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Zhang C, Prasad AK, Liu T, Jacobs TDB, Martini A. Effect of reversible dislocation-based deformation on nanoparticle strain at failure. NANOSCALE 2025; 17:9297-9307. [PMID: 40100087 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr05138f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2025]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to isolate and quantify the reversible and irreversible mechanisms that contribute to deformation in platinum nanoparticles under compression. Quantitative analysis reveals how the nucleation and entanglement of dislocations can lead to reversible dislocation-based deformation. Simulations run at different temperatures and loading conditions show that the formation of entangled dislocations is more likely at higher temperatures and is facilitated by loading orientations where dislocations nucleate on intersecting slip planes. The presence of entangled dislocations increases the strain at failure due to the ability of those dislocations to accommodate strain reversibly. The results are corroborated by the observation of similar entangled dislocation loops during in situ compression experiments on nanoparticles of the same material. Overall, these findings provide insight into the role of dislocations in both reversible and irreversible deformation and their implications for nanoparticle stability and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA.
| | - Amit Kumar Prasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA.
| | - Tevis D B Jacobs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA.
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2
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Carlton CE, Zorro F, Caturla MJ, Aoki T, Zhu Y, Amodeo J, Ferreira PJ. Nanocompression of 20 nm Silver Nanoparticles: In situ Aberration-Corrected TEM and Atomistic Simulations. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2405292. [PMID: 39676431 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202405292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
Single-crystalline nanoparticles play an increasingly important role in a wide variety of fields including pharmaceuticals, advanced materials, catalysts for fuel cells, energy materials, as well as environmental detection and monitoring. Yet, the deformation mechanisms of very small nanoparticles are still poorly understood, in particular the role played by single dislocations and their interaction with surfaces. In this work, silver nanoparticles with particularly small dimensions (≈20 nanometers in diameter) are compressed in situ in an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. During compression, the emergence of both dislocations and nanotwins are observed. However, these defects prove to be unstable and disappear upon removal of the indenter. Atomistic simulations confirm the role played by image stresses associated with the nearby surfaces and the reduction in dislocation line length as it approaches the free surface, thereby supporting the experimental observations. These results provide justification for the frequent observation of the absence of dislocations in nanoparticles of a few nanometers in size during in situ experiments, even after significant deformation. This phenomenon contributes to the self-healing of samples through dislocation ejection toward the surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Earl Carlton
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Samsung Semiconductor, 12100 Samsung Blvd, Austin, TX, 78754, USA
| | - Fátima Zorro
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
- Mechanical Engineering Department and IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Maria José Caturla
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, 03690, Spain
| | - Toshihiro Aoki
- Irvine Materials Research Institute, 644 Engineering Tower, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jonathan Amodeo
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, 13397, France
| | - Paulo Jorge Ferreira
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, 4715-330, Portugal
- Mechanical Engineering Department and IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
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3
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Sun Y, Su A, Zhao L, Liu X, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen H. Shearing-induced formation of Au nanowires. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10164-10171. [PMID: 38966378 PMCID: PMC11220615 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01749h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Shearing-induced nucleation is known in our daily lives, yet rarely discussed in nano-synthesis. Here, we demonstrate an unambiguous shearing-induced growth of Au nanowires. While in static solution Au would predominately deposit on pre-synthesized triangular nanoplates to form nano-bowls, the introduction of stirring or shaking gives rise to nanowires, where an initial nucleation could be inferred. Under specific growth conditions, CTAB is responsible for stabilizing the growth materials and the resulting oversaturation promotes shearing-induced nucleation. At the same time, all Au surfaces are passivated by ligands, so that the growth materials are diverted to relatively fresher sites. We propose that the different degrees of "focused growth" in active surface growth could be represented by watersheds of different slopes, so that the subtle differences between neighbouring sites would set course to opposite pathways, with some sites becoming ever more active and others ever more inhibited. The shearing-induced nuclei, with their initially ligand-deficient surface and higher accessibility to growth materials, win the dynamic inter-particle competition against other sites, explaining the dramatic diversion of growth materials from the seeds to the nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Sun
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS) and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University Hangzhou 310030 P. R. China
| | - An Su
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University Hangzhou 310030 P. R. China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Lecheng Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS) and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS) and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University Hangzhou 310030 P. R. China
| | - Xueyang Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS) and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS) and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University Hangzhou 310030 P. R. China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 China
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4
