype both in the dominant (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.45 – 0.90) and the recessive model (OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.65 – 1.00). No such association was observed for ovarian cancer risk. Conclusion We found the MDM2 del1518 del variant to be associated with reduced risk of endometrial cancer among individuals carrying the MDM2 SNP309TT genotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3094-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv B Gansmo
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospiltal, Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Merete Bjørnslett
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Oslo University Hospital Radium Hospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Kyllesø Halle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helga B Salvesen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål Romundstad
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Vatten
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Dørum
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per E Lønning
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospiltal, Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stian Knappskog
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospiltal, Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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15
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Wang P, Wang M, Li S, Ma L, Xi S, He J. Association of the MDM2 SNP285 Polymorphism with Cancer Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:4585484. [PMID: 27890964 PMCID: PMC5116512 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4585484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) gene encodes a negative regulator for p53, and the polymorphism SNP285 in the promoter region of MDM2 gene has been implicated in cancer risk, but individual published studies had inconclusive results. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to obtain a more precise estimation between MDM2 SNP285 polymorphism and risk of cancer. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, Embase, and Chinese Biomedical (CBM) databases. Ultimately, 16 published studies comprising 14,573 cases and 9,115 controls were included. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of associations. Overall, MDM2 SNP285 polymorphism was significantly associated with a decreased overall cancer risk with the heterozygous model (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79-0.99), and reduced ORs were observed with other genetic models (dominant: OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.79-1.01 and allele comparison: OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.80-1.03) but not reaching statistical significance. Stratification analysis indicated a decreased risk for ovarian cancer, Caucasians, and studies with relatively large sample size. Despite some limitations, this meta-analysis indicated that the MDM2 SNP285 polymorphism was associated with a decreased cancer risk, which warrants further validation in large and well-designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- 1The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Medical Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- 1The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Medical Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Sanqiang Li
- 2The Molecular Medicine Key Laboratory of Liver Injury and Repair, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Lingjun Ma
- 1The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Medical Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Shoumin Xi
- 1The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Medical Molecular Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- *Shoumin Xi: and
| | - Jing He
- 3Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- 4State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
- *Jing He:
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16
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Qi J, Ronai ZA. Dysregulation of ubiquitin ligases in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 23:1-11. [PMID: 26690337 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases (UBLs) are critical components of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), which governs fundamental processes regulating normal cellular homeostasis, metabolism, and cell cycle in response to external stress signals and DNA damage. Among multiple steps of the UPS system required to regulate protein ubiquitination and stability, UBLs define specificity, as they recognize and interact with substrates in a temporally- and spatially-regulated manner. Such interactions are required for substrate modification by ubiquitin chains, which marks proteins for recognition and degradation by the proteasome or alters their subcellular localization or assembly into functional complexes. UBLs are often deregulated in cancer, altering substrate availability or activity in a manner that can promote cellular transformation. Such deregulation can occur at the epigenetic, genomic, or post-translational levels. Alterations in UBL can be used to predict their contributions, affecting tumor suppressors or oncogenes in select tumors. Better understanding of mechanisms underlying UBL expression and activities is expected to drive the development of next generation modulators that can serve as novel therapeutic modalities. This review summarizes our current understanding of UBL deregulation in cancer and highlights novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Qi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA.
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, 92037, USA.
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17
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Urso L, Calabrese F, Favaretto A, Conte P, Pasello G. Critical review about MDM2 in cancer: Possible role in malignant mesothelioma and implications for treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 97:220-30. [PMID: 26358421 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 regulates genes involved in DNA repair, metabolism, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence. p53 is mutated in about 50% of the human cancers, while in tumors with wild-type p53 gene, the protein function may be lost because of overexpression of Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2). MDM2 targets p53 for ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. p53 reactivation through MDM2 inhibitors seems to be a promising strategy to sensitize p53 wild-type cancer cells to apoptosis. Moreover, additional p53-independent molecular functions of MDM2, such as neoangiogenesis promotion, have been suggested. Thus, MDM2 might be a target for anticancer treatment because of its antiapoptotic and proangiogenetic role. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive asbestos-related tumor where wild-type p53 might be present. The present review gives a complete landscape about the role of MDM2 in cancer pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment, with particular focus on Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Urso
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Adolfo Favaretto
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - PierFranco Conte
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Italy; Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Pasello
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy.
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18
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Are pharmacogenomic biomarkers an effective tool to predict taxane toxicity and outcome in breast cancer patients? Literature review. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26198313 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, characterized by various molecular phenotypes that correlate with different prognosis and response to treatments. Taxanes are some of the most active chemotherapeutic agents for breast cancer; however, their utilization is limited, due to hematologic and cumulative neurotoxicity on treated patients. To understand why only some patients experience severe adverse effects and why patients respond and develop resistance with different rates to taxane therapy, the metabolic pathways of these drugs should be completely unraveled. The variant forms of several genes, related to taxane pharmacokinetics, can be indicative markers of clinical parameters, such as toxicity or outcome. METHODS The search of the data has been conducted through PubMed database, presenting clinical data, clinical trials and basic research restricted to English language until June 2015. RESULTS We studied the literature in order to find any possible association between the major pharmacogenomic variants and specific taxane-related toxicity and patient outcome. We found that the data of these studies are sometimes discordant, due to both the small number of enrolled patients and the heterogeneity of the examined population. CONCLUSIONS Among all analyzed genes, only CYP1B1 and ABCB1 resulted the strongest candidates to become biomarkers of clinical response to taxane therapy in breast cancer, although their utilization still remains an experimental procedure. In the future, greater studies on genetic polymorphisms should be performed in order to identify differentiating signatures for patients with higher toxicity and with resistant or responsive outcome, before the administration of taxanes.
