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Krishnan A, Lee DC, Slagle I, Ahsan S, Mitra S, Read E, Alamgir FM. Monitoring Redox Processes in Lithium-Ion Batteries by Laboratory-Scale Operando X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:16096-16105. [PMID: 38502716 PMCID: PMC10995943 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tracking changes in the chemical state of transition metals in alkali-ion batteries is crucial to understanding the redox chemistry during operation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is often used to follow the chemistry through observed changes in the chemical state and local atomic structure as a function of the state-of-charge (SoC) in batteries. In this study, we utilize an operando X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) method to observe changes in the chemical state of active elements in batteries during operation. Operando XES and XAS were compared by using a laboratory-scale setup for four different battery systems: LiCoO2 (LCO), Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 (NMC111), Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 (NMC811), and LiFePO4 (LFP) under a constant current charging the battery in 10 h (C/10 charge rate). We show that XES, despite narrower chemical shifts in comparison to XAS, allows us to fingerprint the battery SOC in real time. We further demonstrate that XES can be used to track the change in net spin of the probed atoms by analyzing changes in the emission peak shape. As a test case, the connection between net spin and the local chemical and structural environment was investigated by using XES and XAS in the case of electrochemically delithiated LCO in the range of 2-10% lithium removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiram Krishnan
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - Ian Slagle
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sumaiyatul Ahsan
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - Ethan Read
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Faisal M. Alamgir
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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2
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Palmer LD, Lee W, Dong CL, Liu RS, Wu N, Cushing SK. Determining Quasi-Equilibrium Electron and Hole Distributions of Plasmonic Photocatalysts Using Photomodulated X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. ACS Nano 2024; 18:9344-9353. [PMID: 38498940 PMCID: PMC10993415 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Most photocatalytic and photovoltaic devices operate under broadband, constant illumination. Electron and hole dynamics in these devices, however, are usually measured by using ultrafast pulsed lasers in a narrow wavelength range. In this work, we use excited-state X-ray theory originally developed for transient X-ray experiments to study steady-state photomodulated X-ray spectra. We use this method to attempt to extract electron and hole distributions from spectra collected at a nontime-resolved synchrotron beamline. A set of plasmonic metal core-shell nanoparticles is designed as the control experiment because they can systematically isolate photothermal, hot electron, and thermalized electron-hole pairs in a TiO2 shell. Steady-state changes in the Ti L2,3 edge are measured with and without continuous-wave illumination of the nanoparticle's localized surface plasmon resonance. The results suggest that within error the quasi-equilibrium carrier distribution can be determined even from relatively noisy data with mixed excited-state phenomena. Just as importantly, the theoretical analysis of noisy data is used to provide guidelines for the beamline development of photomodulated steady-state spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Daniel Palmer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, California, United States
| | - Wonseok Lee
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, California, United States
| | - Chung-Li Dong
- Department
of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Shi Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University
and Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst 01003−9303, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Scott Kevin Cushing
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, California, United States
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3
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Murase M, Maegawa Y, Ohashi M, Goto Y, Sakamoto N, Nonaka T, Uyama T, Arai T. Reversible CO 2 Fixation and Release by a Trinuclear Zn(II) Cryptate Complex and Operando Analysis of the Complex Structure. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202300679. [PMID: 37474453 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Metal complexes inspired by carbonic anhydrase (CA), which is a metalloenzyme containing Zn(II), have been investigated as alternatives for CO2 fixation systems operating under ambient temperature and pressure conditions. In this study, we designed a trinuclear Zn(II) cryptate complex (Zn3 L) and demonstrated rapid CO2 fixation with carbonation of CO2 using Zn3 L. The CO2 fixation performance of Zn3 L surpassed that of a standard CO2 absorbent, KOH(aq) solution, under conditions of the same solute concentration. In addition, the reaction achieved operation without support addition of base, which has been often required in systems of CA-inspired complexes. Fixed CO2 was released by protonating polyazacryptate ligand (L) and breaking the complex structure, and deprotonation of L induced the reconstruction of Zn3 L, allowing it to refix CO2 . This reaction mechanism was proposed based on the analysis of operando extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Zn3 L also demonstrated the ability to capture dilute CO2 from air, and the volume of CO2 captured by Zn3 L was approximately 2.6 times that captured by the KOH(aq) solution. Our Zn3 L exhibited three valuable properties: rapid CO2 fixation without a base, reversibility, and ability to capture dilute CO2 ; thus Zn3 L is a promising candidate as CO2 fixatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Murase
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Maegawa
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Masataka Ohashi
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Goto
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Naonari Sakamoto
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Takamasa Nonaka
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uyama
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Takeo Arai
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
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Chatzimpinou A, Funaya C, Rogers D, O'Connor S, Kapishnikov S, Sheridan P, Fahy K, Weinhardt V. Dehydration as alternative sample preparation for soft X-ray tomography. J Microsc 2023; 291:248-255. [PMID: 37433616 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft X-ray tomography (SXT) is an imaging technique to visualise whole cells without fixation, staining, and sectioning. For SXT imaging, cells are cryopreserved and imaged at cryogenic conditions. Such 'near-to-native' state imaging is in high demand and initiated the development of the laboratory table-top SXT microscope. As many laboratories do not have access to cryogenic equipment, we asked ourselves whether SXT imaging is feasible on dry specimens. This paper shows how the dehydration of cells can be used as an alternative sample preparation to obtain ultrastructure information. We compare different dehydration processes on mouse embryonic fibroblasts in terms of ultrastructural preservation and shrinkage. Based on this analysis, we chose critical point (CPD) dried cells for SXT imaging. In comparison to cryopreserved and air-dried cells, CPD dehydrated cells show high structural integrity although with about 3-7 times higher X-ray absorption for cellular organelles. As the difference in X-ray absorption values between organelles is preserved, 3D anatomy of CPD-dried cells can be segmented and analysed, demonstrating the applicability of CPD-dried sample preparation for SXT imaging. LAY DESCRIPTION: Soft X-ray tomography (SXT) is an imaging technique that allows to see the internal structures of cells without the need for special treatments like fixation or staining. Typically, SXT imaging involves freezing and imaging cells at very low temperatures. However, since many labs lack the necessary equipment, we explored whether SXT imaging could be done on dry samples instead. We compared different dehydration methods and found that critical point drying (CPD) was the most promising for SXT imaging. CPD-dried cells showed high structural integrity, although they absorbed more X-rays than hydrated cells, demonstrating that CPD-dried sample preparation is a viable alternative for SXT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotta Funaya
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility (EMCF), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Venera Weinhardt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lecherbourg L, Recoules V, Renaudin P, Dorchies F. Dynamics of femtosecond heated warm dense copper with time-resolved L3-edge XANES. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2023; 381:20220214. [PMID: 37393940 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Combining experimental set up and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we were able to follow the time evolution of the X-ray absorption near edge spectrum (XANES) of a dense copper plasma. This provides a deep insight into femtosecond laser interaction with a metallic copper target. This paper presents a review of the experimental developments we made to reduce the X-ray probe duration, from approximately 10 ps to fs duration with table-top laser systems. Moreover, we present microscopic scale simulations, performed with Density Functional Theory, as well as macroscopic simulations considering the Two-Temperature Model. These tools allow us to get a complete picture of the evolution of the target at a microscopic level, from the heating process to the melting and expansion stages, with a clear view of the physics involved during these processes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dynamic and transient processes in warm dense matter'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Lecherbourg
- CEA, DAM, DIF, Arpajon 91297, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LMCE, Bruyères-le-Châtel 91680, France
| | - Vanina Recoules
- CEA, DAM, DIF, Arpajon 91297, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LMCE, Bruyères-le-Châtel 91680, France
| | | | - Fabien Dorchies
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, Talence 33400, France
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Komarskiy A, Korzhenevskiy S, Ponomarev A, Chepusov A. Dual-Energy Processing of X-ray Images of Beryl in Muscovite Obtained Using Pulsed X-ray Sources. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23094393. [PMID: 37177597 PMCID: PMC10181619 DOI: 10.3390/s23094393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a method for dual-energy processing of X-ray images using pulsed X-ray sources for the contrast detection of beryl in muscovite mica in 2D X-ray and CT images. These substances have similar chemical properties and are difficult to differentiate when one is against the background of the other using methods based on X-ray absorption. In the experiments, we used three pulsed X-ray sources with different maximum voltages. We performed modeling of the emission spectra and selection of the necessary energy bands due to X-ray absorbing filters: a positive effect was shown for dual-energy image processing when the function of converting X-ray radiation into a signal using the VIVIX-V 2323D detector was taken into account. As a result, a pulsed X-ray source with the pulse voltage of 330 kV was chosen for the contrast detection of beryl, with the content of 5-7% against the background of muscovite and the thickness up to 70 mm. Using this source and the developed mathematical algorithms, it is possible to obtain a band of low-energy radiation at the level of 70-80 keV, as well as high-energy radiation in the range of 180 keV. Methods based on the X-ray absorption can become both additional and independent methods for studying and monitoring membranes; these objects range from tens of nanometers to several micrometers in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Komarskiy
- Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620016, Russia
| | - Sergey Korzhenevskiy
- Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620016, Russia
| | - Andrey Ponomarev
- Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620016, Russia
| | - Alexander Chepusov
- Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620016, Russia
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7
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Xiao X, Xi S, Zang W, Lim SH, Gao J, Chu W, Liu Y. Insight into Key Parameters for Fabricating Stable Single-Atom Pt-Ni x Alloy by Reduction Environment-Induced Anti-Ostwald Effects. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202201885. [PMID: 36353926 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Developing single-atom catalysts with superior stability under reduction conditions is essential for hydrogenation/dehydrogenation catalysis and green hydrogen generation. In this contribution, single-atom Pt catalysts were achieved via a reduction environment-induced anti-Ostwald approach in the highly confined Ni species (Pt-Nix ) on nonreducible Al2 O3 matrix. In-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that the isolated Pt-Nix metallic bonds, generated at high reduction temperature, dominated the formation of single Pt atoms. A relatively large cluster of metallic Ni would benefit the stabilization of Pt single atom as observed via high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and validated by density functional theory simulation. Excellent performance on cellulose hydrogenolysis was demonstrated under harsh reductive and hydrothermal conditions, potentially expandable to other hydrogen involved reactions like CO2 hydrogenation, green hydrogen production from different hydrogen carriers, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Wenjie Zang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA92697, USA
| | - San Hua Lim
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Jiajian Gao
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Wei Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
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8
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Marshall KP, Emerich H, McMonagle CJ, Fuller CA, Dyadkin V, Chernyshov D, van Beek W. A new high temperature, high heating rate, low axial gradient capillary heater. J Synchrotron Radiat 2023; 30:267-272. [PMID: 36601946 PMCID: PMC9814070 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522009845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new heater design, capable of fast heating and cooling to and from >1000°C, has been developed at the Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France. The design uses a SiC head to distribute heat, and resistive Si3N4 heat cartridges to provide heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P. Marshall
