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Ieritano C, Haack A, Hopkins WS. Chemical Transformations Can Occur during DMS Separations: Lessons Learned from Beer's Bittering Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37310853 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While developing a DMS-based separation method for beer's bittering compounds, we observed that the argentinated forms of humulone tautomers (i.e., [Hum + Ag]+) were partially resolvable in a N2 environment seeded with 1.5 mol % of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Attempting to improve the separation by introducing resolving gas unexpectedly caused the peaks for the cis-keto and trans-keto tautomers of [Hum + Ag]+ to coalesce. To understand why resolution loss occurred, we first confirmed that each of the tautomeric forms (i.e., dienol, cis-keto, and trans-keto) responsible for the three peaks in the [Hum + Ag]+ ionogram were assigned to the correct species by employing collision-induced dissociation, UV photodissociation spectroscopy, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX). The observation of HDX indicated that proton transfer was stimulated by dynamic clustering processes between IPA and [Hum + Ag]+ during DMS transit. Because IPA accretion preferentially occurs at Ag+, which can form pseudocovalent bonds with a suitable electron donor, solvent clustering also facilitated the formation of exceptionally stable microsolvated ions. The exceptional stability of these microsolvated configurations disproportionately impacted the compensation voltage (CV) required to elute each tautomer when the temperature within the DMS cell was varied. The disparity in CV response caused the peaks for the cis- and trans-keto species to merge when a temperature gradient was induced by the resolving gas. Moreover, simulations showed that microsolvation with IPA mediates dienol to trans-keto tautomerization during DMS transit, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first observation of keto/enol tautomerization occurring within an ion-mobility device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ieritano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Watermine Innovation, Waterloo, Ontario N0B 2T0, Canada
| | - Alexander Haack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - W Scott Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Watermine Innovation, Waterloo, Ontario N0B 2T0, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, 17 W Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong
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Kimura M, Ito T, Sato H, Higashi M. Theoretical study on isomerization of α-acids: A DFT calculation. Food Chem 2021; 364:130418. [PMID: 34192634 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The α-acids contained in hops are one of the ingredients of beer. The isomerization of α-acids produces iso-α-acids, the main source of bitterness in beer. In this study, the isomerization mechanism of the α-acid, cohumulone, was elucidated by using density functional theory in conjunction with the polarizable continuum model or 3D-RISM integral equation theory of liquids. The calculated reaction diagram is consistent with experimental results; the activation free energy difference between the cis and trans isomers is in good agreement with the experimental estimate. The activation energy difference results from solvation energy. Additionally, a calculation of NMR chemical shifts showed that the proton position of isocohumulone is different from that proposed previously. The effect of Mg2+ cation on the isomerization was also investigated. Both the activation and reaction free energy are stabilized by the presence of Mg2+, which is consistent with experimental results. Water solvation reduces the activation free energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Kimura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan; Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan.
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Smolinska A, Engel J, Szymanska E, Buydens L, Blanchet L. General Framing of Low-, Mid-, and High-Level Data Fusion With Examples in the Life Sciences. DATA HANDLING IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63984-4.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Killeen DP, Watkins OC, Sansom CE, Andersen DH, Gordon KC, Perry NB. Fast Sampling, Analyses and Chemometrics for Plant Breeding: Bitter Acids, Xanthohumol and Terpenes in Lupulin Glands of Hops (Humulus lupulus). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:50-57. [PMID: 27976466 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The valuable secondary metabolites in hops (bitter acids, xanthohumol, volatile monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) are sequestered in lupulin glands (extracellular trichomes) which can be collected and analysed with little or no sample preparation. OBJECTIVES To determine whether high throughput screening of lupulin glands composition, by fast analyses and chemometrics, could be used for breeder selection of hops with key flavour attributes. METHODS Lupulin glands from 139 plants (39 cultivars/advanced selections) were analysed by Raman and 1 H NMR spectroscopy, and head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) GC-FID. The digital X,Y-data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and the results compared with conventional analyses of extracts of whole hops from the same plants. Quantitative 1 H NMR analyses were also done for the bitter acids. RESULTS Raman spectroscopy rapidly identified hops cultivars with high xanthohumol concentrations and high α:β bitter acid ratios. 1 H NMR spectroscopy was slower, requiring a solvent extraction, but distinguished cultivars by cohumulone content as well as α:β acid ratios. HS-SPME-GC rapidly distinguished aroma hops with high myrcene and farnesene contents, and pinpointed a novel selection with unusual sesquiterpenes. The quantitative NMR analyses showed correlations between bitter acid concentrations related to biosynthetic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of lupulin glands gave reliable results for the main quality indicators used by hops breeders, potentially avoiding harvesting, drying and solvent extracting whole hops. PCA of digital X,Y-data rapidly discriminated different hops chemotypes, and highlighted plants with potential for new flavourcultivars. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Killeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Oliver C Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E Sansom
