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Wei P, Tian K, Liu H, Li K, Alam N, Cheng D, Li M, He X, Guo J, Wang R, Wang W, Bai L, Liu E, Xu B, Li Y, Zhao S. Urotensin II receptor deficiency ameliorates ligation-induced carotid intimal hyperplasia partially through the RhoA-YAP1 pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167170. [PMID: 38631407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is a common pathological feature of vascular proliferative diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. Urotensin II (UII) and its receptor (UTR) are widely expressed in cardiovascular tissues. However, it remains unclear whether the UII/UTR system is involved in IH. Right unilateral common carotid artery ligation was performed and maintained for 21 days to induce IH in UTR knockout (UTR-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice. Histological analysis revealed that compared with WT mice, UTR-deficient mice exhibited a decreased neointimal area, angiostenosis and intima-media ratio. Immunostaining revealed fewer smooth muscle cells (SMCs), endothelial cells and macrophages in the lesions of UTR-/- mice than in those of WT mice. Protein interaction analysis suggested that the UTR may affect cell proliferation by regulating YAP and its downstream target genes. In vitro experiments revealed that UII can promote the proliferation and migration of SMCs, and western blotting also revealed that UII increased the protein expression of RhoA, CTGF, Cyclin D1 and PCNA and downregulated p-YAP protein expression, while these effects could be partly reversed by urantide. To evaluate the translational value of UTRs in IH management, WT mice were also treated with two doses of urantide, a UTR antagonist, to confirm the benefit of UTR blockade in IH progression. A high dose of urantide (600 μg/kg/day), rather than a low dose (60 μg/kg/day), successfully improved ligation-induced IH compared with that in mice receiving vehicle. The results of the present study suggested that the UII/UTR system may regulate IH partly through the RhoA-YAP signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Male
- Mice
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Ligation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima/metabolism
- Neointima/pathology
- Neointima/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Urotensins/metabolism
- Urotensins/genetics
- Urotensins/pharmacology
- YAP-Signaling Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kangli Tian
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haole Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Naqash Alam
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Daxin Cheng
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Xue He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weirong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liang Bai
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yankui Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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2
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Gross C, Guérin LP, Socol BG, Germain L, Guérin SL. The Ins and Outs of Clusterin: Its Role in Cancer, Eye Diseases and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13182. [PMID: 37685987 PMCID: PMC10488069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is a glycoprotein originally discovered in 1983 in ram testis fluid. Rapidly observed in other tissues, it was initially given various names based on its function in different tissues. In 1992, it was finally named CLU by consensus. Nearly omnipresent in human tissues, CLU is strongly expressed at fluid-tissue interfaces, including in the eye and in particular the cornea. Recent research has identified different forms of CLU, with the most prominent being a 75-80 kDa heterodimeric protein that is secreted. Another truncated version of CLU (55 kDa) is localized to the nucleus and exerts pro-apoptotic activities. CLU has been reported to be involved in various physiological processes such as sperm maturation, lipid transportation, complement inhibition and chaperone activity. CLU was also reported to exert important functions in tissue remodeling, cell-cell adhesion, cell-substratum interaction, cytoprotection, apoptotic cell death, cell proliferation and migration. Hence, this protein is sparking interest in tissue wound healing. Moreover, CLU gene expression is finely regulated by cytokines, growth factors and stress-inducing agents, leading to abnormally elevated levels of CLU in many states of cellular disturbance, including cancer and neurodegenerative conditions. In the eye, CLU expression has been reported as being severely increased in several pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration and Fuch's corneal dystrophy, while it is depleted in others, such as pathologic keratinization. Nevertheless, the precise role of CLU in the development of ocular pathologies has yet to be deciphered. The question of whether CLU expression is influenced by these disorders or contributes to them remains open. In this article, we review the actual knowledge about CLU at both the protein and gene expression level in wound healing, and explore the possibility that CLU is a key factor in cancer and eye diseases. Understanding the expression and regulation of CLU could lead to the development of novel therapeutics for promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Gross
