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de Roode KE, Hashemi K, Verdurmen WPR, Brock R. Tumor-On-A-Chip Models for Predicting In Vivo Nanoparticle Behavior. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402311. [PMID: 38700060 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Nanosized drug formulations are broadly explored for the improvement of cancer therapy. Prediction of in vivo nanoparticle (NP) behavior, however, is challenging, given the complexity of the tumor and its microenvironment. Microfluidic tumor-on-a-chip models are gaining popularity for the in vitro testing of nanoparticle targeting under conditions that simulate the 3D tumor (microenvironment). In this review, following a description of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the state of the art regarding tumor-on-a-chip models for investigating nanoparticle delivery to solid tumors is summarized. The models are classified based on the degree of compartmentalization (single/multi-compartment) and cell composition (tumor only/tumor microenvironment). The physiological relevance of the models is critically evaluated. Overall, microfluidic tumor-on-a-chip models greatly improve the simulation of the TME in comparison to 2D tissue cultures and static 3D spheroid models and contribute to the understanding of nanoparticle behavior. Interestingly, two interrelated aspects have received little attention so far which are the presence and potential impact of a protein corona as well as nanoparticle uptake through phagocytosing cells. A better understanding of their relevance for the predictive capacity of tumor-on-a-chip systems and development of best practices will be a next step for the further refinement of advanced in vitro tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E de Roode
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Khadijeh Hashemi
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P R Verdurmen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, 329, Bahrain
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2
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Asadollahi N, Hajari MA, Alipour Choshali M, Ajoudanian M, Ziai SA, Vosough M, Piryaei A. Bioengineering scalable and drug-responsive in vitro human multicellular non-alcoholic fatty liver disease microtissues encapsulated in the liver extracellular matrix-derived hydrogel. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:421-440. [PMID: 38741724 PMCID: PMC11089098 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a high-prevalence and progressive disorder. Due to lack of reliable in vitro models to recapitulate the consecutive phases, the exact pathogenesis mechanism of this disease and approved therapeutic medications have not been revealed yet. It has been proven that the interplay between multiple hepatic cell types and liver extracellular matrix (ECM) are critical in NAFLD initiation and progression. Herein, a liver microtissue (LMT) consisting of Huh-7, THP-1, and LX-2 cell lines and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which could be substituted for the main hepatic cells (hepatocyte, Kupffer, stellate, and sinusoidal endothelium, respectively), encapsulated in liver derived ECM-Alginate composite, was bioengineered. When the microtissues were treated with free fatty acids (FFAs) including Oleic acid (6.6×10-4M) and Palmitic acid (3.3×10-4M), they displayed the key features of NAFLD, including similar pattern of transcripts for genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, insulin-resistance, and fibrosis, as well as pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines' secretions and intracellular lipid accumulation. Continuing FFAs supplementation, we demonstrated that the NAFLD phenomenon was established on day 3 and progressed to the initial fibrosis stage by day 8. Furthermore, this model was stable until day 12 post FFAs withdrawal on day 3. Moreover, administration of an anti-steatotic drug candidate, Liraglutide (15 μM), on the NAFLD microtissues significantly ameliorated the NAFLD phenomenon. Overall, we bioengineered a drug-responsive, cost-benefit liver microtissues which can simulate the initiation and progression of NAFLD. It is expected that this platform could potentially be used for studying molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD and high-throughput drug screening. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Asadollahi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Hajari
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Alipour Choshali
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ajoudanian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Ziai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Abbas Piryaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rafiei H, Yeung M, Kowalski S, Krystal G, Elisia I. Development of a novel human triculture model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and identification of berberine as ameliorating steatosis, oxidative stress and fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1234300. [PMID: 37927606 PMCID: PMC10620695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1234300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocarcinoma is a serious and growing problem. However, the development of new therapies is severely hindered by a lack of high-throughput assays for drug testing. Methods: We have developed a simple transwell assay comprised of HepG2 hepatocytes, hepatic LX-2 stellate cells, and differentiated THP-1 cells. The cells were incubated with an activating mixture containing the NASH-associated risk factors, glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFAs), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 72 h. We compared different combinations of culture conditions to obtain a model system that recapitulates the main features of NAFLD/NASH, i.e., increased steatosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and presence of fibrosis. To confirm the usefulness of the optimized model system, we screened for compounds that inhibit steatosis in the hepatocytes and evaluated the most effective compound in the triculture model system. Results: The activating mixture stimulated HepG2 cells in this triculture to accumulate more fat and produce higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than HepG2 cells in monocultures. As well, higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-8, IL-6, MIP-1α, etc.) were produced in this triculture compared to monocultures. In addition, in all LX-2 monocultures and cocultures, exposure to the activating mixture increased markers of fibrosis. A major strength of our triculture system is that it makes possible the simultaneous monitoring of 4 main features of NASH, i.e., steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. Screening potential modulators that may reduce steatosis in HepG2 cells revealed the protective effects of the isoalkaloid, berberine. Tested using this novel triculture assay, treatment with 5 µM berberine decreased steatosis and ROS in HepG2 hepatocytes, reduced inflammatory cytokine production and inhibited collagen production from LX-2 cells. Conclusion: This simple triculture model recapitulates the main features of NAFLD/NASH and should be useful for high-throughput preclinical drug discovery. In this model, berberine showed promising results in decreasing steatosis and ROS and protection against fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ingrid Elisia
