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Chauvin T, Torres S, Rosseto R, Kotek J, Badet B, Durand P, Tóth E. Lanthanide(III) complexes that contain a self-immolative arm: potential enzyme responsive contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Chemistry 2011; 18:1408-18. [PMID: 22213022 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-responsive MRI-contrast agents containing a "self-immolative" benzylcarbamate moiety that links the MRI-reporter lanthanide complex to a specific enzyme substrate have been developed. The enzymatic cleavage initiates an electronic cascade reaction that leads to a structural change in the Ln(III) complex, with a concomitant response in its MRI-contrast-enhancing properties. We synthesized and investigated a series of Gd(3+) and Yb(3+) complexes, including those bearing a self-immolative arm and a sugar unit as selective substrates for β-galactosidase; we synthesized complex LnL(1), its NH(2) amine derivatives formed after enzymatic cleavage, LnL(2), and two model compounds, LnL(3) and LnL(4). All of the Gd(3+) complexes synthesized have a single inner-sphere water molecule. The relaxivity change upon enzymatic cleavage is limited (3.68 vs. 3.15 mM(-1) s(-1) for complexes GdL(1) and GdL(2), respectively; 37 °C, 60 MHz), which prevents application of this system as an enzyme-responsive T(1) relaxation agent. Variable-temperature (17)O NMR spectroscopy and (1)H NMRD (nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion) analysis were used to assess the parameters that determine proton relaxivity for the Gd(3+) complexes, including the water-exchange rate (k(ex)(298), varies in the range 1.5-3.9×10(6) s(-1)). Following the enzymatic reaction, the chelates contain an exocyclic amine that is not protonated at physiological pH, as deduced from pH-potentiometric measurements (log K(H)=5.12(±0.01) and 5.99(±0.01) for GdL(2) and GdL(3), respectively). The Yb(3+) analogues show a PARACEST effect after enzymatic cleavage that can be exploited for the specific detection of enzymatic activity. The proton-exchange rates were determined at various pH values for the amine derivatives by using the dependency of the CEST effect on concentration, saturation time, and saturation power. A concentration-independent analysis of the saturation-power-dependency data was also applied. All these different methods showed that the exchange rate of the amine protons of the Yb(III) complexes decreases with increasing pH value (for YbL(3), k(ex)=1300 s(-1) at pH 8.4 vs. 6000 s(-1) at pH 6.4), thereby resulting in a diminution of the observed CEST effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chauvin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, France
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Niculescu-Duvaz D, Negoita-Giras G, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Hedley D, Springer CJ. Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapies. PRODRUGS AND TARGETED DELIVERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633166.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Towards highly efficient, intelligent and bimodal imaging probes: Novel approaches provided by lanthanide coordination chemistry. CR CHIM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kato Y, Artemov D. Monitoring of release of cargo from nanocarriers by MRI/MR spectroscopy (MRS): significance of T2/T2* effect of iron particles. Magn Reson Med 2009; 61:1059-65. [PMID: 19253373 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To monitor the release of cargo molecules from nanocarriers, a novel MRI/MRS technique was developed and tested. This novel approach uses a simultaneous encapsulation of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and either a gadolinium (Gd)-based paramagnetic contrast agent, Gd-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid bismethylamide(GdDTPA-BMA), for MRI, or an anticancer agent, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), for MRS. These agents have significantly different diffusion properties due to their different molecular sizes. Strong negative signal enhancement due to the T(2) effects of SPIO dominates the positive T(1) contrast generated by GdDTPA-BMA when SPIO and GdDTPA-BMA are in close proximity (intact form). Positive T(1) contrast becomes evident upon release of GdDTPA-BMA from the carrier once the distance between GdDTPA-BMA and SPIO molecules is beyond the T(2) enhancement range. Similarly, intact nanocarriers loaded with 5-FU and SPIO have a broad (19)F resonance line because line-width is inversely proportional to T*2, while free 5-FU appears as a narrow resonance line once it is released from the liposomes. This technique allowed monitoring of the release of cargo molecules from liposomes encapsulating both SPIO and either GdDTPA-BMA or 5-FU by MRI/MRS in vitro using 2% agarose gel phantoms. Experimental results demonstrate successful demarcation of the released cargo molecules vs. encapsulated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kato
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Chauvin T, Durand P, Bernier M, Meudal H, Doan BT, Noury F, Badet B, Beloeil JC, Tóth E. Detection of enzymatic activity by PARACEST MRI: a general approach to target a large variety of enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:4370-2. [PMID: 18454438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chauvin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex2, France
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Chauvin T, Durand P, Bernier M, Meudal H, Doan BT, Noury F, Badet B, Beloeil JC, Tóth É. Detection of Enzymatic Activity by PARACEST MRI: A General Approach to Target a Large Variety of Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nour SG. MRI-guided and monitored radiofrequency tumor ablation. Acad Radiol 2005; 12:1110-20. [PMID: 16099688 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Gamal Nour