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Bianca G. Socol
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Lucie Germain
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain L. Guérin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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3
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Gross C, Le-Bel G, Desjardins P, Benhassine M, Germain L, Guérin SL. Contribution of the Transcription Factors Sp1/Sp3 and AP-1 to Clusterin Gene Expression during Corneal Wound Healing of Tissue-Engineered Human Corneas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12426. [PMID: 34830308 PMCID: PMC8621254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to reduce the need for donor corneas, understanding of corneal wound healing and development of an entirely tissue-engineered human cornea (hTECs) is of prime importance. In this study, we exploited the hTEC to determine how deep wound healing affects the transcriptional pattern of corneal epithelial cells through microarray analyses. We demonstrated that the gene encoding clusterin (CLU) has its expression dramatically repressed during closure of hTEC wounds. Western blot analyses confirmed a strong reduction in the expression of the clusterin isoforms after corneal damage and suggest that repression of CLU gene expression might be a prerequisite to hTEC wound closure. Transfection with segments from the human CLU gene promoter revealed the presence of three regulatory regions: a basal promoter and two more distal negative regulatory regions. The basal promoter bears DNA binding sites for very potent transcription factors (TFs): Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) and Specificity protein-1 and 3 (Sp1/Sp3). By exploiting electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), we demonstrated that AP-1 and Sp1/Sp3 have their DNA binding site overlapping with one another in the basal promoter of the CLU gene in hCECs. Interestingly, expression of both these TFs is reduced (at the protein level) during hTEC wound healing, thereby contributing to the extinction of CLU gene expression during that process. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms accounting for the repression of CLU gene expression during corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Gross
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie-Recherche (CUO-Recherche), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (C.G.); (G.L.-B.); (P.D.); (M.B.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Génie Tissulaire et Régénération, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gaëtan Le-Bel
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie-Recherche (CUO-Recherche), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (C.G.); (G.L.-B.); (P.D.); (M.B.); (L.G.)
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pascale Desjardins
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie-Recherche (CUO-Recherche), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (C.G.); (G.L.-B.); (P.D.); (M.B.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Génie Tissulaire et Régénération, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Manel Benhassine
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie-Recherche (CUO-Recherche), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (C.G.); (G.L.-B.); (P.D.); (M.B.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Génie Tissulaire et Régénération, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie-Recherche (CUO-Recherche), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (C.G.); (G.L.-B.); (P.D.); (M.B.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Génie Tissulaire et Régénération, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain L. Guérin
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie-Recherche (CUO-Recherche), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (C.G.); (G.L.-B.); (P.D.); (M.B.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Génie Tissulaire et Régénération, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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4
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Ronsein GE, Vaisar T, Davidson WS, Bornfeldt KE, Probstfield JL, O'Brien KD, Zhao XQ, Heinecke JW. Niacin Increases Atherogenic Proteins in High-Density Lipoprotein of Statin-Treated Subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2330-2341. [PMID: 34134520 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (T.V., K.E.B., J.L.P., K.D.O., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.)
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (W.S.D.)
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (T.V., K.E.B., J.L.P., K.D.O., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.)
| | - Jeffrey L Probstfield
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (T.V., K.E.B., J.L.P., K.D.O., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.)
| | - Kevin D O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (T.V., K.E.B., J.L.P., K.D.O., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.)
| | - Xue-Qiao Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (T.V., K.E.B., J.L.P., K.D.O., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.)
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (T.V., K.E.B., J.L.P., K.D.O., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.)