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David H Andersen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, 55 Old Mill, RD 3, Motueka, 7198, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nigel B Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Prieto JM, Mellinas-Gomez M, Zloh M. Application of diffusion-edited and solvent suppression ¹H-NMR to the direct analysis of markers in valerian-hop liquid herbal products. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2016; 27:100-106. [PMID: 26763752 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rising trend to consume herbal products for the treatment and/or prevention of minor ailments together with their chemical and pharmacological complexity means there is an urgent need to develop new approaches to their quality and stability. OBJECTIVES This work looks at the application of one-dimensional diffusion-edited (1)H-NMR spectroscopy (1D DOSY) and (1)H-NMR with suppression of the ethanol and water signals to the characterisation of quality and stability markers in multi-component herbal medicines/food supplements. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiments were performed with commercial tinctures of Valeriana officinalis L. (valerian), expired and non-expired, as well as its combination with Hummulus lupulus L. (hops), which is one of the most popular blends of relaxant herbs. These techniques did not require purification or evaporation of components for the qualitative analysis of the mixture, but only the addition of D2 O and TSP. RESULTS The best diagnostic signals were found at δ 7 ppm (H-11, valerenic acid), δ 4.2 ppm (H-1, hydroxyvalerenic acid) and δ 1.5-1.8 ppm (methyl groups in prenylated moieties, α-acids/prenylated flavones). CONCLUSION This work concludes on the potential value of 1D DOSY (1)H-NMR to provide additional assurance of quality in complex natural mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Maria Mellinas-Gomez
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mire Zloh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
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Killeen DP, van Klink JW, Smallfield BM, Gordon KC, Perry NB. Herbicidal β-triketones are compartmentalized in leaves of Leptospermum species: localization by Raman microscopy and rapid screening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:339-349. [PMID: 25103692 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The New Zealand mānuka shrub, Leptospermum scoparium, and the Australian L. morrisonii produce herbicidal β-triketones in their leaves. The localization of these potential self-toxicants has not been proven. We investigated the localization of these compounds in leaves using Raman microscopy. The results are presented as heat maps derived from principal component analysis (PCA) of the Raman spectra from sampling grids of leaf sections. This approach used undirected, data-driven analysis to qualitatively distinguish localized plant chemistry. The presence of β-triketones and lipophilic flavonoids was confirmed by GC-MS and (1) H NMR spectroscopy. Grandiflorone was compartmentalized within the leaf oil glands of L. morrisonii. Leptospermum scoparium also contained high concentrations of grandiflorone, previously reported as only a trace component in essential oils, localized in the oil glands in the leaves of varieties from diverse geographical locations. Raman microscopy was used to probe the chemistry of oil glands in several ornamental mānuka varieties, revealing high concentrations of bioactive flavonoids localized in these glands. The compartmentalization of β-triketones within oil glands inside leaves of Leptospermum shrubs may defend the plants against herbicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Killeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Killeen DP, Andersen DH, Beatson RA, Gordon KC, Perry NB. Vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics for rapid, quantitative analysis of bitter acids in hops (Humulus lupulus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:12521-12528. [PMID: 25485767 DOI: 10.1021/jf5042728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hops, Humulus lupulus, are grown worldwide for use in the brewing industry to impart characteristic flavor and aroma to finished beer. Breeders produce many varietal crosses with the aim of improving and diversifying commercial hops varieties. The large number of crosses critical to a successful breeding program imposes high demands on the supporting chemical analytical laboratories. With the aim of reducing the analysis time associated with hops breeding, quantitative partial least-squares regression (PLS-R) models have been produced, relating reference data acquired by the industrial standard HPLC and UV methods, to vibrational spectra of the same, chemically diverse hops sample set. These models, produced from rapidly acquired infrared (IR), near-infrared (NIR), and Raman spectra, were appraised using standard statistical metrics. Results demonstrated that all three spectroscopic methods could be used for screening hops for α-acid, total bitter acids, and cohumulone concentrations in powdered hops. Models generated from Raman and IR spectra also showed potential for use in screening hops varieties for xanthohumol concentrations. NIR analysis was performed using both a standard benchtop spectrometer and a portable NIR spectrometer, with comparable results obtained by both instruments. Finally, some important vibrational features of cohumulone, colupulone, and xanthohumol were assigned using DFT calculations, which allow more insightful interpretation of PLS-R latent variable plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Killeen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, 9016 Dunedin, New Zealand