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Cottier KE, Bhalerao D, Lewis C, Gaffney J, Heyward SA. Micropatterned primary hepatocyte co-culture (HEPATOPAC) for fatty liver disease modeling and drug screening. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15837. [PMID: 37739978 PMCID: PMC10517001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent, progressive disorder and growing public health concern. To address this issue considerable research has been undertaken in pursuit of new NAFLD therapeutics. Development of effective, high-throughput in vitro models is an important aspect of drug discovery. Here, a micropatterned hepatocyte co-culture (MPCC) was used to model liver steatosis. The MPCC model (HEPATOPACTM) is comprised of hepatocytes and 3T3-J2 mouse stromal cells plated onto a patterned standard 96-well or 24-well plate, allowing the cultures to be handled and imaged in a standardized multi-well format. These studies employed high content imaging (HCI) analysis to assess lipid content in cultures. HCI analysis of lipid accumulation allows large numbers of samples to be imaged and analyzed in a relatively short period of time compared to manual acquisition and analysis methods. Treatment of MPCC with free fatty acids (FFA), high glucose and fructose (HGF), or a combination of both induces hepatic steatosis. MPCC treatment with ACC1/ACC2 inhibitors, as either a preventative or reversal agent, showed efficacy against FFA induced hepatic steatosis. Drug induced steatosis was also evaluated. Treatment with valproic acid showed steatosis induction in a lean background, which was significantly potentiated in a fatty liver background. Additionally, these media treatments changed expression of fatty liver related genes. Treatment of MPCC with FFA, HGF, or a combination reversibly altered expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, insulin signaling, and lipid transport. Together, these data demonstrate that MPCC is an easy to use, long-term functional in vitro model of NAFLD having utility for compound screening, drug toxicity evaluation, and assessment of gene regulation.
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Krylov D, Rodimova S, Karabut M, Kuznetsova D. Experimental Models for Studying Structural and Functional State of the Pathological Liver (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2023; 15:65-82. [PMID: 38434194 PMCID: PMC10902899 DOI: 10.17691/stm2023.15.4.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver pathologies remain one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Despite a high prevalence of liver diseases, the possibilities of diagnosing, prognosing, and treating non-alcoholic and alcoholic liver diseases still have a number of limitations and require the development of new methods and approaches. In laboratory studies, various models are used to reconstitute the pathological conditions of the liver, including cell cultures, spheroids, organoids, microfluidic systems, tissue slices. We reviewed the most commonly used in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo models for studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, toxic liver injury, and fibrosis, described their advantages, limitations, and prospects for use. Great emphasis was placed on the mechanisms of development of pathological conditions in each model, as well as the assessment of the possibility of reconstructing various key aspects of pathogenesis for all these pathologies. There is currently no consensus on the choice of the most adequate model for studying liver pathology. The choice of a certain effective research model is determined by the specific purpose and objectives of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.P. Krylov
- Laboratory Assistant, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Student, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine; National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
| | - S.A. Rodimova
- Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - M.M. Karabut
- Researcher, Laboratory of Genomics of Adaptive Antitumor Immunity, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - D.S. Kuznetsova
- Head of Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Head of the Research Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Researches, Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
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6
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Xu GX, Wei S, Yu C, Zhao SQ, Yang WJ, Feng YH, Pan C, Yang KX, Ma Y. Activation of Kupffer cells in NAFLD and NASH: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1199519. [PMID: 37261074 PMCID: PMC10228659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1199519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are emerging as the leading causes of liver disease worldwide. These conditions can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, and other related ailments. At present, liver transplantation remains the sole treatment option for end-stage NASH, leading to a rapidly growing socioeconomic burden. Kupffer cells (KCs) are a dominant population of macrophages that reside in the liver, playing a crucial role in innate immunity. Their primary function includes phagocytosing exogenous substances, presenting antigens, and triggering immune responses. Moreover, they interact with other liver cells during the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and this crosstalk may either delay or exacerbate disease progression. Stimulation by endogenous signals triggers the activation of KCs, resulting in the expression of various inflammatory factors and chemokines, such as NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-1B, and IL-6, and contributing to the inflammatory cascade. In the past 5 years, significant advances have been made in understanding the biological properties and immune functions of KCs in NAFLD, including their interactions with tissue molecules, underlying molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and relevant therapeutic interventions. Having a comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms and characteristics can have enormous potential in guiding future strategies for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Ma
- *Correspondence: Kun-Xing Yang, ; Yong Ma,
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7