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5
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Dourado PMM. Rosuvastatin Decreases the Formation of Neointima by Increasing Apo J, Reducing Restenosis after Balloon Injury in Rats. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 111:569-570. [PMID: 30365679 PMCID: PMC6199503 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Magno Martins Dourado
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto
do Coração (InCor) - Laboratório de Hipertensão
Experimental, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
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6
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Yang N, Dong B, Yang J, Li Y, Kou L, Liu Y, Qin Q. Effects of Rosuvastatin on Apolipoprotein J in Balloon-Injured Carotid Artery in Rats. Arq Bras Cardiol 2018; 111:562-568. [PMID: 30281685 PMCID: PMC6199510 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20180163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in coronary heart disease
remains an unsolved problem. Clusterin (CLU) (or Apolipoprotein [Apo] J)
levels have been reported to be elevated during the progression of
postangioplasty restenosis and atherosclerosis. However, its role in
neointimal hyperplasia is still controversial. Objective To elucidate the role Apo J in neointimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid artery
model in vivo with or without rosuvastatin
administration. Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control group
(n = 20), the model group (n = 20) and the statin intervention group (n =
32). The rats in the intervention group were given 10mg /kg dose of
rosuvastatin. A 2F Fogarty catheter was introduced to induce vascular
injury. Neointima formation was analyzed 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after balloon
injury. The level of Apo J was measured by real-time PCR,
immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Results Intimal/medial area ratio (intimal/medial, I/M) was increased after
balloon-injury and reached the maximum value at 4weeks in the model group;
I/M was slightly increased at 2 weeks and stopped increasing after
rosuvastatin administration. The mRNA and protein levels of Apo J in carotid
arteries were significantly upregulated after rosuvastatin administration as
compared with the model group, and reached maximum values at 2 weeks, which
was earlier than in the model group (3 weeks). Conclusion Apo J served as an acute phase reactant after balloon injury in rat carotid
arteries. Rosuvastatin may reduce the neointima formation through
up-regulation of Apo J. Our results suggest that Apo J exerts a protective
role in the restenosis after balloon-injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin - China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin - China
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin - China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin - China
| | - Lu Kou
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin - China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin - China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin - China
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Peix L, Evans IC, Pearce DR, Simpson JK, Maher TM, McAnulty RJ. Diverse functions of clusterin promote and protect against the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1906. [PMID: 29382921 PMCID: PMC5789849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive scarring disorder of the lung with dismal prognosis and no curative therapy. Clusterin, an extracellular chaperone and regulator of cell functions, is reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. However, its distribution and role in normal and fibrotic human lung are incompletely characterized. Immunohistochemical localization of clusterin revealed strong staining associated with fibroblasts in control lung and morphologically normal areas of fibrotic lung but weak or undetectable staining in fibrotic regions and particularly fibroblastic foci. Clusterin also co-localized with elastin in vessel walls and additionally with amorphous elastin deposits in fibrotic lung. Analysis of primary lung fibroblast isolates in vitro confirmed the down-regulation of clusterin expression in fibrotic compared with control lung fibroblasts and further demonstrated that TGF-β1 is capable of down-regulating fibroblast clusterin expression. shRNA-mediated down-regulation of clusterin did not affect TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation but inhibited fibroblast proliferative responses and sensitized to apoptosis. Down-regulation of clusterin in fibrotic lung fibroblasts at least partly due to increased TGF-β1 may therefore represent an appropriate but insufficient response to limit fibroproliferation. Reduced expression of clusterin in the lung may also limit its extracellular chaperoning activity contributing to dysregulated deposition of extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzy Peix
- UCL Respiratory Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Rayne Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Iona C Evans
- UCL Respiratory Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Rayne Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
- UCL Institute for Woman's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David R Pearce
- UCL Respiratory Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Rayne Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | | | - Toby M Maher
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- Fibrosis Research Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Robin J McAnulty
- UCL Respiratory Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Rayne Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.
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8
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Protective effect of clusterin on rod photoreceptor in rat model of retinitis pigmentosa. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182389. [PMID: 28767729 PMCID: PMC5540409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) begins with the death of rod photoreceptors and is slowly followed by a gradual loss of cones and a rearrangement of the remaining retinal neurons. Clusterin is a chaperone protein that protects cells and is involved in various pathophysiological stresses, including retinal degeneration. Using a well-established transgenic rat model of RP (rhodopsin S334ter), we investigated the effects of clusterin on rod photoreceptor survival. To investigate the role of clusterin in S334ter-line3 retinas, Voronoi analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the geometry of rod distribution. Additionally, immunoblot analysis, Bax activation, STAT3 and Akt phosphorylation were used to evaluate the pathway involved in rod cell protection. In this study, clusterin (10μg/ml) intravitreal treatment produced robust preservation of rod photoreceptors in S334ter-line3 retina. The mean number of rods in 1mm2 was significantly greater in clusterin injected RP retinas (postnatal (P) 30, P45, P60, & P75) than in age-matched saline injected RP retinas (P<0.01). Clusterin activated Akt, STAT3 and significantly reduced Bax activity; in addition to inducing phosphorylated STAT3 in Müller cells, which suggests it may indirectly acts on photoreceptors. Thus, clusterin treatment may interferes with mechanisms leading to rod death by suppressing cell death through activation of Akt and STAT3, followed by Bax suppression. Novel insights into the pathway of how clusterin promotes the rod cell survival suggest this treatment may be a potential therapeutic strategy to slow progression of vision loss in human RP.
