1
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Bayazitov AM, Bachurin DV, Bebikhov YV, Korznikova EA, Dmitriev SV. Supersonic Motion of Atoms in an Octahedral Channel of fcc Copper. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7260. [PMID: 36295327 PMCID: PMC9610227 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the mass transfer along an octahedral channel in an fcc copper single crystal is studied for the first time using the method of molecular dynamics. It is found that the initial position of the bombarding atom, outside or inside the crystal, does not noticeably affect the dynamics of its motion. The higher the initial velocity of the bombarding atom, the deeper its penetration into the material. It is found out how the place of entry of the bombarding atom into the channel affects its further dynamics. The greatest penetration depth and the smallest dissipation of kinetic energy occurs when the atom moves exactly in the center of the octahedral channel. The deviation of the bombarding atom from the center of the channel leads to the appearance of other velocity components perpendicular to the initial velocity vector and to an increase in its energy dissipation. Nevertheless, the motion of an atom along the channel is observed even when the entry point deviates from the center of the channel by up to 0.5 Å. The dissipated kinetic energy spent on the excitation of the atoms forming the octahedral channel is nearly proportional to the deviation from the center of the channel. At sufficiently high initial velocities of the bombarding atom, supersonic crowdions are formed, moving along the close-packed direction ⟨1¯10⟩, which is perpendicular to the direction of the channel. The results obtained are useful for understanding the mechanism of mass transfer during ion implantation and similar experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayrat M. Bayazitov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Bachurin
- Research Laboratory for Metals and Alloys under Extreme Impacts, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia
| | - Yuri V. Bebikhov
- Polytechnic Institute (Branch) in Mirny, North-Eastern Federal University, 678170 Mirny, Russia
| | - Elena A. Korznikova
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia
- Research Laboratory for Metals and Alloys under Extreme Impacts, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Dmitriev
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia
- Center for Design of Functional Materials, Bashkir State University, 450076 Ufa, Russia
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2
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Lin W, Li Y, de Graaf S, Wang G, Lin J, Zhang H, Zhao S, Chen D, Liu S, Fan J, Kooi BJ, Lu Y, Yang T, Yang CH, Liu CT, Kai JJ. Creating two-dimensional solid helium via diamond lattice confinement. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5990. [PMID: 36220818 PMCID: PMC9553866 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The universe abounds with solid helium in polymorphic forms. Therefore, exploring the allotropes of helium remains vital to our understanding of nature. However, it is challenging to produce, observe and utilize solid helium on the earth because high-pressure techniques are required to solidify helium. Here we report the discovery of room-temperature two-dimensional solid helium through the diamond lattice confinement effect. Controllable ion implantation enables the self-assembly of monolayer helium atoms between {100} diamond lattice planes. Using state-of-the-art integrated differential phase contrast microscopy, we decipher the buckled tetragonal arrangement of solid helium monolayers with an anisotropic nature compressed by the robust diamond lattice. These distinctive helium monolayers, in turn, produce substantial compressive strains to the surrounded diamond lattice, resulting in a large-scale bandgap narrowing up to ~2.2 electron volts. This approach opens up new avenues for steerable manipulation of solid helium for achieving intrinsic strain doping with profound applications. Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, and at low temperatures it becomes a quantum crystal with exotic physical properties such as second sound, superfluidity, and giant plasticity. Here authors prepare 2D solid helium at room temperature through diamond lattice confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiran Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sytze de Graaf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junhao Lin
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shijun Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaofei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bart J Kooi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chin-Hua Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chain Tsuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ji-Jung Kai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Centre for Advanced Nuclear Safety and Sustainable Development, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Opletal G, Barnard AS. Simulating Facet‐Dependent Aggregation and Assembly of Mixtures of Polyhedral Nanoparticles. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Opletal
- CSIRO Data61 Door 34 Village Street Docklands VIC 3008 Australia
| | - Amanda S. Barnard
- School of Computing Australian National University Acton ACT 2601 Australia
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4