- Swiss–Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hermann Emerich
- Swiss–Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Charles J. McMonagle
- Swiss–Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Chloe A. Fuller
- Swiss–Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vadim Dyadkin
- Swiss–Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dmitry Chernyshov
- Swiss–Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Wouter van Beek
- Swiss–Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Bhattacharjee A, Qafoku O, Richardson JA, Anderson LN, Schwarz K, Bramer LM, Lomas GX, Orton DJ, Zhu Z, Engelhard MH, Bowden ME, Nelson WC, Jumpponen A, Jansson JK, Hofmockel KS, Anderton CR. A Mineral-Doped Micromodel Platform Demonstrates Fungal Bridging of Carbon Hot Spots and Hyphal Transport of Mineral-Derived Nutrients. mSystems 2022; 7:e0091322. [PMID: 36394319 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00913-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungi facilitate the translocation of inorganic nutrients from soil minerals to other microorganisms and plants. This ability is particularly advantageous in impoverished soils because fungal mycelial networks can bridge otherwise spatially disconnected and inaccessible nutrient hot spots. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal mineral weathering and transport through soil remains poorly understood primarily due to the lack of a platform for spatially resolved analysis of biotic-driven mineral weathering. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by demonstrating a mineral-doped soil micromodel platform where mineral weathering mechanisms can be studied. We directly visualize acquisition and transport of inorganic nutrients from minerals through fungal hyphae in the micromodel using a multimodal imaging approach. We found that Fusarium sp. strain DS 682, a representative of common saprotrophic soil fungus, exhibited a mechanosensory response (thigmotropism) around obstacles and through pore spaces (~12 μm) in the presence of minerals. The fungus incorporated and translocated potassium (K) from K-rich mineral interfaces, as evidenced by visualization of mineral-derived nutrient transport and unique K chemical moieties following fungus-induced mineral weathering. Specific membrane transport proteins were expressed in the fungus in the presence of minerals, including those involved in oxidative phosphorylation pathways and the transmembrane transport of small-molecular-weight organic acids. This study establishes the significance of a spatial visualization platform for investigating microbial induced mineral weathering at microbially relevant scales. Moreover, we demonstrate the importance of fungal biology and nutrient translocation in maintaining fungal growth under water and carbon limitations in a reduced-complexity soil-like microenvironment. IMPORTANCE Fungal species are foundational members of soil microbiomes, where their contributions in accessing and transporting vital nutrients is key for community resilience. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal mineral weathering and nutrient translocation in low-nutrient environments remain poorly resolved due to the lack of a platform for spatial analysis of biotic weathering processes. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by developing a mineral-doped soil micromodel platform. We demonstrate the function of this platform by directly probing fungal growth using spatially resolved optical and chemical imaging methodologies. We found the presence of minerals was required for fungal thigmotropism around obstacles and through soil-like pore spaces, and this was related to fungal transport of potassium (K) and corresponding K speciation from K-rich minerals. These findings provide new evidence and visualization into hyphal transport of mineral-derived nutrients under nutrient and water stresses.
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Peverini F, Bizzarri M, Boscardin M, Calcagnile L, Caprai M, Caricato AP, Cirrone GAP, Crivellari M, Cuttone G, Dunand S, Fanò L, Gianfelici B, Hammad O, Ionica M, Kanxheri K, Large M, Maruccio G, Menichelli M, Monteduro AG, Moscatelli F, Morozzi A, Pallotta S, Papi A, Passeri D, Petasecca M, Petringa G, Pis I, Quarta G, Rizzato S, Rossi A, Rossi G, Scorzoni A, Soncini C, Servoli L, Tacchi S, Talamonti C, Verzellesi G, Wyrsch N, Zema N, Pedio M. High-Resolution Photoemission Study of Neutron-Induced Defects in Amorphous Hydrogenated Silicon Devices. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:3466. [PMID: 36234601 PMCID: PMC9565300 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, by means of high-resolution photoemission, soft X-ray absorption and atomic force microscopy, we investigate, for the first time, the mechanisms of damaging, induced by neutron source, and recovering (after annealing) of p-i-n detector devices based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). This investigation will be performed by mean of high-resolution photoemission, soft X-Ray absorption and atomic force microscopy. Due to dangling bonds, the amorphous silicon is a highly defective material. However, by hydrogenation it is possible to reduce the density of the defect by several orders of magnitude, using hydrogenation and this will allow its usage in radiation detector devices. The investigation of the damage induced by exposure to high energy irradiation and its microscopic origin is fundamental since the amount of defects determine the electronic properties of the a-Si:H. The comparison of the spectroscopic results on bare and irradiated samples shows an increased degree of disorder and a strong reduction of the Si-H bonds after irradiation. After annealing we observe a partial recovering of the Si-H bonds, reducing the disorder in the Si (possibly due to the lowering of the radiation-induced dangling bonds). Moreover, effects in the uppermost coating are also observed by spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Peverini
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Bizzarri
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Boscardin
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), TIPFA (Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications), Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Lucio Calcagnile
- CEDAD-Centro di Fisica Applicata, Datazione e Diagnostica, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio de Giorgi”, Università del Salento e INFN-Sezione di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mirco Caprai
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Caricato
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) and Dipartimento di Fisica e Matematica dell’Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | - Giacomo Cuttone
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sylvain Dunand
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Microengineering (IME), Rue de la Maladière 71b, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Livio Fanò
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Gianfelici
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Omar Hammad
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Maria Ionica
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Keida Kanxheri
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Matthew Large
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) and Dipartimento di Fisica e Matematica dell’Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mauro Menichelli
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Grazia Monteduro
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) and Dipartimento di Fisica e Matematica dell’Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Moscatelli
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR, Basovizza SS-14, km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Arianna Morozzi
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Pallotta
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) and Dipartimento di Fisica Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”, Viale Morgagni 50, 50135 Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Papi
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Passeri
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, via G.Duranti, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Petasecca
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Giada Petringa
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Igor Pis
- IOM-CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, AREA Science Park Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianluca Quarta
- CEDAD-Centro di Fisica Applicata, Datazione e Diagnostica, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio de Giorgi”, Università del Salento e INFN-Sezione di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Silvia Rizzato
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) and Dipartimento di Fisica e Matematica dell’Università del Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossi
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Scorzoni
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, via G.Duranti, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristian Soncini
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR, Basovizza SS-14, km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Leonello Servoli
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Tacchi
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR, Basovizza SS-14, km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia Talamonti
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) and Dipartimento di Fisica Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”, Viale Morgagni 50, 50135 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Verzellesi
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), TIPFA (Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications), Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Metodi dell’Ingegneria, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Nicolas Wyrsch
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Microengineering (IME), Rue de la Maladière 71b, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zema
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Maddalena Pedio
- INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Sez. di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
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11
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Carter JH, Abdel-Mageed AM, Zhou D, Morgan DJ, Liu X, Bansmann J, Chen S, Behm RJ, Hutchings GJ. Reversible Growth of Gold Nanoparticles in the Low-Temperature Water-Gas Shift Reaction. ACS Nano 2022; 16:15197-15205. [PMID: 36007153 PMCID: PMC9527796 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Supported gold nanoparticles are widely studied catalysts and are among the most active known for the low-temperature water-gas shift reaction, which is essential in fuel and energy applications, but their practical application has been limited by their poor thermal stability. The catalysts deactivate on-stream via the growth of small Au nanoparticles. Using operando X-ray absorption and in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy, we report direct evidence that this process can be reversed by carrying out a facile oxidative treatment, which redisperses the gold nanoparticles and restores catalytic activity. The use of in situ methods reveals the complex dynamics of supported gold nanoparticles under reaction conditions and demonstrates that gold catalysts can be easily regenerated, expanding their scope for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Carter
- Max Planck-Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Ali M Abdel-Mageed
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT Rostock), D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dan Zhou
- DENSsolutions B.V., Delft 2628 ZD The Netherlands
| | - David J Morgan
- Max Planck-Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, In situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China, 200240
| | - Joachim Bansmann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Shilong Chen
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - R Jürgen Behm
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Max Planck-Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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12
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Douma DH, Poaty LT, Lamperti A, Kenmoe S, Raji AT, Debernardi A, M’Passi-Mabiala B. Theoretical investigations of oxygen vacancy effects in nickel-doped zirconia from ab initio XANES spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2022; 13:975-985. [PMID: 36161250 PMCID: PMC9490065 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present theoretical X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra at the K-edge of oxygen in zirconia containing Ni dopant atoms and O vacancies at varying concentrations. Specifically, our model system consist of a supercell composed of a zirconia (ZrO2) matrix containing two nickel dopants (2Ni), which substitute two Zr atoms at a finite separation. We found the 2Ni atoms to be most stable in a ferromagnetic configuration in the absence of oxygen vacancies. In this system, each Ni atom is surrounded by two shells of O with tetrahedral geometry, in a similar way as in bulk cubic zirconia. The oxygen K-edge XANES spectrum of this configuration shows a pre-edge peak, which is attributable to dipole transitions from O 1s to O 2p states that are hybridized with unoccupied Ni 3d states. The intensity of this pre-edge peak, however, reduces upon the introduction of a single vacancy in the 2Ni-doped zirconia matrix. The corresponding ground state remains ferromagnetic, while one of the nickel atoms adopts a trigonal bipyramidal geometry, and the other one remains in a tetrahedral geometry. Furthermore, the introduction of two vacancies in the 2Ni-doped zirconia results in the two Ni atoms having distorted octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal geometries and being coupled antiferromagnetically in the ground state. Additionally, the oxygen K-edge XANES spectrum shows a further decrease in the intensity of the pre-edge peak, compared to the case of a single vacancy. Thus, the changes in the intensity of the pre-edge peak evidence a major structural change in the local environment around nickel atoms and, by extension, in the zirconia matrix. This change is due to the structural disorder induced by the 2Ni dopants and the O vacancies. Furthermore, the analysis of the XANES signatures shows that the oxidation state of nickel atoms changes with the introduction of oxygen vacancies. Our study therefore shows a possibility to control the oxidation state and magnetic order in a typical diluted magnetic oxide. Such a finding may be crucial for spintronics-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Hartmann Douma