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9
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Uses Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase (Lpd) to Bind to the Human Terminal Pathway Regulators Vitronectin and Clusterin to Inhibit Terminal Pathway Complement Attack. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137630. [PMID: 26368530 PMCID: PMC4569481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa controls host innate immune and complement attack. Here we identify Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Lpd), a 57 kDa moonlighting protein, as the first P. aeruginosa protein that binds the two human terminal pathway inhibitors vitronectin and clusterin. Both human regulators when bound to the bacterium inhibited effector function of the terminal complement, blocked C5b-9 deposition and protected the bacterium from complement damage. P. aeruginosa when challenged with complement active human serum depleted from vitronectin was severely damaged and bacterial survival was reduced by over 50%. Similarly, when in human serum clusterin was blocked by a mAb, bacterial survival was reduced by 44%. Thus, demonstrating that Pseudomonas benefits from attachment of each human regulator and controls complement attack. The Lpd binding site in vitronectin was localized to the C-terminal region, i.e. to residues 354-363. Thus, Lpd of P. aeruginosa is a surface exposed moonlighting protein that binds two human terminal pathway inhibitors, vitronectin and clusterin and each human inhibitor when attached protected the bacterial pathogen from the action of the terminal complement pathway. Our results showed insights into the important function of Lpd as a complement regulator binding protein that might play an important role in virulence of P. aeruginosa.
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10
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Bonacini M, Coletta M, Ramazzina I, Naponelli V, Modernelli A, Davalli P, Bettuzzi S, Rizzi F. Distinct promoters, subjected to epigenetic regulation, drive the expression of two clusterin mRNAs in prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:44-54. [PMID: 25464035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The human clusterin (CLU) gene codes for several mRNAs characterized by different sequences at their 5' end. We investigated the expression of two CLU mRNAs, called CLU 1 and CLU 2, in immortalized (PNT1a) and tumorigenic (PC3 and DU145) prostate epithelial cells, as well as in normal fetal fibroblasts (WI38) following the administration of the epigenetic drugs 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZDC) and trichostatin A (TSA) given either as single or combined treatment (AZDC-TSA). Our experimental evidences show that: a) CLU 1 is the most abundant transcript variant. b) CLU 2 is expressed at a low level in normal fibroblasts and virtually absent in prostate cancer cells. c) CLU 1, and to a greater extent CLU 2 expression, increased by AZDC-TSA treatment in prostate cancer cells. d) Both CLU 1 and CLU 2 encode for secreted CLU. e) P2, a novel promoter that overlaps the CLU 2 Transcription Start Site (TSS), drives CLU 2 expression. f) A CpG island, methylated in prostate cancer cells and not in normal fibroblasts, is responsible for long-term heritable regulation of CLU 1 expression. g) ChIP assay of histone tail modifications at CLU promoters (P1 and P2) shows that treatment of prostate cancer cells with AZDC-TSA causes enrichment of Histone3(Lys9)acetylated (H3K9ac) and reduction of Histone3(Lys27)trimethylated (H3K27me3), inducing active transcription of both CLU variants. In conclusion, we show for the first time that the expression of CLU 2 mRNA is driven by a novel promoter, P2, whose activity responds to epigenetic drugs treatment through changes in histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bonacini
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coletta
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Ileana Ramazzina
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Naponelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Modernelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Pierpaola Davalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Saverio Bettuzzi
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39/a, 43126 Parma, Italy; Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
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11
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Pan JP, Wei SLP, Chiang SC, Lee-Chen GJ. Association of apolipoprotein J polymorphism 1598delT with coronary artery disease and lipoprotein levels. Cardiology 2011; 118:83-92. [PMID: 21508640 DOI: 10.1159/000326852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate a polymorphism of the apolipoprotein J (APOJ) gene in relation to coronary artery disease (CAD) and lipid variables in a Chinese male population of genetically unrelated individuals. METHODS In this study, we recruited 126 control male subjects and 237 CAD male patients. CAD was defined as a fixed stenotic lesion with luminal narrowing ≥50% in at least one of the major or minor coronary arteries. In cases with documented myocardial infarction, only those rated as fully recovered for more than 3 months were enrolled. Patients with acute or chronic infectious diseases and those with malignancies were excluded. All subjects with a fasting serum triglyceride level higher than 300 mg/dl were likewise excluded. RESULTS We identified a single nucleotide polymorphism, 1598delT, and showed its association with CAD. Subjects with the I/I genotype showed a significantly higher CAD risk compared to those with the D/D genotype (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.11-4.94, p = 0.026). Patients with the I/I genotype also had abnormal levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol associated with CAD. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that the APOJ single nucleotide polymorphism (1598delT) is associated with risk factors for CAD in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Pin Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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12
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Hamada N, Miyata M, Eto H, Ikeda Y, Shirasawa T, Akasaki Y, Miyauchi T, Furusho Y, Nagaki A, Aronow BJ, Tei C. Loss of clusterin limits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via reduced expression of Egr-1 and TNF-α. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 18:209-16. [PMID: 21099169 DOI: 10.5551/jat.5819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Whether clusterin/apolipoprotein J is antiatherogenic or proatherogenic is controversial. We reported that clusterin was markedly induced in media and neointima after vascular injury and that reduced clusterin expression reduced the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which induced G1 arrest via p53 and p21. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological function of clusterin in atherosclerosis using double-knockout mice (D-KO) of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoE-KO) and clusterin-deficient mice (CLU-KO). METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root were quantitated at 20 weeks of age. Atherosclerotic lesions of D-KO were significantly smaller than those of apoE-KO (D-KO: 0.176±0.078 mm(2) vs. apoE-KO: 0.365±0.164 mm(2), p< 0.001). To identify underlying atherosclerotic mechanisms that were blocked by loss of clusterin, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of Egr-1. Egr-1 immunoreactivity in the nuclei of VSMCs in atherosclerotic lesions of apoE-KO was upregulated, whereas it was not in D-KO lesions. Western blotting demonstrated that the expression levels of Egr-1 and TNF-α in the D-KO were significantly lower than those in the apoE-KO. When VSMCs and macrophages were obtained from D-KO and apoE-KO, Western blotting showed that the expression levels of Egr-1 and TNF-α in VSMCs and macrophages of D-KO were significantly lower than those of apoE-KO. CONCLUSION Loss of clusterin strongly suppressed apoE-KO-induced atherosclerotic lesions at a step prior to the expression of Egr-1 and TNF-α, suggesting that clusterin is a candidate for an antiatherogenic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisato Hamada
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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13
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Toll-like receptor 3 mediates expression of clusterin/apolipoprotein J in vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated with RNA released from necrotic cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3489-500. [PMID: 20692254 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J is a protein that is upregulated in a broad spectrum of diverse pathological processes. The predominant form is a secreted glycoprotein (sCLU) with cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties which shows enhanced expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) following aortic injury and in atherosclerotic disease. Recent evidence indicates that during atherosclerosis, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated in vascular cells by endogenous ligands. Here, we analyzed whether CLU expression in VSMC is controlled by TLRs, and stimulated by factors associated with or released by necrotic cells. Activation of TLR3 by the synthetic RNA analogue polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) in CRL2018 VSMC and in mice led to induction of CLU mRNA and protein synthesis, respectively. In TLR3-deficient 10A yolk sac cells, induction of CLU by poly(I:C) challenge depended on the ectopic expression of human TLR3. In mice lacking the TLR3-signaling adaptor protein TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing IFN-β) CLU induction by poly(I:C) was abrogated. In addition to poly(I:C) CLU gene expression in CRL2018 cells was induced by purified cellular RNA and RNA present in necrotic cell lysate. Our data indicate that cellular RNA following its release from necrotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions can act as an endogenous TLR3 ligand to induce CLU expression in VSMC and in vivo. Thus, they expand the view on TLR2 and TLR4 as known pro-atherosclerotic effectors toward TLR3. Conclusively, TLR3 activation induces expression of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory CLU by VSMC and mice, to potentially counteract atherosclerotic pathology.
