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Surface Bio-engineered Polymeric Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310876. [PMID: 38396265 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Surface bio-engineering of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) has emerged as a cornerstone in contemporary biomedical research, presenting a transformative avenue that can revolutionize diagnostics, therapies, and drug delivery systems. The approach involves integrating bioactive elements on the surfaces of PNPs, aiming to provide them with functionalities to enable precise, targeted, and favorable interactions with biological components within cellular environments. However, the full potential of surface bio-engineered PNPs in biomedicine is hampered by obstacles, including precise control over surface modifications, stability in biological environments, and lasting targeted interactions with cells or tissues. Concerns like scalability, reproducibility, and long-term safety also impede translation to clinical practice. In this review, these challenges in the context of recent breakthroughs in developing surface-biofunctionalized PNPs for various applications, from biosensing and bioimaging to targeted delivery of therapeutics are discussed. Particular attention is given to bonding mechanisms that underlie the attachment of bioactive moieties to PNP surfaces. The stability and efficacy of surface-bioengineered PNPs are critically reviewed in disease detection, diagnostics, and treatment, both in vitro and in vivo settings. Insights into existing challenges and limitations impeding progress are provided, and a forward-looking discussion on the field's future is presented. The paper concludes with recommendations to accelerate the clinical translation of surface bio-engineered PNPs.
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Ratiometric intracellular pH sensors based on nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09411. [PMID: 35607497 PMCID: PMC9123205 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pHi) is very essential for the function of cells and organisms. Thus, it is of great scientific and technical significance to develop nanosensors for probing pHi. In this work, nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots (N-GOQDs) with fluorescent efficiency of 54% are prepared. The fluorescent spectrum excited at 340 nm contains two remarkable bands at 430 and 520 nm. Interestingly, when pH value increases from 3.6 to 10.5, the blue band at 430 nm slightly changes, while the green band at 520 nm significantly quenches. The change of fluorescent intensities also can be reflected by the variation of fluorescent color. The dual-emissive N-GOQDs are developed as ratiometric fluorescent probes for pHi, which can avoid the influence of several deviations, such as probe concentration, optical path length, and detector efficiency. As a proof of concept, pHi of Hela cells is monitored successfully. This work demonstrates the construction of nano-biosensors based on N-GOQDs with bright fluorescence, high-stability, and good biocompatibility.
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A 3B-type miktoarm star polymer nanoassemblies prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00935h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The investigation on a series of A3B-type miktoarm star polymer assemblies by RAFT PISA has revealed the role of A3B architecture in delaying morphological transitions, and the formation of larger vesicles as well as other interesting morphologies.
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4
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Dispersion Polymerization versus Emulsifier-Free Emulsion Polymerization for Nano-Object Fabrication: A Comprehensive Comparison. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100566. [PMID: 34813132 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the preparation of nano-objects by emulsifier-free controlled/living radical emulsion polymerization has drawn much attention, the morphologies of these formed objects are difficult to predict and to reproduce because of the much more complex nucleation mechanisms of emulsion polymerization compared to only one self-assembling nucleation mechanism of controlled radical dispersion polymerization. The present study compares dispersion polymerization with emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization in terms of nucleation mechanism, polymerization kinetics, and disappearance behavior of the macrochain transfer agent, gel permeation chromatograms curves of the obtained block copolymer as well as the structural and morphological differences between the produced nano-objects on the basis of published data. Moreover, the effects of the inherently heterogeneous nature of emulsion polymerization on the mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization and the nano-object morphology are examined, and efficient agitation and adequate solubility of the core-forming monomer in water are identified as the most crucial factors for the fabrication of nonspherical nano-objects.