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Nour SG, Lewin JS. Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation: The Role of MR Imaging in Guiding and Monitoring Tumor Therapy. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2005; 13:561-81. [PMID: 16084420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Performing RFA procedures under MR imaging involves two distinct processes: interactive guidance of the RF electrode into the targeted tumor and monitoring the effect of therapy. The justification for using MR imaging for electrode guidance is quite similar to its use to guide biopsy and aspiration procedures, where MR imaging offers advantages related to superior soft tissue contrast, multiplanar capabilities, and high vascular conspicuity that facilitate safe and accurate guidance in selected lesions. The major contribution of MR imaging to thermal ablation procedures is its ability to monitor tissue changes associated with the heating process instantaneously, an attribute that is not paralleled by any other currently available imaging modality. Such ability facilitates a controlled approach to ablation by helping to detect inadequately treated tumor foci for subsequent interactive repositioning of the RF electrode during therapy. As such, MR imaging guidance and monitoring enable treatment of the entire tumor on a single-visit basis while avoiding undue overtreatment and preserving often critically needed organ function. Although knowledge of interventional MR imaging concepts and familiarity with its technology and with the related safety issues are indispensable for interventional radiologists attempting thermal ablation procedures in the MR imaging environment, understanding the tissue basis of necrosis imaging is becoming an essential part of the knowledge base for the larger sector of general radiologists who are required to interpret the follow-up MR imaging scans of the increasing number of thermal ablation patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Gamal Nour
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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van Laarhoven HWM, Punt CJA, Kamm YJL, Heerschap A. Monitoring fluoropyrimidine metabolism in solid tumors with in vivo (19)F magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 56:321-43. [PMID: 15982898 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
(19)Fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((19)F MRS) offers unique possibilities for monitoring the pharmacokinetics of fluoropyrimidines in vivo in tumors and normal tissue in a non-invasive way, both in animals and in patients. This method may therefore be useful for predicting response to fluoropyrimidine-based therapy with or without the effects of modulating agents, and this may be of value for the individualization of anticancer therapy and the strategic development of new anticancer drugs. (19)F MRS has been very valuable in elucidating the basic aspects of fluoropyrimidine metabolism, especially in animal studies. Studies in humans have indicated its clinical potential, but widespread application has been hampered by the relatively low detection sensitivity of the method. The recent introduction of clinical MR scanners with magnetic fields above 1.5 T may stimulate increased clinical use of (19)F MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology 550, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, P.O. Box, 9101 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Michael M, Doherty MM. Tumoral drug metabolism: overview and its implications for cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:205-29. [PMID: 15625375 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DME) in tumors are capable of biotransforming a variety of xenobiotics, including antineoplastics, resulting in either their activation or detoxification. Many studies have reported the presence of DME in tumors; however, heterogeneous detection methodology and patient cohorts have not generated consistent, firm data. Nevertheless, various gene therapy approaches and oral prodrugs have been devised, taking advantage of tumoral DME. With the need to target and individualize anticancer therapies, tumoral processes such as drug metabolism must be considered as both a potential mechanism of resistance to therapy and a potential means of achieving optimal therapy. This review discusses cytotoxic drug metabolism by tumors, through addressing the classes of the individual DME, their relevant substrates, and their distribution in specific malignancies. The limitations of preclinical models relative to the clinical setting and lack of data on the changes of DME with disease progression and host response will be discussed. The therapeutic implications of tumoral drug metabolism will be addressed-in particular, the role of DME in predicting therapeutic response, the activation of prodrugs, and the potential for modulation of their activity for gain are considered, with relevant clinical examples. The contribution of tumoral drug metabolism to cancer therapy can only be truly ascertained through large-scale prospective studies and supported by new technologies for tumor sampling and genetic analysis such as microarrays. Only then can efforts be concentrated in the design of better prodrugs or combination therapy to improve drug efficacy and individualize therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael
- Division of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, Victoria 8006, Australia.