- Groupe de Simulations Numériques en Magnétisme et Catalyse, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, B.P. 69 Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Lodvert Tchibota Poaty
- Groupe de Simulations Numériques en Magnétisme et Catalyse, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, B.P. 69 Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Alessio Lamperti
- IMM-CNR, Unit of Agrate Brianza, via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - Stéphane Kenmoe
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätstr. 2, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Abdulrafiu Tunde Raji
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa (UNISA-Florida Campus), Corner of Christiaan de Wet Road & Pioneer Avenue, Florida 1709, South Africa
- National Institute of Theoretical and Computational Sciences (NITheCS), University of South Africa (UNISA), Preller St, Muckleneuk, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Alberto Debernardi
- IMM-CNR, Unit of Agrate Brianza, via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - Bernard M’Passi-Mabiala
- Groupe de Simulations Numériques en Magnétisme et Catalyse, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, B.P. 69 Brazzaville, Congo
- Unité de Recherche en Nanomatériaux et Nanotechnologies, Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles (IRSEN), Brazzaville, Congo
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13
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Indore NS, Karunakaran C, Jayas DS. Synchrotron tomography applications in agriculture and food sciences research: a review. Plant Methods 2022; 18:101. [PMID: 35964094 PMCID: PMC9375343 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron imaging is widely used for research in many scientific disciplines. This article introduces the characteristics of synchrotron X-ray imaging and its applications in agriculture and food science research. The agriculture and food sector are a vast area that comprises of plants, seeds, animals, food and their products; soils with thriving microbial communities; and natural resources such as water, fertilizers, and organic matter. These entities have unique internal features, structures and compositions which differentiate them from each other in varieties, species, grades, and types. The use of a bright and tuneable monochromatic source of synchrotron imaging techniques enables researchers to study the internal features and compositions of plants, seeds, soil and food in a quick and non-destructive way to enhance their use, conservation and productivity. Synchrotron's different X-ray imaging techniques offer a wide domain of applications, which make them perfect to enhance the understanding of structures of raw and processed food products to promote food safety and security. Therefore, this paper summarizes the results of major experiments carried out with seeds, plants, soil, food and relevant areas of agricultural sciences with more emphasis on two synchrotron X-ray imaging techniques: absorption and phase-contrast imaging and computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navnath S Indore
- Biosystem Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Chithra Karunakaran
- Biosystem Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Digvir S Jayas
- Biosystem Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada.
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14
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Henry L, Guignot N, King A, Giovenco E, Deslandes JP, Itié JP. In situ characterization of liquids at high pressure combining X-ray tomography, X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption using the white beam station at PSICHÉ. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:853-861. [PMID: 35511017 PMCID: PMC9070723 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522003411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel experimental setup dedicated to the study of liquid and amorphous materials, on the white beam station of the PSICHÉ beamline at SOLEIL, is described. The Beer-Lambert absorption method has been developed using a broad-spectrum (white) incident beam for in situ density measurements at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. This technique has been combined with other existing X-ray techniques (radiographic imaging, tomography and combined angle energy dispersive X-ray diffraction). Such a multi-technical approach offers new possibilities for the characterization of liquid and amorphous materials at high pressure and high temperature. The strength of this approach is illustrated by density measurements of liquid gallium at pressures up to 4 GPa, combining the three independent X-ray techniques (the Beer-Lambert absorption method, tomography and X-ray diffraction).
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Henry
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - N. Guignot
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A. King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E. Giovenco
- Univ Lyon, UCBL, ENSL, UJM, CNRS, LGL-TPE, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - J.-P. Deslandes
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J.-P. Itié
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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15
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Liang X, Zhu N, Johs A, Chen H, Pelletier DA, Zhang L, Yin X, Gao Y, Zhao J, Gu B. Mercury Reduction, Uptake, and Species Transformation by Freshwater Alga Chlorella vulgaris under Sunlit and Dark Conditions. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:4961-4969. [PMID: 35389633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a major entry point of mercury (Hg) to aquatic food webs, algae play an important role in taking up and transforming Hg species in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known how and to what extent Hg reduction, uptake, and species transformations are mediated by algal cells and their exudates, algal organic matter (AOM), under either sunlit or dark conditions. Here, using Chlorella vulgaris (CV) as one of the most prevalent freshwater model algal species, we show that solar irradiation could enhance the reduction of mercuric Hg(II) to elemental Hg(0) by both CV cells and AOM. AOM reduced more Hg(II) than algal cells themselves due to cell surface adsorption and uptake of Hg(II) inside the cells under solar irradiation. Synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (SR-XANES) analyses indicate that sunlight facilitated the transformation of Hg to less bioavailable species, such as β-HgS and Hg-phytochelatins, compared to Hg(Cysteine)2-like species formed in algal cells in the dark. These findings highlight important functional roles and potential mechanisms of algae in Hg reduction and immobilization under varying lighting conditions and how these processes may modulate Hg cycling and bioavailability in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- School of Resources and Environment Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Nali Zhu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Alexander Johs
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Dale A Pelletier
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Xixiang Yin
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yuxi Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Baohua Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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16
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Shelke AR, Wang HT, Chiou JW, Shown I, Sabbah A, Chen KH, Teng SA, Lin IA, Lee CC, Hsueh HC, Liang YH, Du CH, Yadav PL, Ray SC, Hsieh SH, Pao CW, Tsai HM, Chen CH, Chen KH, Chen LC, Pong WF. Bandgap Shrinkage and Charge Transfer in 2D Layered SnS 2 Doped with V for Photocatalytic Efficiency Improvement. Small 2022; 18:e2105076. [PMID: 34799991 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Effects of electronic and atomic structures of V-doped 2D layered SnS2 are studied using X-ray spectroscopy for the development of photocatalytic/photovoltaic applications. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements at V K-edge reveal the presence of VO and VS bonds which form the intercalation of tetrahedral OVS sites in the van der Waals (vdW) gap of SnS2 layers. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) reveals not only valence state of V dopant in SnS2 is ≈4+ but also the charge transfer (CT) from V to ligands, supported by V Lα,β resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. These results suggest V doping produces extra interlayer covalent interactions and additional conducting channels, which increase the electronic conductivity and CT. This gives rapid transport of photo-excited electrons and effective carrier separation in layered SnS2 . Additionally, valence-band photoemission spectra and S K-edge XANES indicate that the density of states near/at valence-band maximum is shifted to lower binding energy in V-doped SnS2 compare to pristine SnS2 and exhibits band gap shrinkage. These findings support first-principles density functional theory calculations of the interstitially tetrahedral OVS site intercalated in the vdW gap, highlighting the CT from V to ligands in V-doped SnS2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet R Shelke
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Tsu Wang
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Wern Chiou
- Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 811726, Taiwan
| | - Indrajit Shown
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, 603103, India
| | - Amr Sabbah
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Chen
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ang Teng
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
| | - I-An Lin
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lee
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chung Hsueh
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Liang
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Du
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
| | - Priyanka L Yadav
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, India
| | - Sekhar C Ray
- Department of Physics, CSET, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Shang-Hsien Hsieh
- Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Pao
- Experimental Facility Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ming Tsai
- Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Chen
- Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hsien Chen
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chyong Chen
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Way-Faung Pong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan
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17
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Cao L, Petracic O, Wei XK, Zhang H, Duchoň T, Gunkel F, Koutsioubas A, Zhernenkov K, Rushchanskii KZ, Hartmann H, Wilhelm M, Li Z, Xie Y, He S, Weber ML, Veltruská K, Stellhorn A, Mayer J, Zhou S, Brückel T. Migration Kinetics of Surface Ions in Oxygen-Deficient Perovskite During Topotactic Transitions. Small 2021; 17:e2104356. [PMID: 34791798 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen diffusivity and surface exchange kinetics underpin the ionic, electronic, and catalytic functionalities of complex multivalent oxides. Towards understanding and controlling the kinetics of oxygen transport in emerging technologies, it is highly desirable to reveal the underlying lattice dynamics and ionic activities related to oxygen variation. In this study, the evolution of oxygen content is identified in real-time during the progress of a topotactic phase transition in La0.7 Sr0.3 MnO3-δ epitaxial thin films, both at the surface and throughout the bulk. Using polarized neutron reflectometry, a quantitative depth profile of the oxygen content gradient is achieved, which, alongside atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, uniquely reveals the formation of a novel structural phase near the surface. Surface-sensitive X-ray spectroscopies further confirm a significant change of the electronic structure accompanying the transition. The anisotropic features of this novel phase enable a distinct oxygen diffusion pathway in contrast to conventional observation of oxygen motion at moderate temperatures. The results provide insights furthering the design of solid oxygen ion conductors within the framework of topotactic phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Oleg Petracic
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2) and Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-4), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Xian-Kui Wei
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hengbo Zhang
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2) and Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-4), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tomáš Duchoň
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-6), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Felix Gunkel
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-7), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexandros Koutsioubas
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Kirill Zhernenkov
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Konstantin Z Rushchanskii
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-1) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Heinrich Hartmann
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marek Wilhelm
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-6), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Zichao Li
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yufang Xie
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Suqin He
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2) and Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-4), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-7), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Moritz L Weber
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-7), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kateřina Veltruská
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, 18000, Czech Republic
| | - Annika Stellhorn
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2) and Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-4), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Joachim Mayer
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Shengqiang Zhou
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Brückel
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2) and Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-4), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85748, Garching, Germany
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18