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5
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Ratiometric two-photon fluorescence probes for sensing, imaging and biomedicine applications at living cell and small animal levels. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Supramolecular Chirality in Azobenzene-Containing Polymer System: Traditional Postpolymerization Self-Assembly Versus In Situ Supramolecular Self-Assembly Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6186. [PMID: 32867119 PMCID: PMC7503415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the design of novel supramolecular chiral materials has received a great deal of attention due to rapid developments in the fields of supramolecular chemistry and molecular self-assembly. Supramolecular chirality has been widely introduced to polymers containing photoresponsive azobenzene groups. On the one hand, supramolecular chiral structures of azobenzene-containing polymers (Azo-polymers) can be produced by nonsymmetric arrangement of Azo units through noncovalent interactions. On the other hand, the reversibility of the photoisomerization also allows for the control of the supramolecular organization of the Azo moieties within polymer structures. The construction of supramolecular chirality in Azo-polymeric self-assembled system is highly important for further developments in this field from both academic and practical points of view. The postpolymerization self-assembly strategy is one of the traditional strategies for mainly constructing supramolecular chirality in Azo-polymers. The in situ supramolecular self-assembly mediated by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is a facile one-pot approach for the construction of well-defined supramolecular chirality during polymerization process. In this review, we focus on a discussion of supramolecular chirality of Azo-polymer systems constructed by traditional postpolymerization self-assembly and PISA-mediated in situ supramolecular self-assembly. Furthermore, we will also summarize the basic concepts, seminal studies, recent trends, and perspectives in the constructions and applications of supramolecular chirality based on Azo-polymers with the hope to advance the development of supramolecular chirality in chemistry.
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8
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Preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate) microspheres via photopolymerization initiated by LED light source. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Abstract
The development of controlled/“living” polymerization greatly stimulated the prosperity of the fabrication and application of block copolymer nano-objects.
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10
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Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly via RAFT-Mediated Emulsion Polymerization of Methacrylic Monomers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Structural Difference in Macro-RAFT Agents Redirects Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1102-1109. [PMID: 35619459 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) has served as a versatile platform for the large-scale preparation of well-defined block copolymer nano-objects. It appears to be "common sense" that block copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions are inevitable. In this study, we have conducted the direct comparison of reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT)-mediated PISA of 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) using polymethacrylate- and polyacrylate-based macro-RAFT agents. Taking advantage of the poor RAFT controllability of polyacrylate-based macro-RAFT agents with respect to HPMA, uniform submicron-sized polymeric microspheres were prepared by photoinitiated RAFT-mediated PISA of HPMA. The diameter of polymeric microspheres can be precisely controlled by further chain-extension of PHPMA. Finally, uniform epoxy-functionalized multicompartment block copolymer particles (MBCPs) were prepared by a two-step photoinitiated RAFT-mediated PISA with poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGlyMA) as the third block. The performance of MBCPs as Pickering emulsifiers was evaluated in detail. This study not only expands the scope of RAFT-mediated PISA for preparing well-defined polymer particles but also provides important insights into the mechanism of RAFT-mediated PISA.
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12
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Blue Light-Initiated Alcoholic RAFT Dispersion Polymerization of Benzyl Methacrylate: A Detailed Study. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1284. [PMID: 31374884 PMCID: PMC6723682 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue light-initiated alcoholic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) using bis (acyl) phosphane oxide (BAPO) as the photo-initiator is developed to prepare diblock copolymer nano-objects. High monomer conversion (95%) was achieved within 2 h of blue light irradiation in an isopropanol/water mixture. Effects of solvent, light intensity, and reaction temperature on the polymerization kinetics were evaluated. Finally, the effect of reaction temperature on the morphologies of diblock copolymer nano-objects was investigated and two morphological phase diagrams were constructed at 25 and 70 °C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement confirmed that increasing the reaction temperature promoted the evolution of higher order morphology. We believe this study will provide more mechanistic insights into alcoholic RAFT dispersion polymerization for the creation of diblock copolymer nano-objects with well-defined structures.
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13
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Fluorescent pH nanosensors: Design strategies and applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Combining the power of heat and light: temperature-programmed photoinitiated RAFT dispersion polymerization to tune polymerization-induced self-assembly. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00534j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel temperature-programmed photo-PISA method which combines the power of heat and light is developed for the preparation of a diverse set of morphologies.