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Lv W, Zhou H, Aazmi A, Yu M, Xu X, Yang H, Huang YYS, Ma L. Constructing biomimetic liver models through biomaterials and vasculature engineering. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac079. [PMID: 36338176 PMCID: PMC9629974 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of various liver diseases can lead to organ failure of the liver, which is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Liver tissue engineering see the potential for replacing liver transplantation and drug toxicity studies facing donor shortages. The basic elements in liver tissue engineering are cells and biomaterials. Both mature hepatocytes and differentiated stem cells can be used as the main source of cells to construct spheroids and organoids, achieving improved cell function. To mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment, biomaterials need to be biocompatible and bioactive, which also help support cell proliferation and differentiation and allow ECM deposition and vascularized structures formation. In addition, advanced manufacturing approaches are required to construct the extracellular microenvironment, and it has been proved that the structured three-dimensional culture system can help to improve the activity of hepatocytes and the characterization of specific proteins. In summary, we review biomaterials for liver tissue engineering, including natural hydrogels and synthetic polymers, and advanced processing techniques for building vascularized microenvironments, including bioassembly, bioprinting and microfluidic methods. We then summarize the application fields including transplant and regeneration, disease models and drug cytotoxicity analysis. In the end, we put the challenges and prospects of vascularized liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongzhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Abdellah Aazmi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengfei Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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8
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Microfluidic Organ-on-a-Chip Devices for Liver Disease Modeling In Vitro. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030428. [PMID: 35334720 PMCID: PMC8950395 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mortality from liver disease conditions continues to be very high. As liver diseases manifest and progress silently, prompt measures after diagnosis are essential in the treatment of these conditions. Microfluidic organs-on-chip platforms have significant potential for the study of the pathophysiology of liver diseases in vitro. Different liver-on-a-chip microphysiological platforms have been reported to study cell-signaling pathways such as those activating stellate cells within liver diseases. Moreover, the drug efficacy for liver conditions might be evaluated on a cellular metabolic level. Here, we present a comprehensive review of microphysiological platforms used for modelling liver diseases. First, we briefly introduce the concept and importance of organs-on-a-chip in studying liver diseases in vitro, reflecting on existing reviews of healthy liver-on-a-chip platforms. Second, the techniques of cell cultures used in the microfluidic devices, including 2D, 3D, and spheroid cells, are explained. Next, the types of liver diseases (NAFLD, ALD, hepatitis infections, and drug injury) on-chip are explained for a further comprehensive overview of the design and methods of developing liver diseases in vitro. Finally, some challenges in design and existing solutions to them are reviewed
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9
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Ramos MJ, Bandiera L, Menolascina F, Fallowfield JA. In vitro models for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Emerging platforms and their applications. iScience 2022; 25:103549. [PMID: 34977507 PMCID: PMC8689151 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a global healthcare challenge, affecting 1 in 4 adults, and death rates are predicted to rise inexorably. The progressive form of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, no medical treatments are licensed for NAFLD-NASH. Identifying efficacious therapies has been hindered by the complexity of disease pathogenesis, a paucity of predictive preclinical models and inadequate validation of pharmacological targets in humans. The development of clinically relevant in vitro models of the disease will pave the way to overcome these challenges. Currently, the combined application of emerging technologies (e.g., organ-on-a-chip/microphysiological systems) and control engineering approaches promises to unravel NAFLD biology and deliver tractable treatment candidates. In this review, we will describe advances in preclinical models for NAFLD-NASH, the recent introduction of novel technologies in this space, and their importance for drug discovery endeavors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimenez Ramos
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lucia Bandiera
- Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.,Synthsys - Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Filippo Menolascina
- Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.,Synthsys - Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Jonathan Andrew Fallowfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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10
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Ramos MJ, Bandiera L, Menolascina F, Fallowfield JA. In vitro models for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Emerging platforms and their applications. iScience 2022; 25:103549. [PMID: 34977507 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a global healthcare challenge, affecting 1 in 4 adults, and death rates are predicted to rise inexorably. The progressive form of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, no medical treatments are licensed for NAFLD-NASH. Identifying efficacious therapies has been hindered by the complexity of disease pathogenesis, a paucity of predictive preclinical models and inadequate validation of pharmacological targets in humans. The development of clinically relevant in vitro models of the disease will pave the way to overcome these challenges. Currently, the combined application of emerging technologies (e.g., organ-on-a-chip/microphysiological systems) and control engineering approaches promises to unravel NAFLD biology and deliver tractable treatment candidates. In this review, we will describe advances in preclinical models for NAFLD-NASH, the recent introduction of novel technologies in this space, and their importance for drug discovery endeavors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimenez Ramos
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lucia Bandiera
- Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Synthsys - Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Filippo Menolascina
- Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Synthsys - Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Jonathan Andrew Fallowfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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11