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Picollo F, Battiato A, Bosia F, Scaffidi Muta F, Olivero P, Rigato V, Rubanov S. Creation of pure non-crystalline diamond nanostructures via room-temperature ion irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4156-4165. [PMID: 36132848 PMCID: PMC9419479 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon exhibits a remarkable range of structural forms, due to the availability of sp3, sp2 and sp1 chemical bonds. Contrarily to other group IV elements such as silicon and germanium, the formation of an amorphous phase based exclusively on sp3 bonds is extremely challenging due to the strongly favored formation of graphitic-like structures at room temperature and pressure. As such, the formation of a fully sp3-bonded carbon phase requires an extremely careful (and largely unexplored) definition of the pressure and temperature across the phase diagram. Here, we report on the possibility of creating full-sp3 amorphous nanostructures within the bulk crystal of diamond with room-temperature ion-beam irradiation, followed by an annealing process that does not involve the application of any external mechanical pressure. As confirmed by numerical simulations, the (previously unreported) radiation-damage-induced formation of an amorphous sp2-free phase in diamond is determined by the buildup of extremely high internal stresses from the surrounding lattice, which (in the case of nanometer-scale regions) fully prevent the graphitization process. Besides the relevance of understanding the formation of exotic carbon phases, the use of focused/collimated ion beams discloses appealing perspectives for the direct fabrication of such nanostructures in complex three-dimensional geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Picollo
- Physics Department and "NIS Inter-departmental Centre", University of Torino Torino 10125 Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Torino Torino 10125 Italy
| | - A Battiato
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Torino Torino 10125 Italy
| | - F Bosia
- Physics Department and "NIS Inter-departmental Centre", University of Torino Torino 10125 Italy
- Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino Torino 10129 Italy
| | - F Scaffidi Muta
- Physics Department and "NIS Inter-departmental Centre", University of Torino Torino 10125 Italy
| | - P Olivero
- Physics Department and "NIS Inter-departmental Centre", University of Torino Torino 10125 Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Torino Torino 10125 Italy
| | - V Rigato
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, National Laboratories of Legnaro Legnaro 35020 Italy
| | - S Rubanov
- Ian Holmes Imaging Centre, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
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5
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Das D, Rao MSR. N +-ion implantation induced enhanced conductivity in polycrystalline and single crystal diamond. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23686-23699. [PMID: 35479784 PMCID: PMC9036636 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03846j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the 200 keV N+-ion implantation technique and a systematic variation of fluence, we report on the formation of highly conducting n-type diamond where insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) is observed above a certain fluence wherein the conductivity no longer obeys the hopping mechanism of transport rather, it obeys quantum corrections to Boltzmann conductivity at concentrations of nN ≥ 2 × 1020 cm−3. The conductivity for ultra-nanocrystalline diamond is found to be high, ∼650 Ω−1 cm−1 with thermal activation energy Ea ∼ 4 meV. Interestingly, with gradual increase in fluence, the conductivity in polycrystalline diamond films has been seen to progress from the hopping mechanism of transport in the case of low fluence implantation to a semiconducting nature with medium fluence and finally a semi-metallic conduction is observed where percolation occurs giving an insulator-to-metal transition. XANES confirms that the long-range order in diamond films remains intact when implanted with low and medium fluences; while implantation at sufficiently high fluences >5 × 1016 cm−2 leads to the formation of a disordered tetrahedral amorphous carbon network leading to metallic conduction resembling a metallic glass behaviour. XPS confirms that the sp2 fraction increases gradually with fluence starting from only 6% in the case of low fluence implantations and saturates at 40–50% for implantation at high fluences. A similar observation can be made for single crystal diamond when implanted at high fluence; it retains long-range order but percolative transport takes place through defects or semi-amorphized regions. The paper highlights the effect of nitrogen ion implantation on polycrystalline and single crystal diamond where we try to explain its structural and electrical transport behaviour in three different ion dose regimes: low, medium and high fluence respectively.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Das
- Department of Physics, Quantum Centres in Diamond and Emergent Materials (QuCenDiEM)-group, Nano Functional Materials Technology Centre, Materials Science Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - M S Ramachandra Rao
- Department of Physics, Quantum Centres in Diamond and Emergent Materials (QuCenDiEM)-group, Nano Functional Materials Technology Centre, Materials Science Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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6
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Dang C, Chou JP, Dai B, Chou CT, Yang Y, Fan R, Lin W, Meng F, Hu A, Zhu J, Han J, Minor AM, Li J, Lu Y. Achieving large uniform tensile elasticity in microfabricated diamond. Science 2021; 371:76-78. [PMID: 33384375 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc4174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Diamond is not only the hardest material in nature, but is also an extreme electronic material with an ultrawide bandgap, exceptional carrier mobilities, and thermal conductivity. Straining diamond can push such extreme figures of merit for device applications. We microfabricated single-crystalline diamond bridge structures with ~1 micrometer length by ~100 nanometer width and achieved sample-wide uniform elastic strains under uniaxial tensile loading along the [100], [101], and [111] directions at room temperature. We also demonstrated deep elastic straining of diamond microbridge arrays. The ultralarge, highly controllable elastic strains can fundamentally change the bulk band structures of diamond, including a substantial calculated bandgap reduction as much as ~2 electron volts. Our demonstration highlights the immense application potential of deep elastic strain engineering for photonics, electronics, and quantum information technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Dang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jyh-Pin Chou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Physics, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 50007, Taiwan