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19
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Comiskey DF, Jacob AG, Singh RK, Tapia-Santos AS, Chandler DS. Splicing factor SRSF1 negatively regulates alternative splicing of MDM2 under damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4202-18. [PMID: 25845590 PMCID: PMC4417157 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic stress induces alternative splicing of the oncogene MDM2 generating MDM2-ALT1, an isoform attributed with tumorigenic properties. However, the mechanisms underlying this event remain unclear. Here we explore MDM2 splicing regulation by utilizing a novel minigene that mimics endogenous MDM2 splicing in response to UV and cisplatinum-induced DNA damage. We report that exon 11 is necessary and sufficient for the damage-specific alternative splicing of the MDM2 minigene and that the splicing factor SRSF1 binds exon 11 at evolutionarily conserved sites. Interestingly, mutations disrupting this interaction proved sufficient to abolish the stress-induced alternative splicing of the MDM2 minigene. Furthermore, SRSF1 overexpression promoted exclusion of exon 11, while its siRNA-mediated knockdown prevented the stress-induced alternative splicing of endogenous MDM2. Additionally, we observed elevated SRSF1 levels under stress and in tumors correlating with the expression of MDM2-ALT1. Notably, we demonstrate that MDM2-ALT1 splicing can be blocked by targeting SRSF1 sites on exon 11 using antisense oligonucleotides. These results present conclusive evidence supporting a negative role for SRSF1 in MDM2 alternative splicing. Importantly, we define for the first time, a clear-cut mechanism for the regulation of damage-induced MDM2 splicing and present potential strategies for manipulating MDM2 expression via splicing modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Comiskey
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive WA5023, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Aishwarya G Jacob
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive WA5023, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Ravi K Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive WA5023, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Aixa S Tapia-Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive WA5023, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Dawn S Chandler
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive WA5023, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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20
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Kumar A, Gupta G, Bishnoi AK, Saxena R, Saini KS, Konwar R, Kumar S, Dwivedi A. Design and synthesis of new bioisosteres of spirooxindoles (MI-63/219) as anti-breast cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:839-48. [PMID: 25618595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the design and synthesis of bioisosteres of spirooxindole (MI-63/219), a small-molecule inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction as anti-breast cancer agents. Compound 5b has been exhibiting significant anti-proliferative activity in nude mice bearing MCF-7 xenograft tumor. The compound 5b was found to act via modulation of MDM2 and p53 expression in breast cancer cells expressing wild type p53. Compound 5b stimulated p53 activation, caused modulation of downstream effectors p21, pRb, and cyclin D1 which regulate cell cycle. Thus, compound triggered G1-S phase cell cycle arrest, which was evident by flow cytometric analysis of treated breast cancer cells. Thus, compound 5b restores the p53 function, which triggers molecular events consistent with cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, India.
| | - Garima Gupta
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Bishnoi
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Saxena
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Karan Singh Saini
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Rituraj Konwar
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Surgery, CSM Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Anila Dwivedi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, India
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21
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Gansmo LB, Knappskog S, Romundstad P, Hveem K, Vatten L, Lønning PE. Influence of
MDM2
SNP309 and SNP285 status on the risk of cancer in the breast, prostate, lung and colon. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:96-103. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liv B. Gansmo
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergen Norway
- Department of OncologyHaukeland University HospitalBergen Norway
| | - Stian Knappskog
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergen Norway
- Department of OncologyHaukeland University HospitalBergen Norway
| | - Pål Romundstad
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim Norway
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim Norway
| | - Lars Vatten
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim Norway
| | - Per E. Lønning
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergen Norway
- Department of OncologyHaukeland University HospitalBergen Norway
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Abstract
The MDM2 promoter SNP285C is located on the SNP309G allele. While SNP309G enhances Sp1 transcription factor binding and MDM2 transcription, SNP285C antagonizes Sp1 binding and reduces the risk of breast-, ovary- and endometrial cancer. Assessing SNP285 and 309 genotypes across 25 different ethnic populations (>10.000 individuals), the incidence of SNP285C was 6-8% across European populations except for Finns (1.2%) and Saami (0.3%). The incidence decreased towards the Middle-East and Eastern Russia, and SNP285C was absent among Han Chinese, Mongolians and African Americans. Interhaplotype variation analyses estimated SNP285C to have originated about 14,700 years ago (95% CI: 8,300 – 33,300). Both this estimate and the geographical distribution suggest SNP285C to have arisen after the separation between Caucasians and modern day East Asians (17,000 - 40,000 years ago). We observed a strong inverse correlation (r = -0.805; p < 0.001) between the percentage of SNP309G alleles harboring SNP285C and the MAF for SNP309G itself across different populations suggesting selection and environmental adaptation with respect to MDM2 expression in recent human evolution. In conclusion, we found SNP285C to be a pan-Caucasian variant. Ethnic variation regarding distribution of SNP285C needs to be taken into account when assessing the impact of MDM2 SNPs on cancer risk.
