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Zheng Y, Du Y, Chen L, Mao W, Pu Y, Wang S, Wang D. Recent advances in shape memory polymeric nanocomposites for biomedical applications and beyond. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2033-2040. [PMID: 38517138 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs), which initiate shape transformation in response to environmental stimuli, have attracted significant attention in both academic research and technological innovation. The combination of functional nanomaterials and SMPs has led to the emergence of a variety of shape memory polymeric nanocomposites (SMPNs) with multifunctional properties. This has injected new vitality and vigor into fields such as tissue engineering, biomedicine, optical sensing, aerospace and mechanical engineering. In this review article, we present a brief introduction to the fundamentals of SMPs and SMPNs, followed by a discussion of the recent advances in their multifunctional applications in biomedical manufacturing, drug delivery devices, mechanical sensing, micro-engines, etc. The opportunities and challenges in the future development of SMPs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yudi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Wei Mao
- Quzhou Innovation Institute for Chemical Engineering and Materials, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Yuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Steven Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Ha H, Lee CH, Lee KS, Lee K, Park J, Kim SY, Baek S, Kang ML, Lee DW, Sung HJ. Shape-Configurable Mesh for Hernia Repair by Synchronizing Anisotropic Body Motion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303325. [PMID: 37490554 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Continuous progress has been made in elucidating the relationship between material property, device design, and body function to develop surgical meshes. However, an unmet need still exists wherein the surgical mesh can handle the body motion and thereby promote the repair process. Here, the hernia mesh design and the advanced polymer properties are tailored to synchronize with the anisotropic abdominal motion through shape configuration. The thermomechanical property of shape configurable polymer enables molding of mesh shape to fit onto the abdominal structure upon temperature shift, followed by shape fixing with the release of the heat energy. The microstructural design of mesh is produced through finite element modeling to handle the abdominal motion efficiently through the anisotropic longitudinal and transverse directions. The design effects are validated through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo mechanical analyses using a self-configurable, body motion responsive (BMR) mesh. The regenerative function of BMR mesh leads to effective repair in a rat hernioplasty model by effectively handling the anisotropic abdomen motion. Subsequently, the device-tissue integration is promoted by promoting healthy collagen synthesis with fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. This study suggests a potential solution to promote hernia repair by fine-tuning the relationship between material property and mesh design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Ha
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Suk Lee
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd., 6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru-ro 8-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubae Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Yeong Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewoom Baek
- Department of Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science and Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Lan Kang
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd., 6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru-ro 8-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04799, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science and Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd., 6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru-ro 8-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04799, Republic of Korea
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3
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Li S, Zhang H, Xie J, Wang Z, Wang K, Zhai Z, Ding J, Wang S, Shen L, Wen J, Tang YD, Wang H, Zhu Y, Gao C. In vivo self-assembled shape-memory polyurethane for minimally invasive delivery and therapy. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3438-3449. [PMID: 37424353 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Advanced elastomers are highly in demand for the fabrication of medical devices for minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Herein, a shape memory and self-healing polyurethane (PCLUSe) composed of semi-crystalline poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) segments and interchangeable and antioxidative diselenide bonds was designed and synthesized. The excellent shape memory of PCLUSe contributed to the smooth MIS operation, leading to less surgical wounds than in the case of sternotomy. The diselenide bonds of PCLUSe contributed to the rapid self-healing under 405 nm irradiation within 60 s, and the alleviation of tissue oxidation post injury. After being delivered through a 10 mm diameter trocar onto a beating canine heart by MIS, two shape-recovered PCLUSe