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15
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Room Temperature Synthesis of Self-Assembled AB/B and ABC/BC Blends by Photoinitiated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (Photo-PISA) in Water. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Photoinitiated Seeded RAFT Dispersion Polymerization: A Facile Method for the Preparation of Epoxy-Functionalized Triblock Copolymer Nano-Objects. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800473. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Ketone-Functionalized Polymer Nano-Objects Prepared via Photoinitiated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (Photo-PISA) Using a Poly(diacetone acrylamide)-Based Macro-RAFT Agent. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800296. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Sodium Bis(acyl)phosphane oxide (SBAPO): An efficient photoinitiator for blue light initiated aqueous RAFT dispersion polymerization. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Exploring and understanding biological and pathological changes are of great significance for early diagnosis and therapy of diseases. Optical sensing and imaging approaches have experienced major progress in this field. Particularly, an emergence of various functional optical nanoprobes has provided enhanced sensitivity, specificity, targeting ability, as well as multiplexing and multimodal capabilities due to improvements in their intrinsic physicochemical and optical properties. However, one of the biggest challenges of conventional optical nanoprobes is their absolute intensity-dependent signal readout, which causes inaccurate sensing and imaging results due to the presence of various analyte-independent factors that can cause fluctuations in their absolute signal intensity. Ratiometric measurements provide built-in self-calibration for signal correction, enabling more sensitive and reliable detection. Optimizing nanoprobe designs with ratiometric strategies can surmount many of the limitations encountered by traditional optical nanoprobes. This review first elaborates upon existing optical nanoprobes that exploit ratiometric measurements for improved sensing and imaging, including fluorescence, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and photoacoustic nanoprobes. Next, a thorough discussion is provided on design strategies for these nanoprobes, and their potential biomedical applications for targeting specific biomolecule populations (e.g. cancer biomarkers and small molecules with physiological relevance), for imaging the tumor microenvironment (e.g. pH, reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, enzyme and metal ions), as well as for intraoperative image guidance of tumor-resection procedures.
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20
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Enzyme-PISA: An Efficient Method for Preparing Well-Defined Polymer Nano-Objects under Mild Conditions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700871. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Expanding the Scope of Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: Z-RAFT-Mediated Photoinitiated Dispersion Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:255-262. [PMID: 35610903 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this communication, we developed the first well-controlled Z-RAFT (RAFT = reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) formulation based on photoinitiated RAFT dispersion polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate (tBA) in ethanol/water (60/40, w/w) at room temperature using a Z-type macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA). Polymerizations proceeded rapidly via the exposure of visible-light irradiation (405 nm, 0.45 mW/cm2) with high monomer conversion (>95%) being achieved within 1 h. A variety of polymer nano-objects (spheres, worms, and vesicles) with narrow molar mass distributions were prepared by this Z-RAFT mediated PISA formulation. Silver nanoparticles were loaded with the vesicles via in situ reduction, which can be used as a catalyst for the reduction of methylene blue (MB) in the presence of NaBH4. Finally, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis demonstrated that the corona block and the core-forming block could be cleaved by treating with excess initiator. This novel PISA formulation will greatly expand the scope of PISA and provide more mechanistic insights into the PISA research.
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22
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Enzyme-Assisted Photoinitiated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: An Oxygen-Tolerant Method for Preparing Block Copolymer Nano-Objects in Open Vessels and Multiwell Plates. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly of Homopolymer and Diblock Copolymer: A Facile Approach for Preparing Polymer Nano-Objects with Higher-Order Morphologies. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:298-303. [PMID: 35650906 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly of homopolymer and diblock copolymer using a binary mixture of small chain transfer agent (CTA) and macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) is reported. With this system, homopolymer and diblock copolymer were formed and chain extended at the same time to form polymer nano-objects. The molar ratio of homopolymer and diblock copolymer had a significant effect on the morphology of the polymer nano-objects. Porous vesicles, porous nanospheres, and micron-sized particles with highly porous inner structure were prepared by this method. We expect that this method will greatly expand the promise of polymerization-induced self-assembly for the synthesis of a range of polymer nano-objects with unique morphologies.