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Rooseboom M, Commandeur JNM, Vermeulen NPE. Enzyme-catalyzed activation of anticancer prodrugs. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56:53-102. [PMID: 15001663 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rationale fo the development of prodrugs relies upon delivery of higher concentrations of a drug to target cells compared to administration of the drug itself. In the last decades, numerous prodrugs that are enzymatically activated into anti-cancer agents have been developed. This review describes the most important enzymes involved in prodrug activation notably with respect to tissue distribution, up-regulation in tumor cells and turnover rates. The following endogenous enzymes are discussed: aldehyde oxidase, amino acid oxidase, cytochrome P450 reductase, DT-diaphorase, cytochrome P450, tyrosinase, thymidylate synthase, thymidine phosphorylase, glutathione S-transferase, deoxycytidine kinase, carboxylesterase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and cysteine conjugate beta-lyase. In relation to each of these enzymes, several prodrugs are discussed regarding organ- or tumor-selective activation of clinically relevant prodrugs of 5-fluorouracil, axazaphosphorines (cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and trofosfamide), paclitaxel, etoposide, anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin), mercaptopurine, thioguanine, cisplatin, melphalan, and other important prodrugs such as menadione, mitomycin C, tirapazamine, 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide, ganciclovir, irinotecan, dacarbazine, and amifostine. In addition to endogenous enzymes, a number of nonendogenous enzymes, used in antibody-, gene-, and virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapies, are described. It is concluded that the development of prodrugs has been relatively successful; however, all prodrugs lack a complete selectivity. Therefore, more work is needed to explore the differences between tumor and nontumor cells and to develop optimal substrates in terms of substrate affinity and enzyme turnover rates fo prodrug-activating enzymes resulting in more rapid and selective cleavage of the prodrug inside the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Rooseboom
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (L.A.C.D.R.), Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dresselaers T, Theys J, Nuyts S, Wouters B, de Bruijn E, Anné J, Lambin P, Van Hecke P, Landuyt W. Non-invasive 19F MR spectroscopy of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil conversion by recombinant Salmonella in tumours. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1796-801. [PMID: 14583786 PMCID: PMC2394413 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of fluorine-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (19F MRS) for monitoring in vivo the conversion of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) after using an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium strain recombinant to provide cytosine deaminase (TAPET-CD). The 19F MRS measurements were done on mice bearing the human colon tumour xenograft (HCT116). The intratumoural conversion is greater when TAPET-CD/5-FC is delivered intratumourally (i.tu.) than when TAPET-CD is delivered intravenously (i.v.) and 5-FC intraperitoneally (i.p.). Repeat measurements of the same tumour also yielded important information on the tumour colonization by TAPET-CD through the correlated 5-FC to 5-FU conversion efficacy. The in vivo MRS spectra were confirmed by in vitro19F MRS of perchloric acid extracts of the tumour tissue. No 5-FU metabolites were detectable in vivo in the tumours. However, the in vitro measurements revealed, besides 5-FC and 5-FU, the presence of small amounts of catabolites. Finally, spectra obtained in vitro from liver extracts of tumour-bearing mice treated i.tu. with TAPET-CD/5-FC showed no 5-FU and only little amounts of catabolites. Our data illustrate most importantly the potential of 19F MRS to monitor biologically-based treatments involving cytosine deaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dresselaers
- Biomedical NMR Unit, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Theys
- MAASTRO Lab/GROW, University Maastricht, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Nuyts
- Experimental Radiobiology/LEO, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg-CDG, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Wouters
- MAASTRO Lab/GROW, University Maastricht, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E de Bruijn