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14
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Nuutinen T, Suuronen T, Kauppinen A, Salminen A. Clusterin: a forgotten player in Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:89-104. [PMID: 19651157 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin, also known as apolipoprotein J, is a versatile chaperone molecule which contains several amphipathic and coiled-coil alpha-helices, typical characteristics of small heat shock proteins. In addition, clusterin has three large intrinsic disordered regions, so-called molten globule domains, which can stabilize stressed protein structures. Twenty years ago, it was demonstrated that the expression of clusterin was clearly increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Later it was observed that clusterin can bind amyloid-beta peptides and prevent their fibrillization. Clusterin is also involved in the clearance of amyloid-beta peptides and fibrils by binding to megalin receptors and enhancing their endocytosis within glial cells. Clusterin is a complement inhibitor and can suppress complement activation observed in AD. Clusterin is also present in lipoprotein particles and regulates cholesterol and lipid metabolism of brain which is disturbed in AD. Clusterin is a stress-induced chaperone which is normally secreted but in conditions of cellular stress, it can be transported to cytoplasm where it can bind to Bax protein and inhibit neuronal apoptosis. Clusterin can also bind to Smad2/3 proteins and potentiate the neuroprotective TGFbeta signaling. An alternative splicing can produce a variant isoform of clusterin which can be translocated to nuclei where it induces apoptosis. The role of nuclear clusterin in AD needs to be elucidated. We will review here the extensive literature linking clusterin to AD and examine the recent progress in clusterin research with the respect to AD pathology. Though clusterin can be viewed as a multipotent guardian of brain, it is unable to prevent the progressive neuropathology in chronic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapio Nuutinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Klock G, Baiersdörfer M, Koch-Brandt C. Chapter 7 Cell Protective Functions of Secretory Clusterin (sCLU). Adv Cancer Res 2009; 104:115-38. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(09)04007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Duration of chronic inflammation alters gene expression in muscle from untreated girls with juvenile dermatomyositis. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:43. [PMID: 18671865 PMCID: PMC2529263 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the impact of the duration of chronic inflammation on gene expression in skeletal muscle biopsies (MBx) from untreated children with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) and identify genes and biological processes associated with the disease progression, expression profiling data from 16 girls with active symptoms of JDM greater than or equal to 2 months were compared with 3 girls with active symptoms less than 2 months. Results Seventy-nine genes were differentially expressed between the groups with long or short duration of untreated disease. Genes involved in immune responses and vasculature remodelling were expressed at a higher level in muscle biopsies from children with greater or equal to 2 months of symptoms, while genes involved in stress responses and protein turnover were expressed at a lower level. Among the 79 genes, expression of 9 genes showed a significant linear regression relationship with the duration of untreated disease. Five differentially expressed genes – HLA-DQA1, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, clusterin, plexin D1 and tenomodulin – were verified by quantitative RT-PCR. The chronic inflammation of longer disease duration was also associated with increased DC-LAMP+ and BDCA2+ mature dendritic cells, identified by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion We conclude that chronic inflammation alters the gene expression patterns in muscle of untreated children with JDM. Symptoms lasting greater or equal to 2 months were associated with dendritic cell maturation and anti-angiogenic vascular remodelling, directly contributing to disease pathophysiology.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Demer
- Division of Cardiology, University of California at Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA.
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18
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Lau SH, Sham JST, Xie D, Tzang CH, Tang D, Ma N, Hu L, Wang Y, Wen JM, Xiao G, Zhang WM, Lau GKK, Yang M, Guan XY. Clusterin plays an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Oncogene 2006; 25:1242-50. [PMID: 16247463 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To identify genes associated with tumor metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gene expression profiles between a pair of primary HCC (H2-P) and their matched metastatic HCC (H2-M) were compared. Overexpression of clusterin (CLU) was found in H2-M cells. To determine the roles CLU played in HCC metastasis, CLU was transfected into H2-P cells. Overexpression of CLU in H2-P cells increased cell migration by twofold in vitro and formation of metastatic tumor nodules in liver by eightfold in vivo. To evaluate the correlation of CLU expression with HCC metastasis, the expression levels of CLU in HCCs were investigated using a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 104 pairs of primary HCCs and their matched metastases. The frequency of CLU overexpression increased significantly in metastatic HCCs (59.1%) compared with that in primary tumors (32.6%, P<0.001). To gain additional insight into the function of CLU, the expression profile of H2P-CLU was compared with vector-transfected H2-P cells by cDNA microarray. A total of 35 upregulated and 14 downregulated genes were detected in H2P-CLU. One of the upregulated genes known as YKL-40, which is implicated in matrix-remodeling and metastasis, was further studied using TMA. A significant correlation (P<0.001) between the expression levels of YKL-40 and CLU was observed, implying that the CLU-YKL-40 pathway may play an important role in HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lau