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Blanco CA, Nimubona D, Caballero I. Prediction of the ageing of commercial lager beer during storage based on the degradation of iso-α-acids. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1988-1993. [PMID: 24307135 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iso-α-acids and their chemically modified variants are responsible for the bitterness of beer and play a disproportionately large role in the final quality of beer. The current study was undertaken to predict the degradation of commercial lager beers related to changes in the concentration of trans-iso-α-acids during storage by using high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS In the analysed beers the concentration of isohumulone (average concentration 28 mg L(-1)) was greater than that of isocohumulone (20 mg L(-1)) and isoadhumulone (10 mg L(-1)). The kinetic parameters, activation energy and rate constant, of the trans-iso-α-acids were calculated. In the case of dark beers, the activation energy for the degradation of trans-isocohumulones was found to be higher than for trans-isohumulones and trans-isoadhumulones, whereas in pale and alcohol-free beers activation energies for the degradation of the three trans isomers were similar. CONCLUSION The loss of iso-α-acids can be calculated using the activation energy of the degradation of trans-iso-α-acids and the temperature profile of the accelerated ageing. The results obtained in the investigation can be used in the beer industry to predict the alteration of the bitterness of beer during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Blanco
- Dpto. Ingeniería Agrícola y Forestal (Tecnología de los Alimentos), E.T.S. Ingenierías Agrarias, 34004, Palencia, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
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DiCaprio A, Edwards J. Application of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to biological acidification of barley mashes. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam DiCaprio
- Process NMR Associates; 87A Sandpit Road Danbury; CT 06810 USA
| | - John Edwards
- Process NMR Associates; 87A Sandpit Road Danbury; CT 06810 USA
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Festa M, Capasso A, D'Acunto CW, Masullo M, Rossi AG, Pizza C, Piacente S. Xanthohumol induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells by increasing reactive oxygen species and activating MAPK pathways. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2505-2513. [PMID: 22111577 DOI: 10.1021/np200390x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the biologically active prenylated chalcone and potential anticancer agent xanthohumol (1) has been investigated on apoptosis of the T98G human malignant glioblastoma cell line. Compound 1 decreased the viability of T98G cells by induction of apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Apoptosis induced by 1 was associated with activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP cleavage and was mediated by the mitochondrial pathway, as exemplified by mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome c release, and downregulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. Xanthohumol induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), an effect that was reduced by pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Intracellular ROS production appeared essential for the activation of the mitochondrial pathway and induction of apoptosis after exposure to 1. Oxidative stress due to treatment with 1 was associated with MAPK activation, as determined by ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 was attenuated using NAC to inhibit ROS production. After treatment with 1, ROS provided a specific environment that resulted in MAPK-induced cell death, with this effect reduced by the ERK1/2 specific inhibitor PD98059 and partially inhibited by the p38 inhibitor SB203580. These findings suggest that xanthohumol (1) is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Festa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Rodrigues JE, Gil AM. NMR methods for beer characterization and quality control. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49 Suppl 1:S37-S45. [PMID: 22290708 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy in the brewing industry is described; most studies having aimed at assessing the composition of beer and its raw materials and correlating it to a variety of quality parameters. First, the application of NMR to the qualitative characterization of beer is reviewed, addressing both targeted and untargeted methods and focusing on both beer extracts and direct beer analysis. A subsequent chapter addresses the NMR studies, which envisage the development of new rapid methods for beer analysis and quality control, such as site-specific natural fractionation-NMR and multivariate data analysis methods for marker search or rapid compound quantification. Finally, possible future perspectives toward a deeper and more complete understanding of beer and its brewing process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry-CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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George JH, Hesse MD, Baldwin JE, Adlington RM. Biomimetic synthesis of polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol natural products isolated from Hypericum papuanum. Org Lett 2010; 12:3532-5. [PMID: 20590087 DOI: 10.1021/ol101380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic syntheses of three polycylic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol natural products isolated from Hypericum papuanum, ialibinone A, ialibinone B, and hyperguinone B, have been accomplished by selective oxidative cyclizations of the proposed biosynthetic precursor 5, which was synthesized from phloroglucinol in three steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H George