films self-assembled (self-healing) into a larger single patch (20 × 10 × 0.2 mm3) under the trigger of laser irradiation in situ, which could efficiently overcome the limited-size problem within MIS and meet a larger treatment area. The diselenide bonds in the PCLUSe cardiac patches protected the myocardium under oxidative stress post myocardial infarction (MI), and significantly maintained the cardiac functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jieqi Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zihe Zhai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Shuqin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Liyin Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huanan Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Center for Healthcare Materials, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312099, China
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4
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Du B, Wang X, Xia Y, Wu Y, Wu B, Huang S. Hygroscopic Tunable Multishape Memory Effect in Cellulosic Macromolecular Networks with a Supramolecular Mesophase. ACS Macro Lett 2023:835-840. [PMID: 37294873 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tunable multishape memory polymers offer intriguing opportunities for memorizing multiple temporary shapes with tunable transition temperatures from one material composition. However, such multishape memory effects have been exclusively correlated with the thermomechanical behaviors of polymers, significantly limiting their applications in heat-sensitive scenarios. Here we report a nonthermal tunable multishape memory effect in covalently cross-linked cellulosic macromolecular networks, which spontaneously organize into supramolecular mesophases by water evaporation induced self-assembly. The supramolecular mesophase endows the network with a broad, reversible hygromechanical response combined with a unique moisture memory effect at ambient temperature, enabling diverse multishape memory behaviors (dual-, triple-, and quadruple-shape memory) under highly tunable and independent control of relative humidity (RH) alone. Significantly, such a hygroscopic tunable multishape memory effect readily extends the implications of shape memory polymers beyond the conventional thermomechanical regimes with potential advantages for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Du
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yuming Xia
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yongbin Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Binyu Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Siya Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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Kim HS, Park J, Ha HS, Baek S, Lee CH, Lee K, Park S, Kim J, Yi SW, Sung HJ. Body-Shaping Membrane to Regenerate Breast Fat by Elastic Structural Holding. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0137. [PMID: 37228635 PMCID: PMC10204741 DOI: 10.34133/research.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration requires structural holding and movement support using tissue-type-specific aids such as bone casts, skin bandages, and joint protectors. Currently, an unmet need exists in aiding breast fat regeneration as the breast moves following continuous body motion by exposing the breast fat to dynamic stresses. Here, the concept of elastic structural holding is applied to develop a shape-fitting moldable membrane for breast fat regeneration ("adipoconductive") after surgical defects are made. The membrane has the following key characteristics: (a) It contains a panel of honeycomb structures, thereby efficiently handling motion stress through the entire membrane; (b) a strut is added into each honeycomb in a direction perpendicular to gravity, thereby suppressing the deformation and stress concentration upon lying and standing; and (c) thermo-responsive moldable elastomers are used to support structural holding by suppressing large deviations of movement that occur sporadically. The elastomer became moldable upon a temperature shift above Tm. The structure can then be fixed as the temperature decreases. As a result, the membrane promotes adipogenesis by activating mechanotransduction in a fat miniature model with pre-adipocyte spheroids under continuous shaking in vitro and in a subcutaneous implant placed on the motion-prone back areas of rodents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Seon Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project,
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project,
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Su Ha
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project,
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewoom Baek
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project,
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project,
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubae Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project,
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project,
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueun Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project,
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Yi
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project,
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd., 6th Floor, 31, Gwangnaru-ro 8-gil,
Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project,