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Chi X, Guo R, Xiong J, Ren L, Peng X, Tay BK, Chen J. Enhanced Tunneling Magnetoresistance Effect via Ferroelectric Control of Interface Electronic/Magnetic Reconstructions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:56638-56644. [PMID: 34786928 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with tunable tunneling magnetoresistances (TMR) have already been proven to have great potential for spintronics. Especially, when ferroelectric materials are used as insulating barriers, more novel functions of MTJs can be realized due to interface magnetoelectric coupling. Here, we demonstrate a very large ferroelectric modulation of TMR (as high as 570% in low-resistance state) in the ferroelectric/magnetic La0.5Sr0.5MnO3/BaTiO3 (LSMO/BTO) junctions and find robust interfacial electronic and magnetic reconstructions via ferroelectric polarization switching. Through electrical, magnetic, and optical measurements combined with X-ray absorption and magnetic circular dichroism, we reveal that the interfacial electronic and magnetic (ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic phase transition) reconstructions originate from strong electromagnetic coupling between BTO and LSMO at the interface and are driven by the modulation of hole/electron doping at the interface of LSMO/BTO through ferroelectric polarization switching. As a result, the ferroelectrically controlled interface barrier height and width and spin filter effect enable a giant electrical modulation of TMR. Our results shed new light on the intrinsic mechanisms governing magnetoelectric coupling and offering a new route to enhance magnetoelectric coupling for spin control in spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Centre for Micro- and Nano-Electronics (CMNE), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- UMI 3288 CINTRA (CNRS-NTU-THALES Research Alliances), Nanyang Technological University, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Juxia Xiong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Lizhu Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
| | - Xinwen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Beng Kang Tay
- Centre for Micro- and Nano-Electronics (CMNE), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- UMI 3288 CINTRA (CNRS-NTU-THALES Research Alliances), Nanyang Technological University, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Jingsheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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19
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van Dinter J, Indris S, Bitter A, Grantz D, Cibin G, Etter M, Bensch W. Long-Term Stable, High-Capacity Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Taking a Closer Look at CrPS 4 from an Electrochemical and Mechanistic Point of View. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:54936-54950. [PMID: 34756017 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical performance of the layered compound CrPS4 for the usage as anode material in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) was examined and exceptional reversible long-term capacity and capacity retention were found. After 300 cycles, an extraordinary reversible capacity of 687 mAh g-1 at a current rate of 1 A g-1 was achieved, while rate capability tests showed an excellent capacity retention of 100%. Detailed evaluation of the data evidence a change of the electrochemical reaction upon cycling leading to the striking long-term performance. Further investigations targeted the reaction mechanism of the first cycle by applying complementary techniques, i.e., powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and 23Na/31P magic-angle-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results indicated an unexpectedly complex reaction pathway including formation of several intercalation compounds, depending on the amount of Na inserted at the early discharge states and subsequent conversion to Na2S and strongly disordered metallic Cr at the completely discharged state. While XAS measurements suggest no further presence of intermediates after formation of Na intercalation compounds, several different phases are detected via MAS NMR upon continued discharging. Especially the data obtained from the MAS NMR investigations therefore point toward a very complex reaction pathway. Furthermore, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, resulting in the presence of NaF, was observed. After recharging the anode material, no structural long-range order occurred, but short-range order indeed resembled the local environment of the starting material, to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas van Dinter
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sylvio Indris
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Bitter
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - David Grantz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Giannantonio Cibin
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond House, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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20
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Ovchinnikova EN, Rogalev A, Wilhelm F, de Bergevin F, Dmitrienko VE, Oreshko AP, Kozlovskaya KA, Bakonin RD. Helicity-dependent resonant X-ray scattering in CuB 2O 4. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:1455-1465. [PMID: 34475293 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521005853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exploitation of X-ray circular polarized beams to study forbidden Bragg reflections and new information that could be obtained in these experiments are discussed. It is shown that the intensities of such reflections can be different for the right- and left-circular polarizations (i.e. exhibiting circular dichroism) even for the dipole-dipole resonant transitions involved in the scattering process. This difference can be observed only in crystals having no center of inversion. Here, this approach is used to study helicity-dependent resonant diffraction in copper metaborate CuB2O4 single crystal, which is non-centrosymmetric but achiral. Nonetheless, a strong circular dichroism has been observed for hh0 forbidden reflections in the vicinity of the Cu K-edge. This effect is shown to originate from dipolar transitions in Cu atoms occupying the 8(d) Wyckoff position only.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Ovchinnikova
- Physics Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - A Rogalev
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F Wilhelm
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F de Bergevin
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - V E Dmitrienko
- A. V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, FSRC Crystallography and Photonics RAS, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - A P Oreshko
- Physics Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - K A Kozlovskaya
- Physics Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
| | - R D Bakonin
- Physics Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
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21
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Tkach A, Almeida A, Levin I, Woicik JC, Vilarinho PM. Dielectric Relaxation, Local Structure and Lattice Dynamics in Mn-Doped Potassium Tantalate Ceramics. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:4632. [PMID: 34443152 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline niobate and tantalate perovskites have attracted attention as polar dielectrics for electronics and telecommunications. Here, we studied the polar behaviour, lattice dynamics, and local structure in conventionally processed K0.985Mn0.015TaO3±δ ceramics using a combination of variable-temperature dielectric and Raman spectroscopies, and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements, respectively. Mn doping induces a low-frequency dielectric relaxation in KTaO3 (KT), which follows the Arrhenius law with an activation energy U ≈ 105 meV and the characteristic relaxation time τ0 ≈ 4.6 × 10−14 s. Our XAFS results support preferential Mn occupancy of the cuboctahedral sites as Mn2+, with these cations strongly off-centred in the oversized oxygen cages. Such disordered Mn displacements generate electric dipoles, which are proposed as the source of the observed dielectric relaxation. We show that in Mn-doped ceramics, the low-frequency polar TO1 mode softens on cooling and, at low temperatures, exhibits a higher frequency than in undoped KT. This mode displays no detectable splitting, which contrasts with Li-doped KT that also contains off-centred Li+ species on the cuboctahedral sites. Therefore, we conclude that the coupling between the Mn displacements and the lattice is weaker than in the Li case, and Mn-doped KT therefore exhibits a dielectric relaxation but no ferroelectric transition.
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22
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Baggio BF, Grunder Y. In Situ X-Ray Techniques for Electrochemical Interfaces. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 2021; 14:87-107. [PMID: 33940932 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091020-100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews progress in the study of materials using X-ray-based techniques from an electrochemistry perspective. We focus on in situ/in operando surface X-ray scattering, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and the combination of both methods. The background of these techniques together with key concepts is introduced. Key examples of in situ and in operando investigation of liquid-solid and liquid-liquid interfaces are presented. X-ray scattering and spectroscopy have helped to develop an understanding of the underlying atomic and molecular processes associated with electrocatalysis, electrodeposition, and battery materials. We highlight recent developments, including resonant surface diffraction and time-resolved studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna F Baggio
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom;
| | - Yvonne Grunder
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom;
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23
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Barabasová P, Kováčová V, Stejskal P, Unčovský M, Valterová E, Vystavěl T. Tuneable in-situ nanoCT workflow using FIB/SEM. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 225:113283. [PMID: 33906009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the standard computed tomography, a new method of 3D X-ray imaging embedded in FIB-SEM microscope is proposed. The unique combination of TEM-like specimen stage enabling in lens STEM detection (referred to as CompuStage), nanomanipulator (referred to as EasyLift) facilitating in-situ sample transfer from bulk sample to TEM-like stage and pixelated in-situ Timepix X-ray detector in Helios G4 FX FIB-SEM system offers an unprecedented workflow. Motivated by common circular CT scan known from microCT world, the object under study is placed on CompuStage rod which enables two possible rotation (in TEM/SEM terminology called tilt) movements - α-tilt - rotation of the CompuStage rod around its axis, and β-tilt - rotation around axis perpendicular to CompuStage rod. β-tilt rotation enables a circular movement of the sample while α-tilt sets the correct position of sample with respect to target and detector. Thin metal lamella of suitable material welded to EasyLift manipulator needle is used as an X-ray target. The final target-sample geometry - position, distance - can be fine-tuned using position control of CompuStage and EasyLift and in-situ monitored by SEM. Both sample and target can also be easily prepared in-situ. Radiographs are recorded by Timepix detector with inherent noise-free operation and energy filtration. For the 3D reconstruction standard microCT reconstruction algorithm is used with the procedure adjusted for the format and quality of nanoCT images. The experiments were carried out on Helios G4 FX DualBeam using titanium and tungsten targets and various semiconductor samples. The ultimate resolution of the proposed method in orders of tens of nanometers was achieved both by the possibility of close target to sample positioning and of adjustment of primary beam energy down to low energies reducing the interaction volume in the target. Since the lower energy radiation is well suited for life-science, the method was also tested on several bio-samples using silver target. The silver target, thanks to its massive low energy Lα line, allowed to distinguish subtle structures in the resin embedded stained mouse brain and also to observe and reconstruct canaliculi in the mouse bone (earlier reported by Dierolf et al. 2010, Nature 467 436).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulína Barabasová
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Kováčová
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Morphology and Forensic Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stejskal
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Unčovský
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Valterová
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technická 12, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vystavěl
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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Chingo Aimacaña CM, Quinchiguango Perez DA, Rocha Pinto S, Debut A, Attia MF, Santos-Oliveira R, Whitehead DC, Terencio T, Alexis F, Dahoumane SA. Polytetrafluoroethylene-like Nanoparticles as a Promising Contrast Agent for Dual Modal Ultrasound and X-ray Bioimaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1181-1191. [PMID: 33590748 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various noninvasive imaging techniques are used to produce deep-tissue and high-resolution images for biomedical research and clinical purposes. Organic and inorganic bioimaging agents have been developed to enhance the resolution and contrast intensity. This paper describes the synthesis of polytetrafluoroethylene-like nanoparticles (PTFE≈ NPs), their characterization, biological activity, and bioimaging properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the shape and the size of the as-obtained small and ultrasmall PTFE≈ NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the PTFE-like character of the samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) enabled the determination of the crystallization system, cell lattice, and index of crystallinity of the material in addition to the presence of titania (TiO2) as the contamination. These findings were corroborated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that identifies the chemical states of the elements present in the samples along with their atomic percentages allowing the determination of both the purity index of the sample and the nature of the impurities. Additionally, diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) was used to further assess the optical properties of the materials. Importantly, PTFE≈ NPs showed significant in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. Lastly, PTFE≈ NPs were tested for their ultrasound and X-ray contrast properties. Our encouraging preliminary results open new avenues for PTFE-like nanomaterials as a suitable multifunctional contrast agent for biomedical imaging applications. Combined with suitable surface chemistry and morphology design, these findings shed light to new opportunities offered by PTFE nanoparticles in the ever-booming biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suyene Rocha Pinto