| | - Bing Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chang-Ti Chou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yang Yang
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Weitong Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Fanling Meng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Alice Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Jiecai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Andrew M Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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7
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Khomich AA, Khmelnitsky RA, Khomich AV. Probing the Nanostructure of Neutron-Irradiated Diamond Using Raman Spectroscopy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061166. [PMID: 32549323 PMCID: PMC7353327 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disordering of crystal lattice induced by irradiation with fast neutrons and other high-energy particles is used for the deep modification of electrical and optical properties of diamonds via significant nanoscale restructuring and defects engineering. Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate the nature of radiation damage below the critical graphitization level created when chemical vapor deposition and natural diamonds are irradiated by fast neutrons with fluencies from 1 × 1018 to 3 × 1020 cm−2 and annealed at the 100–1700 °C range. The significant changes in the diamond Raman spectra versus the neutron-irradiated conditions are associated with the formation of intrinsic irradiation-induced defects that do not completely destroy the crystalline feature but decrease the phonon coherence length as the neutron dose increases. It was shown that the Raman spectrum of radiation-damaged diamonds is determined by the phonon confinement effect and that the boson peak is present in the Raman spectra up to annealing at 800–1000 °C. Three groups of defect-induced bands (first group = 260, 495, and 730 cm−1; second group = 230, 500, 530, 685, and 760 cm–1; and third group = 335, 1390, 1415, and 1740 cm−1) were observed in Raman spectra of fast-neutron-irradiated diamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Khomich
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pl. Vvedenskogo 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia; (R.A.K.); (A.V.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Roman A. Khmelnitsky
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pl. Vvedenskogo 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia; (R.A.K.); (A.V.K.)
- Lebedev Institute of Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 53, 117924 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Khomich
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pl. Vvedenskogo 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia; (R.A.K.); (A.V.K.)
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8
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Kim CS, Hobbs RG, Agarwal A, Yang Y, Manfrinato VR, Short MP, Li J, Berggren KK. Focused-helium-ion-beam blow forming of nanostructures: radiation damage and nanofabrication. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:045302. [PMID: 31578000 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4a65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Targeted irradiation of nanostructures by a finely focused ion beam provides routes to improved control of material modification and understanding of the physics of interactions between ion beams and nanomaterials. Here, we studied radiation damage in crystalline diamond and silicon nanostructures using a focused helium ion beam, with the former exhibiting extremely long-range ion propagation and large plastic deformation in a process visibly analogous to blow forming. We report the dependence of damage morphology on material, geometry, and irradiation conditions (ion dose, ion energy, ion species, and location). We anticipate that our method and findings will not only improve the understanding of radiation damage in isolated nanostructures, but will also support the design of new engineering materials and devices for current and future applications in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Soo Kim
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States of America
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9
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Opletal G, Sun B, Petersen TC, Russo SP, Barnard AS. Vacancy induced formation of nanoporous silicon, carbon and silicon carbide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6517-6524. [PMID: 30843541 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous semiconductors are used in a range of applications from sensing and gas separation, to photovoltaics, rechargeable batteries, energetic materials and micro electro mechanical systems. In most cases porosity occurs in conjunction with the competing process of amorphisation, creating a complicated material that responds differently to strain and density changes, depending on the composition. In this paper we use simple computational workflow involving Monte Carlo simulation, numerical characterisation and statistical analysis to explore the development of amorphous and nanoporous carbon, silicon and silicon carbide. We show that amorphous regions in Si and SiC form in advance of nanopores, and are essential in stabilising the nanopores once developed. Carbon prefers a porous structure at lower strains than amorphisation and exhibits a bimodal change in the structure which correlates with the change in C-C bond angles from tetrahedral sp3-like bonds to hexagonal sp2-like bonds as the strain increases. These results highlight how both of these processes can be analysed simultaneously using reliable interatomic forcefields or density functionals, provided sufficient samples are included to support the statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Opletal
- Data61 CSIRO, Door 34 Goods Shed Village St, Docklands, Victoria, Australia.