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Ding R, Azadehranjbar S, Padilla Espinosa IM, Martini A, Jacobs TDB. Separating Geometric and Diffusive Contributions to the Surface Nucleation of Dislocations in Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4170-4179. [PMID: 38275286 PMCID: PMC10851666 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
While metal nanoparticles are widely used, their small size makes them mechanically unstable. Extensive prior research has demonstrated that nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 10-50 nm fail by the surface nucleation of dislocations, which is a thermally activated process. Two different contributions have been suggested to cause the weakening of smaller particles: first, geometric effects such as increased surface curvature reduce the barrier for dislocation nucleation; second, surface diffusion happens faster on smaller particles, thus accelerating the formation of surface kinks which nucleate dislocations. These two factors are difficult to disentangle. Here we use in situ compression testing inside a transmission electron microscope to measure the strength and deformation behavior of platinum particles in three groups: 12 nm bare particles, 16 nm bare particles, and 12 nm silica-coated particles. Thermodynamics calculations show that, if surface diffusion were the dominant factor, the last two groups would show equal strengthening. Our experimental results refute this, instead demonstrating a 100% increase in mean yield strength with increased particle size and no statistically significant increase in strength due to the addition of a coating. A separate analysis of stable plastic flow corroborates the findings, showing an order-of-magnitude increase in the rate of dislocation nucleation with a change in particle size and no change with coating. Taken together, these results demonstrate that surface diffusion plays a far smaller role in the failure of nanoparticles by dislocations as compared to geometric factors that reduce the energy barrier for dislocation nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikang Ding
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Soodabeh Azadehranjbar
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ingrid M. Padilla Espinosa
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Merced, Merced, California 95340, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Merced, Merced, California 95340, United States
| | - Tevis D. B. Jacobs
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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5
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Han X, Wu G, Ge Y, Yang S, Rao D, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Yan M, Zhang H, Gu L, Wu Y, Lin Y, Zhang H, Hong X. In situ Observation of Structural Evolution and Phase Engineering of Amorphous Materials during Crystal Nucleation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206994. [PMID: 36222376 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nucleation pathway determines the structures and thus properties of formed nanomaterials, which is governed by the free energy of the intermediate phase during nucleation. The amorphous structure, as one of the intermediate phases during nucleation, plays an important role in modulating the nucleation pathway. However, the process and mechanism of crystal nucleation from amorphous structures still need to be fully investigated. Here, in situ aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) is employed to conduct real-time imaging of the nucleation of ultrathin amorphous nanosheets (NSs). The results indicate that their nucleation contains three distinct stages, i.e., aggregation of atoms, crystallization to form lattice-expanded nanocrystals, and relaxation of the lattice-expanded nanocrystals to form final nanocrystals. In particular, the crystallization processes of various amorphous materials are investigated systematically to form corresponding nanocrystals with unconventional crystalline phases, including face-centered-cubic (fcc) Ru, hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) Rh, and a new intermetallic IrCo alloy. In situ electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis unveils that the doped carbon in the original amorphous NSs can migrate to the surface during the nucleation process, stabilizing the obtained unconventional crystal phases transformed from the amorphous structures, which is also proven by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Center of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Geng Wu
- Center of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yiyao Ge
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Shaokang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Dewei Rao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyan Guo
- Center of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Muyu Yan
- Center of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Center of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lin Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yuen Wu
- Center of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yue Lin
- Center of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Xun Hong
- Center of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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6
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A Multiple Site Type Nucleation Model and Its Application to the Probabilistic Strength of Pd Nanowires. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pristine specimens yield plastically under high loads by nucleating dislocations. Since dislocation nucleation is a thermally activated process, the so-called nucleation-controlled plasticity is probabilistic rather than deterministic, and the distribution of the yield strengths depends on the activation parameters to nucleate. In this work, we develop a model to predict the strength distribution in nucleation-controlled plasticity when there are multiple nucleation site types. We then apply the model to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of Pd nanowires under tension. We found that in Pd nanowires with a rhombic cross-section, nucleation starts from the edges, either with the acute or the obtuse cross-section angles, with a probability that is temperature-dependent. We show that the distribution of the nucleation strain is approximately normal for tensile loading at a constant strain rate. We apply the proposed model and extract the activation parameters for site types from both site types. With additional nudged elastic bands simulations, we propose that the activation entropy, in this case, has a negligible contribution. Additionally, the free-energy barriers obey a power-law with strain, with different exponents, which corresponds to the non-linear elastic deformation of the nanowires. This multiple site type nucleation model is not subjected only to two site types and can be extended to a more complex scenario like specimen with rough surfaces which has a distribution of nucleation sites with different conditions to nucleate dislocations.
