1
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Chen YF, Hsieh CL, Lee LR, Liu YC, Lee MJ, Chen JT. Photoswitchable and Solvent-Controlled Directional Actuators: Supramolecular Assembly and Crosslinked Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200547. [PMID: 36208074 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Untethered small actuators have drawn tremendous interest owing to their reversibility, flexibility, and widespread applications in various fields. For polymer actuators, however, it is still challenging to achieve programmable structural changes under different stimuli caused by the intractability and single-stimulus responses of most polymer materials. Herein, multi-stimuli-responsive polymer actuators that can respond to light and solvent via structural changes are developed. The actuators are based on bilayer films of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and azobenzene chromophore (AAZO)-crosslinked poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC). Upon UV light irradiation, the AAZO undergoes trans-cis-trans photoisomerization, causing the bending of the bilayer films. When the UV light is off, a shape recovery toward an opposite direction occurs spontaneously. The reversible deformation can be repeated at least 20 cycles. Upon solvent vapor annealing, one of the bilayer films can be selectively swollen, causing the bending of the bilayer films with the directions controlled by the solvent vapors. The effects of different parameters, such as the weight ratios of AAZO and film thicknesses, on the bending angles and curvatures of the polymer films are also analyzed. The results demonstrate that multi-stimuli-responsive actuators with fast responses and high reproducibility can be fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ruei Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Min-Jie Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Tai Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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2
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Zhang J, Zhao N, Qu F. Bio-inspired flapping wing robots with foldable or deformable wings: a review. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 18:011002. [PMID: 36317380 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac9ef5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditional flapping-wing robots (FWRs) obtain lift and thrust by relying on the passive deformation of their wings which cannot actively fold or deform. In contrast, flying creatures such as birds, bats, and insects can maneuver agilely through active folding or deforming their wings. Researchers have developed many bio-inspired foldable or deformable wings (FDWs) imitating the wings of flying creatures. The foldable wings refer to the wings like the creatures' wings that can fold in an orderly manner close to their bodies. Such wings have scattered feathers or distinct creases that can be stacked and folded to reduce the body envelope, which in nature is beneficial for these animals to prevent wing damage and ensure agility in crossing bushes. The deformable wings refer to the active deformation of the wings using active driving mechanisms and the passive deformation under the aerodynamic force, which functionally imitates the excellent hydrodynamic performance of the deformable body and wings of the creatures. However, the shape and external profile changes of deformable wings tend to be much smaller than that of folding wings. FDWs enable the FWRs to improve flight degree of flexibility, maneuverability, and efficiency and reduce flight energy consumption. However, FDWs still need to be studied, and a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art progress of FDWs in FWR design is lacking. This paper analyzes the wing folding and deformation mechanisms of the creatures and reviews the latest progress of FWRs with FDWs. Furthermore, we summarize the current limitations and propose future directions in FDW design, which could help researchers to develop better FWRs for safe maneuvering in obstacle-dense environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyang Qu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
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3
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Wireless Autonomous Soft Crawlers for Adjustable Climbing Actuation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Wang Q, Wu Z, Li J, Wei J, Guo J, Yin M. Spontaneous and Continuous Actuators Driven by Fluctuations in Ambient Humidity for Energy-Harvesting Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38972-38980. [PMID: 35994317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-oscillating soft actuators that enable spontaneous and continuous motion under an external stimulus with no human intervention have attracted extensive attention due to the great value of the realization of more sustainable and low-power-consumption actuators. However, the achievement of such actuators that collect chemical energy from the fluctuations in ambient humidity is still a great challenge. Here, an actuator film based on spiropyran@agarose (SP@AG) that can spontaneously and continuously collect chemical energy from the fluctuations in ambient humidity is developed. It is noteworthy that the SP@AG film has excellent self-oscillation behavior and a high oscillation amplitude (184°) under the size (40 × 8 mm) or load of 116 mg (about 5.2 times of the film weight). Moreover, on the basis of the self-oscillating motion, an energy conversion device is constructed by integrating the soft actuator with a piezoelectric PVDF film, which can spontaneously and continuously generate an output voltage of about 30 mV. Finally, a proof of concept for an "intelligent light-controllable window" that can open under humidity stimulus and change color under light is proposed herein. Overall, the self-oscillating actuator driven by fluctuations in ambient humidity shows immense potential in response to the atmospheric humidity of day-night rhythm and humid-energy-harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Colloidal self-assembly refers to a solution-processed assembly of nanometer-/micrometer-sized, well-dispersed particles into secondary structures, whose collective properties are controlled by not only nanoparticle property but also the superstructure symmetry, orientation, phase, and dimension. This combination of characteristics makes colloidal superstructures