| | - B Sun
- Data61 CSIRO, Door 34 Goods Shed Village St, Docklands, Victoria, Australia.
| | - T C Petersen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - S P Russo
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
| | - A S Barnard
- Data61 CSIRO, Door 34 Goods Shed Village St, Docklands, Victoria, Australia.
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10
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Shiryaev AA, Hinks JA, Marks NA, Greaves G, Valencia FJ, Donnelly SE, González RI, Kiwi M, Trigub AL, Bringa EM, Fogg JL, Vlasov II. Ion implantation in nanodiamonds: size effect and energy dependence. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5099. [PMID: 29572465 PMCID: PMC5865192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in nature and are increasingly important for technology. They are subject to bombardment by ionizing radiation in a diverse range of environments. In particular, nanodiamonds represent a variety of nanoparticles of significant fundamental and applied interest. Here we present a combined experimental and computational study of the behaviour of nanodiamonds under irradiation by xenon ions. Unexpectedly, we observed a pronounced size effect on the radiation resistance of the nanodiamonds: particles larger than 8 nm behave similarly to macroscopic diamond (i.e. characterized by high radiation resistance) whereas smaller particles can be completely destroyed by a single impact from an ion in a defined energy range. This latter observation is explained by extreme heating of the nanodiamonds by the penetrating ion. The obtained results are not limited to nanodiamonds, making them of interest for several fields, putting constraints on processes for the controlled modification of nanodiamonds, on the survival of dust in astrophysical environments, and on the behaviour of actinides released from nuclear waste into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Shiryaev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninsky pr .31 korp. 4, Moscow, 119071, Russia. .,Chemistry Dept., Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Jonathan A Hinks
- University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel A Marks
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Graeme Greaves
- University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe J Valencia
- Núcleo de Matemáticas, Física y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Chile.,Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.,Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Avda. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, 9170124, Chile
| | - Stephen E Donnelly
- University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael I González
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Avda. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, 9170124, Chile.,Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide, 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Kiwi
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.,Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Avda. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, 9170124, Chile
| | | | - Eduardo M Bringa
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina.,CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jason L Fogg
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Igor I Vlasov
- General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova St. 38, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, 115409, Russia
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11
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Lagomarsino S, Calusi S, Massi M, Gelli N, Sciortino S, Taccetti F, Giuntini L, Sordini A, Vannoni M, Bosia F, Monticone DG, Olivero P, Fairchild BA, Kashyap P, Alves ADC, Strack MA, Prawer S, Greentree AD. Refractive index variation in a free-standing diamond thin film induced by irradiation with fully transmitted high-energy protons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:385. [PMID: 28341859 PMCID: PMC5428296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion irradiation is a widely employed tool to fabricate diamond micro- and nano-structures for applications in integrated photonics and quantum optics. In this context, it is essential to accurately assess the effect of ion-induced damage on the variation of the refractive index of the material, both to control the side effects in the fabrication process and possibly finely tune such variations. Several partially contradictory accounts have been provided on the effect of the ion irradiation on the refractive index of single crystal diamond. These discrepancies may be attributable to the fact that in all cases the ions are implanted in the bulk of the material, thus inducing a series of concurrent effects (volume expansion, stress, doping, etc.). Here we report the systematic characterization of the refractive index variations occurring in a 38 µm thin artificial diamond sample upon irradiation with high-energy (3 MeV and 5 MeV) protons. In this configuration the ions are fully transmitted through the sample, while inducing an almost uniform damage profile with depth. Therefore, our findings conclusively identify and accurately quantify the change in the material polarizability as a function of ion beam damage as the primary cause for the modification of its refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lagomarsino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - S Calusi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - M Massi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - N Gelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - S Sciortino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - F Taccetti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Giuntini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - A Sordini
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), CNR, Firenze, Italy
| | - M Vannoni
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), CNR, Firenze, Italy.,European XFEL GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Bosia
- Physics Department and NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - D Gatto Monticone
