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Lu X, Horner JW, Paul E, Shang X, Troncoso P, Deng P, Jiang S, Chang Q, Spring DJ, Sharma P, Zebala JA, Maeda DY, Wang YA, DePinho RA. Effective combinatorial immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nature 2017; 543:728-32. [PMID: 28321130 DOI: 10.1038/nature21676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A significant fraction of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) experience relapse with relentless progression to lethal metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC)1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using antibodies against cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) or programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD1/PD-L1) generates durable therapeutic responses in a significant subset of patients across a variety of cancer types2. However, mCRPC showed overwhelming de novo resistance to ICB3–5, motivating a search for targeted therapies that overcome this resistance. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are known to play important roles in tumor immune evasion6. Circulating MDSC abundance correlates with PSA levels and metastasis in PCa patients7–9. Mouse models of PCa show that MDSCs (CD11b+ Gr1+) promote tumor initiation10 and progression11. These observations prompted us to hypothesize that robust immunotherapy responses in mCRPC may be elicited by the combined actions of ICB agents together with targeted agents that neutralize MDSCs yet preserve T cell function. Here we developed a novel chimeric mouse model of mCRPC to efficiently test combination therapies in an autochthonous setting. Combination of anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 engendered only modest efficacy. Targeted therapy against mCRPC-infiltrating MDSCs, using multikinase inhibitors such as cabozantinib and BEZ235, also showed minimal anti-tumor activities. Strikingly, primary and metastatic CRPC showed robust synergistic responses when ICB was combined with MDSC-targeted therapy. Mechanistically, combination therapy efficacy stemmed from the upregulation of IL-1ra and suppression of MDSC-promoting cytokines secreted by PCa cells. These observations illuminate a clinical path hypothesis for combining ICB with MDSC-targeted therapies in the treatment of mCRPC.
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Perez CJ, Mecklenburg L, Jaubert J, Martinez-Santamaria L, Iritani BM, Espejo A, Napoli E, Song G, Del Río M, DiGiovanni J, Giulivi C, Bedford MT, Dent SYR, Wood RD, Kusewitt DF, Guénet JL, Conti CJ, Benavides F. Increased Susceptibility to Skin Carcinogenesis Associated with a Spontaneous Mouse Mutation in the Palmitoyl Transferase Zdhhc13 Gene. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:3133-3143. [PMID: 26288350 PMCID: PMC4898190 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a spontaneous mutation in the Zdhhc13 (zinc finger, DHHC domain containing 13) gene (also called Hip14l), one of 24 genes encoding palmitoyl acyltransferase (PAT) enzymes in the mouse. This mutation (Zdhhc13luc) was identified as a nonsense base substitution, which results in a premature stop codon that generates a truncated form of the ZDHHC13 protein, representing a potential loss-of-function allele. Homozygous Zdhhc13luc/Zdhhc13luc mice developed generalized hypotrichosis, associated with abnormal hair cycle, epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and increased epidermal thickness. Increased keratinocyte proliferation and accelerated transit from basal to more differentiated layers were observed in mutant compared with wild-type (WT) epidermis in untreated skin and after short-term 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate treatment and acute UVB exposure. Interestingly, this epidermal phenotype was associated with constitutive activation of NF-κB (RelA) and increased neutrophil recruitment and elastase activity. Furthermore, tumor multiplicity and malignant progression of papillomas after chemical skin carcinogenesis were significantly higher in mutant mice than WT littermates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a protective role for PAT in skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Perez
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jean Jaubert
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle de la Souris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Martinez-Santamaria
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Brian M Iritani
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexsandra Espejo
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gyu Song
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Marcela Del Río
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA; Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M. I. N. D.) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon Y R Dent
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna F Kusewitt
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Guénet
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle de la Souris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Benavides
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Benavides F, Gomez G, Venables-Griffith A, Lambertz I, Flores M, Angel JM, Fuchs-Young R, Richie ER, Conti CJ. Differential susceptibility to chemically induced thymic lymphomas in SENCARB and SSIN inbred mice. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:543-8. [PMID: 16479612 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20 yr, several inbred strains have been derived from SENCAR outbred mice. These strains display different susceptibility to the induction of papillomas and progression to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in the skin after chemical carcinogenesis. In the present study, we showed that one of these strains SENCARB/Pt was highly susceptible to the development of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)- and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced lymphomas. In contrast, the SSIN/Sprd inbred strain is completely resistant to T-cell lymphomagenesis by both carcinogens. Within 175 d after a single injection of 75 mg/kilogram body weight (kbw) of MNU, SENCARB/Pt mice exhibited a 91.6% incidence of lymphoma. In addition, during an independent tumorigenesis study with repeated doses of intragastric DMBA, SENCARB/Pt mice showed an incidence of 75% lymphoma development 300 d after the last treatment. Histopathological and flow cytometric parameters indicated that the lymphomas were of the T-cell lineage. In order to study the genetics of MNU-induced tumorigenesis, we generated F1 hybrid mice between SSIN/Sprd and SENCARB/Pt mice. Tumor incidence in MNU-injected F1 mice suggested that the high tumor incidence is a dominant trait. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis in these tumor samples revealed allelic imbalances on chromosomes 15 and 19. Given that these inbred strains are closely related, it is likely that a relatively small number of loci are responsible for the observed differences in susceptibility. Therefore, these SENCAR inbred strains constitute important new tools to study the genetic basis of resistance and susceptibility to chemically induced thymic lymphoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Benavides
- Science-Park Research Division, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, 78957, USA
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Stern MC, Benavides F, LaCava M, Conti CJ. Genetic analyses of mouse skin tumor progression susceptibility using SENCAR inbred derived strains. Mol Carcinog 2002; 35:13-20. [PMID: 12203363 DOI: 10.1002/mc.10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to tumor development varies among individuals in the human population. This variability can also be found among different strains of mice, particularly in the mouse skin chemical carcinogenesis model. The genetic mechanisms underlying mouse skin tumor susceptibility are not fully understood. The SENCAR stock has been found to be the most sensitive mice for skin carcinogenesis studies; however, little is known about the genes underlying tumor susceptibility, particularly, those involved in tumor progression. Experiments with the SSIN/Sprd mice, an inbred strain derived from the outbred SENCAR stock, suggested that papilloma development, tumor promotion, and their conversion into squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), progression, are regulated by different genes. In the highly sensitive SSIN/Sprd mice, papillomas rarely progress to SCC. Using crosses between the outbred SENCAR and the SSIN/Sprd mice, we previously determined that papilloma progression in the SENCAR stock could be controlled by at least one autosomal dominant gene. However, the outbred nature of the SENCAR stock precluded us from extending those findings. More recently, another inbred strain was developed from the outbred SENCAR stock, the SENCARB/Pt. These mice have similar tumor promotion sensitivity to the SSIN/Sprd but in contrast, have high papilloma progression susceptibility, similar to the outbred original stock. In the present study, we generated F(1), F(2), and backcross hybrids between the SSIN/Sprd and SENCARB/Pt mice to determine a possible model for tumor progression susceptibility and to map the putative tumor susceptibility genes. Our tumor data suggests that papilloma progression susceptibility in the SENCAR mouse skin model could be genetically determined by one susceptibility gene. Our preliminary linkage analysis failed to identify one strong susceptibility locus to confirm this but provided some evidence for at least one possible susceptibility locus in mouse chromosome 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Stern
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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