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Zhang Z, Ye H, Wang J, Hui L, Li L. Pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis coupling with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometric imaging for quantitative analysis of complex peptide mixtures. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7684-91. [PMID: 22891936 DOI: 10.1021/ac300628s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometric imaging (PACE-MSI) platform for peptide analysis. This new platform has addressed the sample diffusion and peak splitting problems that appeared in our previous groove design, and it enables homogeneous deposition of the CE trace for high-throughput MALDI imaging. In the coupling of CE to MSI, individual peaks (m/z) can be visualized as discrete colored image regions and extracted from the MS imaging data, thus eliminating issues with peak overlapping and reducing reliance on an ultrahigh mass resolution mass spectrometer. Through a PACE separation, 46 tryptic peptides from bovine serum albumin and 150 putative neuropeptides from the pericardial organs of a model organism blue crab Callinectes sapidus were detected from the MALDI MS imaging traces, enabling a 4- to 6-fold increase of peptide coverage as compared with direct MALDI MS analysis. For the first time, quantitation with high accuracy was obtained using PACE-MSI for both digested tryptic peptides and endogenous neuropeptides from complex biological samples in combination with isotopic formaldehyde labeling. Although MSI is typically employed in tissue imaging, we show in this report that it offers a unique tool for quantitative analysis of complex trace-level analytes with CE separation. These results demonstrate a great potential of the PACE-MSI platform for enhanced quantitative proteomics and neuropeptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53705, United States
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2
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Ionization techniques in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: principles, design, and application. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1096-1120. [PMID: 21462232 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major step forward in the development and application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was its coupling to ESI-MS, first reported in 1987. More than two decades later, ESI has remained the principal ionization technique in CE-MS, but a number of other ionization techniques have also been implemented. In this review the state-of-the-art in the employment of soft ionization techniques for CE-MS is presented. First the fundamentals and general challenges of hyphenating conventional CE and microchip electrophoresis with MS are outlined. After elaborating on the characteristics and role of ESI, emphasis is put on alternative ionization techniques including sonic spray ionization (SSI), thermospray ionization (TSI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB). The principle of each ionization technique is outlined and the experimental set-ups of the CE-MS couplings are described. The strengths and limitations of each ionization technique with respect to CE-MS are discussed and the applicability of the various systems is illustrated by a number of typical examples.
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MESH Headings
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Equipment Design/instrumentation
- Equipment Design/methods
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hommerson
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Wang J, Ye H, Zhang Z, Xiang F, Girdaukas G, Li L. Advancing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometric imaging for capillary electrophoresis analysis of peptides. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3462-9. [PMID: 21417482 DOI: 10.1021/ac200708f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the utilization of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI-MSI) for capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis of peptides based on a simple and robust off-line interface has been investigated. The interface involves sliding the CE capillary distal end within a machined groove on a MALDI sample plate, which is precoated with a thin layer of matrix for continuous sample deposition. MALDI-MSI by time of flight (TOF)/TOF along the CE track enables high-resolution and high-sensitivity detection of peptides, allowing the reconstruction of a CE electropherogram while providing accurate mass measurements and structural identification of molecules. Neuropeptide standards and their H/D isotopic formaldehyde-labeled derivatives were analyzed using this new platform. Normalized intensity ratios of individual ions extracted from the CE trace were compared to MALDI-MS direct analysis and the theoretical ratios. The CE-MALDI-MSI results show potential for sensitive and quantitative analysis of peptide mixtures spanning a wide dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53705, United States
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4
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Peš O, Preisler J. Off-line coupling of microcolumn separations to desorption mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3966-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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Vannatta MW, Whitmore CD, Dovichi NJ. CE-MALDI interface based on inkjet technology. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:4071-4. [PMID: 19960472 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An ink jet printer valve and a nozzle were used to deliver matrix and sample from an electrophoresis capillary onto a MALDI plate. The system was evaluated by the separation of a set of standard peptides. That separation generated up to 40 000 theoretical plates in less than 3 min. Detection limits were 500 amol for an ABI TOF-TOF instrument and 2 fmol for an ABI Q-TOF instrument. Over 70% coverage was obtained for the tryptic digest of alpha-lactalbumin in less than 2.5 min.