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Youhanna S, Kemas AM, Preiss L, Zhou Y, Shen JX, Cakal SD, Paqualini FS, Goparaju SK, Shafagh RZ, Lind JU, Sellgren CM, Lauschke VM. Organotypic and Microphysiological Human Tissue Models for Drug Discovery and Development-Current State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:141-206. [PMID: 35017176 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of successful drug development projects has been stagnant for decades despite major breakthroughs in chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Unreliable target identification and poor translatability of preclinical models have been identified as major causes of failure. To improve predictions of clinical efficacy and safety, interest has shifted to three-dimensional culture methods in which human cells can retain many physiologically and functionally relevant phenotypes for extended periods of time. Here, we review the state of the art of available organotypic culture techniques and critically review emerging models of human tissues with key importance for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. In addition, developments in bioprinting and microfluidic multiorgan cultures to emulate systemic drug disposition are summarized. We close by highlighting important trends regarding the fabrication of organotypic culture platforms and the choice of platform material to limit drug absorption and polymer leaching while supporting the phenotypic maintenance of cultured cells and allowing for scalable device fabrication. We conclude that organotypic and microphysiological human tissue models constitute promising systems to promote drug discovery and development by facilitating drug target identification and improving the preclinical evaluation of drug toxicity and pharmacokinetics. There is, however, a critical need for further validation, benchmarking, and consolidation efforts ideally conducted in intersectoral multicenter settings to accelerate acceptance of these novel models as reliable tools for translational pharmacology and toxicology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Organotypic and microphysiological culture of human cells has emerged as a promising tool for preclinical drug discovery and development that might be able to narrow the translation gap. This review discusses recent technological and methodological advancements and the use of these systems for hit discovery and the evaluation of toxicity, clearance, and absorption of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Aurino M Kemas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Lena Preiss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Joanne X Shen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Selgin D Cakal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Francesco S Paqualini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Sravan K Goparaju
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Reza Zandi Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Johan Ulrik Lind
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.Y., A.M.K., L.P., Y.Z., J.X.S., S.K.G., R.Z.S., C.M.S., V.M.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (L.P.); Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (S.D.C., J.U.L.); Synthetic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (F.S.P.); Division of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (Z.S.); and Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany (V.M.L.)
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12
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Liang QQ, Liu L. Application of vascular endothelial cells in stem cell medicine. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:10765-10780. [PMID: 35047589 PMCID: PMC8678855 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i35.10765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell medicine is gaining momentum in the development of therapy for various end-stage diseases. The search for new seed cells and exploration of their application prospects are topics of interest in stem cell medicine. In recent years, vascular endothelial cells (VECs) have attracted wide attention from scholars. VECs, which form the inner lining of blood vessels, are critically involved in many physiological functions, including permeability, angiogenesis, blood pressure regulation, immunity, and pathological development, such as atherosclerosis and malignant tumors. VECs have significant therapeutic effects and broad application prospects in stem cell medicine for the treatment of various refractory diseases, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, diabetic complications, hypertension, coronavirus disease 2019, and malignant tumors. On the one hand, VECs and their extracellular vesicles can be directly used for the treatment of these diseases. On the other hand, VECs can be used as therapeutic targets for some diseases. However, there are still some obstacles to the use of VECs in stem cell medicine. In this review, advances in the applications and challenges that come with the use of these cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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13
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Liu WM, Zhou X, Chen CY, Lv DD, Huang WJ, Peng Y, Wu HP, Chen Y, Tang D, Guo LN, Wang XL, Zhang HD, Liu XH, Yang LQ, Yu WF, Yan HX. Establishment of Functional Liver Spheroids From Human Hepatocyte-Derived Liver Progenitor-Like Cells for Cell Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:738081. [PMID: 34858956 PMCID: PMC8630579 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.738081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, about two million people die from liver diseases every year. Liver transplantation is the only reliable therapy for severe end-stage liver disease, however, the shortage of organ donors is a huge limitation. Human hepatocytes derived liver progenitor-like cells (HepLPCs) have been reported as a novel source of liver cells for development of in vitro models, cell therapies, and tissue-engineering applications, but their functionality as transplantation donors is unclear. Here, a 3-dimensional (3D) co-culture system using HepLPCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was developed. These HepLPC spheroids mimicked the cellular interactions and architecture of mature hepatocytes, as confirmed through ultrastructure morphology, gene expression profile and functional assays. HepLPCs encapsulated in alginate beads are able to mitigate liver injury in mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), while alginate coating protects the cells from immune attack. We confirmed these phenomena due to HUVECs producing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to promote HepLPCs maturation and enhance HepLPCs tight junction through MET phosphorylation. Our results display the efficacy and safety of the alginate microencapsulated spheroids in animal model with acute liver injury (ALF), which may suggest a new strategy for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Cai-Yang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Dong Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jian Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Ping Wu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong-Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Celliver Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Xin Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Celliver Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Liu X, Wang X, Zhang L, Sun L, Wang H, Zhao H, Zhang Z, Liu W, Huang Y, Ji S, Zhang J, Li K, Song B, Li