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Kujiraoka T, Hattori H, Miwa Y, Ishihara M, Ueno T, Ishii J, Tsuji M, Iwasaki T, Sasaguri Y, Fujioka T, Saito S, Tsushima M, Maruyama T, Miller IP, Miller NE, Egashira T. Serum Apolipoprotein J in Health, Coronary Heart Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Atheroscler Thromb 2006; 13:314-22. [PMID: 17192696 DOI: 10.5551/jat.13.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) J, clusterin, is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues, and is a component of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). There is experimental evidence that it may be anti-atherogenic through its effects on cholesterol transport, smooth muscle cell proliferation and lipid peroxidation. HDLs containing apo J and apo A-I carry paraoxonase (PON1), which protects low-density lipoproteins from oxidative modification; however, the extent to which apo J affects coronary heart disease (CHD) is not known. We have developed a sandwich ELISA that enables apo J to be assayed in the range of 13-200 microg/mL. Serum apo J was 52.8+/-0.8 microg/mL (mean+/-SEM; range, 36.0-84.3 microg/mL; n=92) in healthy Japanese men, and 49.3+/-0.5 microg/mL (34.5-72.8; n=241) in healthy Japanese women. Multiple regression of these data and results from 67 men with CHD showed that apo J concentration was unrelated to age, sex or body mass index, but was positively related to serum PON1 (p<0.001) and apo B (p<0.02) concentrations. In women, it was also positively related to blood glucose (p<0.02). After adjusting for its associations with covariates, serum apo J averaged 5.4 microg/mL, lower in CHD men than in controls (p<0.003). Type 2 diabetics had higher apo J concentrations (men, 83.1+/-3.4 microg/mL, n=64; women, 64.0+/-2.3 microg/mL, n=46) than healthy men and women (p<0.001). In these Type 2 diabetics, apo J concentration was unrelated to PON1 concentration, but was positively related to blood glucose (p<0.01). After adjustment for its relation to blood glucose, the mean apo J concentration was similar in diabetics and healthy subjects. These findings suggest that apo J may be anti-atherogenic in humans, and that its concentration is raised by Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kujiraoka
- Department of Advanced Medical Technology and Development, BML Inc, Saitama, Japan
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20
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Larrieu D, Thiébaud P, Duplàa C, Sibon I, Thézé N, Lamazière JMD. Activation of the Ca(2+)/calcineurin/NFAT2 pathway controls smooth muscle cell differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2005; 310:166-75. [PMID: 16129432 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular mechanisms controlling smooth muscle cells (SMCs) phenotypic modulation are largely unknown. Intracellular Ca2+ movements are essential to ensure SMC functions; one of the roles of Ca2+ is to regulate calcineurin, which in turn induces nuclear localization of the nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT). In order to investigate, during phenotypic differentiation of SMCs, the effect of calcineurin inhibition on NFAT2 nuclear translocation, we used a culture model of SMC differentiation in serum-free conditions. We show that the treatment of cultured SMC with the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A induced their dedifferentiation while preventing their differentiation. These findings suggest that nuclear translocation of NFAT2 is dependent of calcineurin activity during the in vitro SMC differentiation kinetic and that the nuclear presence of NFAT2 is critical in the acquisition and maintenance of SMC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Larrieu
- U441 INSERM, Université Bordeaux 2 Victor Segalen Avenue du Haut Lévêque, 33600 Pessac, France
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21
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Orlandi A, Pucci S, Ciucci A, Pichiorri F, Ferlosio A, Spagnoli LG. Modulation of clusterin isoforms is associated with all-trans retinoic acid-induced proliferative arrest and apoptosis of intimal smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 25:348-53. [PMID: 15591223 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000152609.28569.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clusterin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein which is implicated in several biological processes. The nuclear (n-CLU) and cytoplasmic secreted (s-CLU) isoforms have recently been described, but their role is still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of clusterin and its isoforms during proliferative arrest and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS Clusterin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting in human arteries and rat aortas. In human diffuse myointimal thickening, clusterin was detected in cell cytoplasm and extracellular space, whereas it was practically absent in the media. In rat aortas 15 days after ballooning, intimal cells (IT cells) overexpressed s-CLU and n-CLU, the latter mainly in the inner neointima; clusterin expression decreased at 60 days. In vitro, IT cells maintained high clusterin expression and its antisense markedly reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Western blotting showed that all-trans retinoic acid-induced proliferative arrest and increased alpha-smooth muscle actin expression did associate to s-CLU and B-myb reduction, whereas bax-related apoptosis was associated to a shift from the s-CLU to n-CLU isoform. CONCLUSIONS Clusterin overexpression characterized neointimal SMCs; s-CLU expression decreased in IT cells during all-trans retinoic acid-induced proliferative arrest and redifferentiation, whereas n-CLU overexpression was characteristic of apoptosis. Clusterin was detected in human arterial myointimal thickening and absent in the underlying media. Rat neointimal cells overexpressed clusterin and clusterin antisense oligonucleotide reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. All-trans retinoic acid-induced proliferative arrest showed association with s-CLU reduction and n-CLU overexpression with apoptosis, supporting a different biological role of these isoforms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta
- Aorta, Thoracic/injuries