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, 21941906 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, 23070200 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexis Debut
- Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí 170501, Ecuador
| | - Mohamed F Attia
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, 21941906 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, 23070200 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Thibault Terencio
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, 100650 Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Frank Alexis
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, 100650 Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Si Amar Dahoumane
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, 100650 Urcuquí, Ecuador
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25
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Puente Torres J, Crespo Sariol H, Mariño Peacok T, Yperman J, Adriaensens P, Carleer R, Brito Sauvanell Á. X-ray Absorption (XRA): A New Technique for the Characterization of Granular Activated Carbons. Materials (Basel) 2020; 14:ma14010091. [PMID: 33379219 PMCID: PMC7795858 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray absorption (XRA) method using digital image processing techniques is a reliable technique to determine the exhaustion degree of granular activated carbons (GACs). Using an innovative digital image processing technique, the identification of individual adsorbed molecules or ions in a GAC was possible. Adsorption isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) were used to simulate the adsorption equilibrium data of Methylene Blue (MB), nickel, cobalt and iodine. Freundlich equation was found to have the highest value of R2 compared with Langmuir. The identification of distinctive patterns applying XRA for different adsorbed ions and molecules onto GAC was explored. It is demonstrated that unique XRA configurations for each adsorbed ion or molecule are found, as well as a proportional relationship between its incident energy (needed to achieve maximum photon attenuation) and the (effective) atomic number, the adsorbate mass and the molar or atomic mass of adsorbed molecule or ion. XRA method in combination with image histogram modifications was used to obtain a digital signature of adsorbed ions/molecules, giving distinct GSI values for each one in the used energy range. Probabilistic models prove that XRA results are within relationships between effective atomic number and photonic interaction probability, reinforcing the potentialities of XRA for monitoring (multi-)ion and/or molecule combinations on GAC using advanced digital image processing techniques. It was proved that the proposed approach could assess different adsorbed ions/molecules onto GACs in water purification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeamichel Puente Torres
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90600, Cuba;
- Provincial Center of Electro-Medicine, Department of Biomedical Metrology, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90600, Cuba
| | - Harold Crespo Sariol
- Applied Acoustic Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90600, Cuba; (H.C.S.); (T.M.P.)
| | - Thayset Mariño Peacok
- Applied Acoustic Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90600, Cuba; (H.C.S.); (T.M.P.)
| | - Jan Yperman
- Research Group of Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (P.A.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-11-268295
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Research Group of Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (P.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Robert Carleer
- Research Group of Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (P.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Ángel Brito Sauvanell
- Energetic Efficiency Center, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90600, Cuba;
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26
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Muramatsu Y, Gullikson EM. Total-Electron-Yield Measurements by Soft X-Ray Irradiation of Insulating Organic Films on Conductive Substrates. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1507-1511. [PMID: 32830159 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The photocurrent (sample current) of insulating 0.7-μm thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films on conductive substrates (C, Au, Cu) was clearly measured through the substrates during soft X-ray irradiation on the PET films. X-ray absorption measurements of the PET/conductive-substrates using the total-electron-yield (TEY) method by measuring sample current easily provide the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of PET films, which are independent of the substrates. From additional X-ray absorption measurements using self-standing PET/Au and Au/PET-films, I-V measurements, and thickness-dependent sample current measurements, it can be confirmed that electrically conductive paths form in the insulating PET film in thickness direction along the soft X-ray beam trajectory. Such phenomena enable easy and simple TEY-XAS measurements of insulating μm-order-thick samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuji Muramatsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2201, Japan.
| | - Eric M Gullikson
- Center for X-Ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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27
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Cortijo M, Valentín-Pérez Á, Rogalev A, Wilhelm F, Sainctavit P, Rosa P, Hillard EA. Rapid Discrimination of Crystal Handedness by X-ray Natural Circular Dichroism (XNCD) Mapping. Chemistry 2020; 26:13363-13366. [PMID: 32598047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An original method for determining the handedness of individual non-centrosymmetric crystals in a mixture using a tightly-focused, circularly polarized X-ray beam is presented. The X-ray natural circular dichroism (XNCD) spectra recorded at the metal K-edge on selected crystals of [Δ-M(en)3 ](NO3 )2 and [Λ-M(en)3 ](NO3 )2 (M=CoII , NiII ) show extrema at the metal pre-edge (7712 eV for Co, 8335 eV for Ni). A mapping of a collection of some 220 crystals was performed at the respective energies by using left and right circular polarizations. The difference in absorption for the two polarizations, being either negative or positive, directly yielded the handedness of the crystal volume probed by the beam. By using this technique, it was found that the addition of l-ascorbic acid during the synthesis of [Co(en)3 ](NO3 )2 resulted in an enantiomeric enrichment of the Λ-isomer of 67±13 %, whereas the Ni analogue was similarly, but conversely, enriched in the Δ-isomer (65±22 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cortijo
- CNRS, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France.,CNRS, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Ángela Valentín-Pérez
- CNRS, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France.,CNRS, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Andrei Rogalev
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice Wilhelm
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Sainctavit
- IMPMC, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Patrick Rosa
- CNRS, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Elizabeth A Hillard
- CNRS, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600, Pessac, France
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28
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Held G, Venturini F, Grinter DC, Ferrer P, Arrigo R, Deacon L, Quevedo Garzon W, Roy K, Large A, Stephens C, Watts A, Larkin P, Hand M, Wang H, Pratt L, Mudd JJ, Richardson T, Patel S, Hillman M, Scott S. Ambient-pressure endstation of the Versatile Soft X-ray (VerSoX) beamline at Diamond Light Source. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:1153-1166. [PMID: 32876589 PMCID: PMC7467337 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520009157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ambient-pressure endstation and branchline of the Versatile Soft X-ray (VerSoX) beamline B07 at Diamond Light Source serves a very diverse user community studying heterogeneous catalysts, pharmaceuticals and biomaterials under realistic conditions, liquids and ices, and novel electronic, photonic and battery materials. The instrument facilitates studies of the near-surface chemical composition, electronic and geometric structure of a variety of samples using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy in the photon energy range from 170 eV to 2800 eV. The beamline provides a resolving power hν/Δ(hν) > 5000 at a photon flux > 1010 photons s-1 over most of its energy range. By operating the optical elements in a low-pressure oxygen atmosphere, carbon contamination can be almost completely eliminated, which makes the beamline particularly suitable for carbon K-edge NEXAFS. The endstation can be operated at pressures up to 100 mbar, whereby XPS can be routinely performed up to 30 mbar. A selection of typical data demonstrates the capability of the instrument to analyse details of the surface composition of solid samples under ambient-pressure conditions using XPS and NEXAFS. In addition, it offers a convenient way of analysing the gas phase through X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Short XPS spectra can be measured at a time scale of tens of seconds. The shortest data acquisition times for NEXAFS are around 0.5 s per data point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Held
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Arrigo
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Deacon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Wilson Quevedo Garzon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kanak Roy
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Large
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Watts
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Larkin
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hand
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Linda Pratt
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - James J. Mudd
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Suren Patel
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stewart Scott
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Ehlert C, Klamroth T. PSIXAS: A Psi4 plugin for efficient simulations of X-ray absorption spectra based on the transition-potential and Δ-Kohn-Sham method. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1781-1789. [PMID: 32394459 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra and their pump-probe extension (PP-NEXAFS) offer insights into valence- and core-excited states. We present PSIXAS, a recent implementation for simulating NEXAFS and PP-NEXAFS spectra by means of the transition-potential and the Δ-Kohn-Sham method. The approach is implemented in form of a software plugin for the Psi4 code, which provides access to a wide selection of basis sets as well as density functionals. We briefly outline the theoretical foundation and the key aspects of the plugin. Then, we use the plugin to simulate PP-NEXAFS spectra of thymine, a system already investigated by others and us. It is found that larger, extended basis sets are needed to obtain more accurate absolute resonance positions. We further demonstrate that, in contrast to ordinary NEXAFS simulations, where the choice of the density functional plays a minor role for the shape of the spectrum, for PP-NEXAFS simulations the choice of the density functional is important. Especially hybrid functionals (which could not be used straightforwardly before to simulate PP-NEXAFS spectra) and their amount of "Hartree-Fock like" exact exchange affects relative resonance positions in the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ehlert
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Chaussavoine I, Beauvois A, Mateo T, Vasireddi R, Douri N, Priam J, Liatimi Y, Lefrançois S, Tabuteau H, Davranche M, Vantelon D, Bizien T, Chavas LMG, Lassalle-Kaiser B. The microfluidic laboratory at Synchrotron SOLEIL. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:230-237. [PMID: 31868757 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519015042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic laboratory recently opened at Synchrotron SOLEIL, dedicated to in-house research and external users. Its purpose is to provide the equipment and expertise that allow the development of microfluidic systems adapted to the beamlines of SOLEIL as well as other light sources. Such systems can be used to continuously deliver a liquid sample under a photon beam, keep a solid sample in a liquid environment or provide a means to track a chemical reaction in a time-resolved manner. The laboratory provides all the amenities required for the design and preparation of soft-lithography microfluidic chips compatible with synchrotron-based experiments. Three examples of microfluidic systems that were used on SOLEIL beamlines are presented, which allow the use of X-ray techniques to study physical, chemical or biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiphaine Mateo
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Nadine Douri
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jordan Priam
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Youssef Liatimi
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Hervé Tabuteau
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mélanie Davranche
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes - UMR 6118, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Thomas Bizien