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Jacob AG, Singh RK, Comiskey DF, Rouhier MF, Mohammad F, Bebee TW, Chandler DS. Stress-induced alternative splice forms of MDM2 and MDMX modulate the p53-pathway in distinct ways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104444. [PMID: 25105592 PMCID: PMC4126728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MDM2 and MDMX are the chief negative regulators of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 and are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the cell. In response to genotoxic stress and also in several cancer types, MDM2 and MDMX are alternatively spliced. The splice variants MDM2-ALT1 and MDMX-ALT2 lack the p53-binding domain and are incapable of negatively regulating p53. However, they retain the RING domain that facilitates dimerization of the full-length MDM proteins. Concordantly, MDM2-ALT1 has been shown to lead to the stabilization of p53 through its interaction with and inactivation of full-length MDM2. The impact of MDM2-ALT1 expression on the p53 pathway and the nature of its interaction with MDMX remain unclear. Also, the role of the architecturally similar MDMX-ALT2 and its influence of the MDM2-MDMX-p53 axis are yet to be elucidated. We show here that MDM2-ALT1 is capable of binding full-length MDMX as well as full-length MDM2. Additionally, we demonstrate that MDMX-ALT2 is able to dimerize with both full-length MDMX and MDM2 and that the expression of MDM2-ALT1 and MDMX-ALT2 leads to the upregulation of p53 protein, and also of its downstream target p21. Moreover, MDM2-ALT1 expression causes cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in a p53 and p21 dependent manner, which is consistent with the increased levels of p21. Finally we present evidence that MDM2-ALT1 and MDMX-ALT2 expression can activate subtly distinct subsets of p53-transcriptional targets implying that these splice variants can modulate the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in unique ways. In summary, our study shows that the stress-inducible alternative splice forms MDM2-ALT1 and MDMX-ALT2 are important modifiers of the p53 pathway and present a potential mechanism to tailor the p53-mediated cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya G. Jacob
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB) program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for RNA Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ravi K. Singh
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB) program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Comiskey
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB) program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for RNA Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew F. Rouhier
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fuad Mohammad
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for RNA Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Bebee
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB) program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dawn S. Chandler
- From the Center for Childhood Cancer at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB) program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for RNA Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Spliced MDM2 isoforms promote mutant p53 accumulation and gain-of-function in tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2996. [PMID: 24356649 PMCID: PMC3960723 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 is frequently mutated in tumors. Mutant p53 (Mutp53) proteins often gain new activities in promoting tumorigenesis, defined as gain-of-function (GOF). Mutp53 often accumulates at high levels in tumors, which promotes mutp53 GOF in tumorigenesis. The mechanism of mutp53 accumulation is poorly understood. Here we find that MDM2 isoforms promote mutp53 accumulation in tumors. MDM2 isoform B (MDM2-B), the MDM2 isoform most frequently over-expressed in human tumors, interacts with full-length MDM2 to inhibit MDM2-mediated mutp53 degradation, promoting mutp53 accumulation and GOF in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, MDM2-B over-expression correlates with mutp53 accumulation in human tumors. In mutp53 knock-in mice, a MDM2 isoform similar to human MDM2-B is over-expressed in the majority of tumors, which promotes mutp53 accumulation and tumorigenesis. Thus, over-expression of MDM2 isoforms promotes mutp53 accumulation in tumors, contributing to mutp53 GOF in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, promoting mutp53 accumulation and GOF is an important mechanism by which MDM2 isoforms promote tumorigenesis.
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Gao J, Kang AJ, Lin S, Dai ZJ, Zhang SQ, Liu D, Zhao Y, Yang PT, Wang M, Wang XJ. Association between MDM2 rs 2279744 polymorphism and breast cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis based on 9,788 cases and 11,195 controls. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:269-77. [PMID: 24790452 PMCID: PMC3999277 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s60680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have suggested associations between MDM2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog) polymorphisms and cancer risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the MDM2 rs 2279744 polymorphism and the susceptibility of breast cancer. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Embase, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database for case–control studies published up to October 2013 that investigated MDM2 rs 2279744 polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of these associations. Results A total of 19 studies were identified for the meta-analysis, including 9,788 cases and 11,195 controls. The variant heterozygote (TG) was associated with breast cancer risk in the overall population (TG vs TT: OR =1.10, 95% CI =1.04–1.17, P=0.001, P=0.23 for heterogeneity test). In the subgroup analyses by ethnicity, a significantly increased risk was observed among Asians (G vs T: OR =1.12, 95% CI =1.02–1.23, P=0.02, Phet=0.04; GG vs TT: OR =1.29, 95% CI =1.06–1.56, P=0.01, Phet=0.04; TG vs TT: OR =1.36, 95% CI =1.15–1.60, P=0.0004, Phet=0.45; dominant model TG+GG vs TT: OR =1.21, 95% CI =1.03–1.41, P=0.02, Phet=0.07). However, among Caucasians, rs 2279744 was associated with breast cancer risk in only one genotype (TG vs TT: OR =1.09, 95% CI =1.00–1.18, P=0.04, Phet=0.37). No publication bias was found in the present study. Conclusion This meta-analysis provides evidence for the association between the MDM2 rs 2279744 polymorphism and breast cancer susceptibility. The results suggest that the MDM2 rs 2279744 polymorphism plays an important role in breast cancer, especially in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China ; Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Jing Kang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Tao Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Jing Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Stress-induced isoforms of MDM2 and MDM4 correlate with high-grade disease and an altered splicing network in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1049-63. [PMID: 24027430 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a morphologically and genetically heterogeneous malignancy commonly classified into three histologic subtypes, namely, alveolar, embryonal, and anaplastic. An issue that continues to challenge effective RMS patient prognosis is the dearth of molecular markers predictive of disease stage irrespective of tumor subtype. Our study involving a panel of 70 RMS tumors has identified specific alternative splice variants of the oncogenes Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) and MDM4 as potential biomarkers for RMS. Our results have demonstrated the strong association of genotoxic-stress inducible splice forms MDM2-ALT1 (91.6% Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group stage 4 tumors) and MDM4-ALT2 (90.9% MDM4-ALT2-positive T2 stage tumors) with high-risk metastatic RMS. Moreover, MDM2-ALT1-positive metastatic tumors belonged to both the alveolar (50%) and embryonal (41.6%) subtypes, making this the first known molecular marker for high-grade metastatic disease across the most common RMS subtypes. Furthermore, our results show that MDM2-ALT1 expression can function by directly contribute to metastatic behavior and promote the invasion of RMS cells through a matrigel-coated membrane. Additionally, expression of both MDM2-ALT1 and MDM4-ALT2 increased anchorage-independent cell-growth in soft agar assays. Intriguingly, we observed a unique coordination in the splicing of MDM2-ALT1 and MDM4-ALT2 in approximately 24% of tumor samples in a manner similar to genotoxic stress response in cell lines. To further explore splicing network alterations with possible relevance to RMS disease, we used an exon microarray approach to examine stress-inducible splicing in an RMS cell line (Rh30) and observed striking parallels between stress-responsive alternative splicing and constitutive splicing in RMS tumors.