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Staub A, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. CE-TOF/MS: Fundamental concepts, instrumental considerations and applications. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1610-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Busnel JM, Josserand J, Lion N, Girault HH. Iontophoretic Fraction Collection for Coupling Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3867-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900128q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Busnel
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Josserand
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niels Lion
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Jacksén J, Redeby T, Emmer A. Capillary electrophoretic separation and fractionation of hydrophobic peptides onto a pre-structured matrix assisted laser desorption/ ionization target for mass spectrometric analysis. J Sep Sci 2007; 29:288-95. [PMID: 16524105 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A CE separation of hydrophobic peptides followed by fractionation onto a prestructured MALDI target and off-line MS analysis was performed. An improved and partially automated manufacturing procedure of the previously described MALDI target is presented. This target is structurally coated with silicone and especially developed for hydrophobic peptides and proteins. Here, the target plate was designed specifically for the CE fraction collection. Different solvents were evaluated to meet the requirements of peptide solubility and compatibility to both the CE and MALDI methods and to the fractionation procedure. CE-MALDI-MS analysis of nine highly hydrophobic peptides from cyanogen bromide-digested bacteriorhodopsin is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Jacksén
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Jacksén J, Frisk T, Redeby T, Parmar V, van der Wijngaart W, Stemme G, Emmer A. Off-line integration of CE and MALDI-MS using a closed–open–closed microchannel system. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2458-65. [PMID: 17577881 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new technique for off-line hyphenation between CE and MALDI-MS is presented. Two closed fused-silica capillaries were connected via a silicon chip comprising an open microcanal. The EOF in the system was evaluated using mesityloxide or leucine-enkephalin as a sample and with a running buffer that rendered the analyte neutrally charged. Comparison was made between the EOF in a closed system (first capillary solely included in the electrical circuit) and in a closed-open system (first capillary and microcanal included in the electrical circuit). It was concluded that the experimental values of the EOF agreed with the theory. The influence of the capillary outer diameter on the peak dispersion was investigated using a closed-open-closed system (first capillary, microcanal and second capillary included in the electrical circuit). It was clearly seen that a capillary with 375 microm od induced considerably higher peak dispersion than a 150 microm od capillary, due to a larger liquid dead volume in the connection between the first capillary outlet and the microcanal. Mass spectrometric analysis has also been performed following CE separation runs in a closed-open-closed system with cytochrome c and lysozyme as model proteins. It was demonstrated that a signal distribution profile of the separated analytes could be recorded over a 30 mm long microcanal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Jacksén
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Huck CW, Bakry R, Huber LA, Bonn GK. Progress in capillary electrophoresis coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization - time of flight mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2063-74. [PMID: 16645982 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this review the most important techniques developed to hyphenate CE to MALDI-TOF-MS are summarized. The principles of the different interfaces and ways to solve the hyphenation problem are explained and discussed in detail. The most important applications especially in the proteomic field are reviewed, and the advantages of CE-MALDI-TOF-MS for the analysis of these compounds compared to other techniques such as ESI-MS are exhaustingly discussed from a critical point of view. CE coupled to MALDI-TOF-MS has started to overpass traditionally used CE-coupling techniques, especially CE-ESI-MS, offering the possibility to analyze samples of interest even weeks after CE analysis and using multiplexing systems for high-sample throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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11
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Stutz H. Advances in the analysis of proteins and peptides by capillary electrophoresis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray-mass spectrometry detection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1254-90. [PMID: 15776483 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High throughput, outstanding certainty in peptide/protein identification, exceptional resolution, and quantitative information are essential pillars in proteome research. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to meet these requirements. Soft ionization techniques, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI), have paved the way for the story of success of CE-MS in the analysis of biomolecules and both approaches are subject of discussion in this article. Meanwhile, CE-MS is far away from representing a homogeneous field. Therefore the review will cover a vast area including the coupling of different modes of CE (capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric foscusing, capillary electrochromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis) to MS as well as on-line preconcentration techniques (transient capillary isotachophoresis, solid-phase extraction, membrane preconcentration) applied to compensate for restricted detection sensitivity. Special attention is given to improvements in interfacing, namely addressing nanospray and coaxial sheath liquid design. Peptide mapping, collision-induced dissociation with subsequent tandem MS, and amendments in mass accuracy of instruments improve information validity gained from MS data. With 2-D on-line coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) and CE a further topic will be discussed. A special section is dedicated to recent attempts in establishing CE-ESI-MS in proteomics, in the clinical and diagnostic field, and in the food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Stutz
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry, Salzburg, Austria.
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Monton MRN, Terabe S. Recent Developments in Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry of Proteins and Peptides. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:5-13. [PMID: 15675508 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many researchers have invested considerable efforts toward improving capillary electrophoresis (CE)-mass spectrometry (MS) systems so they can be applied better to standard analyses. This review highlights the developments in CE-MS of proteins and peptides over the last five years. It includes the developments in interfaces, sample-enrichment techniques, microfabricated devices, and some applications, largely in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) and capillary isotachophoresis formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rowena N Monton
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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13
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Zuberovic A, Ullsten S, Hellman U, Markides KE, Bergquist J. Capillary electrophoresis off-line matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry of intact and digested proteins using cationic-coated capillaries. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2946-2952. [PMID: 15529414 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was coupled off-line with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) for the analysis of proteins and peptides. CE fractions were collected directly on a matrix-coated MALDI target, using a sheath-flow interface. Protein adsorption during CE separations was prevented by coating the capillaries with the physically adsorbed, cationic polymer PolyE-323. The CE/MALDI-MS system was used for the analysis of model proteins and peptides at physiological pH as well as analysis of proteins in tear fluid. Moreover, tryptic on-target digestion of the collected protein fractions, with subsequent MALDI-MS and MS/MS peptide analysis, was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Zuberovic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, PO Box 599, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Balcerzak M. An overview of analytical applications of time of flight-mass spectrometric (TOF-MS) analyzers and an inductively coupled plasma-TOF-MS technique. ANAL SCI 2003; 19:979-89. [PMID: 12880079 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A brief overview of the applications of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) for analytical purposes is presented. The performance of TOF-MS combined with an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) ion source is discussed in detail. The advantages of TOF-MS detectors over the quadrupole mass filters for multi-elemental analysis of fast transient signals are discussed. The applications of ICP-TOF-MS for the detection of signals from laser ablation, electrothermal vaporization, gas and liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and flow-injection analysis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balcerzak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:234-240. [PMID: 11857770 DOI: 10.1002/jms.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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