NPC1L1-Targeted Cholesterol-Grafted Poly(β-Amino Ester)/pDNA Complexes for Oral Gene Delivery

Highly Branched Poly(β-amino ester)s for Efficient mRNA Delivery and Nebulization Treatment of Silicosis

mRNA therapeutics hold tremendous promise for disease prevention and treatment. Development of high-performance mRNA delivery systems with enhanced transfection efficiency and a safety profile will further fulfill their therapeutic potential and expedite their translation. The synthesis of "four-in-one" highly branched poly(β-amino ester)s (O-LhPAEs) is reported by integrating the essential components of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for spleen-selective mRNA enrichment and nebulization treatment of silicosis. 60 O-LhPAEs with distinct branched structure and chemical composition, including tertiary/quaternary amines, cholesterol moieties, zwitterionic species, and hydrophobic alkyl tails, are synthesized using sequential Michael addition, ring-opening, and nucleophilic substitution reactions. The unique topological structure and chemical composition collectively enhanced O-LhPAEs/mRNA polyplex serum resistance, cellular uptake, and endosomal escape. The optimal O-LhPAE, 20%b-3C-2P12, exhibits up to 93.1% mRNA transfection across 11 different cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, cancer cells, stem cells, neurological cells, and astrocytes. Biodistribution study reveals that 20%b-3C-2P12/mRNA polyplexes are mainly enriched in the spleen following systemic administration. Through nebulization, 20%b-3C-2P12 mediated high Tbx2 mRNA expression in the lungs of silicosis mice, effectively restoring lung functions. This study not only establishes a strategy for development of LNP-like O-LhPAEs but also provides promising candidates for highly safe, efficient, and spleen-selective mRNA delivery and nebulization treatment of silicosis.

Oral non-viral gene delivery platforms for therapeutic applications

Since gene therapy can regulate gene and protein expression directly, it has a great potential to prevent or treat a variety of genetic or acquired diseases through vaccines such as viral infections, cystic fibrosis, and cancer. Owing to their high efficacy, in vivo gene therapy trials are usually conducted intravenously, which is usually costly and invasive. There are several advantages to oral drug administration over intravenous injections, such as better patient compliance, ease of use, and lower cost. However, gene therapy is successful if the oligonucleotides can cross the cell membrane easily and reach the nucleus after the endosomal escape. In order to accomplish this task and deliver the cargo to the intended location, appropriate delivery systems should be introduced. This review summarizes oral delivery systems developed for effective gene delivery, vaccination, and treatment of various diseases. Studies have also shown that oral delivery approaches are potentially applicable to treat various diseases, especially inflammatory bowel disease, stomach, and colorectal cancers. Also, the current review provides an update overview on the development of non-viral and oral gene delivery techniques for gene therapy and vaccination purposes.

Poly(amino ester)-Based Polymers for Gene and Drug Delivery Systems and Further Application toward Cell Culture System

Various synthetic polymers based on poly(amino ester) (PAE) are suggested as candidates for gene and drug delivery owing to their pH-responsiveness, which contributes to efficient delivery performance. PAE-based pH-responsive polymers are more biodegradable and hydrophilic than other types of pH-responsive polymers. The functionality of PAE-based polymers can be reinforced by using different chemical modifications to improve the efficiency of gene and drug delivery. Additionally, PAE-based polymers are used in many ways in the biomedical field, such as in transdermal delivery and stem cell culture systems. Here, the recent novel PAE-based polymers designed for gene and drug delivery systems along with their further applications toward adult stem cell culture systems are reviewed. The synthetic tactics are contemplated and pros and cons of each type of polymer are analyzed, and detailed examples of the different types are analyzed.

CRISPR-cas9 genome editing delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy

The prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas systems could be applied as revolutionized genome editing tool in live cells of various species to modify, visualize and identify definite sequences of DNA and RNA. CRISPR-Cas could edit the genome by homology-directed repair and non-homologous end joining mechanisms. Furthermore, DNA-targeting modification by CRISPR-Cas methodology provides opportunity for diagnosis, therapy and the genetic disorders investigation. Here, we summarized delivery systems employed for CRISPR-Cas9 for genome editing. Then preclinical studies of the CRISPR-Cas9-based therapeutics will be discussed considering the associated challenges and developments in its translation to clinic for cancer therapy.

Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems Bearing Cholesterol Moieties: A Review

This review aims to provide an overview of polymers comprising cholesterol moiety/ies designed to be used in drug delivery. Over the last two decades, there have been many papers published in this field, which are summarized in this review. The primary focus of this article is on the methods of synthesis of polymers bearing cholesterol in the main chain or as side chains. The data related to the composition, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution of polymers are presented. Moreover, other aspects, such as forms of carriers, types of encapsulated drugs, encapsulation efficiency and capacity, are also included.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Cytocompatible Alkyne-Containing Poly(β-amino ester)-Based Hydrogels Functionalized via Click Reaction

Although poly(β-amino esters) (PAEs) have been widely applied in nonviral gene transfection, drug delivery systems, and regenerative medicine, the multifunctional modification of PAEs and bio-orthogonal strategies of PAE-based hydrogel functionalization is still a challenge. Herein, a strategy of poly(β-amino ester)-based hydrogel functionalization was developed via bio-orthogonal reactions in this study. Acrylate-terminated poly(β-amino esters) containing alkyne groups were synthesized by Michael addition reaction. Alkyne groups on poly(β-amino esters) could conjugate bioactive molecules with azide of K(N₃)RGD via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, and terminal acrylate groups could in situ polymerize to prepare a hydrogel. A biomimetic peptide K(N₃)RGD functionalized hydrogel was prepared by polymerization of acrylate-terminated poly(β-amino esters) containing conjugated peptide and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). The storage modulus and mechanical properties exhibited an increased trend with the increased concentration; nevertheless, swelling ratio and surface wetting properties demonstrated a decreased tendency by increased concentrations. Cell proliferation and live/dead staining showed that Schwann cells plated on the hydrogel with an elastic modulus of 25.39 KPa are more suitable for proliferation and function exertion of Schwann cells compared with that of 42.11 and 57.86 KPa, and KRGD-conjugated hydrogel could increase the elongation of Schwann cells relative to nonconjugated hydrogels. This azide-alkyne strategy may be a promising candidate for hydrogel functionalization in tissue engineering and other biomedical applications.

Nanocarrier‐Mediated Cytosolic Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals

Biopharmaceuticals have emerged to play a vital role in disease treatment and have shown promise in the rapidly expanding pharmaceutical market due to their high specificity and potency. However, the delivery of these biologics is hindered by various physiological barriers, owing primarily to the poor cell membrane permeability, low stability, and increased size of biologic agents. Since many biological drugs are intended to function by interacting with intracellular targets, their delivery to intracellular targets is of high relevance. In this review, the authors summarize and discuss the use of nanocarriers for intracellular delivery of biopharmaceuticals via endosomal escape and, especially, the routes of direct cytosolic delivery by means including the caveolae‐mediated pathway, contact release, intermembrane transfer, membrane fusion, direct translocation, and membrane disruption. Strategies with high potential for translation are highlighted. Finally, the authors conclude with the clinical translation of promising carriers and future perspectives.

Preparation of Deoxycholate-Modified Docetaxel-Cimetidine Complex Chitosan Nanoparticles to Improve Oral Bioavailability

Docetaxel (DTX) was effective in the treatment of neoplasm but could only be administered intravenously with the poor oral bioavailability owing to its undesirable solubility, remarkably metabolic conversion, and other factors. Cimetidine (CMD), a classic CYP3A4 isozyme inhibitor, had exhibited a wide range of inhibition on the metabolism of many drugs. The aim of this study was to construct the novel docetaxel-cimetidine (DTX-CMD) complex and the chitosan-deoxycholate nanoparticles based on it to confirm whether this formulation could show advantages in terms of solubility, dissolution rate, small intestinal absorption, and oral bioavailability in comparison with the pure drug. The solid-state characterization was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and simultaneous DSC-TGA (SDT). Dissolution rate and kinetic solubility study were determined by evaluating the amount of DTX in distilled water and phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.4), respectively. And small intestinal absorption and pharmacokinetics study were conducted in rats. The results of this study demonstrated that we successfully constructed DTX-CMD complex and its chitosan-deoxycholate nanoparticles. Furthermore, the DTX-CMD complex increased the solubility of DTX by 2.3-fold and 2.1-fold in distilled water and phosphate buffer solution, respectively. The ultimate accumulative amount of DTX-CMD complex nanoparticles through rat small intestinal in 2 h was approximately 4.9-fold and the oral bioavailability of the novel nanoparticles was enhanced 2.8-fold, compared with the pure DTX. The superior properties of the complex nanoparticles could both improve oral bioavailability and provide much more feasibility for other formulations of DTX.