- Laboratory Experimental Oncology, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg-CDG, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Anné
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Minderbroederstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Lambin
- MAASTRO Lab/GROW, University Maastricht, PO BOX 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Experimental Radiobiology/LEO, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg-CDG, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Van Hecke
- Biomedical NMR Unit, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Landuyt
- Experimental Radiobiology/LEO, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg-CDG, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Experimental Radiobiology/LEO, K.U.Leuven, Gasthuisberg-CDG 8th floor, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. E-mail:
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Wright JE, Rosowsky A. Synthesis and enzymatic activation of N-[N(alpha)-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-N(delta)-hemiphthaloyl-L-ornithiny]-L-phenylalanine, a candidate for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:493-500. [PMID: 11814834 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N-[N(alpha)-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-N(delta)-hemiphthaloyl-L-ornithinyl]-L-phenylalanine (1), a carboxypeptidase A (CPA) cleavable prodrug was synthesized for use in an antibody directed strategy to improve the therapeutic selectivity of N(alpha)-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-N(delta)-hemiphthaloyl-L-ornithine (2), an extremely potent nonpoly-glutamatable DHFR inhibitor which is also highly cytotoxic. Compound 1 was shown by HPLC analysis to give a >99% yield of 2 upon incubation with bovine CPA (bCPA) for 20 min at 25 degrees C. In a spectrophotometric kinetic assay with 50 microM dihydrofolate as the competing substrate in the presence of 65 microM NADPH, 1+bCPA stoichiometrically inhibited recombinant human DHFR (rhDHFR) with a K(i) of 0.35 pM. In contrast, 1 without bCPA was a poor inhibitor of rhDHFR (K(i)>10 microM). In a 72 h growth inhibition assay against cultured CCRF-CEM human leukemic lymphoblasts, the growth inhibitory activities of 1+bCPA, 2+bCPA, and 2 alone were the same (IC(50) 1.3-1.4 nM), whereas 1 in the absence of bCPA was >100-fold less potent (IC(50) 155 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Wright
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lee NJ, Koo JC, Ju SS, Moon SB, Cho WJ, Jeong IC, Lee SJ, Cho MY, Theodorakis EA. Synthesis and biological activity of phthalimide-based polymers containing 5-fluorouracil. POLYM INT 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Senter PD, Springer CJ. Selective activation of anticancer prodrugs by monoclonal antibody-enzyme conjugates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 53:247-64. [PMID: 11744170 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of interest has surrounded the activities of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and mAb-drug, toxin and radionuclide conjugates for the treatment of human cancers. In the last few years, a number of new mAb-based reagents have been clinically approved (Rituxan, Herceptin, and Panorex), and several others are now in advanced clinical trials. Successful therapeutic treatment of solid tumors with drug conjugates of such macromolecules must overcome the barriers to penetration within tumor masses, antigen heterogeneity, conjugated drug potency, and efficient drug release from the mAbs inside tumor cells. An alternative strategy for drug delivery involves a two-step approach to cancer therapy in which mAbs are used to localize enzymes to tumor cell surface antigens. Once the conjugate binds to the cancer cells and clears from the systemic circulation, antitumor prodrugs are administered that are catalytically converted to active drugs by the targeted enzyme. The drugs thus released are capable of penetrating within the tumor mass and eliminating both cells that have and have not bound the mAb-enzyme conjugate. Significant therapeutic effects have been obtained using a broad range of enzymes along with prodrugs that are derived from both approved anticancer drugs and highly potent experimental agents. This review focuses on the activities of several mAb-enzyme/prodrug combinations, with an emphasis on those that have provided mechanistic insight, clinical activity, novel protein constructs, and the potential for reduced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Dr. SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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