- Physics Department and NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - P Olivero
- Physics Department and NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy. .,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - B A Fairchild
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Kashyap
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A D C Alves
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M A Strack
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Prawer
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A D Greentree
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
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Forneris J, Traina P, Monticone DG, Amato G, Boarino L, Brida G, Degiovanni IP, Enrico E, Moreva E, Grilj V, Skukan N, Jakšić M, Genovese M, Olivero P. Electrical stimulation of non-classical photon emission from diamond color centers by means of sub-superficial graphitic electrodes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15901. [PMID: 26510889 PMCID: PMC4625126 DOI: 10.1038/srep15901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused MeV ion beams with micrometric resolution are suitable tools for the direct writing of conductive graphitic channels buried in an insulating diamond bulk, as already demonstrated for different device applications. In this work we apply this fabrication method to the electrical excitation of color centers in diamond, demonstrating the potential of electrical stimulation in diamond-based single-photon sources. Differently from optically-stimulated light emission from color centers in diamond, electroluminescence (EL) requires a high current flowing in the diamond subgap states between the electrodes. With this purpose, buried graphitic electrode pairs, 10 μm spaced, were fabricated in the bulk of a single-crystal diamond sample using a 6 MeV C microbeam. The electrical characterization of the structure showed a significant current injection above an effective voltage threshold of 150 V, which enabled the stimulation of a stable EL emission. The EL imaging allowed to identify the electroluminescent regions and the residual vacancy distribution associated with the fabrication technique. Measurements evidenced isolated electroluminescent spots where non-classical light emission in the 560–700 nm spectral range was observed. The spectral and auto-correlation features of the EL emission were investigated to qualify the non-classical properties of the color centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Forneris
- Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre University of Torino; INFN Sez. Torino; CNISM Research Unit - Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Traina
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM); Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Daniele Gatto Monticone
- Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre University of Torino; INFN Sez. Torino; CNISM Research Unit - Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Giampiero Amato
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM); Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Boarino
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM); Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Brida
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM); Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Ivo P Degiovanni
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM); Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Enrico
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM); Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Moreva
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM); Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Veljko Grilj
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenicka 54, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Natko Skukan
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenicka 54, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milko Jakšić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenicka 54, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marco Genovese
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM); Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Olivero
- Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre University of Torino; INFN Sez. Torino; CNISM Research Unit - Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
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13
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Bosia F, Argiolas N, Bazzan M, Fairchild BA, Greentree AD, Lau DWM, Olivero P, Picollo F, Rubanov S, Prawer S. Direct measurement and modelling of internal strains in ion-implanted diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:385403. [PMID: 23988841 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/38/385403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a phenomenological model and finite element simulations to describe the depth variation of mass density and strain of ion-implanted single-crystal diamond. Several experiments are employed to validate the approach: firstly, samples implanted with 180 keV B ions at relatively low fluences are characterized using high-resolution x-ray diffraction; secondly, the mass density variation of a sample implanted with 500 keV He ions, well above its amorphization threshold, is characterized with electron energy loss spectroscopy. At high damage densities, the experimental depth profiles of strain and density display a saturation effect with increasing damage and a shift of the damage density peak towards greater depth values with respect to those predicted by TRIM simulations, which are well accounted for in the model presented here. The model is then further validated by comparing transmission electron microscopy-measured and simulated thickness values of a buried amorphous carbon layer formed at different depths by implantation of 500 keV He ions through a variable-thickness mask to simulate the simultaneous implantation of ions at different energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bosia
- Department of Physics-NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino, Italy.
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