C, Zhang H, Li S, Wang S, Zheng X, Gu Q. 3D Liver Tissue Model with Branched Vascular Networks by Multimaterial Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101405. [PMID: 34634194 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Complicated vessels pervade almost all body tissues and influence the pathophysiology of the human body significantly. However, current fabrication strategies have limited success at multiscale vascular biofabrication. This study reports a methodology to fabricate soft vascularized tissue at centimeter scale using multimaterial bioprinting by a customized multistage-temperature-control printer. The printed constructs can be perfused via the branched endothelialized vasculatures to support the well-formed 3D capillary networks, which ensure cellular activities with sufficient nutrient supply and then mimic a mature and functional liver tissue in terms of synthesis of liver-specific proteins. Moreover, an inner and external pressure-bearing layer is printed to support the direct surgical anastomosis of the carotid artery to the jugular vein. In summary, a versatile platform to recapitulate the vasculature network is presented, in which case sustaining the optimal cellularization in engineered tissues is achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xinhuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110169 P. R. China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 P. R. China
| | - Heran Wang
- Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110169 P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhengtao Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 P. R. China
| | - Wenli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Shen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Jingjinqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Biaobiao Song
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chun Li
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110169 P. R. China
| | - Song Li
- Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110169 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Xiongfei Zheng
- Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110169 P. R. China
| | - Qi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and the State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- Savaid Medical School University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Beijing 100101 P. R. China
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15
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Lee J, Ung A, Kim H, Lee K, Cho HJ, Bandaru P, Ahadian S, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Engineering liver microtissues to study the fusion of HepG2 with mesenchymal stem cells and invasive potential of fused cells. Biofabrication 2021; 14. [PMID: 34740205 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac36de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from cancer cell fusion with different cell types in the tumor microenvironment has suggested a probable mechanism for how metastasis-initiating cells could be generated in tumors. Although human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been known as promising candidates to create hybrid cells with cancer cells, the role of hMSCs in fusion with cancer cells is still controversial. Here, we fabricated a liver-on-a-chip platform to monitor the fusion of liver hepatocellular cells (HepG2) with hMSCs and study their invasive potential. We demonstrated that hMSCs might play dual roles in HepG2 spheroids. The analysis of tumor growth with different fractions of hMSCs in HepG2 spheroids revealed hMSCs' role in preventing HepG2 growth and proliferation, while the hMSCs presented in the HepG2 spheroids led to the generation of HepG2-hMSC hybrid cells with much higher invasiveness compared to HepG2. These invasive HepG2-hMSC hybrid cells expressed high levels of markers associated with stemness, proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and matrix deposition, which corresponded to the expression of these markers for hMSCs escaping from hMSC spheroids. In addition, these fused cells were responsible for collective invasion following HepG2 by depositing Collagen I and Fibronectin in their surrounding microenvironment. Furthermore, we showed that hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) could also be fused with HepG2, and the HepG2-HSC hybrid cells possessed similar features to those from HepG2-hMSC fusion. This fusion of HepG2 with liver-resident HSCs may propose a new potential mechanism of hepatic cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Lee
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, United States of America.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Aly Ung
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Hanjun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - KangJu Lee
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.,School of Healthcare and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.,College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Praveen Bandaru
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.,Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.,Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
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16
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Kukla DA, Khetani SR. Bioengineered Liver Models for Investigating Disease Pathogenesis and Regenerative Medicine. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:368-392. [PMID: 34139785 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to species-specific differences in liver pathways, in vitro human liver models are utilized for elucidating mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis, drug development, and regenerative medicine. To mitigate limitations with de-differentiated cultures, bioengineers have developed advanced techniques/platforms, including micropatterned cocultures, spheroids/organoids, bioprinting, and microfluidic devices, for perfusing cell cultures and liver slices. Such techniques improve mature functions and culture lifetime of primary and stem-cell human liver cells. Furthermore, bioengineered liver models display several features of liver diseases including infections with pathogens (e.g., malaria, hepatitis C/B viruses, Zika, dengue, yellow fever), alcoholic/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer. Here, we discuss features of bioengineered human liver models, their uses for modeling aforementioned diseases, and how such models are being augmented/adapted for fabricating implantable human liver tissues for clinical therapy. Ultimately, continued advances in bioengineered human liver models have the potential to aid the development of novel, safe, and efficacious therapies for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kukla
- Deparment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Deparment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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17