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd., 6th Floor, 31, Gwangnaru-ro 8-gil,
Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04799, Republic of Korea
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Ha H, Park JY, Lee CH, Son D, Chung SW, Baek S, Lee K, Lee KS, Yi SW, Kang M, Kim D, Sung H. Vascular Cast to Program Antistenotic Hemodynamics and Remodeling of Vein Graft. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204993. [PMID: 36727829 PMCID: PMC10074125 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The structural stability of medical devices is established by managing stress distribution in response to organ movement. Veins abruptly dilate upon arterial grafting due to the mismatched tissue property, resulting in flow disturbances and consequently stenosis. Vascular cast is designed to wrap the vein-artery grafts, thereby adjusting the diameter and property mismatches by relying on the elastic fixity. Here, a small bridge connection in the cast structure serves as an essential element to prevent stress concentrations due to the improved elastic fixity. Consequently, the vein dilation is efficiently suppressed, healthy (laminar and helical) flow is induced effectively, and the heathy functions of vein grafting are promoted, as indicated by the flow directional alignment of endothelial cells with arterialization, muscle expansion, and improved contractility. Finally, collaborative effects of the bridge drastically suppress stenosis with patency improvement. As a key technical point, the advantages of the bridge addition are validated via the computational modeling of fluid-structure interaction, followed by a customized ex vivo set-up and analyses. The calculated effects are verified using a series of cell, rat, and canine models towards translation. The bridge acted like "Little Dutch boy" who saved the big mass using one finger by supporting the cast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Ha
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine50–1 Yonsei‐roSeodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Park
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd.6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru‐ro 8‐gil, Seongdong‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine50–1 Yonsei‐roSeodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Deok‐Hyeon Son
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine50–1 Yonsei‐roSeodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Won Chung
- Department of Plastic SurgeryKorea University Guro HospitalKorea University College of MedicineGurodong‐ro 28‐gilGuro‐guSeoul08308Republic of Korea
| | - Sewoom Baek
- Department of Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science and Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine50–1 Yonsei‐roSeodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubae Lee
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine50–1 Yonsei‐roSeodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Suk Lee
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd.6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru‐ro 8‐gil, Seongdong‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Yi
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd.6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru‐ro 8‐gil, Seongdong‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Mi‐Lan Kang
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd.6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru‐ro 8‐gil, Seongdong‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary SurgeryChungnam National University College of Veterinary Medicine99, Daehak‐roYuseong‐guDaejeon34134Republic of Korea
| | - Hak‐Joon Sung
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine50–1 Yonsei‐roSeodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd.6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru‐ro 8‐gil, Seongdong‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science and Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine50–1 Yonsei‐roSeodaemun‐guSeoul03722Republic of Korea
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7
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Intelligent Eucommia ulmoides Rubber/Ionomer Blends with Thermally Activated Shape Memory and Self-Healing Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051182. [PMID: 36904423 PMCID: PMC10006959 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelligent Eucommia ulmoides rubber (EUR) and ionomer Surlyn resin (SR) blends were prepared and studied in this manuscript. This is the first paper to combine EUR with SR to prepare blends with both the shape memory effect and self-healing capability. The mechanical, curing, thermal, shape memory and self-healing properties were studied by a universal testing machine, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), respectively. Experimental results showed that the increase in ionomer content not only improved mechanical and shape memory properties but also endowed the compounds with excellent self-healing ability under the appropriate environmental conditions. Notably, the self-healing efficiency of the composites reached 87.41%, which is much higher than the efficiency of other covalent cross-linking composites. Therefore, these novel shape memory and self-healing blends can expand the use of natural Eucommia ulmoides rubber, such as in special medical devices, sensors and actuators.