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Schulz C, Lieutenant K, Xiao J, Hofmann T, Wong D, Habicht K. Characterization of the soft X-ray spectrometer PEAXIS at BESSY II. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:238-249. [PMID: 31868758 PMCID: PMC6927519 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519014887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the recently commissioned spectrometer PEAXIS for resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and its hosting beamline U41-PEAXIS at the BESSY II synchrotron are characterized. The beamline provides linearly polarized light from 180 eV to 1600 eV allowing for RIXS measurements in the range 200-1200 eV. The monochromator optics can be operated in different configurations to provide either high flux with up to 1012 photons s-1 within the focal spot at the sample or high energy resolution with a full width at half maximum of <40 meV at an incident photon energy of ∼400 eV. The measured total energy resolution of the RIXS spectrometer is in very good agreement with theoretically predicted values obtained by ray-tracing simulations. PEAXIS features a 5 m-long RIXS spectrometer arm that can be continuously rotated about the sample position by 106° within the horizontal photon scattering plane, thus enabling the study of momentum-transfer-dependent excitations. Selected scientific examples are presented to demonstrate the instrument capabilities, including measurements of excitations in single-crystalline NiO and in liquid acetone employing a fluid cell sample manipulator. Planned upgrades of the beamline and the RIXS spectrometer to further increase the energy resolution to ∼100 meV at 1000 eV incident photon energy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulz
- Department of Methods for Characterization of Transport Phenomena in Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieutenant
- Department of Methods for Characterization of Transport Phenomena in Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Highly Sensitive X-ray Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tommy Hofmann
- Department of Methods for Characterization of Transport Phenomena in Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Deniz Wong
- Department of Methods for Characterization of Transport Phenomena in Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Habicht
- Department of Methods for Characterization of Transport Phenomena in Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Mansour O, Lateb N, Zoukel A, Hafsi Z, Kadoun A, Khouchaf L. Environmental gas impact on the emission volume of X-rays near the interface in the variable pressure scanning electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 210:112920. [PMID: 31869740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, our previously developed model to account for the secondary X-ray fluorescence and absorption effects near the interface of two adjacent materials in a high-vacuum scanning electron microscope (Zoukel & Khouchaf, 2014) is adapted and extended to experimental conditions of low-vacuum mode (in the presence of a gaseous environment in the SEM analysis chamber). The position shifting effect of the two Gaussian peaks issued from the first derivative equation that can fit the experimental low-vacuum EDS profiles is investigated. The impact of the medium gas on the emission volume of secondary X-rays near the interface is qualitatively discussed. Water vapour and helium are successively used as gas environment, in order to link the resolution of microanalysis profiles with the effects of the X-ray fluorescence and absorption phenomenon. A close agreement between Monte Carlo simulation and experimental results is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mansour
- L2MSM Laboratory, Physics department, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Djilali Liabes University, BP.89, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria; Université Ziane Achour de Djelfa, Faculté des sciences et de technologie, Algeria.
| | - N Lateb
- Laboratoire Physico-chimie des Matériaux (LPCM), Université Amar Telidji, BP37G 03000 Laghouat, Algeria
| | - A Zoukel
- Laboratoire Physico-chimie des Matériaux (LPCM), Université Amar Telidji, BP37G 03000 Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Z Hafsi
- L2MSM Laboratory, Physics department, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Djilali Liabes University, BP.89, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - A Kadoun
- L2MSM Laboratory, Physics department, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Djilali Liabes University, BP.89, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - L Khouchaf
- IMT Lille Douai, Lille Université, Cité Scientifique, Rue Guglielmo Marconi, BP 20145, 59653 Villeneuve D'Ascq Cedex-France
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Karstens R, Glaser M, Belser A, Balle D, Polek M, Ovsyannikov R, Giangrisostomi E, Chassé T, Peisert H. FePc and FePcF 16 on Rutile TiO 2(110) and (100): Influence of the Substrate Preparation on the Interaction Strength. Molecules 2019; 24:E4579. [PMID: 31847299 PMCID: PMC6943671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interface properties of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and perfluorinated iron phthalocyanine (FePcF16) on rutile TiO2(100) and TiO2(110) surfaces were studied using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). It is demonstrated that the interaction strength at the interfaces is considerably affected by the detailed preparation procedure. Weak interactions were observed for all studied interfaces between FePc or FePcF16 and rutile, as long as the substrate was exposed to oxygen during the annealing steps of the preparation procedure. The absence of oxygen in the last annealing step only had almost no influence on interface properties. In contrast, repeated substrate cleaning cycles performed in the absence of oxygen resulted in a more reactive, defect-rich substrate surface. On such reactive surfaces, stronger interactions were observed, including the cleavage of some C-F bonds of FePcF16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reimer Karstens
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (R.K.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Mathias Glaser
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (R.K.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Axel Belser
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (R.K.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.P.); (T.C.)
| | - David Balle
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (R.K.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Małgorzata Polek
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (R.K.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation in Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (R.O.); (E.G.)
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation in Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (R.O.); (E.G.)
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (R.K.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.P.); (T.C.)
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+) at the University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Peisert
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (R.K.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (D.B.); (M.P.); (T.C.)
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Łuczaj-Cepowicz E, Marczuk-Kolada G, Pawińska M, Różycki J, Chorzewska E. Comparison of the radiopacity of selected materials used for vital pulp therapy: An in vitro assessment. Dent Med Probl 2019; 56:285-290. [PMID: 31390495 DOI: 10.17219/dmp/109550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An assessment of the therapeutic effects of vital pulp treatment is based on both clinical and radiological evaluation. OBJECTIVES The aim of the research was a long-term (after 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks) radiological assessment of X-ray absorption by 8 selected materials used for the vital treatment of dental pulp. MATERIAL AND METHODS The materials, prepared in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations, were placed in molds measuring 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. The molds with the samples were placed on an occlusal film with an aluminum step wedge, and then X-rayed using an intraoral X-ray unit. After processing, an X-ray image with varying degrees of opacity was obtained. The radiological density of the samples, the step wedge and the background was measured 6 times using a densitometer. The tests were repeated at the following intervals: after 7 days, and after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The molds with the material samples were stored in an incubator at 37°C and 95% humidity. RESULTS The obtained results were statistically analyzed. The mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) materials exhibited the highest degree of contrast, whereas the lowest radiopacity was shown for the non-setting calcium hydroxide preparations (p < 0.0001). Calcium hydroxide cements presented medium radiopacity values. CONCLUSIONS The radiopacity of all the evaluated materials showed a statistically insignificant increasing tendency with regard to the duration of the experiment. All the tested preparations showed acceptable radiopacity, enabling radiological detection in the course of vital pulp therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janusz Różycki
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Chorzewska
- Department of Pedodontics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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35
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Wang X, Pi M, Zhang D, Li H, Feng J, Chen S, Li J. Insight into the Superior Electrocatalytic Performance of a Ternary Nickel Iron Poly-Phosphide Nanosheet Array: An X-ray Absorption Study. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:14059-14065. [PMID: 30919614 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although ternary components and doping with foreign atoms have been widely studied to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of transition metal phosphides, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here, we fabricated ternary Ni-Fe-P nanosheets on carbon fiber paper as efficient electrodes and studied the local atomic and electronic structure alteration through X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The optimized ternary Ni-Fe-P nanosheet electrode exhibited superior hydrogen evolution activity and stability in 0.5 M H2SO4 with a low overpotential of 56 mV at 10 mA cm-2. X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies revealed that with the Fe ion incorporation into the system, the Ni-P bonds elongated and few electrons transferred from Ni to P which resulted in a reduced oxidation state of Ni and reduced the interaction between the hydrogen atom and the catalyst surface. Our work not only demonstrates the future potential of high-performance electrocatalysts based on ternary Ni-Fe-P but also offers a promising method to explore the unique synergistic effect in ternary compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodeng Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Mingyu Pi
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering , Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Dingke Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering , Chongqing Normal University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Haiyun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Jiajia Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Shijian Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Jinhua Li
- International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, School of Science , Changchun University of Science and Technology , Changchun , Jilin Province 130022 , China
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36
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Eckert S, Norell J, Jay RM, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Odelius M, Föhlisch A. T 1 Population as the Driver of Excited-State Proton-Transfer in 2-Thiopyridone. Chemistry 2019; 25:1733-1739. [PMID: 30452789 PMCID: PMC6470867 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) is a fundamental process in biomolecular photochemistry, but its underlying mediators often evade direct observation. We identify a distinct pathway for ESPT in aqueous 2-thiopyridone, by employing transient N 1s X-ray absorption spectroscopy and multi-configurational spectrum simulations. Photoexcitations to the singlet S2 and S4 states both relax promptly through intersystem crossing to the triplet T1 state. The T1 state, through its rapid population and near nanosecond lifetime, mediates nitrogen site deprotonation by ESPT in a secondary intersystem crossing to the S0 potential energy surface. This conclusively establishes a dominant ESPT pathway for the system in aqueous solution, which is also compatible with previous measurements in acetonitrile. Thereby, the hitherto open questions of the pathway for ESPT in the compound, including its possible dependence on excitation wavelength and choice of solvent, are resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jesper Norell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for, Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for, Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for, Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Hsu CS, Węcławski MK, Koszarna B, Gryko DT, Chen HM. π-Conjugated Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Photoanodes: Revealing the Photochemical Behavior through In Situ X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2018; 24:18419-18423. [PMID: 30387914 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule organic semiconductors exhibit great potential for the photoelectrochemical oxidation of water because of their n-type semiconductor nature and their tunable bandgaps. In this work, several head-to-tail bis-coumarins were synthesized and their photophysical properties characterized. Their characteristics as n-type semiconductors were modified by varying the electronic character of substituents at positions 1 and 7, which enabled the energy level of the LUMO and the photoinduced charge-carrier-transfer efficiency to be modulated. X-Ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy confirmed that the charge transfer is a crucial factor contributing to the resulting activity of the photoanode. The photoactivity of the photoanodes towards water oxidation was revealed to be governed by both the LUMO energy level and transfer efficiency of the photoinduced charge carriers. Among the studied molecules, a bis-coumarin with benzothiophenyl substituents showed the greatest potential as light absorber for photoelectrochemical water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shuo Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Marek K Węcławski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Koszarna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
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38