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Rapid synthesis of well-defined all-acrylic diblock copolymer nano-objects via alcoholic photoinitiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA). Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01652b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of well-defined all-acrylic poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)-poly(isobornyl acrylate) (PHEA-PIBOA) diblock copolymer nano-objects were prepared by photoinitiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA).
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25
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Adding a solvophilic comonomer to the polymerization-induced self-assembly of block copolymer and homopolymer: a cooperative strategy for preparing large compound vesicles. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a RAFT dispersion polymerization of styrene and 4-vinylpyridine in methanol/water at 70 °C. The polymerization was mediated by a binary mixture of DDMAT and mPEG45-DDMAT.
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26
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An insight into aqueous photoinitiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA) for the preparation of diblock copolymer nano-objects. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02135b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA) is utilized to investigate the sole effect of reaction temperature on PISA.
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27
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Alcoholic Photoinitiated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (Photo-PISA): A Fast Route toward Poly(isobornyl acrylate)-Based Diblock Copolymer Nano-Objects. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:894-899. [PMID: 35607218 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a fast alcoholic photoinitiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA) formulation via photoinitiated RAFT dispersion polymerization of isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) in an ethanol/water mixture at 40 °C using a monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) based chain transfer agent. Polymerization proceeded rapidly via the exposure to visible light irradiation (405 nm, 0.5 mW/cm2), and high monomer conversion (>95%) was achieved within 30 min. Kinetic studies confirmed that good control was maintained during the photo-PISA process, and the polymerization can be activated or deactivated by light. Finally, we demonstrated that a diverse set of complex morphologies (spheres, worms, or vesicles) could be achieved by varying reaction parameters, and a phase diagram was constructed.
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28
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Ratiometric Fluorescent pH Probes Based on Glycopolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1513-9. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Fluorescent Block Copolymer Micelles That Can Self-Report on Their Assembly and Small Molecule Encapsulation. Macromolecules 2016; 49:653-662. [PMID: 27065494 PMCID: PMC4819497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Block copolymer micelles have been
prepared with a dithiomaleimide
(DTM) fluorophore located in either the core or shell. Poly(triethylene
glycol acrylate)-b-poly(tert-butyl
acrylate) (P(TEGA)-b-P(tBA)) was
synthesized by RAFT polymerization, with a DTM-functional acrylate
monomer copolymerized into either the core forming P(tBA) block or the shell forming P(TEGA) block. Self-assembly by direct
dissolution afforded spherical micelles with Rh of ca. 35 nm. Core-labeled micelles (CLMs)
displayed bright emission (Φf = 17%) due to good
protection of the fluorophore, whereas shell-labeled micelles (SLMs)
had lower efficiency emission due to collisional quenching in the
solvated corona. The transition from micelles to polymer unimers upon
dilution could be detected by measuring the emission intensity of
the solutions. For the core-labeled micelles, the fluorescence lifetime
was also responsive to the supramolecular state, the lifetime being
significantly longer for the micelles (τAv,I = 19
ns) than for the polymer unimers (τAv,I = 9 ns).
The core-labeled micelles could also self-report on the presence of
a fluorescent hydrophobic guest molecule (Nile Red) as a result of
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the DTM fluorophore
and the guest. The sensitivity of the DTM fluorophore to its environment
therefore provides a simple handle to obtain detailed structural information
for the labeled polymer micelles. A case will also be made for the
application superiority of core-labeled micelles over shell-labeled
micelles for the DTM fluorophore.
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Coumarin-appended phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes as mitochondria-targeted theranostic anticancer agents. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13042-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes with mitochondria-specific localization and apoptosis-inducing capability have been explored as the theranostic anticancer agents.
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Abstract
Herein we report an aqueous photoinitiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA) for the preparation of a remarkably diverse set of complex polymer nanoparticle morphologies (e.g., spheres, worms, and vesicles) at room temperature. Ultrafast polymerization rates were achieved, with near quantitative monomer conversion within 15 min of visible light irradiation. An important feature of the photo-PISA is that diblock copolymer vesicles can be prepared under mild conditions (room temperature, aqueous medium, visible light), which will be important for the preparation of functional vesicles loaded with biorelated species (e.g., proteins). As a proof of concept, silica nanoparticles and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were encapsulated in situ within vesicles via the photo-PISA process.