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Delaey J, Parmentier L, Pyl L, Brancart J, Adriaensens P, Dobos A, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Solid-State Crosslinkable, Shape-Memory Polyesters Serving Tissue Engineering. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200955. [PMID: 36755500 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Acrylate-endcapped urethane-based precursors constituting a poly(D,L-lactide)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PDLLA/PCL) random copolymer backbone are synthesized with linear and star-shaped architectures and various molar masses. It is shown that the glass transition and thus the actuation temperature could be tuned by varying the monomer content (0-8 wt% ε-caprolactone, Tg,crosslinked = 10-42 °C) in the polymers. The resulting polymers are analyzed for their physico-chemical properties and viscoelastic behavior (G'max = 9.6-750 kPa). The obtained polymers are subsequently crosslinked and their shape-memory properties are found to be excellent (Rr = 88-100%, Rf = 78-99.5%). Moreover, their potential toward processing via various additive manufacturing techniques (digital light processing, two-photon polymerization and direct powder extrusion) is evidenced with retention of their shape-memory effect. Additionally, all polymers are found to be biocompatible in direct contact in vitro cell assays using primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) through MTS assay (up to ≈100% metabolic activity relative to TCP) and live/dead staining (>70% viability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Delaey
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Laurens Parmentier
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Lincy Pyl
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions (MeMC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Agnes Dobos
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,BIO INX BV, Tech Lane 66, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,BIO INX BV, Tech Lane 66, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Belgium
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He W, Zhou D, Gu H, Qu R, Cui C, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang Q, Wang T, Zhang Y. A Biocompatible 4D Printing Shape Memory Polymer as Emerging Strategy for Fabrication of Deployable Medical Devices. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200553. [PMID: 36029168 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of 4D printing provides a potential strategy for the fabrication of deployable medical devices (DMD). The minimally invasive surgery to implant the DMD into the body is critical, 4D printing DMD allows the well-defined device to be implanted with a high-compacted shape and transformed into their designed shape to meet the requirement. Herein, a 4D printing tissue engineering material is developed with excellent biocompatibility and shape memory effect based on the photocrosslinked polycaprolactone (PCL). The fast thiol-acrylate click reaction is applied for photocrosslinking of the acrylates capped star polymer (s-PCL-MA) with poly-thiols, that enable the 3D printing for the DMD fabrication. The cell viability, erythrocyte hemolysis, and platelet adhesion results indicate the excellent biocompatibility of the 4D printing polymer, especially the biological subcutaneous implantation results confirm the promote tissue growth and good histocompatibility. A 4D printing stent with deformable shape and recovery at a temperature close to human body temperature demonstrated the potential application as DMD. In addition, the everolimus is loaded to the polymer (ps1-PCL) through host-guest coordination with β-cyclodextrin as the core of the star polymer, which shows sustained drug release and improved body's inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang He
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hao Gu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ruisheng Qu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqiang Cui
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yanyi Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tingmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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10
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Zhao W, Yue C, Liu L, Liu Y, Leng J. Research Progress of Shape Memory Polymer and 4D Printing in Biomedical Application. Adv Healthc Mater 2022:e2201975. [PMID: 36520058 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of smart material, shape memory polymer (SMP) shows great application potential in the biomedical field. Compared with traditional metal-based medical devices, SMP-based devices have the following characteristics: 1) The adaptive ability allows the biomedical device to better match the surrounding tissue after being implanted into the body by minimally invasive implantation; 2) it has better biocompatibility and adjustable biodegradability; 3) mechanical properties can be regulated in a large range to better match with the surrounding tissue. 4D printing technology is a comprehensive technology based on smart materials and 3D printing, which has great application value in the biomedical field. 4D printing technology breaks through the technical bottleneck of personalized customization and provides a new opportunity for the further development of the biomedical field. This paper summarizes the application of SMP and 4D printing technology in the field of bone tissue scaffolds, tracheal scaffolds, and drug release, etc. Moreover, this paper analyzes the existing problems and prospects, hoping to provide a preliminary discussion and useful reference for the application of SMP in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), P.O. Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Chengbin Yue