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Catheterization/adverse effects
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Clusterin
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Humans
- Ion Channels/biosynthesis
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mesenteric Arteries/cytology
- Molecular Chaperones/biosynthesis
- Molecular Chaperones/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- TRPM Cation Channels
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tunica Intima/cytology
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Uterus/blood supply
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Orlandi
- Anatomic Pathology Institute, Department of Biopathology and Image Diagnostics, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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22
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Miwa Y, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Morimoto S, Sasaguri T. Involvement of clusterin in 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2-induced vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:163-8. [PMID: 15158456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To establish an in vitro model of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation, we examined the effect of 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) on the expression of VSMC differentiation markers. After the addition of 15d-PGJ(2) to confluent human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells synchronized in the G(0) phase, cells showed a "hill and valley" appearance and thereafter aggregated and formed macroscopic nodules. Cells forming nodules expressed high levels of SM2, the most specific VSMC differentiation marker, comparable to medial VSMCs in vivo. 15d-PGJ(2) significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of clusterin, a secreted glycoprotein reported to induce nodule formation and differentiation of VSMCs. Moreover, addition of an anti-clusterin antibody completely inhibited the nodule formation induced by 15d-PGJ(2) and induced apoptosis. Our results suggested that clusterin is involved in 15d-PGJ(2)-induced nodule formation and cell differentiation in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Miwa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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23
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Trougakos IP, So A, Jansen B, Gleave ME, Gonos ES. Silencing expression of the clusterin/apolipoprotein j gene in human cancer cells using small interfering RNA induces spontaneous apoptosis, reduced growth ability, and cell sensitization to genotoxic and oxidative stress. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1834-42. [PMID: 14996747 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J (CLU) is a heterodimeric ubiquitously expressed secreted glycoprotein that is implicated in several physiological processes and is differentially expressed in many severe physiological disturbances, including tumor formation and in vivo cancer progression. Despite extensive efforts, clarification of CLU's biological role has been exceptionally difficult and its precise function remains elusive. Short RNA duplexes, referred to as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), provide a new approach for the elucidation of gene function in human cells. Here, we describe siRNA-mediated CLU gene silencing in osteosarcoma and prostate human cancer cells and illustrate that CLU mRNA is amenable to siRNA-mediated degradation. Our data demonstrate that CLU knockdown in human cancer cells induces significant reduction of cellular growth and higher rates of spontaneous endogenous apoptosis. Moreover, CLU knockdown cancer cells were significantly sensitized to both genotoxic and oxidative stress induced by chemotherapeutic drugs and H(2)O(2), respectively. These effects were more pronounced in cell lines that express high endogenous steady-state levels of the CLU protein and occur through hyperactivation of the cellular apoptotic machinery. Overall, our results reveal that, in the distinct cellular contexts of the osteosarcoma and prostate cancer cells assayed, CLU is a central molecule in cell homeostasis that exerts a cytoprotective function. The described CLU-specific siRNA oligonucleotides that can potently silence CLU gene expression may thus prove valuable agents during antitumor therapy or at other pathological conditions where CLU has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Trougakos
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Aging, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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Baxter LL, Pavan WJ. The oculocutaneous albinism type IV gene Matp is a new marker of pigment cell precursors during mouse embryonic development. Mech Dev 2002; 116:209-12. [PMID: 12128226 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Expression profile analysis demonstrated that the expression of membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP) varied similarly to the melanogenic enzymes dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) and tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1) (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (2002) in press). Mutations in MATP result in pigmentation alterations in mice (underwhite, uw), in medaka (b-locus), and in man (Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 4, OCA4) (Nat. Genet. 28 (2001) 381; Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69 (2001) 981). Consistent with MATP acting in a pigment cell autonomous manner, in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated expression of murine Matp in the presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium starting at E9.5, and in neural crest-derived melanoblasts starting at E10.5. Matp expression is reduced in embryos mutated for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) (Cell 74 (1993) 395; J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 20687), suggesting Mitf regulates Matp expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Baxter
- Mouse Embryology Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 49, Convent Drive, Building 49, Room 4A82, Bethesda, MD 20892-4472, USA
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