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Yang Q, Li AP. Messenger RNA Expression of Albumin, Transferrin, Transthyretin, Asialoglycoprotein Receptor, Cytochrome P450 Isoform, Uptake Transporter, and Efflux Transporter Genes as a Function of Culture Duration in Prolonged Cultured Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes as Collagen-Matrigel Sandwich Cultures: Evidence for Redifferentiation upon Prolonged Culturing. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:790-802. [PMID: 34135090 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic gene expression as a function of culture duration was evaluated in prolonged cultured human hepatocytes. Human hepatocytes from seven donors were maintained as near-confluent collagen-Matrigelsandwich cultures, with messenger RNA expression for genes responsible for key hepatic functions quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction at culture durations of 0 (day of plating), 2, 7, 9, 16, 23, 26, 29, 36, and 43 days. Key hepatocyte genes were evaluated, including the differentiation markers albumin, transferrin, and transthyretin; the hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A7; uptake transporter isoforms SLC10A1, SLC22A1, SLC22A7, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, and SLCO2B1; efflux transporter isoforms ATP binding cassette (ABC)B1, ABCB11, ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCC4, and ABCG2; and the nonspecific housekeeping gene hypoxanthine ribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1). The well established dedifferentiation phenomenon was observed on day 2, with substantial (>80%) decreases in gene expression in day 2 cultures observed for all genes evaluated except HPRT1 and efflux transporters ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCC3 (<50% decrease in expression), ABCC4 (>400% increase in expression), and ABCG2 (no decrease in expression). All genes with a >80% decrease in expression were found to have increased levels of expression on day 7, with peak expression observed on either day 7 or day 9, followed by a gradual decrease in expression up to the longest duration evaluated of 43 days. Our results provide evidence that cultured human hepatocytes undergo redifferentiation upon prolonged culturing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study reports that although human hepatocytes underwent dedifferentiation upon 2 days of culture, prolonged culturing resulted in redifferentiation based on gene expression of differentiation markers, uptake and efflux transporters, and cytochrome P450 isoforms. The observed redifferentiation suggests that prolonged (>7 days) culturing of human hepatocyte cultures may represent an experimental approach to overcome the initial dedifferentiation process, resulting in "stabilized" hepatocytes that can be applied toward the evaluation of drug properties requiring an extended period of treatment and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., Columbia, Maryland
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18
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Cho HJ, Kim HJ, Lee K, Lasli S, Ung A, Hoffman T, Nasiri R, Bandaru P, Ahadian S, Dokmeci MR, Lee J, Khademhosseini A. Bioengineered Multicellular Liver Microtissues for Modeling Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis Driven Through Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007425. [PMID: 33690979 PMCID: PMC8035291 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts in modeling liver disease in vitro, it remains difficult to recapitulate the pathogenesis of the advanced phases of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with inflammation and fibrosis. Here, a liver-on-a-chip platform with bioengineered multicellular liver microtissues is developed, composed of four major types of liver cells (hepatocytes, endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and stellate cells) to implement a human hepatic fibrosis model driven by NAFLD: i) lipid accumulation in hepatocytes (steatosis), ii) neovascularization by endothelial cells, iii) inflammation by activated Kupffer cells (steatohepatitis), and iv) extracellular matrix deposition by activated stellate cells (fibrosis). In this model, the presence of stellate cells in the liver-on-a-chip model with fat supplementation showed elevated inflammatory responses and fibrosis marker up-regulation. Compared to transforming growth factor-beta-induced hepatic fibrosis models, this model includes the native pathological and chronological steps of NAFLD which shows i) higher fibrotic phenotypes, ii) increased expression of fibrosis markers, and iii) efficient drug transport and metabolism. Taken together, the proposed platform will enable a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying fibrosis progression in NAFLD as well as the identification of new drugs for the different stages of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jong Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - KangJu Lee
- Department of Healthcare Medical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Soufian Lasli
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aly Ung
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Praveen Bandaru
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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19
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De Chiara F, Ferret-Miñana A, Ramón-Azcón J. The Synergy between Organ-on-a-Chip and Artificial Intelligence for the Study of NAFLD: From Basic Science to Clinical Research. Biomedicines 2021; 9:248. [PMID: 33801289 PMCID: PMC7999375 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver affects about 25% of global adult population. On the long-term, it is associated with extra-hepatic compliances, multiorgan failure, and death. Various invasive and non-invasive methods are employed for its diagnosis such as liver biopsies, CT scan, MRI, and numerous scoring systems. However, the lack of accuracy and reproducibility represents one of the biggest limitations of evaluating the effectiveness of drug candidates in clinical trials. Organ-on-chips (OOC) are emerging as a cost-effective tool to reproduce in vitro the main NAFLD's pathogenic features for drug screening purposes. Those platforms have reached a high degree of complexity that generate an unprecedented amount of both structured and unstructured data that outpaced our capacity to analyze the results. The addition of artificial intelligence (AI) layer for data analysis and interpretation enables those platforms to reach their full potential. Furthermore, the use of them do not require any ethic and legal regulation. In this review, we discuss the synergy between OOC and AI as one of the most promising ways to unveil potential therapeutic targets as well as the complex mechanism(s) underlying NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Chiara
- Biosensors for Bioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10–12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (J.R.-A.)
| | - Ainhoa Ferret-Miñana
- Biosensors for Bioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10–12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (J.R.-A.)
| | - Javier Ramón-Azcón
- Biosensors for Bioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 10–12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-M.); (J.R.-A.)