highly susceptible to remote stimuli or local environmental changes, representing a prominent platform for developing stimuli-responsive materials and smart devices. Chemists are achieving even more delicate control over their active responses to various practical stimuli, setting the stage ready for fully exploiting the potential of this unique set of materials. This review addresses the assembly of colloids into stimuli-responsive or smart nanostructured materials. We first delineate the colloidal self-assembly driven by forces of different length scales. A set of concepts and equations are outlined for controlling the colloidal crystal growth, appreciating the importance of particle connectivity in creating responsive superstructures. We then present working mechanisms and practical strategies for engineering smart colloidal assemblies. The concepts underpinning separation and connectivity control are systematically introduced, allowing active tuning and precise prediction of the colloidal crystal properties in response to external stimuli. Various exciting applications of these unique materials are summarized with a specific focus on the structure-property correlation in smart materials and functional devices. We conclude this review with a summary of existing challenges in colloidal self-assembly of smart materials and provide a perspective on their further advances to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qingsong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Min J, Barpuzary D, Ham H, Kang GC, Park MJ. Charged Block Copolymers: From Fundamentals to Electromechanical Applications. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4024-4035. [PMID: 34559505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charged block copolymers are promising materials for next-generation battery technologies and soft electronics. Although once it was only possible to prepare randomly organized structures, nowadays, well-ordered charged block copolymers can be prepared. In addition, theoretical and experimental analyses of the thermodynamic properties of charged polymers have provided insights into how to control nanostructures via electrostatic interactions and improve the ionic conductivity without compromising mechanical strength, which is crucial for practical applications. In this Account, we discuss methods to control the self-assembly and ion diffusion behavior of charged block copolymers by varying the type of tethered ionic moieties, local concentration of embedded ions with controlled electrostatic interactions, and nanoscale morphology. We discuss with particular emphasis on the structure-transport relationship of charged block copolymers using various ionic additives to control the phase behavior electrostatically as well as the ion transport properties. Through this, we establish the role of interconnected ionic channels in promoting ion-conduction and the importance of developing three-dimensional interconnected morphologies such as gyroid, orthorhombic Fddd (O70) networks, body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), and A15 structures with well-defined interfaces in creating less tortuous ion-conduction pathways. Our prolonged surge and synthetic advances are pushing the frontiers of charged block copolymers to have virtually homogeneous ionic domains with suppressed ion agglomeration via the nanoconfinement of closely bound ionic moieties, resulting in efficient ion conduction and high mechanical strength.Subsequently, we discuss how, by using zwitterions, we have radically improved the ionic conductivity of single-ion conducting polymers, which have potential for use in next-generation electrochemical devices owing to the constrained anion depletion. Key to the improvement stems from hierarchically ordered ionic crystals in nanodomains of the single-ion block copolymers through the self-organization of the dipolar/ionic moieties under confinement. By precisely tuning the distances between ionic sites and the dipolar orientation in the ionic domains with varied zwitterion contents, unprecedented dielectric constants close to those of aqueous electrolytes have been achieved, leading to the development of high-conductivity solid-state single-ion conducting polymers with leak-free characteristics. Further, using these materials, low-voltage-driven artificial muscles have been prepared that show a large bending strain and millisecond-scale mechanical deformations at 1 V in air without fatigue, exceeding the performance of previously reported polymer actuators. Finally, smart multiresponsive actuators based on tailor-made charged polymers capable of programmable deformation with high force and self-locking without power consumption are suggested as candidates for use in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Min
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Dipankar Barpuzary
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseong Ham
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Chan Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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7
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Barpuzary D, Ham H, Park D, Kim K, Park MJ. Smart Bioinspired Actuators: Crawling, Linear, and Bending Motions through a Multilayer Design. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50381-50391. [PMID: 34657431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To fulfill the insatiable demand for wearable technologies, ionic electroactive polymer actuators have been entrenched as promising candidates that can convert low-input-voltage energy into high mechanical throughput. However, a ubiquitous trilayer design of actuators allows exclusively bending deformation and their highly nonlinear response restricts the true potential of low-voltage actuators for next-generation technology. Herein, we report an unprecedented multilayer design for soft actuators that enables complex deformations shown by skeletal muscles, mechanoreceptors, and plant roots in response to various environmental stimuli. Hierarchically ordered pores in a stretchable interlayer provide excellent electromechanical properties and fast charging kinetics, which enable linear motion by soft actuators at 3 V and under ambient conditions. Our actuators demonstrate astonishing levels of performance, including a 6.5% linear actuation strain, 0.8 s rapid switching speed, and 5000 cycle stable performance in air, producing a 4.2 mN linear blocking force at a ±3 V alternating square-wave voltage. This actuator design demonstrating a walkable spider capable of controlled back-and-forth propelling motion at low driving voltages provides the platform to envision a complex functionality using a portable battery as a power source for soft robotics, wearable exosuits, and biomimetic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Barpuzary