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), P.O. Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Liwu Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), P.O. Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), P.O. Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), P.O. Box 3011, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
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11
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Afzali Naniz M, Askari M, Zolfagharian A, Afzali Naniz M, Bodaghi M. 4D Printing: A Cutting-edge Platform for Biomedical Applications. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36044881 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature's materials have evolved over time to be able to respond to environmental stimuli by generating complex structures that can change their functions in response to distance, time, and direction of stimuli. A number of technical efforts are currently being made to improve printing resolution, shape fidelity, and printing speed to mimic the structural design of natural materials with three-dimensional (3D) printing. Unfortunately, this technology is limited by the fact that printed objects are static and cannot be reshaped dynamically in response to stimuli. In recent years, several smart materials have been developed that can undergo dynamic morphing in response to a stimulus, thus resolving this issue. Four-dimensional (4D) printing refers to a manufacturing process involving additive manufacturing, smart materials, and specific geometries. It has become an essential technology for biomedical engineering and has the potential to create a wide range of useful biomedical products. This paper will discuss the concept of 4D bioprinting and the recent developments in smart matrials, which can be actuated by different stimuli and be exploited to develop biomimetic materials and structures, with significant implications for pharmaceutics and biomedical research, as well as prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moqaddaseh Afzali Naniz
- University of New South Wales, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mohsen Askari
- Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Manpus, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Engineering, Deakin University Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mehrdad Afzali Naniz
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering , Nottingham Trent University - Clifton Campus, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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12
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Wang Y, Cui H, Esworthy T, Mei D, Wang Y, Zhang LG. Emerging 4D Printing Strategies for Next-Generation Tissue Regeneration and Medical Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109198. [PMID: 34951494 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of 3D printing has led to considerable progress in the field of biomedical engineering. Notably, 4D printing provides a potential strategy to achieve a time-dependent physical change within tissue scaffolds or replicate the dynamic biological behaviors of native tissues for smart tissue regeneration and the fabrication of medical devices. The fabricated stimulus-responsive structures can offer dynamic, reprogrammable deformation or actuation to mimic complex physical, biochemical, and mechanical processes of native tissues. Although there is notable progress made in the development of the 4D printing approach for various biomedical applications, its more broad-scale adoption for clinical use and tissue engineering purposes is complicated by a notable limitation of printable smart materials and the simplistic nature of achievable responses possible with current sources of stimulation. In this review, the recent progress made in the field of 4D printing by discussing the various printing mechanisms that are achieved with great emphasis on smart ink mechanisms of 4D actuation, construct structural design, and printing technologies, is highlighted. Recent 4D printing studies which focus on the applications of tissue/organ regeneration and medical devices are then summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of 4D printing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Deqing Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronics Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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13
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Shape-Memory Polymers Hallmarks and Their Biomedical Applications in the Form of Nanofibers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031290. [PMID: 35163218 PMCID: PMC8835830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs) are considered a kind of smart material able to modify size, shape, stiffness and strain in response to different external (heat, electric and magnetic field, water or light) stimuli including the physiologic ones such as pH, body temperature and ions concentration. The ability of SMPs is to memorize their original shape before triggered exposure and after deformation, in the absence of the stimulus, and to recover their original shape without any help. SMPs nanofibers (SMPNs) have been increasingly investigated for biomedical applications due to nanofiber’s favorable properties such as high surface area per volume unit, high porosity, small diameter, low density, desirable fiber orientation and nanoarchitecture mimicking native Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM). This review focuses on the main properties of SMPs, their classification and shape-memory effects. Moreover, advantages in the use of SMPNs and different biomedical application fields are reported and discussed.
