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Cui J, Yang Y, Yang M, Yang G, Chen G, Zhang L, Lin CT, Liu S, Tang C, Ke P, Lu Y, Nishimura K, Jiang N. Picometer-Scale Atomic Shifts Governing Subdisordered Structures in Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7108-7115. [PMID: 38722094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Diamond is considered the most promising next-generation semiconductor material due to its excellent physical characteristics. It has been more than three decades since the discovery of a special structure named n-diamond. However, despite extensive efforts, its crystallographic structure and properties are still unclear. Here, we show that subdisordered structures in diamond provide an explanation for the structural feature of n-diamond. Monocrystalline diamond with subdisordered structures is synthesized via the chemical vapor deposition method. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy characterizations combined with the picometer-precision peak finder technology and diffraction simulations reveal that picometer-scale shifts of atoms within cells of diamond govern the subdisordered structures. First-principles calculations indicate that the bandgap of diamond decreases rapidly with increasing shifting distance, in accordance with experimental results. These findings clarify the crystallographic structure and electronic properties of n-diamond and provide new insights into the bandgap adjustment in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Mingyang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Guoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Guoxin Chen
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Cheng-Te Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Sha Liu
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science & Technology, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Hebei Key Lab for Optimizing Metal Product Technology and Performance, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Chun Tang
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Peiling Ke
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kazuhito Nishimura
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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Li X, Wan L, Lin C, Huang WT, Zhou J, Zhu J, Yang X, Yang X, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Ren X, Jin Z, Dong L, Cheng S, Li S, Shan C. Interface Modulation for the Heterointegration of Diamond on Si. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2309126. [PMID: 38477425 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Along with the increasing integration density and decreased feature size of current semiconductor technology, heterointegration of the Si-based devices with diamond has acted as a promising strategy to relieve the existing heat dissipation problem. As one of the heterointegration methods, the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) method is utilized to synthesize large-scale diamond films on a Si substrate, while distinct structures appear at the Si-diamond interface. Investigation of the formation mechanisms and modulation strategies of the interface is crucial to optimize the heat dissipation behaviors. By taking advantage of electron microscopy, the formation of the epitaxial β-SiC interlayer is found to be caused by the interaction between the anisotropically sputtered Si and the deposited amorphous carbon. Compared with the randomly oriented β-SiC interlayer, larger diamond grain sizes can be obtained on the epitaxial β-SiC interlayer under the same synthesis condition. Moreover, due to the competitive interfacial reactions, the epitaxial β-SiC interlayer thickness can be reduced by increasing the CH4 /H2 ratio (from 3% to 10%), while further increase in the ratio (to 20%) can lead to the broken of the epitaxial relationship. The above findings are expected to provide interfacial design strategies for multiple large-scale diamond applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Li Wan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chaonan Lin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Wen-Tao Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Key Lab of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Key Lab of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xun Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xigui Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yandi Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Ziliang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Shaobo Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Shunfang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chongxin Shan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
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3
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Boldyrev KN, Sektarov ES, Bolshakov AP, Ralchenko VG, Sedov VS. SiV 0 centres in diamond: effect of isotopic substitution in carbon and silicon. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2024; 382:20230170. [PMID: 38043576 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The neutrally charged silicon-vacancy defect (SiV0) is a colour centre in diamond with spin S = 1, a zero-phonon line (ZPL) at 946 nm and long spin coherence, which makes it a promising candidate for quantum network applications. For the proper performance of such colour centres, all of them must have identical optical characteristics. However, in practice, there are factors that influence each individual centre. One of these factors is non-uniform isotope composition for both carbon atoms in diamond lattice and silicon atoms of dopant. In this work, we studied the isotopic shifts of SiV0 centres for CVD-grown epitaxial layers of isotopically enriched 12C and 13C diamonds, as well as for diamond with natural isotope composition but doped only with one isotope of Si (28Si, 29Si and 30Si). The detected shift was 1.60 meV for 12C/13C couple and 0.33 meV for 28Si/29Si and 29Si/30Si couples, which are close to the previously obtained values of the isotopic shift for the negatively charged silicon vacancy (SiV-), which indicates a similar model of interaction with the environment for these two charge states of the SiV colour centres. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Diamond for quantum applications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill N Boldyrev
- Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow 108840, Russia
| | - Eduard S Sektarov
- Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow 108840, Russia
- Higher School of Economics, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - Andrey P Bolshakov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor G Ralchenko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vadim S Sedov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Yurov V, Bolshakov A, Ralchenko V, Fedorova I, Martyanov A, Pivovarov P, Artemov V, Khomich A, Khmelnitskiy R, Boldyrev K. In situ doping of epitaxial diamond with germanium by microwave plasma CVD in GeH 4-CH 4-H 2 mixtures with optical emission spectroscopy monitoring. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26623-26631. [PMID: 37755936 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03967f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the growth of Ge-doped homoepitaxial diamond films by microwave plasma CVD in GeH4-CH4-H2 gas mixtures at moderate pressures (70-100 Torr). Optical emission spectroscopy was used to monitor Ge, H, and C2 species in the plasma at different process parameters, and trends for intensities of those radicals, gas temperature, and excitation temperature, with variations of GeH4 or CH4 precursor concentrations, were investigated. The film deposited on (111)-oriented single crystal diamond substrates in a high growth rate regime revealed a strong emission of a germanium-vacancy (GeV) color center with a zero-phonon line at ≈604 nm wavelength in photoluminescence (PL) spectra, confirming the successful doping. The observed PL shift for the GeV defect is caused by stress in the films, as evidenced and quantified by Raman spectra. These results suggest that in situ doping with Ge using a GeH4 precursor is a convenient method of controlling the formation of GeV centers in epitaxial diamond films for photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Yurov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Andrey Bolshakov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Victor Ralchenko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 Xidazhi Str., 150001 Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Irina Fedorova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Artem Martyanov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Pavel Pivovarov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Artemov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew Khomich
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
| | - Roman Khmelnitskiy
- Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117924 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Boldyrev
- Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 108840, Moscow, Troitsk, Russia
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Orsini A, Barettin D, Pettinato S, Salvatori S, Polini R, Rossi MC, Bellucci A, Bolli E, Girolami M, Mastellone M, Orlando S, Serpente V, Valentini V, Trucchi DM. Frenkel-Poole Mechanism Unveils Black Diamond as Quasi-Epsilon-Near-Zero Surface. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:240. [PMID: 36677993 PMCID: PMC9862978 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A recent innovation in diamond technology has been the development of the "black diamond" (BD), a material with very high optical absorption generated by processing the diamond surface with a femtosecond laser. In this work, we investigate the optical behavior of the BD samples to prove a near to zero dielectric permittivity in the high electric field condition, where the Frenkel-Poole (FP) effect takes place. Zero-epsilon materials (ENZ), which represent a singularity in optical materials, are expected to lead to remarkable developments in the fields of integrated photonic devices and optical interconnections. Such a result opens the route to the development of BD-based, novel, functional photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orsini
- Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano, “ATHENA” European University, Via don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Barettin
- Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano, “ATHENA” European University, Via don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Pettinato
- Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano, “ATHENA” European University, Via don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Roma, Italy
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvatori
- Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano, “ATHENA” European University, Via don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Roma, Italy
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Rossi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra 62—Ex Vasca Navale, 00154 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bellucci
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy
| | - Eleonora Bolli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy
| | - Marco Girolami
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy
| | - Matteo Mastellone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy
| | - Stefano Orlando
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy
| | - Valerio Serpente
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy
| | - Veronica Valentini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, ISM-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Italy
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Abstract