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Trappen R, Zhou J, Tra VT, Huang CY, Dong S, Chu YH, Holcomb MB. Depth-dependent atomic valence determination by synchrotron techniques. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:1711-1718. [PMID: 30407181 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518011724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The properties of many materials can be strongly affected by the atomic valence of the contained individual elements, which may vary at surfaces and other interfaces. These variations can have a critical impact on material performance in applications. A non-destructive method for the determination of layer-by-layer atomic valence as a function of material thickness is presented for La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) thin films. The method utilizes a combination of bulk- and surface-sensitive X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) detection modes; here, the modes are fluorescence yield and surface-sensitive total electron yield. The weighted-average Mn atomic valence as measured from the two modes are simultaneously fitted using a model for the layer-by-layer variation of valence based on theoretical model Hamiltonian calculations. Using this model, the Mn valence profile in LSMO thin film is extracted and the valence within each layer is determined to within an uncertainty of a few percent. The approach presented here could be used to study the layer-dependent valence in other systems or extended to different properties of materials such as magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbyn Trappen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jinling Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Vu Thanh Tra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 30010 HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Chih Yeh Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Shuai Dong
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Hao Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 30010 HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Mikel B Holcomb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Jedrecy N, Aghavnian T, Moussy JB, Magnan H, Stanescu D, Portier X, Arrio MA, Mocuta C, Vlad A, Belkhou R, Ohresser P, Barbier A. Cross-Correlation between Strain, Ferroelectricity, and Ferromagnetism in Epitaxial Multiferroic CoFe 2O 4/BaTiO 3 Heterostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:28003-28014. [PMID: 30085643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic biphase systems with robust ferromagnetic and ferroelectric response at room temperature would be ideally suitable for voltage-controlled nonvolatile memories. Understanding the role of strain and charges at interfaces is central for an accurate control of the ferroelectricity as well as of the ferromagnetism. In this paper, we probe the relationship between the strain and the ferromagnetic/ferroelectric properties in the layered CoFe2O4/BaTiO3 (CFO/BTO) model system. For this purpose, ultrathin epitaxial bilayers, ranging from highly strained to fully relaxed, were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Nb:SrTiO3(001). The lattice characteristics, determined by X-ray diffraction, evidence a non-intuitive cross-correlation: the strain in the bottom BTO layer depends on the thickness of the top CFO layer and vice versa. Plastic deformation participates in the relaxation process through dislocations at both interfaces, revealed by electron microscopy. Importantly, the switching of the BTO ferroelectric polarization, probed by piezoresponse force microscopy, is found dependent on the CFO thickness: the larger is the latter, the easiest is the BTO switching. In the thinnest thickness regime, the tetragonality of BTO and CFO has a strong impact on the 3d electronic levels of the different cations, which were probed by X-ray linear dichroism. The quantitative determination of the nature and repartition of the magnetic ions in CFO, as well as of their magnetic moments, has been carried out by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, with the support of multiplet calculations. While bulklike ferrimagnetism is found for 5-15 nm thick CFO layers with a magnetization resulting as expected from the Co2+ ions alone, important changes occur at the interface with BTO over a thickness of 2-3 nm because of the formation of Fe2+ and Co3+ ions. This oxidoreduction process at the interface has strong implications concerning the mechanisms of polarity compensation and coupling in multiferroic heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Jedrecy
- Institut des Nano Sciences de Paris (INSP) , Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7588 , 4 Place Jussieu , 75252 Paris Cedex 05 , France
| | - Thomas Aghavnian
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), CEA, CNRS UMR 3680, Université Paris Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Moussy
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), CEA, CNRS UMR 3680, Université Paris Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Hélène Magnan
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), CEA, CNRS UMR 3680, Université Paris Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Dana Stanescu
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), CEA, CNRS UMR 3680, Université Paris Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Xavier Portier
- Centre de recherche sur les Ions, les MAtériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), CEA, CNRS UMR 6252, ENSICAEN, Normandie Université , 6 Boulevard Maréchal Juin , 14050 Caen , France
| | - Marie-Anne Arrio
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD, MNHN , 4 Place Jussieu , 75252 Paris Cedex 05 , France
| | - Cristian Mocuta
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin , BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Alina Vlad
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin , BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Rachid Belkhou
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin , BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Philippe Ohresser
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin , BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Antoine Barbier
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), CEA, CNRS UMR 3680, Université Paris Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex , France
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40
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Cushing SK, Chen CJ, Dong CL, Kong XT, Govorov AO, Liu RS, Wu N. Tunable Nonthermal Distribution of Hot Electrons in a Semiconductor Injected from a Plasmonic Gold Nanostructure. ACS Nano 2018; 12:7117-7126. [PMID: 29945441 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For semiconductors photosensitized with organic dyes or quantum dots, transferred electrons are usually considered thermalized at the conduction band edge. This study suggests that the electrons injected from a plasmonic metal into a thin semiconductor shell can be nonthermal with energy up to the plasmon frequency. In other words, the electrons injected into the semiconductor are still hot carriers. Photomodulated X-ray absorption measurements of the Ti L2,3 edge are compared before and after excitation of the plasmon in Au@TiO2 core-shell nanoparticles. Comparison with theoretical predictions of the X-ray absorption, which include the heating and state-filling effects from injected hot carriers, suggests that the electrons transferred from the plasmon remain nonthermal in the ∼10 nm TiO2 shell, due in part to a slow trapping in defect states. By repeating the measurements for spherical, rod-like, and star-like metal nanoparticles, the magnitude of the nonthermal distribution, peak energy, and number of injected hot electrons are confirmed to be tuned by the plasmon frequency and the sharp corners of the plasmonic nanostructure. The results suggest that plasmonic photosensitizers can not only extend the sunlight absorption spectral range of semiconductor-based devices but could also result in increased open circuit voltages and elevated thermodynamic driving forces for solar fuel generation in photoelectrochemical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chung Li Dong
- Department of Physics , Tamkang University , Tamsui 25137 , Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Tian Kong
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Alexander O Govorov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Ru-Shi Liu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology , National Taipei University of Technology , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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41
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Berejnov V, Rubinstein B, Melo LGA, Hitchcock AP. First-principles X-ray absorption dose calculation for time-dependent mass and optical density. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:833-847. [PMID: 29714195 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518002655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A dose integral of time-dependent X-ray absorption under conditions of variable photon energy and changing sample mass is derived from first principles starting with the Beer-Lambert (BL) absorption model. For a given photon energy the BL dose integral D(e, t) reduces to the product of an effective time integral T(t) and a dose rate R(e). Two approximations of the time-dependent optical density, i.e. exponential A(t) = c + aexp(-bt) for first-order kinetics and hyperbolic A(t) = c + a/(b + t) for second-order kinetics, were considered for BL dose evaluation. For both models three methods of evaluating the effective time integral are considered: analytical integration, approximation by a function, and calculation of the asymptotic behaviour at large times. Data for poly(methyl methacrylate) and perfluorosulfonic acid polymers measured by scanning transmission soft X-ray microscopy were used to test the BL dose calculation. It was found that a previous method to calculate time-dependent dose underestimates the dose in mass loss situations, depending on the applied exposure time. All these methods here show that the BL dose is proportional to the exposure time D(e, t) ≃ K(e)t.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viatcheslav Berejnov
- Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation Corporation, 9000 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5J 5J8
| | - Boris Rubinstein
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Lis G A Melo
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Adam P Hitchcock
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
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42
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Martín Ortega Á, Lacoste A, Minea T. Hybrid modelling of a high-power X-ray attenuator plasma. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:671-685. [PMID: 29714178 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518002679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
X-ray gas attenuators act as stress-free high-pass filters for synchrotron and free-electron laser beamlines to reduce the heat load in downstream optical elements without affecting other properties of the X-ray beam. The absorption of the X-ray beam triggers a cascade of processes that ionize and heat up the gas locally, changing its density and therefore the X-ray absorption. Aiming to understand and predict the behaviour of the gas attenuator in terms of efficiency versus gas pressure, a hybrid model has been developed, combining three approaches: an analytical description of the X-ray absorption; Monte Carlo for the electron thermalization; and a fluid treatment for the electron diffusion, recombination and excited-states relaxation. The model was applied to an argon-filled attenuator prototype built and tested at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, at a pressure of 200 mbar and assuming stationary conditions. The results of the model showed that the electron population thermalizes within a few nanoseconds after the X-ray pulse arrival and it occurs just around the X-ray beam path, recombining in the bulk of the gas rather than diffusing to the attenuator walls. The gas temperature along the beam path reached 850 K for 770 W of incident power and 182 W m-1 of absorbed power. Around 70% of the absorbed power is released as visible and UV radiation rather than as heat to the gas. Comparison of the power absorption with the experiment showed an overall agreement both with the plasma radial profile and power absorption trend, the latter within an error smaller than 20%. This model can be used for the design and operation of synchrotron gas attenuators and as a base for a time-dependent model for free-electron laser attenuators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Lacoste
- LPSC, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, IN2P3, 53 Rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble, France
| | - Tiberiu Minea
- Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et Plasmas-LPGP, UMR 8578 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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43
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Meng D, Guo H, Cui Z, Ma C, Zhao J, Lu J, Xu H, Wang Z, Hu X, Fu Z, Peng R, Guo J, Zhai X, Brown GJ, Knize R, Lu Y. Strain-induced high-temperature perovskite ferromagnetic insulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2873-7. [PMID: 29507211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707817115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferromagnetic insulators are highly needed as the necessary components in developing next-generation dissipationless quantum-spintronic devices. Such materials are rare, and those high symmetric ones without chemical doping available so far only work below 16 K. Here we demonstrate a tensile-strained LaCoO3 film to be a strain-induced high-temperature ferromagnetic insulator. Both experiments and first-principles calculations demonstrated that the tensile-strain–supported ferromagnetism reaches its strongest when the composition is nearly stoichiometric. It disappears when the Co2+ defect concentration reaches around 10%. The discovery represents a chance for the availability of such materials, a high operation temperature, and a high epitaxial integration potential for making future devices. Ferromagnetic insulators are required for many new magnetic devices, such as dissipationless quantum-spintronic devices, magnetic tunneling junctions, etc. Ferromagnetic insulators with a high Curie temperature and a high-symmetry structure are critical integration with common single-crystalline oxide films or substrates. So far, the commonly used ferromagnetic insulators mostly possess low-symmetry structures associated with a poor growth quality and widespread properties. The few known high-symmetry materials either have extremely low Curie temperatures (≤16 K), or require chemical doping of an otherwise antiferromagnetic matrix. Here we present compelling evidence that the LaCoO3 single-crystalline thin film under tensile strain is a rare undoped perovskite ferromagnetic insulator with a remarkably high TC of up to 90 K. Both experiments and first-principles calculations demonstrate tensile-strain–induced ferromagnetism which does not exist in bulk LaCoO3. The ferromagnetism is strongest within a nearly stoichiometric structure, disappearing when the Co2+ defect concentration reaches about 10%. Significant impact of the research includes demonstration of a strain-induced high-temperature ferromagnetic insulator, successful elevation of the transition over the liquid-nitrogen temperature, and high potential for integration into large-area device fabrication processes.