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14
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Zhou S, Bai J, Li T, Gao X, Xu R, Shi Z. Stress Communication between the Chain Movement and the Shape Transformation from 2D to 3D. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2082-2091. [PMID: 34974701 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers can change their initial shape under the stimulation of the external environment, but most of the stimulations require not only an external force but also a high temperature, which limits their application to a certain extent. Inspired by the unmatched elongation of cells on both sides of the mimosa petiole in nature, which leads to leaf closure, we designed a new type of shape transformation polymer, which can transform between 2D and 3D by simple stretching and releasing steps at room temperature. Surface patterning on one side of the sample film was realized via a coordination network of Fe3+-COOH to achieve different coordination gradients along its thickness. By this way, different movements of polymer chains along the thickness would lead to 2D-3D transformation upon releasing the stretched sample. Using this method, we obtained a series of transformations from customized 2D materials to complex 3D shapes and explored their potential application in information encryption transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiaxin Gao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ruoyu Xu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zixing Shi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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15
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Ren H, Xie L, Xu Y, Zhao Q, Zheng N. UV
curable micro‐structured shape memory epoxy with tunable performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ren
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Lulin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou China
| | - Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Center for Chemistry of High‐Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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16
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Zhou Y, Zhou D, Cao P, Zhang X, Wang Q, Wang T, Li Z, He W, Ju J, Zhang Y. 4D Printing of Shape Memory Vascular Stent Based on βCD-g-Polycaprolactone. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100176. [PMID: 34121258 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The 4D-printing technology is applied to fabricate a shape memory peripheral stent with good biocompatibility, which sustains long-term drug release. The star polymer s-PCL is prepared by ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone with the -OH of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) as initiator, and then the s-PCL is modified with acrylate endgroup which allows the polymerization under UV light to form the crosslinking network c-PCL. Attributed to the feature of the high crosslinked structure and chemical nature of polycaprolactone (PCL) and βCD, the composite exhibits appropriate tensile strength and sufficient elasticity and bursting pressure, and it is comparable with great saphenous vein in human body. The radial support of the 4D-printed stent is 0.56 ± 0.11 N and is equivalent to that of commercial stent. The cell adhesion and proliferation results show a good biocompatibility of the stent with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Due to the presence of βCD, the wettability and biocompatibility of the materials are improved, and the sustained paclitaxel release based on the host-guest complexion shows the potential of the drug-loaded stent for long-term release. This study provides a new strategy to solve the urgent need of small-diameter scaffolds to treat critical limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Zhou
- Vascular Surgery Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Vascular Surgery Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Pengrui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tingmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Vascular Surgery Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wenyang He
- Vascular Surgery Department, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Junping Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Yaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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17
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Yi SW, Shin YM, Lee JB, Park JY, Kim DH, Baek W, Yoon JK, Kim DG, Shin IS, Kim CS, Kang ML, Yang JW, Sung HJ. Dilation-Responsive Microshape Programing Prevents Vascular Graft Stenosis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007297. [PMID: 33729684 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory materials have been successfully applied to minimally invasive implantation of medical devices. However, organ-movement-specific shape programing at a microscale level has never been demonstrated despite significant unmet needs. As vein-to-artery grafting induces vein dilation and stenosis, a polymeric self-enclosable external support (SES) is designed to wrap the vascular out-wall. Its micropores are programmed to increase sizes and interconnections upon dilation. Vessel dilation promotes venous maturation, but overdilation induces stenosis by disturbed blood flow. Therefore, the unique elastic shape-fixity of SES provides a foundation to enable a stable microscale shape transition by maintaining the vein dilation. The shape transition of micropore architecture upon dilation induces beneficial inflammation, thereby regenerating vasa vasorum and directing smooth muscle cell migration toward adventitia with the consequent muscle reinforcement of veins. This game-changer approach prevents the stenosis of vein-to-artery grafting by rescuing ischemic disorders and promoting arterial properties of veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Won Yi
- TMD LAB Co., Ltd., 6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru-ro 8-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04799, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Shin
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Park
- TMD LAB Co., Ltd., 6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru-ro 8-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04799, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyeol Baek
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Kee Yoon