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Bilirgen AC, Toker M, Odabas S, Yetisen AK, Garipcan B, Tasoglu S. Plant-Based Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:926-938. [PMID: 33591719 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of platforms has been developed for 3D culture of cells in vitro to aggregate and align cells to resemble in vivo conditions in order to enhance communication between cells and promote differentiation. The cellulose skeleton of plant tissue can serve as an attainable scaffold for mammalian cells after decellularization, which is advantageous when compared to synthetic polymers or animal-derived scaffolds. Adjustable variables to modify the physical and biochemical properties of the resulting scaffolds include the protocol for the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-based decellularization procedure, surface coatings for cell attachment, plant type for decellularization, differentiation media, and integrity and shape of the substrate. These tunable cellulose platforms can host a wide range of mammalian cell types from muscle to bone cells, as well as malignancies. Here, fundamentals and applications of decellularized plant-based scaffolds are discussed. These biocompatible, naturally perfused, tunable, and easily prepared decellularized scaffolds may allow eco-friendly manufacturing frameworks for application in tissue engineering and organs-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melis Toker
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey 34684
| | - Sedat Odabas
- Interdisiplinary Research Unit for Advanced Materials (INTRAM), Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 06560.,Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 06560
| | - Ali Kemal Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bora Garipcan
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey 34684
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey 34684.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey 34450.,Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey 34450.,Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey 34450.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey 34470
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21
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Onbas R, Arslan Yildiz A. Fabrication of Tunable 3D Cellular Structures in High Volume Using Magnetic Levitation Guided Assembly. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1794-1802. [PMID: 35014525 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tunable and reproducible size with high circularity is an important limitation to obtain three-dimensional (3D) cellular structures and spheroids in scaffold free tissue engineering approaches. Here, we present a facile methodology based on magnetic levitation (MagLev) to fabricate 3D cellular structures rapidly and easily in high-volume and low magnetic field. In this study, 3D cellular structures were fabricated using magnetic levitation directed assembly where cells are suspended and self-assembled by contactless magnetic manipulation in the presence of a paramagnetic agent. The effect of cell seeding density, culture time, and paramagnetic agent concentration on the formation of 3D cellular structures was evaluated for NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. In addition, magnetic levitation guided cellular assembly and 3D tumor spheroid formation was examined for five different cancer cell lines: MCF7 (human epithelial breast adenocarcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (human epithelial breast adenocarcinoma), SH-SY5Y (human bone-marrow neuroblastoma), PC-12 (rat adrenal gland pheochromocytoma), and HeLa (human epithelial cervix adenocarcinoma). Moreover, formation of a 3D coculture model was successfully observed by using MDA-MB-231 dsRED and MDA-MB-231 GFP cells. Taken together, these results indicate that the developed MagLev setup provides an easy and efficient way to fabricate 3D cellular structures and may be a feasible alternative to conventional methodologies for cellular/multicellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Onbas
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), 35430 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahu Arslan Yildiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), 35430 Izmir, Turkey
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22
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Freag MS, Namgung B, Reyna Fernandez ME, Gherardi E, Sengupta S, Jang HL. Human Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis on a Chip. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:217-233. [PMID: 33553970 PMCID: PMC7850303 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a rapidly growing and global health problem compounded by the current absence of specific treatments. A major limiting factor in the development of new NASH therapies is the absence of models that capture the unique cellular structure of the liver microenvironment and recapitulate the complexities of NAFLD progression to NASH. Organ-on-a-chip platforms have emerged as a powerful approach to dynamically model diseases and test drugs. Herein, we describe a NASH-on-a-chip platform. Four main types of human primary liver cells (hepatocytes [HCs], Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells [HSCs]) were cocultured under microfluidic dynamics. Our chip-based model successfully recapitulated a functional liver cellular microenvironment with stable albumin and urea secretion for at least 2 weeks. Exposing liver chips to a lipotoxic environment led to gradual development of NASH phenotypic characteristics, including intracellular lipid accumulation, hepatocellular ballooning, HSC activation, and elevation of inflammatory and profibrotic markers. Further, exposure of the chip to elafibranor, a drug under study for the therapy of NASH, inhibited the development of NASH-specific hallmarks, causing an ~8-fold decrease in intracellular lipids, a 3-fold reduction in number of ballooned HCs, a significant reduction in HSC activation, and a significant decrease in the levels of inflammatory and profibrotic markers compared with controls. Conclusion: We have successfully developed a microfluidic NASH-on-a-chip platform that recapitulates the main NASH histologic endpoints in a single chip and that can emerge as a powerful noninvasive, human-relevant, in vitro platform to study disease pathogenesis and develop novel anti-NASH drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- May S Freag
- Center for Engineered TherapeuticsDivision of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA.,Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyHarvard-Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonMAUSA
| | - Bumseok Namgung
- Center for Engineered TherapeuticsDivision of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA.,Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyHarvard-Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonMAUSA
| | - Maria E Reyna Fernandez
- Center for Engineered TherapeuticsDivision of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA.,Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyHarvard-Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonMAUSA
| | - Ermanno Gherardi
- Unit of Immunology and General PathologyDepartment of Molecular MedicineUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Shiladitya Sengupta
- Center for Engineered TherapeuticsDivision of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA.,Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyHarvard-Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonMAUSA.,Dana Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Hae Lin Jang
- Center for Engineered TherapeuticsDivision of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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23