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseong Ham
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Lijia An
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
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9
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Zhu X, Hu Y, Wu G, Chen W, Bao N. Two-Dimensional Nanosheets-Based Soft Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Actuators: Recent Advances in Design, Construction, and Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9273-9298. [PMID: 34018737 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soft electro-chemo-mechanical actuators have received enormous interest in biomimetic technologies, wearable electronics, and microelectromechanical systems due to their low voltage-driven large deformation, fast response, high strain, and working durability. Two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets, which can highly promote ion-induced micromotion to macrodeformation, have outstandingly been used as prime actuator electrodes because of their ordered microstructures, tunable interlayer spaces, controllable electrochemical activities, and excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Here, this review primarily focuses on the recent advances in key 2D electro-chemo-mechanical actuator electrodes, including graphene, MXenes, graphitic carbon nitride, molybdenum disulfide, black phosphorus, and graphdiyne. Various synthetic strategies of electrode design, such as microstructural architecture, active-site regulation, and channel construction, for achieving high ionic kinetic transport, charge storage, and electrochemical-mechanical performances are discussed. The advanced structures with diverse building principles that provide ordered and active ionic pathways for high actuation speed and strain are emphasized. Furthermore, the innovative applications of electro-chemo-mechanical actuators toward biomimetic robots and smart devices are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are also proposed. The aim of this review is to provide the guiding significance for scientific researchers and industrial engineers to design higher performance next-generation electro-chemo-mechanical actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ying Hu
- Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P.R. China
| | - Guan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
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10
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Sanderson S, Vamvounis G, Mark AE, Burn PL, White RD, Philippa BW. Unraveling exciton processes in Ir(ppy) 3:CBP OLED films upon photoexcitation. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:164101. [PMID: 33940818 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emissive layers in phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes commonly make use of guest-host blends such as Ir(ppy)3:CBP to achieve high external quantum efficiencies. However, while the Ir(ppy)3:CBP blend has been studied experimentally, crucial questions remain regarding how exciton diffusion is dependent on the distribution of the guest in the host, which can currently only be addressed at the atomic level via computational modeling. In this work, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are utilized to gain insight into exciton diffusion in Ir(ppy)3:CBP blend films. The effects of both guest concentration and exciton density on various system properties are analyzed, including the probability of singlet excitons being converted to triplets, and the probability of those triplets decaying radiatively. Significantly, these simulations suggest that triplet diffusion occurs almost exclusively via guest-guest Dexter transfer and that concentration quenching of triplets induced by guest-guest intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions has a negligible effect at high exciton densities due to the prevalence of triplet-triplet annihilation. Furthermore, results for vacuum deposited morphologies derived from molecular dynamics simulations are compared to the results obtained using a simple cubic lattice approximation with randomly distributed guest molecules. We show that while differences in host-based processes such as singlet diffusion are observed, overall, the results on the fate of the excitons are in good agreement for the two morphology types, particularly for guest-based processes at low guest concentrations where guest clustering is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sanderson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Alan E Mark
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ronald D White
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Bronson W Philippa
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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11
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Ko J, Kim D, Song Y, Lee S, Kwon M, Han S, Kang D, Kim Y, Huh J, Koh JS, Cho J. Electroosmosis-Driven Hydrogel Actuators Using Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Layer-By-Layer Assembly-Induced Crack Electrodes. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11906-11918. [PMID: 32885947 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Development of soft actuators with higher performance and more versatile controllability has been strongly required for further innovative advancement of various soft applications. Among various soft actuators, electrochemical actuators have attracted much attention due to their lightweight, simple device configuration, and facile low-voltage control. However, the reported performances have not been satisfactory because their working mechanism depends on the limited electrode expansion by conventional electrochemical reactions. Herein, we report an electroosmosis-driven hydrogel actuator with a fully soft monolithic structure-based whole-body actuation mechanism using an amphiphilic interaction-induced layer-by-layer assembly. For this study, cracked electrodes with interconnected metal nanoparticles are prepared on hydrogels through layer-by-layer assembly and shape transformation of metal nanoparticles at hydrophobic/hydrophilic solvent interfaces. Electroosmotic pumping by cracked electrodes instantaneously induces hydrogel swelling through reversible and substantial hydraulic flow. The resultant actuator exhibits actuation strain of higher than 20% and energy density of 1.06 × 105 J m-3, allowing various geometries (e.g., curved-planar and square-pillared structures) and motions (e.g., slow-relaxation, spring-out, and two degree of freedom bending). In particular, the energy density of our actuators shows about 10-fold improvement than those of skeletal muscle, electrochemical actuators, and various stimuli-responsive hydrogel actuators reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkuk Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkwon Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokmin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyong Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeshik Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Sung Koh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhan Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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12
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Mechanically robust and thermally stable electrochemical devices based on star-shaped random copolymer gel-electrolytes. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Zhou S, Wu B, Zhou Q, Jian Y, Le X, Lu H, Zhang D, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Chen T. Ionic Strength and Thermal Dual‐Responsive Bilayer Hollow Spherical Hydrogel Actuator. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900543. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) and College of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringJilin University Changchun 130022 China
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130061 China
| | - Baoyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) and College of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringJilin University Changchun 130022 China
- Cadre's WardThe First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 China
| | - Yukun Jian
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Xiaoxia Le
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education) and College of Biological and Agricultural EngineeringJilin University Changchun 130022 China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related TechnologiesZhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective TechnologiesNingbo Institute of Material Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 China
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14
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Zhang L, Pan J, Liu Y, Xu Y, Zhang A. NIR-UV Responsive Actuator with Graphene Oxide/Microchannel-Induced Liquid Crystal Bilayer Structure for Biomimetic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6727-6735. [PMID: 31917536 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soft bilayer actuators with a simple fabrication process, diverse molecular alignment, and multistimulus response are displayed in this work. The microchannel method proposed by us can exquisitely program the molecular arrangement. Based on the mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between graphene oxide (GO) and the azobenzene doped liquid crystal network (ALCN), bilayer actuators can exhibit reversible, rapid, and complex deformations under the control of heat, UV and NIR light. Furthermore, in addition to microchannels, various deformation behaviors of bilayer actuators can also be programmed by directionally arranging GO layers. Smart bilayer membranes can be customized into a range of delicate biomimetic devices, such as bionic butterfly, bionic leaf, and foot robot, promising their numerous applications in biomimetic and intelligent soft robotics fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China , Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Jingkai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China , Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Yinghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China , Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Yu Xu
- Xi'an Aerospace Composites Research Institute , Xi'an 710025 , China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China , Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
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Rajapaksha CPH, Feng C, Piedrahita C, Cao J, Kaphle V, Lüssem B, Kyu T, Jákli A. Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate Based Electro-Active Ionic Elastomer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900636. [PMID: 32022395 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Preparation and low voltage induced bending (converse flexoelectricity) of crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), modified with thiosiloxane (TS) and ionic liquid (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) (IL) are reported. In between 2µm PEDOT:PSS electrodes at 1 V, it provides durable (95% retention under 5000 cycles) and relatively fast (2 s switching time) actuation with the second largest strain observed so far in ionic electro-active polymers (iEAPs). In between 40 nm gold electrodes under 8 V DC voltage, the film can be completely curled up (270° bending angle) with 6% strain that, to the best of the knowledge, is unpreceded among iEAPs. These results render great potential for the TS/PEGDA/IL based electro-active actuators for soft robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chenrun Feng
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - Camilo Piedrahita
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Jinwei Cao
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Vikash Kaphle
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - Björn Lüssem
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - Thein Kyu
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Antal Jákli
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA.,Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA.,MTA Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, H1525, Hungary
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16