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Todd R, Lunec J. Molecular pathology and potential therapeutic targets in soft-tissue sarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 8:939-48. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.6.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Many types of human cancers overexpress MDM2 protein. A common characteristic among these cancers is an associated increase in mdm2 splice variants. Provided here is a comprehensive list, based on a literature review, of over 70 mdm2 variants. These variants are grouped according to in-frame versus out-of-frame status and their potential (or ability) to be translated into isoform proteins. We describe the putative functions for these mdm2 splice variant mRNAs, as well as the mechanistic drivers associated with increased mdm2 transcription and splicing. The paradoxical signal transduction functions of the most commonly studied variants mdm2-a,-b and -c are addressed for their outcomes in the presence and absence of wild-type p53. These outcomes vary from tumor promotion to growth arrest. Finally, we present issues in the detection of endogenous MDM2 protein and how many of the antibodies commonly used to detect MDM2 do not present a full picture of the cellular representation of the isoform proteins. This review provides a focusing lens for individuals interested in learning about the complexities of mdm2 mRNAs and their protein isoforms as well as the roles MDM2 isoforms may play in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rosso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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29
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Abstract
Cancer cells often have high expression of Mdm2. However, in many cancers mdm2 is alternatively spliced, with more than 40 mRNA variants identified. Many of the alternative spliced mdm2 mRNAs have the potential to encode truncated Mdm2 isoforms. These putative Mdm2 isoforms can theoretically increase the diversity of the cancer proteome. The 3 best characterized are Mdm2-A, Mdm2-B, and Mdm2-C. As described in this review, the exogenous expression of these isoforms results in paradoxical phenotypes of transformation-associated growth as well as the inhibition of growth. Interestingly, these Mdm2 isoforms contribute tumor-promoting capacity in p53-null backgrounds. Herein we describe how alternative splicing of mdm2 may result in Mdm2 protein products that alter signal transduction to promote tumorigenesis. The tumor promoting capacity of Mdm2 isoforms is discussed in the context of functions that do not require the inhibition of p53. When N-terminal portions of Mdm2 are missing, the biochemical functions encoded by exon 12 are proposed to become more important. This may result in growth promoting functions when wild-type p53 is absent or compromised. The p53-independent tumor promoting activity of Mdm2 is proposed to result from C-terminal biochemical contributions of DNA binding, RNA binding, nucleolar localization, and nucleotide binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Okoro
- The City University of New York at Hunter College and the Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
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Ohnstad HO, Castro R, Sun J, Heintz KM, Vassilev LT, Bjerkehagen B, Kresse SH, Meza-Zepeda LA, Myklebost O. Correlation of TP53 and MDM2 genotypes with response to therapy in sarcoma. Cancer 2012; 119:1013-22. [PMID: 23165797 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively few sarcomas harbor TP53 (tumor protein p53) mutations, but in many cases, amplification of MDM2 (murine double minute 2) effectively inactivate p53. The p53 pathway activity can also be affected by normal genetic variation. METHODS The mutation status of TP53 and expression of MDM2, TP53, and their genetic variants SNP309 and R72P (Arg72Pro) were investigated in 125 sarcoma patient samples and 18 sarcoma cell lines. Association of the different genotypes and gene aberrations with chemotherapy response and survival, as well as response to MDM2 antagonists in vitro was evaluated. RESULTS Twenty-two percent of the tumors had mutant TP53 and 20% MDM2 gene amplification. Patients with wild-type TP53 (TP53(Wt) ) tumors had improved survival (P < .001) and TP53(Wt) was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio = 0.41; 95% confidence interval = 0.23-0.74; P = .03). Interestingly, there was a trend toward longer time to progression after chemotherapy for tumors with the apoptosis-prone p53 variant R72 (P = .07), which was strongest with doxorubicin/ifosfamide-based regimens (P = .01). Liposarcomas had low R72 frequency (33% versus 56%), but increased levels of MDM2 and MDM4 (51% and 11%, P < .001). MDM2 overexpression on a TP53(Wt) background predicted better response to MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3a, irrespective of R72P or SNP309 status. CONCLUSIONS Improved survival after chemotherapy was found in patients with TP53(Wt) tumors harboring the R72 variant. MDM2 overexpression in TP53(Wt) tumors predicted good response to MDM2 antagonists, irrespective of R72P or SNP309 status. Thus, detailed TP53 and MDM2 genotype analyses prior to systemic therapy are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hege O Ohnstad
- Department of Tumor Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Sam KK, Gan CP, Yee PS, Chong CE, Lim KP, Karen-Ng LP, Chang WS, Nathan S, Rahman ZAA, Ismail SM, Cheong SC. Novel MDM2 splice variants identified from oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:1128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bjørnslett M, Knappskog S, Lønning PE, Dørum A. Effect of the MDM2 promoter polymorphisms SNP309T>G and SNP285G>C on the risk of ovarian cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:454. [PMID: 23039163 PMCID: PMC3519699 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While BRCA mutation carriers possess a 20-40% lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer, knowledge about genetic modifying factors influencing the phenotypic expression remains obscure. We explored the distribution of the MDM2 polymorphisms SNP309T>G and the recently discovered SNP285G>C in Norwegian patients with BRCA related ovarian cancer. Methods 221 BRCA related ovarian cancer cases (BRCA1; n = 161 and BRCA2; n = 60) were tested for the MDM2 polymorphisms. Results were compared to healthy controls (n = 2,465). Results The SNP309G allele was associated with elevated OR for ovarian cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers (SNP309TG: OR 1.53; CI 1.07-2.19; p = 0.020; SNP309GG: OR 1.92; CI 1.19-3.10; p = 0.009; SNP309TG+GG combined: OR 1.61; CI 1.15-2.27; p = 0.005). In contrast, the SNP285C allele reduced risk of BRCA1 related ovarian cancer in carriers of the SNP309G allele (OR 0.50; CI 0.24-1.04; p = 0.057). Censoring individuals carrying the SNP285C/309G haplotype from the analysis elevated the OR related to the SNP309G allele (OR 1.73; CI 1.23-2.45; p = 0.002). The mean age at disease onset was 3.1 years earlier in carriers of SNP309TG+GG as compared to carriers of SNP309TT (p = 0.068). No such associations were found in BRCA2 related ovarian cancer. Conclusions Our results indicate the SNP309G allele to increase and the SNP285C allele to reduce the risk of BRCA1 related ovarian cancer. If confirmed in independent studies, this finding may have implications to counseling and decision-making regarding risk reducing measures in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Bjørnslett
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital – The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Murine double minute clone 2,309T/G and 285G/C promoter single nucleotide polymorphism as a risk factor for breast cancer: a Polish experience. Int J Biol Markers 2012; 27:e105-10. [PMID: 22467100 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2012.9140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease caused by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Recently, a functional polymorphism, MDM2 285G>C (rs117039649), has been discovered. This polymorphism antagonizes the effect of the 309T>G (rs2279744) polymorphism on the same gene, resulting in decreased MDM2 transcription. METHODS The MDM2 285G>C and 309T>G polymorphisms were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing analysis in women with breast cancer (n=468) and controls (n=550). RESULTS The odds ratio (OR) for breast cancer patients with the MDM2 285C/C and 285G/C genotypes was 0.4768 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2906-0.7824; p=0.0033, pcorr=0.0066). We also found a significantly lower frequency of the MDM2 285C allele in patients with breast cancer than in controls: the OR for the C allele in patients with breast cancer was 0.4930 (95% CI=0.3059-0.7947, p=0.0031, pcorr=0.0062). The p value of the chi-square test for the trend observed for the MDM2 285G>C polymorphism was statistically significant (ptrend=0.0036). The statistical power of this study amounted to 85% for the G/C or C/C genotypes and 85% for the C allele. However, we did not observe significant differences between the distribution of MDM2 309T>G genotypes and alleles in patients with breast cancer and healthy controls. CONCLUSION In a sample of the Polish population, we observed that the MDM2 285C gene variant may be a significant protective factor against breast cancer.