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
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Van Cleemput M, Cattoor K, De Bosscher K, Haegeman G, De Keukeleire D, Heyerick A. Hop (Humulus lupulus)-derived bitter acids as multipotent bioactive compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:1220-30. [PMID: 19476340 DOI: 10.1021/np800740m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hop acids, a family of bitter compounds derived from the hop plant (Humulus lupulus), have been reported to exert a wide range of effects, both in vitro and in vivo. They exhibit potential anticancer activity by inhibiting cell proliferation and angiogenesis, by inducing apoptosis, and by increasing the expression of cytochrome P450 detoxification enzymes. Furthermore, hop bitter acids are effective against inflammatory and metabolic disorders, which makes them challenging candidates for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome. This review summarizes the current knowledge on hop bitter acids, including both phytochemical aspects, as well as the biological and pharmacological properties of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Van Cleemput
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Ghent University-UGent, Gent, Belgium
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Bohr G, Klimo K, Zapp J, Becker H, Gerhäuser C. Cancer Chemopreventive Potential of Humulones and Isohumulones (Hops α- and Iso-α-acids): Induction of NAD(P)H:Quinone Reductase as a Novel Mechanism. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800301206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical analysis and chemopreventive testing of a special “α-/β-acid free” hops extract led to the identification of isohumulones (hops iso-α-acids) as potent inducers of NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (QR) activity. CD values (concentrations required to double the specific activity of QR in Hepa1c1c7 cell culture) were in the range of 1.3 to 10.2 μg/mL, with CD value of trans-isohumulone < cis-isoadhumulone < cis-isocohumulone < cis-isohumulone (+ trans-isoadhumulone). Humulones (hops α-acids) were equally active with CD values of 3.4 to 7.6 μg/mL. However, these activities were accompanied by cytotoxicity. Cohumulinone and humulinone, oxidation products of co- and n-humulone, were inactive. We further identified isohumulones as potent inhibitors of lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in Raw264.7 cell culture, with IC50 values of 5.9 – 18.4 μg/mL. Humulones and humulinones were inactive at concentrations < 20 μg/mL. These results indicate that isohumulones, which are considered as the most abundant class of polyphenols in beer, should by further investigated for chemopreventive efficacy in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Bohr
- Fr. 8.2 Pharmakognosie und Analytische Phytochemie der Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karin Klimo
- Toxikologie und Krebsrisikofaktoren, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josef Zapp
- Fr. 8.2 Pharmakognosie und Analytische Phytochemie der Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hans Becker
- Fr. 8.2 Pharmakognosie und Analytische Phytochemie der Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Clarissa Gerhäuser
- Toxikologie und Krebsrisikofaktoren, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Verpoorte R, Choi YH, Kim HK. NMR-based metabolomics at work in phytochemistry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2007; 6:3-14. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-006-9031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Blanco CA, Rojas A, Nimubona D. Effects of acidity and molecular size on bacteriostatic properties of beer hop derivates. Trends Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Khatib A, Kyong Kim H, Wilson EG, Verpoorte R. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Iso‐α‐Acids. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500416676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfi Khatib
- a Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics , Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- a Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics , Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erica G. Wilson
- a Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics , Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Verpoorte
- a Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics , Institute of Biology, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
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Blanco CA, Rojas A, Caballero PA, Ronda F, Gomez M, Caballero I. A better control of beer properties by predicting acidity of hop iso-α-acids. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2001; 12:215-222. [PMID: 11705030 DOI: 10.1002/pca.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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