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Intracellular cascade FRET for temperature imaging of living cells with polymeric ratiometric fluorescent thermometers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15551-15560. [PMID: 26114380 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular temperature plays a prominent role in cellular functions and biochemical activities inside living cells, but effective intracellular temperature sensing and imaging is still in its infancy. Herein, thermoresponsive double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs)-based fluorescent thermometers were fabricated to investigate their application in intracellular temperature imaging. Blue-emitting coumarin monomer, CMA, green-emitting 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD) monomer, NBDAE, and red-emitting rhodamine B monomer, RhBEA, were copolymerized separately with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) to afford dye-labeled PEG-b-P(NIPAM-co-CMA), PEG-b-P(NIPAM-co-NBDAE), and PEG-b-P(NIPAM-co-RhBEA). Because of the favorable fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) potentials between CMA and NBDAE, NBDAE and RhBEA, as well as the slight tendency between CMA and RhBEA fluorophore pairs, three polymeric thermometers based on traditional one-step FRET were fabricated by facile mixing two of these three fluorescent DHBCs, whereas exhibiting limited advantages. Thus, two-step cascade FRET among three polymeric fluorophores was further interrogated, in which NBD acted as a bridging dye by transferring energy from CMA to RhBEA. Through the delicate optimization of the molar contents of three polymeric components, a ∼8.4-fold ratio change occurred in the temperature range of 20-44 °C, and the detection sensitivity improved significantly, reached as low as ∼0.4 °C, which definitely outperformed other one-step FRET thermometers in the intracellular temperature imaging of living cells. To our knowledge, this work represents the first example of polymeric ratiometric thermometer employing thermoresponsive polymer-based cascade FRET mechanism.
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Small-dose-sensitive X-ray image pixel with HgI2 photoconductor and amorphous oxide thin-film transistor. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:51-7. [PMID: 24753443 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new X-ray image sensor is demonstrated with an oxide thin-film transistor backplane and HgI2 sensing material. It displays outstanding image quality under a low X-ray exposure and a low electric field. It is promising as a state-of-the-art device to realize highly resolved images at a low X-ray dose for a variety of medical X-ray imaging applications.
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Rationally Engineering Phototherapy Modules of Eosin-Conjugated Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers via Intracellular Endocytic pH Gradients. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1328-38. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500548r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Novel biocompatible fluorescent polymeric micelles based on 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives for cell imaging. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01212g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A new type of fluorescent polymeric micelle was developed by the aqueous self-assembly from amphiphilic block copolymers via click chemistry and showed good potential for application in cell imaging with good biocompatibility. Notably, P1 can readily serve as an excellent intracellular pH sensor in whole living cells based on PET inhibition
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Abstract
Self-folded redox/acid dual-responsive nanocarriers (RAD-NCs) are developed for physiologically triggered delivery of anticancer drugs. The evidenced redox/acid responsiveness, facile decoration of ligands, and active tumor-targeting capability of RAD-NCs suggest their potential as a promising formulation for tumor-targeted chemotherapy.
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Spatiotemporal Monitoring Endocytic and Cytosolic pH Gradients with Endosomal Escaping pH-Responsive Micellar Nanocarriers. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:4293-301. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Amphiphilic star copolymer-based bimodal fluorogenic/magnetic resonance probes for concomitant bacteria detection and inhibition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6734-41. [PMID: 25147084 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Four-arm star-shaped copolymers, TPE-star-P(DMA-co-BMA-co-Gd), containing TPE cores with an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) feature, a T 1 -type magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent, and amphiphilic cationic arms, are synthesized. By taking advantage of non-covalent interactions between star copolymers and bacteria surfaces, bimodal fluorometric/MR detection and concomitant inhibition of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains in aqueous media are explored.
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Water-soluble copolymeric materials: switchable NIR two-photon fluorescence imaging agents for living cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:502-510. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21251c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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