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O'Brien D, Jacob AG, Qualman SJ, Chandler DS. Advances in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma characterization and disease model development. Histol Histopathol 2012; 27:13-22. [PMID: 22127592 DOI: 10.14670/hh-27.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a form of soft tissue sarcoma, is one of the most common pediatric malignancies. A complex disease with at least three different subtypes, it is characterized by perturbations in a number of signaling pathways and genetic abnormalities. Extensive clinical studies have helped classify these tumors into high and low risk groups to facilitate different treatment regimens. Research into the etiology of the disease has helped uncover numerous potential therapeutic intervention points which can be tested on various animal models of RMS; both genetically modified models and tumor xenograft models. Taken together, there has been a marked increase in the survival rate of RMS patients but the highly invasive, metastatic forms of the disease continue to baffle researchers. This review aims to highlight and summarize some of the most important developments in characterization and in vivo model generation for RMS research, in the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O'Brien
- The Center for Childhood Cancer, Columbus Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Analysis of the functional integrity of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene in malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 2012; 21:380-8. [PMID: 21691232 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328347ee04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Derogation of the p53 pathway is a hallmark in human malignancies but its implication in melanomas remains unclear. p53 is frequently accumulated in melanomas despite protein stabilizing mutations being rare. For a panel of six melanoma cell lines we performed transcript sequence analysis of the entire coding region and determined p53 protein stability and messenger RNA stability by western blot experiments and quantitative reverse-transcription-PCR, respectively. Transcript levels of p53 modifying genes as well as p53 target genes were investigated after ultraviolet irradiation, interferon-α-2b, and chemotherapy (cisplatin or dacarbazine) by quantitative reverse-transcription-PCR. Transcript sequence analysis identified three aberrations in three of six melanomas. Four of six melanomas showed high-constitutive p53 protein levels. p53 transcripts remained stable in four of six melanomas. All p53-expressing melanomas displayed high p53 protein stability. Constitutively, and after ultraviolet irradiation, mouse double min-2 expression was reduced in melanomas. We detected high homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 level in melanomas-expressing mutant p53. Most experimental conditions resulted in lower expression of p21, GADD45A, and PUMA, and a higher expression of CDC2 in melanomas. Altogether, accumulation of p53 protein is due to posttranslational modification or aberrant expression of p53 modifiers. p53 is functionally disrupted although the p53 upstream signaling pathway remains inducible.
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ElMoneim HMA, El Sherbiny YM. Evaluation of immunohistochemical expression of MDM2 protein in comparison with MDM2 gene amplification in diagnosing lipomatous tumors. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 31:92-97. [DOI: 10.1097/01.xej.0000406597.88861.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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SNP285C modulates oestrogen receptor/Sp1 binding to the MDM2 promoter and reduces the risk of endometrial but not prostatic cancer. Eur J Cancer 2011; 48:1988-96. [PMID: 22119201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The MDM2 promoter polymorphism (SNP309T > G) extends a binding site for the transcription factor Sp1 and has been linked to elevated cancer risk and/or young age at cancer diagnosis, especially in females. Recently, we reported an adjacent polymorphism (SNP285G > C). SNP285C antagonises the effect of SNP309G by reducing Sp1 binding and lowers the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. METHODS We assessed the potential gender specificity in the effect of this polymorphism. We performed in silico predictions of transcription factor binding sites in the MDM2 promoter and analysed MDM2 SNP285 and SNP309 status in two independent cohorts of endometrial (n = 438 and 472) and 666 prostatic cancer patients, and compared to 3.140 healthy controls. RESULTS We identified three oestrogen-receptor binding elements (EREs) within the MDM2 intronic promoter, one of which overlapping the Sp1 binding-site harbouring SNP285. The SNP285C/309G haplotype was associated with a reduced Odds Ratio (OR) for endometrial cancer (OR1: 0.55; Confidence Interval (CI) 0.32-0.97; OR2: 0.65; CI 0.40-1.08, especially for ER+ tumours; OR: 0.48; CI 0.28-0.87) but not for prostatic cancer among SNP309TG heterozygotes. SNP309G (SNP309TG or SNP309GG genotype) was associated with a moderately increased risk of endometrial cancer (OR: 1.17; CI 1.00-1.37) compared to SNP309TT homozygotes. Removing individuals harbouring the SNP309G-counteracting SNP285C polymorphism from the analysis strengthened this association (OR: 1.20; CI 1.02-1.41). CONCLUSION The finding of an ERE overlapping with the Sp1-binding site affected by SNP285, taken together with the significant impact of SNP285 on the risk of breast, ovarian and now endometrial cancer but not prostatic cancer, suggests a gender specific effect of SNP285C on cancer risk.