Relaxometry is a technique which makes use of a specific crystal lattice defect in diamond, the so-called NV center. This defect consists of a nitrogen atom, which replaces a carbon atom in the diamond lattice, and an adjacent vacancy. NV centers allow converting magnetic noise into optical signals, which dramatically increases the sensitivity of the readout, allowing for nanoscale resolution. Analogously to T1 measurements in conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), relaxometry allows the detection of different concentrations of paramagnetic species. However, since relaxometry allows very local measurements, the detected signals are from nanoscale voxels around the NV centers. As a result, it is possible to achieve subcellular resolutions and organelle specific measurements.A relaxometry experiment starts with polarizing the spins of NV centers in the diamond lattice, using a strong laser pulse. Afterward the laser is switched off and the NV centers are allowed to stochastically decay into the equilibrium mix of different magnetic states. The polarized configuration exhibits stronger fluorescence than the equilibrium state, allowing one to optically monitor this transition and determine its rate. This process happens faster at higher levels of magnetic noise. Alternatively, it is possible to conduct T1 relaxation measurements from the dark to the bright equilibrium by applying a microwave pulse which brings NV centers into the -1 state instead of the 0 state. One can record a spectrum of T1 at varying strengths of the applied magnetic field. This technique is called cross-relaxometry. Apart from detecting magnetic signals, responsive coatings can be applied which render T1 sensitive to other parameters as pH, temperature, or electric field. Depending on the application there are three different ways to conduct relaxometry experiments: relaxometry in moving or stationary nanodiamonds, scanning magnetometry, and relaxometry in a stationary bulk diamond with a stationary sample on top.In this Account, we present examples for various relaxometry modes as well as their advantages and limitations. Due to the simplicity and low cost of the approach, relaxometry has been implemented in many different instruments and for a wide range of applications. Herein we review the progress that has been achieved in physics, chemistry, and biology. Many articles in this field have a proof-of-principle character, and the full potential of the technology still waits to be unfolded. With this Account, we would like to stimulate discourse on the future of relaxometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Mzyk
- Groningen
University, University Medical
Center Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, the Netherlands,Institute
of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Reymonta 25, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- Groningen
University, University Medical
Center Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Groningen
University, University Medical
Center Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, the Netherlands,
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Zhaolong S, Nan G. Boron-nitrogen co-terminated diamond (110) surface for nitrogen-vacancy quantum sensors from first-principles calculations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 51:025001. [PMID: 36332270 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aca05f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond surface is a critical issue in quantum sensors with no sensitivity to surface terminators. We investigate the structural stabilities and electronic properties of boron (B)-N co-terminated diamond (110) surface based on first-principles calculations. The B-N co-terminated diamond (110) surfaces combined with monolayer coverage of hydrogen (H) and fluorine (F) adsorption are dynamically and thermally stable. Remarkably, the H/F mixed (H/F = 1.0) adsorption surface has neither surface spin noise nor surface-related state, and a positive electron affinity of 1.11 eV, thus it could be a prospective candidate for NV-based quantum sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Zhaolong
- College of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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8
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Theoretical and Experimental Research on the Preparation of Ordered Diamond Nanoarrays by the Al Mask Method. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Gritchenko AS, Kalmykov AS, Kulnitskiy BA, Vainer YG, Wang SP, Kang B, Melentiev PN, Balykin VI. Ultra-bright and narrow-band emission from Ag atomic sized nanoclusters in a self-assembled plasmonic resonator. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9910-9917. [PMID: 35781487 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01650h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed, implemented and investigated a novel, efficient quantum emitter based on an atomic-sized Ag nanocluster in a plasmonic resonator. The quantum emitter enables the realization of: (1) ultra-bright fluorescence, (2) narrow-band emission down to 4 nm, (3) ultra-short fluorescence lifetime. The fluorescence cross-section of a quantum emitter is on the order of σ ∼ 10-14 cm2, which is comparable to the largest fluorescence cross-sections of dye molecules and quantum dots, and enables a light source with a record high intensity known only for plasmon nanolasers. The results presented suggest a unique method for fabricating nanoprobes with high brightness and wavelength-tunable spectrally narrow fluorescence, which is needed for multiplex diagnostics and detection of substances at extremely low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boris A Kulnitskiy
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, Moscow, Troitsk 108840, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow reg., Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - Yuri G Vainer
- Institute of Spectroscopy RAS, Moscow, Troitsk 108840, Russia.
| | - Shao-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Bin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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