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Gie Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sik Shin
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Kim
- Numais Co., Ltd., 5th floor, 31, Gwangnaru-ro 8-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04799, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Lan Kang
- TMD LAB Co., Ltd., 6th floor, 31, Gwangnaru-ro 8-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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18
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Yoon HJ, Lee YJ, Baek S, Chung YS, Kim DH, Lee JH, Shin YC, Shin YM, Ryu C, Kim HS, Ahn SH, Kim H, Won YB, Lee I, Jeon MJ, Cho SH, Lee BS, Sung HJ, Choi YS. Hormone autocrination by vascularized hydrogel delivery of ovary spheroids to rescue ovarian dysfunctions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/18/eabe8873. [PMID: 33910892 PMCID: PMC8081364 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe8873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration potential of implantable organ model hydrogels is applied to treat a loss of ovarian endocrine function in women experiencing menopause and/or cancer therapy. A rat ovariectomy model is used to harvest autologous ovary cells while subsequently producing a layer-by-layer form of follicle spheroids. Implantation of a microchannel network hydrogel with cell spheroids [vascularized hydrogel with ovarian spheroids (VHOS)] into an ischemic hindlimb of ovariectomized rats significantly aids the recovery of endocrine function with hormone release, leading to full endometrium regeneration. The VHOS implantation effectively suppresses the side effects observed with synthetic hormone treatment (i.e., tissue overgrowth, hyperplasia, cancer progression, deep vein thrombosis) to the normal levels, while effectively preventing the representative aftereffects of menopause (i.e., gaining fatty weight, inducing osteoporosis). These results highlight the unprecedented therapeutic potential of an implantable VHOS against menopause and suggest that it may be used as an alternative approach to standard hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Yoon
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Lee
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewoom Baek
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Shin Chung
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Shin
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsoon Ryu
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Ahn
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyon Kim
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Won
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Inha Lee
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jae Jeon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyun Cho
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Seok Lee
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Sik Choi
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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19
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Xia Y, He Y, Zhang F, Liu Y, Leng J. A Review of Shape Memory Polymers and Composites: Mechanisms, Materials, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000713. [PMID: 32969090 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, interest in shape memory polymers (SMPs) has persisted, and immense efforts have been dedicated to developing SMPs and their multifunctional composites. As a class of stimuli-responsive polymers, SMPs can return to their initial shape from a programmed temporary shape under external stimuli, such as light, heat, magnetism, and electricity. The introduction of functional materials and nanostructures results in shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) with large recoverable deformation, enhanced mechanical properties, and controllable remote actuation. Because of these unique features, SMPCs have a broad application prospect in many fields covering aerospace engineering, biomedical devices, flexible electronics, soft robotics, shape memory arrays, and 4D printing. Herein, a comprehensive analysis of the shape recovery mechanisms, multifunctionality, applications, and recent advances in SMPs and SMPCs is presented. Specifically, the combination of functional, reversible, multiple, and controllable shape recovery processes is discussed. Further, established products from such materials are highlighted. Finally, potential directions for the future advancement of SMPs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xia
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yang He
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
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20
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Sun L, Gao X, Wu D, Guo Q. Advances in Physiologically Relevant Actuation of Shape Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications. POLYM REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2020.1825487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Decheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiongyu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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21
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Oh WT, Lee JB, Choi W, Bae HW, Kim CS, Kim CY, Sung HJ. Shape Memory Tube Plug for Fine-control of Intraocular Pressure by Glaucoma Devices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3784-3790. [PMID: 33463360 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a standard approach to treating glaucoma, a silicone tube device is inserted into the eye to drain water and thereby lower the intraocular pressure (IOP). However, the fixed diameter of the tube often results in too much initial water drain. Suture-sheaving of the outer tube wall also leads to random IOP drops over time. In this study, self-expansion of the inner tube diameter was achieved by inserting a shape memory tube into the silicone tube. The difference in controlling small to large IOP drops before and after tube diameter expansion was demonstrated via computational modeling, a flow pumping system, and rabbit experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Taek Oh
- TMD LAB Co., Ltd., Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Wungrak Choi
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung Won Bae
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Chan Yun Kim
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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22