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7
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Qi Y, Richter G, Suadiye E, Kalina M, Rabkin E. Plastic Forming of Metals at the Nanoscale: Interdiffusion-Induced Bending of Bimetallic Nanowhiskers. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11691-11699. [PMID: 32790344 PMCID: PMC7586402 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlled plastic forming of nanoscale metallic objects by applying mechanical load is a challenge, since defect-free nanocrystals usually yield at near theoretical shear strength, followed by stochastic dislocation avalanches that lead to catastrophic failure or irregular, uncontrolled shapes. Herein, instead of mechanical load, we utilize chemical stress from imbalanced interdiffusion to manipulate the shape of nanowhiskers. Bimetallic Au-Fe nanowhiskers with an ultrahigh bending strength were synthesized employing the molecular beam epitaxy technique. The one-sided Fe coating on the defect-free, single-crystalline Au nanowhisker exhibited both single- and polycrystalline regions. Annealing the bimetallic nanowhiskers at elevated temperatures led to gradual change of curvature and irreversible bending. At low homological temperatures at which grain boundary diffusion is a dominant mode of mass transport this irreversible bending was attributed to the grain boundary Kirkendall effect during the diffusion of Au along the grain boundaries in the Fe layer. At higher temperatures and longer annealing times, the bending was dominated by intensive bulk diffusion of Fe into the Au nanowhisker, accompanied by a significant migration of the Au-Fe interphase boundary toward the Fe layers. The irreversible bending was caused by the concentration dependence of the lattice parameter of the Au(Fe) alloy and by the volume effect associated with the interphase boundary migration. The results of this study demonstrate a high potential of chemical interdiffusion in the controlled plastic forming of ultrastrong metal nanostructures. By design of the thickness, microstructure, and composition of the coating as well as the parameters of heat treatment, bimetallic nanowhiskers can be bent in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshen Qi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Gunther Richter
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eylül Suadiye
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Kalina
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Eugen Rabkin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
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Zhang P, Salman OU, Weiss J, Truskinovsky L. Variety of scaling behaviors in nanocrystalline plasticity. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:023006. [PMID: 32942484 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.023006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We address the question of why larger, high-symmetry crystals are mostly weak, ductile, and statistically subcritical, while smaller crystals with the same symmetry are strong, brittle and supercritical. We link it to another question of why intermittent elasto-plastic deformation of submicron crystals features highly unusual size sensitivity of scaling exponents. We use a minimal integer-valued automaton model of crystal plasticity to show that with growing variance of quenched disorder, which can serve in this case as a proxy for increasing size, submicron crystals undergo a crossover from spin-glass marginality to criticality characterizing the second order brittle-to-ductile (BD) transition. We argue that this crossover is behind the nonuniversality of scaling exponents observed in physical and numerical experiments. The nonuniversality emerges only if the quenched disorder is elastically incompatible, and it disappears if the disorder is compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - O U Salman
- CNRS, LSPM UPR3407, Paris Nord Sorbonne Université, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - J Weiss
- IsTerre, CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes, 38401 Grenoble, France
| | - L Truskinovsky
- PMMH, CNRS UMR 7636, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
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Shao Q, Wang P, Zhu T, Huang X. Low Dimensional Platinum-Based Bimetallic Nanostructures for Advanced Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3384-3396. [PMID: 31397995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of renewable energy storage and conversion has been greatly promoted by the achievements in platinum (Pt)-based catalysts, which possess remarkable catalytic performance. However, the high cost and limited resources of Pt have hindered the practical applications and thus stimulated extensive efforts to achieve maximized catalytic performance with minimized Pt content. Low dimensional Pt-based bimetallic nanomaterials (such as nanoplates and nanowires) hold enormous potential to realize this target owing to their special atomic arrangement and electronic structures. Recent achievements reveal that strain engineering (e.g., the compressive or tensile strain existing on the Pt skin), surface engineering (e.g., high-index facets, Pt-rich surface, and highly open structures), and interface engineering (e.g., composition-segregated nanostructures) for such nanomaterials can readily lead to electronic modification, more active sites, and strong synergistic effect, thus opening up new avenues toward greatly enhanced catalytic performance. In this Account, we focus on recent advances in low dimensional Pt-based bimetallic nanomaterials as promising catalysts with high activity, long-term stability, and enhanced selectivity for both electrocatalysis and heterogeneous reactions. We begin by illustrating the important role of several strategies on optimizing the catalytic performance: (1) regulated electronic structure by strain effect, (2) increased active sites by surface modification, and (3) the optimized synergistic effect by interfacial engineering. First of all, a difference in atomic bonding strength can result in compressive or tensile force, leading to downshift or upshift of the d-band center. Such effects can be significantly amplified in low-dimensionally confined nanostructures, producing optimized bonding strength for improved catalysis. Furthermore, a high density of high-index facets and a Pt-rich surface in shape-controlled nanostructures based on surface engineering provide further enhancement due to the increased Pt atom utilization and optimal adsorption energy. Finally, interfacial engineering of low dimensional Pt-based bimetallic nanomaterials with high composition-segregation can facilitate the catalytic process due to a strong synergetic effect, which effectively tunes the electronic structure, modifies the coordination environment, and prevents catalysts from serious aggregation. The rational design of low dimensional Pt-based bimetallic nanomaterials with superior catalytic properties based on strain, surface, and interface engineering could help realize enhanced catalysis, gain deep understanding of the structure-performance relationship, and expand access to Pt-based materials for general communities of materials science, chemical engineering, and catalysis in renewable energy research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Pengtang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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