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Soret PA, Magusto J, Housset C, Gautheron J. In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Critical Appraisal. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010036. [PMID: 33374435 PMCID: PMC7794936 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), represents the hepatic manifestation of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Due to the spread of the obesity epidemic, NAFLD is becoming the most common chronic liver disease and one of the principal indications for liver transplantation. However, no pharmacological treatment is currently approved to prevent the outbreak of NASH, which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Preclinical research is required to improve our knowledge of NAFLD physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic targets. In the present review, we summarize advances in NAFLD preclinical models from cellular models, including new bioengineered platforms, to in vivo models, with a particular focus on genetic and dietary mouse models. We aim to discuss the advantages and limits of these different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Soret
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hepatology Department, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Julie Magusto
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hepatology Department, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Gautheron
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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24
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Elkhenany H, Elkodous MA, Newby SD, El-Derby AM, Dhar M, El-Badri N. Tissue Engineering Modalities and Nanotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55359-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Ashammakhi N, Nasiri R, Barros NRD, Tebon P, Thakor J, Goudie M, Shamloo A, Martin MG, Khademhosseini A. Gut-on-a-chip: Current progress and future opportunities. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120196. [PMID: 32623181 PMCID: PMC7396314 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology tries to mimic the complexity of native tissues in vitro. Important progress has recently been made in using this technology to study the gut with and without microbiota. These in vitro models can serve as an alternative to animal models for studying physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. While these models have greater physiological relevance than two-dimensional (2D) cell systems in vitro, endocrine and immunological functions in gut-on-a-chip models are still poorly represented. Furthermore, the construction of complex models, in which different cell types and structures interact, remains a challenge. Generally, gut-on-a-chip models have the potential to advance our understanding of the basic interactions found within the gut and lay the foundation for future applications in understanding pathophysiology, developing drugs, and personalizing medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Natan Roberto de Barros
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jai Thakor
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Goudie
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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26
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He Y, Mao T, Gu Y, Yang Y, Ding J. A simplified yet enhanced and versatile microfluidic platform for cyclic cell stretching on an elastic polymer. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045032. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abb295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Della Torre S. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Canonical Example of Metabolic Inflammatory-Based Liver Disease Showing a Sex-Specific Prevalence: Relevance of Estrogen Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:572490. [PMID: 33071979 PMCID: PMC7531579 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.572490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence supporting the interplay between metabolism and immune response, that have evolved in close relationship, sharing regulatory molecules and signaling systems, to support biological functions. Nowadays, the disruption of this interaction in the context of obesity and overnutrition underlies the increasing incidence of many inflammatory-based metabolic diseases, even in a sex-specific fashion. During evolution, the interplay between metabolism and reproduction has reached a degree of complexity particularly high in female mammals, likely to ensure reproduction only under favorable conditions. Several factors may account for differences in the incidence and progression of inflammatory-based metabolic diseases between females and males, thus contributing to age-related disease development and difference in life expectancy between the two sexes. Among these factors, estrogens, acting mainly through Estrogen Receptors (ERs), have been reported to regulate several metabolic pathways and inflammatory processes particularly in the liver, the metabolic organ showing the highest degree of sexual dimorphism. This review aims to investigate on the interaction between metabolism and inflammation in the liver, focusing on the relevance of estrogen signaling in counteracting the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a canonical example of metabolic inflammatory-based liver disease showing a sex-specific prevalence. Understanding the role of estrogens/ERs in the regulation of hepatic metabolism and inflammation may provide the basis for the development of sex-specific therapeutic strategies for the management of such an inflammatory-based metabolic disease and its cardio-metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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28
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Lee K, Xue Y, Lee J, Kim HJ, Liu Y, Tebon P, Sarikhani E, Sun W, Zhang S, Haghniaz R, Çelebi-Saltik B, Zhou X, Ostrovidov S, Ahadian S, Ashammakhi N, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. A Patch of Detachable Hybrid Microneedle Depot for Localized Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regeneration Therapy. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2000086. [PMID: 33071712 PMCID: PMC7567343 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used for regenerative therapy. In most current clinical applications, MSCs are delivered by injection but face significant issues with cell viability and penetration into the target tissue due to a limited migration capacity. Some therapies have attempted to improve MSC stability by their encapsulation within biomaterials; however, these treatments still require an enormous number of cells to achieve therapeutic efficacy due to low efficiency. Additionally, while local injection allows for targeted delivery, injections with conventional syringes are highly invasive. Due to the challenges associated with stem cell delivery, a local and minimally invasive approach with high efficiency and improved cell viability is highly desired. In this study, we present a detachable hybrid microneedle depot (d-HMND) for cell delivery. Our system consists of an array of microneedles with an outer poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) shell and an internal gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-MSC mixture (GMM). The GMM was characterized and optimized for cell viability and mechanical strength of the d-HMND required to penetrate mouse skin tissue was also determined. MSC viability and function within the d-HMND was characterized in vitro and the regenerative efficacy of the d-HMND was demonstrated in vivo using a mouse skin wound model.
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Affiliation(s)
- KangJu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yumeng Xue
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yaowen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Einollah Sarikhani
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Betül Çelebi-Saltik
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Xingwu Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Serge Ostrovidov
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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