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Shi J, Liu S, Zhang L, Yang B, Shu L, Yang Y, Ren M, Wang Y, Chen J, Chen W, Chai Y, Tao X. Smart Textile-Integrated Microelectronic Systems for Wearable Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901958. [PMID: 31273850 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The programmable nature of smart textiles makes them an indispensable part of an emerging new technology field. Smart textile-integrated microelectronic systems (STIMES), which combine microelectronics and technology such as artificial intelligence and augmented or virtual reality, have been intensively explored. A vast range of research activities have been reported. Many promising applications in healthcare, the internet of things (IoT), smart city management, robotics, etc., have been demonstrated around the world. A timely overview and comprehensive review of progress of this field in the last five years are provided. Several main aspects are covered: functional materials, major fabrication processes of smart textile components, functional devices, system architectures and heterogeneous integration, wearable applications in human and nonhuman-related areas, and the safety and security of STIMES. The major types of textile-integrated nonconventional functional devices are discussed in detail: sensors, actuators, displays, antennas, energy harvesters and their hybrids, batteries and supercapacitors, circuit boards, and memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Shi
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Su Liu
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lin Shu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southern China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Yang
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ming Ren
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jiewei Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yang Chai
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiaoming Tao
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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17
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Jiao Z, Zhang C, Wang W, Pan M, Yang H, Zou J. Advanced Artificial Muscle for Flexible Material-Based Reconfigurable Soft Robots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901371. [PMID: 31728286 PMCID: PMC6839643 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flexible material-based soft robots are widely used in various areas. In many situations, the suitable soft robots should be rapidly fabricated to complete the urgent tasks (such as rescue), so the facile fabricating methods of the multifunctional soft robots are still in urgent needs. In this work, the origami structure is employed to design vacuum-powered silicone rubber artificial muscles, which can perform multiple motions, including contraction, bending, twisting, and radial motions. Artificial muscles can be used for rapid reconfiguration of different soft robots, just like the "building bricks". Based on these artificial muscles, four soft robots with different functions, including an omnidirectional quadruped robot, a flexible gripper, a flexible wrist, and a pipe-climbing robot, are reconfigured to complete different tasks. The proposed origami artificial muscles offer a facile and rapid fabricating method of flexible material-based soft robots, and also greatly improve the utilization rate of flexible materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic SystemsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic SystemsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic SystemsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Min Pan
- Centre for Power Transmission and Motion ControlDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic SystemsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Jun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic SystemsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Ningbo Research InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou315100China
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18
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Sun Z, Du S, Zhang D, Song W. Influence of pH and loading of PANI on electrochemical and electromechanical properties for high-performance renewable soft actuator with nano-biocomposite electrode. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Reconfigurable photoactuator through synergistic use of photochemical and photothermal effects. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4148. [PMID: 30297774 PMCID: PMC6175871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A reconfigurable actuator is a stimuli-responsive structure that can be programmed to adapt different shapes under identical stimulus. Reconfigurable actuators that function without control circuitry and are fueled remotely are in great demand to devise adaptive soft robotic devices. Yet, obtaining fast and reliable reconfiguration remains a grand challenge. Here we report a facile fabrication pathway towards reconfigurability, through synergistic use of photochemical and photothermal responses in light-active liquid crystal polymer networks. We utilize azobenzene photoisomerization to locally control the cis-isomer content and to program the actuator response, while subsequent photothermal stimulus actuates the structure, leading to shape morphing. We demonstrate six different shapes reconfigured from one single actuator under identical illumination conditions, and a light-fueled smart gripper that can be commanded to either grip and release or grip and hold an object after ceasing the illumination. We anticipate this work to enable all-optical control over actuator performance, paving way towards reprogrammable soft micro-robotics.
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Abstract
Soft actuators based on electroactive polymers (EAPs) are the core constituents of future soft robots owing to their fascinating properties such as lightweight, compactness, easy fabrication into various forms, and low cost. Ionic EAP actuators are particularly attractive owing to the low driving voltages (<3 V) as compared to those of electronic EAP actuators (usually kilovolts). This paper presents a brief overview of the recent progress in a range of EAP actuators by focusing on low voltage operation, in addition to the challenges and future strategies for their wide applicability in artificial muscles and various innovative soft robot technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onnuri Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea.
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