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Yu Z, Zhang B, Cui B, Wang Y, Han P, Wang X. Identification of spliced variants of the proto-oncogene HDM2 in colorectal cancer. Cancer 2011; 118:1110-8. [PMID: 21761395 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human double minute 2 (hdm2) oncogene is a negative regulator of the p53 gene. Expression and alternative splicing of the hdm2 gene may contribute to colorectal cancer development or progression. This study aimed to determine the presence and identification of aberrant mRNA transcripts of hdm2 in colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines, and determine the nature of their association with clinicopathological characteristics and survival of patients. METHODS A total of 69 colorectal cancer and corresponding normal tissue specimens and 10 colon cancer cell lines were recruited for polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing analyses of hdm2 mRNA. Genomic DNA from these tissues and cells was also extracted for p53 gene mutation analysis. The association of hdm2 fragmented transcripts and p53 gene mutation with clinicopathological data was then statistically analyzed. RESULTS In 62 cases (89.9%; 62 of 69) of colorectal cancer tissues the full-length hdm2 was amplified, whereas 7 cases had no hdm2 transcripts. Thirty-two of 62 cases (51.6%) and 6 of 10 cell lines (60%) showed at least 1 hdm2 spliced variant. A total of 4 hdm2 splicing variants were found in colorectal cancer tissues and cells, that is, lack of nucleotides between 157 and 292 bp in hdm2/1338, 81 to 901 bp in hdm2/707, 157 to 292, 407 to 505, and 668 to 901 bp in hdm2/1007, and 610 to 883 in hdm2/1200. Of these, hdm2/1338 is a novel hdm2 variant in colorectal cancer. Mutation in p53 was detected in 21 cases (33.8%; 21 of 62). Although there was no association found between expression of hdm2 splicing variants and p53 gene mutations, expression of hdm2 splicing variants was associated with advanced tumor stage (P = .022) and distant metastasis (P = .004) in wild-type p53 cases, and with poor survival of patients (P = .039). CONCLUSIONS The data from the current study provide the first evidence that hdm2 mRNA is frequently mutated by alternative splicing in colorectal cancer, and may play a role in colorectal tumorigenesis or cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Chrisanthar R, Knappskog S, Løkkevik E, Anker G, Østenstad B, Lundgren S, Risberg T, Mjaaland I, Skjønsberg G, Aas T, Schlichting E, Fjösne HE, Nysted A, Lillehaug JR, Lønning PE. Predictive and prognostic impact of TP53 mutations and MDM2 promoter genotype in primary breast cancer patients treated with epirubicin or paclitaxel. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19249. [PMID: 21556366 PMCID: PMC3083424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TP53 mutations have been associated with resistance to anthracyclines but not to taxanes in breast cancer patients. The MDM2 promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) T309G increases MDM2 activity and may reduce wild-type p53 protein activity. Here, we explored the predictive and prognostic value of TP53 and CHEK2 mutation status together with MDM2 SNP309 genotype in stage III breast cancer patients receiving paclitaxel or epirubicin monotherapy. Experimental Design Each patient was randomly assigned to treatment with epirubicin 90 mg/m2 (n = 109) or paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 (n = 114) every 3rd week as monotherapy for 4–6 cycles. Patients obtaining a suboptimal response on first-line treatment requiring further chemotherapy received the opposite regimen. Time from last patient inclusion to follow-up censoring was 69 months. Each patient had snap-frozen tumor tissue specimens collected prior to commencing chemotherapy. Principal Findings While TP53 and CHEK2 mutations predicted resistance to epirubicin, MDM2 status did not. Neither TP53/CHEK2 mutations nor MDM2 status was associated with paclitaxel response. Remarkably, TP53 mutations (p = 0.007) but also MDM2 309TG/GG genotype status (p = 0.012) were associated with a poor disease-specific survival among patients having paclitaxel but not patients having epirubicin first-line. The effect of MDM2 status was observed among individuals harbouring wild-type TP53 (p = 0.039) but not among individuals with TP53 mutated tumors (p>0.5). Conclusion TP53 and CHEK2 mutations were associated with lack of response to epirubicin monotherapy. In contrast, TP53 mutations and MDM2 309G allele status conferred poor disease-specific survival among patients treated with primary paclitaxel but not epirubicin monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Chrisanthar
- Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stian Knappskog
- Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Løkkevik
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gun Anker
- Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Østenstad
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steinar Lundgren
- Department of Oncology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Risberg
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingvil Mjaaland
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Gudbrand Skjønsberg
- Department of Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Turid Aas
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen Schlichting
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans E. Fjösne
- Department of Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Nysted
- Department of Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Per Eystein Lønning
- Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Knappskog S, Bjørnslett M, Myklebust LM, Huijts PEA, Vreeswijk MP, Edvardsen H, Guo Y, Zhang X, Yang M, Ylisaukko-Oja SK, Alhopuro P, Arola J, Tollenaar RAEM, van Asperen CJ, Seynaeve C, Staalesen V, Chrisanthar R, Løkkevik E, Salvesen HB, Evans DG, Newman WG, Lin D, Aaltonen LA, Børresen-Dale AL, Tell GS, Stoltenberg C, Romundstad P, Hveem K, Lillehaug JR, Vatten L, Devilee P, Dørum A, Lønning PE. The MDM2 promoter SNP285C/309G haplotype diminishes Sp1 transcription factor binding and reduces risk for breast and ovarian cancer in Caucasians. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:273-82. [PMID: 21316605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
MDM2 plays a key role in modulating p53 function. The MDM2 SNP309T > G promoter polymorphism enhances Sp1 binding and has been linked to cancer risk and young age at diagnosis although with conflicting evidence. We report a second MDM2 promoter polymorphism, SNP285G > C, residing on the SNP309G allele. SNP285C occurs in Caucasians only, where 7.7% (95% CI 7.6%-7.8%) of healthy individuals carry the SNP285C/309G haplotype. In vitro analyses reveals that SNP309G enhances but SNP285C strongly reduces Sp1 promoter binding. Comparing MDM2 promoter status among different cohorts of ovarian (n = 1993) and breast (n = 1973) cancer patients versus healthy controls (n = 3646), SNP285C reduced the risk of both ovarian (OR 0.74; CI 0.58-0.94) and breast cancer (OR 0.79; CI 0.62-1.00) among SNP309G carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Knappskog
- Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Sugano N, Suda T, Godai TI, Tsuchida K, Shiozawa M, Sekiguchi H, Yoshihara M, Matsukuma S, Sakuma Y, Tsuchiya E, Kameda Y, Akaike M, Miyagi Y. MDM2 gene amplification in colorectal cancer is associated with disease progression at the primary site, but inversely correlated with distant metastasis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:620-9. [PMID: 20461754 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 is a crucial negative regulator of the TP53 tumor suppressor and almost 10% of human tumors exhibit MDM2 amplification. Although TP53 pathway perturbation has been extensively examined in colorectal cancer (CRC), only one previous report has evaluated MDM2 amplification in relation to clinicopathological factors. In that report, MDM2 amplification was shown to be associated with disease progression from Dukes' Stages A to D. In this study, we investigated MDM2 amplification by quantitative PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) together with the SNP309 genotypes, and analyzed the correlations with TP53 and KRAS mutations and clinicopathological features in 211 Japanese CRC patients. MDM2 amplification was detected in 8% of the specimens and its incidence was significantly higher in Dukes' stage C than in the combined earlier Stages A and B (P = 0.025). Unexpectedly, the incidence was significantly decreased in Stage D metastatic disease (P = 0.043). The copy number gain ranged from four to eight copies and was generally concordant with gain of centromere 12 using FISH analysis. Together with the results of centromere 1 FISH and TP53 copy number assessment, the MDM2 increment most likely resulted from chromosome 12 gain. The mechanism of the copy number gain and incidence in Dukes' Stage D differed considerably from the previous report. Ethnic or geographic factors could be responsible for these differences. Several promising therapeutic strategies targeting the TP53-MDM2 system are being developed. Further understanding of the significance of MDM2 and MDM2 amplification in CRC is required to facilitate personalized treatment for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Sugano
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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Shiraishi T, Eysturskarth J, Nielsen PE. Modulation of mdm2 pre-mRNA splicing by 9-aminoacridine-PNA (peptide nucleic acid) conjugates targeting intron-exon junctions. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:342. [PMID: 20591158 PMCID: PMC2910690 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modulation of pre-mRNA splicing by antisense molecules is a promising mechanism of action for gene therapeutic drugs. In this study, we have examined the potential of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) 9-aminoacridine conjugates to modulate the pre-mRNA splicing of the mdm2 human cancer gene in JAR cells. Methods We screened 10 different 15 mer PNAs targeting intron2 at both the 5' - and the 3'-splice site for their effects on the splicing of mdm2 using RT-PCR analysis. We also tested a PNA (2512) targeting the 3'-splice site of intron3 with a complementarity of 4 bases to intron3 and 11 bases to exon4 for its splicing modulation effect. This PNA2512 was further tested for the effects on the mdm2 protein level as well as for inhibition of cell growth in combination with the DNA damaging agent camptothecin (CPT). Results We show that several of these PNAs effectively inhibit the splicing thereby producing a larger mRNA still containing intron2, while skipping of exon3 was not observed by any of these PNAs. The most effective PNA (PNA2406) targeting the 3'-splice site of intron2 had a complementarity of 4 bases to intron2 and 11 bases to exon3. PNA (2512) targeting the 3'-splice site of intron3 induced both splicing inhibition (intron3 skipping) and skipping of exon4. Furthermore, treatment of JAR cells with this PNA resulted in a reduction in the level of MDM2 protein and a concomitant increase in the level of tumor suppressor p53. In addition, a combination of this PNA with CPT inhibited cell growth more than CPT alone. Conclusion We have identified several PNAs targeting the 5'- or 3'-splice sites in intron2 or the 3'-splice site of intron3 of mdm2 pre-mRNA which can inhibit splicing. Antisense targeting of splice junctions of mdm2 pre-mRNA may be a powerful method to evaluate the cellular function of MDM2 splice variants as well as a promising approach for discovery of mdm2 targeted anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shiraishi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Health Science Faculty, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Stürzenhofecker B, Schlott T, Quentin T, Kube D, Jung W, Trümper L. Abundant Expression of Spliced HDM2 in Hodgkin Lymphoma Cells does not Interfere with p14ARFand p53 Binding. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 44:1587-96. [PMID: 14565663 DOI: 10.3109/10428190309178783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)- and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-analyses of native Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H&RS) cells extracted from Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) revealed a recurrent amplification of the HDM2 locus on chromosome 12. HDM2 is known to target, inactivate and to degrade p53. Wild type (wt) p53 protein is detected in high levels in HL. Simultaneously, stabilized wt p53 and spliced hdm2 transcripts have been observed in different tumors. Therefore, we examined the expression and structure of HDM2 in HL cell lines and possible effects on components of the p53 pathway. DNA integrity and induction potential of p53 was verified by DNA sequencing and detection of potential effector proteins (p21(WAF/CIP), HDM2) using immunofluorescence, respectively. All HL cell lines show an overexpression of HDM2 protein. Furthermore, several different spliced hdm2 transcripts (mdm-sv) including five new variants lacking a functional p53 binding site were characterized. If expressed, corresponding proteins were shown to be not restricted to the nucleus. Co-localization of the potential binding partners HDM2/p14(ARF) and HDM2/p53 was found in HL cell lines. We suggest that HDM2-sv have no significant disturbing influence on the interaction of these proteins.
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Small-molecule inhibitors of MDM2 as new anticancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 20:10-8. [PMID: 19897042 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that traditional anticancer radio- and chemotherapies in part work through direct or indirect activation of the p53 tumour suppressor pathway. However, many of these strategies are nonselective and genotoxic. The emerging understanding of the pathways that regulate p53 has led to the notion that it should be possible to activate the p53 pathway in ways that are inherently nongenotoxic. Important targets for pharmacological interference in this respect are MDM2 and MDMX, key negative regulators of p53. Genetic and pharmacologic studies suggest that blocking the physical interaction of these proteins with p53, or inhibiting the catalytic role of MDM2 in tagging p53 for proteasomal degradation, both of which lead to an increase in the transcriptional activity of p53, may indeed be an efficient and safe way to eradicate tumour cells that retain wild-type p53. Here we review the rationale for such strategies, as well as the current state in the discovery and development of drugs that reactivate p53 by inhibiting its inhibitors MDM2 and MDMX. The first compounds that have been shown in model systems to be able selectively to kill cancer cells in this way are now entering clinical trials and the promise of MDM2 inhibitors as a new therapeutic anticancer modality should therefore become clear in the not-too-distant future.