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44
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Joung S, Park S. Development of a prototype hybrid L-edge/L-XRF densitometer for nuclear fuel assay. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 133:81-84. [PMID: 29294419 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The hybrid L-edge/L-XRF densitometer (HLED) was developed for on-site nuclear fuel assays intended for safeguards purpose. The HLED can simultaneously measure both X-ray photon transmissions and characteristic X-ray emissions, which characterizes the elemental composition of samples of interest to determine the concentration of actinide-bearing materials, such as plutonium and uranium, in a nuclear fuel. A prototype of the HLED equipment was fabricated and tested to study the feasibility of nuclear material assays using a surrogate material (lead) to avoid radiation effects from nuclear materials. The uncertainty of the L-edge and L-XRF characteristics of the sample material are discussed in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyeop Joung
- Korea Institute of Nuclear Nonproliferation and Control, Yuseong-daero 1534, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Park
- Korea Institute of Nuclear Nonproliferation and Control, Yuseong-daero 1534, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Drozhzhin OA, Tereshchenko IV, Emerich H, Antipov EV, Abakumov AM, Chernyshov D. An electrochemical cell with sapphire windows for operando synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and spectroscopy studies of high-power and high-voltage electrodes for metal-ion batteries. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:468-472. [PMID: 29488926 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517017489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new multi-purpose operando electrochemical cell was designed, constructed and tested on the Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines BM01 and BM31 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Single-crystal sapphire X-ray windows provide a good signal-to-noise ratio, excellent electrochemical contact because of the constant pressure between the electrodes, and perfect electrochemical stability at high potentials due to the inert and non-conductive nature of sapphire. Examination of the phase transformations in the Li1-xFe0.5Mn0.5PO4 positive electrode (cathode) material at C/2 and 10C charge and discharge rates, and a study of the valence state of the Ni cations in the Li1-xNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material for Li-ion batteries, revealed the applicability of this novel cell design to diffraction and spectroscopic investigations of high-power/high-voltage electrodes for metal-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Drozhzhin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V Tereshchenko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Hermann Emerich
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron, 71 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Evgeny V Antipov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Artem M Abakumov
- Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Street 3, Moscow 143026, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Chernyshov
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron, 71 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
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46
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Abstract
The ability to observe charge localization in photocatalytic materials on the ultrafast time scale promises to reveal important correlations between excited state electronic structure and photochemical energy conversion. Of particular interest is the ability to determine hole localization in the hybridized valence band of transition metal oxide semiconductors. Using femtosecond extreme ultraviolet reflection absorption (XUV-RA) spectroscopy we directly observe the formation of photoexcited electrons and holes in Fe2O3, Co3O4, and NiO occurring within the 100 fs instrument response. In each material, holes localize to the O 2p valence band states as probed at the O L1-edge, while electrons localize to metal 3d conduction band states on this same time scale as probed at the metal M2,3-edge. Chemical shifts at the O L1-edge enable unambiguous comparison of metal-oxygen (M-O) bond covalency. Pump flux dependent measurements show that the exciton radius is on the order of a single M-O bond length, revealing a highly localized nature of exciton in each metal oxide studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jakub Husek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Stephen Londo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - L Robert Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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47
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Itälä E, Tanzer K, Granroth S, Kooser K, Denifl S, Kukk E. Fragmentation patterns of 4(5)-nitroimidazole and 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-The effect of the methylation. J Mass Spectrom 2017; 52:770-776. [PMID: 28763569 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present here the photofragmentation patterns of doubly ionized 4(5)-nitroimidazole and 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole. The doubly ionized state was created by core ionizing the C 1s orbitals of the samples, rapidly followed by Auger decay. Due to the recent development of nitroimidazole-based radiosensitizing drugs, core ionization was selected as it represents the very same processes taking place under the irradiation with medical X-rays. In addition to the fragmentation patterns of the sample, we study the effects of methylation on the fragmentation patterns of nitroimidazoles. We found that methylation alters the fragmentation significantly, especially the charge distribution between the final fragments. The most characteristic feature of the methylation is that it effectively quenches the production of NO and NO+ , widely regarded as key radicals in the chemistry of radiosensitization by the nitroimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Itälä
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Katrin Tanzer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center of Molecular Biosciences, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Sari Granroth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Kuno Kooser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center of Molecular Biosciences, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
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48
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Hassan A, Zhang X, Liu X, Rowland CE, Jawaid AM, Chattopadhyay S, Gulec A, Shamirian A, Zuo X, Klie RF, Schaller RD, Snee PT. Charge Carriers Modulate the Bonding of Semiconductor Nanoparticle Dopants As Revealed by Time-Resolved X-ray Spectroscopy. ACS Nano 2017; 11:10070-10076. [PMID: 28846841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the electronic structure of doped semiconductors is essential to realize advancements in electronics and in the rational design of nanoscale devices. Reported here are the results of time-resolved X-ray absorption studies on copper-doped cadmium sulfide nanoparticles that provide an explicit description of the electronic dynamics of the dopants. The interaction of a dopant ion and an excess charge carrier is unambiguously observed via monitoring the oxidation state. The experimental data combined with DFT calculations demonstrate that dopant bonding to the host matrix is modulated by its interaction with charge carriers. Furthermore, the transient photoluminescence and the kinetics of dopant oxidation reveal the presence of two types of surface-bound ions that create midgap states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Clare E Rowland
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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49
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Abstract
A new definition of the effective aperture of the X-ray compound refractive lens (CRL) is proposed. Both linear (one-dimensional) and circular (two-dimensional) CRLs are considered. It is shown that for a strongly absorbing CRL the real aperture does not influence the focusing properties and the effective aperture is determined by absorption. However, there are three ways to determine the effective aperture in terms of transparent CRLs. In the papers by Kohn [(2002). JETP Lett. 76, 600-603; (2003). J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 97, 204-215; (2009). J. Surface Investig. 3, 358-364; (2012). J. Synchrotron Rad. 19, 84-92; Kohn et al. (2003). Opt. Commun. 216, 247-260; (2003). J. Phys. IV Fr, 104, 217-220], the FWHM of the X-ray beam intensity just behind the CRL was used. In the papers by Lengeler et al. [(1999). J. Synchrotron Rad. 6, 1153-1167; (1998). J. Appl. Phys. 84, 5855-5861], the maximum intensity value at the focus was used. Numerically, these two definitions differ by 50%. The new definition is based on the integral intensity of the beam behind the CRL over the real aperture. The integral intensity is the most physical value and is independent of distance. The new definition gives a value that is greater than that of the Kohn definition by 6% and less than that of the Lengeler definition by 41%. A new approximation for the aperture function of a two-dimensional CRL is proposed which allows one to calculate the two-dimensional CRL through the one-dimensional CRL and to obtain an analytical solution for a complex system of many CRLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kohn
- National Research Centre `Kurchatov Institute', Kurchatov Square 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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50
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Bender H, Seidel F, Favia P, Richard O, Vandervorst W. X-ray absorption in pillar shaped transmission electron microscopy specimens. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 177:58-68. [PMID: 28292687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of the X-ray absorption on the position in a pillar shaped transmission electron microscopy specimen is modeled for X-ray analysis with single and multiple detector configurations and for different pillar orientations relative to the detectors. Universal curves, applicable to any pillar diameter, are derived for the relative intensities between weak and medium or strongly absorbed X-ray emission. For the configuration as used in 360° X-ray tomography, the absorption correction for weak and medium absorbed X-rays is shown to be nearly constant along the pillar diameter. Absorption effects in pillars are about a factor 3 less important than in planar specimens with thickness equal to the pillar diameter. A practical approach for the absorption correction in pillar shaped samples is proposed and its limitations discussed. The modeled absorption dependences are verified experimentally for pillars with HfO2 and SiGe stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bender
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - F Seidel
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Favia
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - O Richard
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Vandervorst
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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