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Kim TY, Kim D, Yoon J, Kim S, Yi SW, Oh WT, Park JY, Kim H, Kang M, Lee JB, Sung H. External Self‐Closing Tube to Occlude a Vessel Gradually as a Therapeutic Means of Portosystemic Shunt. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Kim
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Kee Yoon
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Surim Kim
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Yi
- TMD Lab., Co., Ltd. 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Taek Oh
- TMD Lab., Co., Ltd. 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Park
- TMD Lab., Co., Ltd. 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye‐Seon Kim
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi‐Lan Kang
- TMD Lab., Co., Ltd. 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biological ScienceSookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 Republic of Korea
| | - Hak‐Joon Sung
- Department of Medical EngineeringYonsei University College of Medicine 50‐1 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
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23
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Lee JB, Kim DH, Yoon JK, Park DB, Kim HS, Shin YM, Baek W, Kang ML, Kim HJ, Sung HJ. Microchannel network hydrogel induced ischemic blood perfusion connection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:615. [PMID: 32001693 PMCID: PMC6992688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis induction into damaged sites has long been an unresolved issue. Local treatment with pro-angiogenic molecules has been the most common approach. However, this approach has critical side effects including inflammatory coupling, tumorous vascular activation, and off-target circulation. Here, the concept that a structure can guide desirable biological function is applied to physically engineer three-dimensional channel networks in implant sites, without any therapeutic treatment. Microchannel networks are generated in a gelatin hydrogel to overcome the diffusion limit of nutrients and oxygen three-dimensionally. Hydrogel implantation in mouse and porcine models of hindlimb ischemia rescues severely damaged tissues by the ingrowth of neighboring host vessels with microchannel perfusion. This effect is guided by microchannel size-specific regenerative macrophage polarization with the consequent functional recovery of endothelial cells. Multiple-site implantation reveals hypoxia and neighboring vessels as major causative factors of the beneficial function. This technique may contribute to the development of therapeutics for hypoxia/inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Kee Yoon
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan Bi Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Shin
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyeol Baek
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Lan Kang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- TMD LAB Co. Ltd., 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Park JY, Lee JB, Shin WB, Kang ML, Shin YC, Son DH, Yi SW, Yoon JK, Kim JY, Ko J, Kim CS, Yoon JS, Sung HJ. Nasolacrimal stent with shape memory as an advanced alternative to silicone products. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:273-284. [PMID: 31707084 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epiphora is the overflow of tears typically caused by obstruction or occlusion of the nasolacrimal duct. More attention is required to address this global health issue owing to the increase in air pollution. Implantation of a silicone stent is the preferred treatment for epiphora; however, introducing a silicone stent into a narrow duct with complex geometry is challenging as it requires guidance by a sharp metal needle. Additionally, silicone can cause adverse reactions such as biofilm formation and tear flow resistance due to its extreme hydrophobicity. To overcome these problems, in this study we developed a new type of biocompatible shape memory polymer (SMP) stent with elasticity capacity for self-expansion. First, SMPs in the form of x%poly(ε-caprolactone)-co-y%poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (x%PCL-y%PGMA) were synthesized via ring opening polymerization by varying the molar ratio of PCL (x%) and PGMA (y%). Second, the shape memory and mechanical properties were tuned by controlling the crosslinking degree and concentration of x%PCL-y%PGMA solution to produce a test type of SMP stent. Lastly, this 94%PCL-06%PGMA stent exhibited more standout critical functions in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments such as a cell growth-supporting level of biocompatibility with nasal epithelial cells without significant inflammatory responses, better resistance to biofilm formation, and more efficient capacity to drain tear than the silicone control. Overall, 94%PCL-06%PGMA can be suggested as a superior alternative to the currently used materials for nasolacrimal stents. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Silicone intubation (stenting) has been widely used to treat nasolacrimal duct obstruction, however, it can cause adverse clinical effects such as bacterial infection; presents procedural challenges because of the curved nasolacrimal duct structure; and shows poor drainage efficiency stemming from the highly hydrophobic nature of silicone. In this work, we describe an innovative shape memory polymer (SMP) as a superior alternative to conventional silicone-based materials for nasolacrimal duct intubation. We demonstrate the clear advantages of the SMP over conventional silicone, including a much higher drainage capacity and superior resistance to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Beom Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Lan Kang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; TMD Lab Co., Ltd., 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Hyeon Son
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Yi
- TMD Lab Co., Ltd., 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Kee Yoon
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - JaeSang Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Kim
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Numais Co., Ltd., 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sook Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea.
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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