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Hoffmann AC, Danenberg KD, Taubert H, Danenberg PV, Wuerl P. A Three-Gene Signature for Outcome in Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5191-8. [PMID: 19671876 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas-Claudius Hoffmann
- Department of Medicine (Cancer Research), West German Cancer Center, Molecular Oncology Risk-Profile Evaluation, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Ludwig JA. Personalized therapy of sarcomas: integration of biomarkers for improved diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection. Curr Oncol Rep 2008; 10:329-37. [PMID: 18778559 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-008-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An improved understanding of cancer's molecular diversity at the genetic, proteomic, and epigenetic levels has made it evident that "sarcoma" comprises more than 50 different types, each as unique as, for example, breast carcinoma is from colon carcinoma. Sarcomas exhibit characteristic differences in cell of origin, disease site, likelihood and site of metastasis, growth propensity, and chemosensitivity. Additionally, as many as one third of sarcomas harbor specific chromosomal translocations that can be used to discriminate one subtype from another. Although biomarkers can be integrated into clinical practice to improve diagnostic accuracy and predict treatment response, a number of challenges hinder their widespread use. This review addresses the current use of biomarkers for clinical oncology, with special emphasis on diagnosis, staging, and grading. It also discusses types of biomarkers that are emerging to aid selection of therapy for patients with sarcoma. Finally, we consider practical factors that appear to limit biomarker integration into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Ludwig
- Laboratory of Sarcoma Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 450, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Taubert H, Bartel F, Greither T, Bache M, Kappler M, Köhler T, Böhnke A, Lautenschläger C, Schmidt H, Holzhausen HJ, Hauptmann S, Würl P. Association of HDM2 transcript levels with age of onset and prognosis in soft tissue sarcomas. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:1575-81. [PMID: 18922973 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The p53 stress response is crucial for the prevention of tumor formation. The oncogene HDM2 is one of the key negative regulators of p53 and is a central node in the p53 pathway. P53 and HDM2 form an oscillating feedback loop. HDM2 expression is regulated by different promoters. To evaluate its clinical relevance, we determined the levels of HDM2 transcripts originating from the constitutive P1 and p53-sensitive P2 promoter in 133 soft tissue sarcomas and correlated the results with the age of diagnosis and the patients' outcome. We show that only high levels of the HDM2-P1 transcript but not the P2 transcript are associated with an 11-year earlier age of onset (50.5 years) compared with low P1 levels (61.5 years; P < 0.0001, t test). In addition, low P1 and P2 mRNA expression levels were independent predictors of poor outcome for patients with soft tissue sarcomas (low P1: relative risk, 3.7; P < 0.0001; low P2: relative risk, 2.5; P = 0.001). A change in the expression levels of the HDM2 transcripts originating from the two HDM2 promoters could disrupt the oscillating P53-HDM2 feedback loop in a way that elevated levels of HDM2-P1 transcript are associated with an earlier age of tumor onset and that reduced levels of HDM2-P1 or HDM2-P2 transcripts are correlated with poor prognosis of patients with soft tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Taubert
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 14, D-06097 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Forslund A, Zeng Z, Qin LX, Rosenberg S, Ndubuisi M, Pincas H, Gerald W, Notterman DA, Barany F, Paty PB. MDM2 Gene Amplification Is Correlated to Tumor Progression but not to the Presence of SNP309 or TP53 Mutational Status in Primary Colorectal Cancers. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:205-11. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schuster K, Fan L, Harris LC. MDM2 splice variants predominantly localize to the nucleoplasm mediated by a COOH-terminal nuclear localization signal. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:403-12. [PMID: 17426254 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Of the >40 alternative and aberrant splice variants of MDM2 that have been described to date, the majority has lost both the well-characterized nuclear localization signal (NLS1) and the nuclear export signal (NES) sequence. Because cellular localization of proteins provides insight regarding their potential function, we determined the localization of three different MDM2 splice variants. The splice variants chosen were the common variants MDM2-A and MDM2-B. In addition, MDM2-FB26 was chosen because it is one of the few variants described that contains the complete p53-binding site. All three splice variants predominantly localized to the nucleus. Nuclear localization of MDM2-A and MDM2-B was controlled by a previously uncharacterized nuclear localization signal (NLS2), whereas nucleoplasmic localization of MDM2-FB26 was mediated by NLS1. p53 and full-length MDM2 colocalized with the splice variants in the nucleus. MDM2-A and MDM2-B both contain a COOH-terminal RING finger domain, and interaction with full-length MDM2 through this domain was confirmed. MDM2-FB26 was the only splice variant evaluated that contained a p53-binding domain; however, interaction between MDM2-FB26 and p53 could not be shown. p14(ARF) did not colocalize with the splice variants and was predominantly expressed within the nucleoli. In summary, nuclear localization signals responsible for the nucleoplasmic distribution of MDM2 splice variants have been characterized. Colocalization and interaction of MDM2-A and MDM2-B with full-length MDM2 in the nucleus have important physiologic consequences, for example, deregulation of p53 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schuster
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N Lauderdale St, TN 38105, USA
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Abstract
Mutations in TP53, the gene that encodes the tumour suppressor p53, are found in 50% of human cancers, and increased levels of its negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4 (also known as MDMX) downregulate p53 function in many of the rest. Understanding p53 regulation remains a crucial goal to design broadly applicable anticancer strategies based on this pathway. This Review of in vitro studies, human tumour data and recent mouse models shows that p53 post-translational modifications have modulatory roles, and MDM2 and MDM4 have more profound roles for regulating p53. Importantly, MDM4 emerges as an independent target for drug development, as its inactivation is crucial for full p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Toledo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, UMR CNRS 7147, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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